Important immunology terms

Allergy

Altered state of immune reactions induced by allergen causing

injurious effects on host. Term allergen is coined by now used as
synonym to hypersensitivity.

Allogeneic

Genetically unrelated individual belonging to same species.

Allograft (homograft)

Alexine

A graft or transplantation of tissue between genetically unrelated

individuals of same species(allogeneic numbers ).
Refer to complement bordet (1985) coined this name.

Alternate compliment
Pathway (properdin pathway)
Amboceptor

Anamenstic

Anaphylactic shock

Anaphylactin

Pathway involving c3-c9 fraction.

Complement cascade and proper din system.
Refers to hemolysin, an antibody which sensitizes the sheep rbcs to
lytic activity of complement.
Raepid increase in antibody titre following second or subsequent
booster doses of same antigen prime dose.
Manifestation of clinical symptoms bay an individuals when exposed
to shocking dose of antigen to which it has been primed/sensitized.
Antibody that takes part in anaphylaxis.

Anaphylactogen

Antigen that takes part in anaphylaxis.

Anergy

Impaired of the host to resent to common antigens.

Antibody

Antigen presenting molecules

Glycoproteineous protective factor comprising of long polypeptide

chains (h chains) and 2 shorts chains (light chains ) that recognize
specific epitopse on antigen through its specific site called paratope.
It is of two types: membrane bound antibody on b-lymphocyte and
secreted antibody by plasma cells in plasma lymh and other tissue
fluids.
A substance which is a nonself and stimulates b and t lymphocyte to
induce immune response and that binds specifically to an
corresponding antibody or t cell receptor also designated as
immunogen.
Macrophage which traps antigen process it enchances its surface
area and presents it to lymphocytes for induction of immune
response.
Also called epitopse, a site on an antigen that binds to paratope, asite
in the fabregin of an immunoglobulin (antibody) or t cell receptor. A
specific functional unit of antigen city.
See MHC antigens i,ii and iii.

Antiserum

Serum containing antibodies.

Antitoxin

Serum containing antibodies produced aginst toxin and toxoid.

Autograft

Grafting of own tissue on individual.

Autoimmunity

Grafting responses against self antigens which have became nonself

to body.
Generating influenced ige mediated type i hypersensitivity reactions
in man manifested by clinical syndrome like rhinitis, hay fever,
eczema, asthma etc. It is termd by coca(1923).
Killed bacterial that brings lysis of bacteria in presence of lytic effect
of complement.
The antibody that brings lysis of bacteria in presence of lytic effect of
compliment.

Antigen

Antigen presenting cell

Antigenic determinate

Atopy
Bacterin
Bacteriolysin

B cell

Blood typing
Basophil
Bursafabricious
Carcinoma
Carrier
Cluster of differentiation

Cell mediated immune-response

Class I MHC molecules
Class II molecules

Class II MHC molecules

Clonal anergy
Clonal selection

Clone
Complement

Cross matching

Lympocyte that acquires immune competency in done marrow in

animals and bursa fabric us in bird and bears membrane bound
immunoglobulins/ surface immunoglobulins. Following contact with
antigenic stimulation they differentiate into antibody producing
plasma cells and memory cells (antibody mediated/humoral immune
responses). All b lymphocytes antigen specific and respond to only
one antigen.
The serological employed for determining antigens presents on the
surface of erythrocytes. In general agglutination test is employed.
Granuloecocyte that carries fc receptor for reagnic antibody (lge). Lge
bound basophil when interects with antigen, degranulataes resulting
in release of and other pharmacological vasomediators.
A central lymphoid argon in birds whereestem cell proliferates and
differentiates into immune competent lymphocytes called b
lymphocytes. B word is derived from bursa of fabricious.
Malignancy of epithelial cell origin.
A larger protein molecule that induces immunogenicity in hap ten,
molecule when coupled with it.
A group of surface membrance bound an tigenic molecules/protein
marks on t cell detected/identified/recongised by monoclonal
anibodies. These molecules differentiate t cell into different
subjects/subpopulation with their function. They are designed by
numbers. CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8 etc. more than 150 CD markers have
been recognized so far. protein marders for CD3 present on all
mature t cells in association with t antigen receptors. Each marker
has specific function.
T cell mediated immune response of host against intracellular
bacteria , viruses and malignancy and it also plays a vital role in
transplantation, rejection and delayed hypersentivity.
Protein molecules found mostly on all mucleated cells and act as
antigen presenting molecules to CD8 + cell (t8/suppressor/cytotoxic
cells.) glycoproteins in nature.
Molecules found on antigen presenting cells viz. macrophages B
lymphocytes and activated T lymphocytes and function as antigen
presenting molecules to T helper cell (CD4) cells. Glycoprotein in
nature.
Non antigen presenting molecules and no membrane bound
glycoprotein molecules , encoded in third region of the MHC. They
incude some components and tumour necrosis factors.
Mechanism to induce immunologic or tolerance in which functionally
inactive antigen sensitive lymphocytes are present.
Theory proposed by burnet (1957) for antibody formation in which
contact of antigen or antigen ic determinant with immune competent
cell stimulates its proliferation by mitosis resulting in the formation of
clone of cells having present cell antigenic specificity.
Aggregates of identical cells arise from single parent/progenitor cell.
Aggregate of cells from single parent cell and genetically identical to
parent cell.
Naturally occurring group of porters in serum (C1 to C8) that when
activated by antigen antibody complex or by other stimuli mediate
enzymatic ally in cascade from to produce various biological activates
with the ultimate result of cytolysis. Earlier it was named as alexin by
bordet. The word complement was termed by ehrilich.
The serological method employed to determine computability for food
for blood transfusion.

Cross reaction
Cyclosprion
Cytokines

Desensitization
Domin
Epitope
Equivalence
Fab fragment

FC.
FD.
Framework region
Hapten

Equivalence
Fab fragment

F.C.
F.D.
Frame work region
Hapten

Heamagglutination
Hematopoiesis
Idiotope

Reaction of antibody or T can receptor with antigens of different

sources having common antigenic determinant
An immuno sup present drug commonly used to prevent graft
rejection
Group of non antigenic specific biologically active protein substances
of low molecular weight that participate in regulation of intensity and
duration of the immune response by variety of effect on lymphocytes
and other immune cell
Process of rendering individuals insensitive or tolerant to agents to
which they are sensitive.
An independent functional folded structure formed by inter chain
disulplide bonds bridging Hand l chain of immunoglobulin
VI, VH,CH1,CH2,CH3, domains.
Synonym to antigenic determinant.
Measure of concentration of antibody to antigen that gives maximum
precipitation reaction.
Antigen binding fragment of immunoglobulin that is composed of one
part of light chain and a part of H(Heavy) chain .Antigen binding sites
reside in hyper variable region of variable region
of light and heavy chain (Vl and VH domains).
Crystallizable non antigenic binding fragment consisting of the
carboxyl terminal part of the H chain that provide Sites for other
biological activities: complement fixation immune adherence etc.
A part of immunoglobulin attached to Fab fragment of H chain.
A frame work! skeleton residue in between hyper variable regions of
variable part of Fab in immunoglobulin taking no part in antigen
binding
Organic substance of low m01ecular weight which does not elicit
antibody formation but combines with already ) formed antibodies .It
becomes immunogenic when conjugates with
Carrier.
Measure of concentration of antibody to antigen that gives maximum
precipitation reaction.
Antigen binding fragment of immunoglobulin that is composed of one
part of light chain and a part of H(Heavy) chain .Antigen binding sites
reside in hyper variable region of variable region of light and heavy
chain (VL and VH domains).
Crystallizable non antigenic binding fragment consisting of the
carboxyl terminal part of the H chain that provide sites for other
biological activities: complement fixation immune adherence etc.
A part of immunoglobulin attached to Fab fragment of H chain.
A frame work/ Skeleton residue in between hyper variable regions of
variable part of Fab in immunoglobulin taking no part in antigen
binding.
Organic substance of low mo1ecutar weight which does not elicit
antibody formation but combines with already
Formed antibodies .It becomes immunogenic when conjugates with
carrier.
Agglutination of red blood cells following combination with their
specific antibody.
Formation and development of blood cells.
A single antigenic determinant on the variable region of an antibody.
Each antibody carries multiple idiotopes.

Idiotype

Sum of idotopes in each antibody.

Immune complex

A antigen -antibody complex formed in type t1f hypersensitivity which

precipitates in and around blood vessels in various tissue producing
damage of tissues, focal inflammation and complement activation
.Depending upon type of tissue involved , It may became fata1 and
may cause death or serious illness.
Serum containing appropriate amount of antibodies which may be
used for passive immunization in recipient.
Ability of an individual to resist and overcome infection or specific stat
of resistance of the organism against particular infection or pathogen.
The act of conferring the state of immunity in an individual by
Administration of vaccine (active) or by administration of antiserum
(passive).
Deficiency in the immune response.

Immune serum
Immunity
Immunization
Immunodeficiency
Immunogen
Immunoglobulin

A substance capable to elicit immune responses. All immunogens are

antigenic but all antigen may be immunogenic.
See antibody.

Immunology

Study of immunity and immune system.

Immunotolerance

Failure of immmuno competent (lymphocyte) in taking part in

inducation of immune response.
A method employed for detection of antigens, bacteria and viruses in
tissues using fluorescent dye conjugated antibody.
The heating of serum to 56c for 30 min to inactivate its
complementary activities.
Natural resistance in an Individual by virtue of genetic inheritance.

Immunofluprescence
Inactivation
Innate Immunity
Interferon

Ir.genes
Isograft
Isotype
Jchain
Kappa Chain
K cells

Kinins
Kupffer cells

A heterogeneous group of glycoproteins produced by cells on

induction by viruses bacteria and a number of other agents.lt causes
the cell to synthesize translation intibation protein (TIP)which inhibits
translation of viral mRNA and this interferes With virus
multiplication .At present they are of three type: alpha, beta and
Gama interferon. Alpha, and Beta interferon have antiviral' effect
gamma interferon produced by T lymphocytes has many effects n
cells involved in immune system.
Immune response genes located within the class II region of MHC
which determiners responsiveness of the helper (TH) cells to a
particular antigen.
Transplantation of tissue between genetically related individuals.
Constant region determinants that distinguish heavy chain and
subclass and each light chain type and subtype within a species.
There are the five isotypes:lgG;lgM;lgE;lgD; and igA.
A part of polypeptide H chain that joins subunits of polymeric IgM and
IgA.
Represents one of the isotypes of light chain of immunoglobulin.
Killer cells/cytotoxic cells having Fc receptors for IgG. They cause
lyses of target cells sensitized with IqG antibodies without the
involvement of " complement (Antibody dependent
mediated cytototxcity-ADCC)
Group of proteineous vasodilators causing tissue damage and
Inflammation. They in duce contraction of smooth muscles and
increase vascular permeability.
Fixed macrophage that line liver sinusoids. They are antigen
presenting cell (APC).

Lambda chain

Represent one of the immunoglobulin light chain isotypes.

Langerhens cell

Fixed macrophage in skin having Fc receptor and acts as antigen

presenting cell.
Cancer (Malignancy) of haemopoetic origin (cancer involving
haemopoetcells).
Group of pharmacological substances also called slow reacting
substances (SRS-A) released during type of mast cells and basophifs.
They are also formed in arachdionic acid metabolism.
Granules containing lymphocytes showing K and NK cell activity.
Those are functional subpopulation of null cells.
A stage of lymphocytes following blast genesis .It has more
cytoplasms and DNA content compared to normal lymphocytes.
Mononuclear leucocytes (B,T and Null cell) that participates in
immune responses and other defense mechanism.
Pharmacological substances produced by sensitized T cell upon
interaction with antigen.
Invasion of tissue by micro organisms with hon about subclinical
infection.
A large myeloid cell derived from monocyte that participates in
phagocytois, antigen processing presentation of antigen secretion of
cytokines and ADCC.
A. genetic region consisting of closely linked complex of genes that
encode for cell surface molecules with participate in graft rejection
and presentation of antigen to T cells. It is called the H-2 complex in
mice, the HLA in humans, The DLA in dogs and B in chickens.
Following primary antigenic stimulus, small populations of B
lymphocyte instead of converting into antibody secreting plasma cell
develop into memory cell. Memory cell serves to
Recognize same re introduced antigen promptly resulting rapid
antibody response.
Glycoprotein molecules encoded MHC genes and are categorized
into class I, class" and class HIMHC molecules
A characteristic in which T cell accepts the processed antigen only
from macrophages which carryon their surface the self MHC
determinant, the la antigen as on T cell, Macrophage bearing different
antigen cannot co-operate with the cell.
Lymphokine that inhibits movements of lymphocytes.

Leukemia
Leukoteriens
Largegranular ymphocytes(LGL}
Lymphoblast
Lymphocyte
Lymphokines
Infection
Macrophage
Major histocomability complex
(MHC)
Memory cell

MHC molecules
MHC restriction

Migration inhibition (MIF)

Monoclonal antibody
Negative Phase
Naive cell
Natural Killer cells(NK)

Null cell
Opsonin
Opsonization

Antibodies exhibiting same antigenic specificity and are produced by

a clone.
Temporary fall in antibody concentration in the serum of sensitized
individual following subsequent injection of antigen.
Unprimed mature Band T lymphocytes
Subpopulation of large granular null cells capable of non Specific
killing of cells. they bond to cells and lyse them by retreating
cytotoxins. They are effective against tumor cells and virus infected
cells.
The small population of lymphocytes that cannot be classified as
Band T lymphocytes. Null cells have Two subpopulation-K cells and
NK cells.
Molecules present in normal serum which render bacteria more prone
to phagocytosis.
Process of deposition of opsonins .infected individual's serum to the
phagocytic index of normal serum.

Paratope
Phagocytosis
Plasma cell
Polyclonal
Primary Iyphoidorgans
Primary response
Prophylaxis
Prosta glandins
Radio immune response Assay
(RIA)
Regain
Receptor
Secondary immuno response

Secretary antibody
Serum
Serum sickness
Slow reacting substance(SRS)
Southern blotting

T cells

DTH Cell
T helper(TH)cell
TH0Cell

The site in variable region of immunoglobulin or in T cell receptor that

binds to antigenic determinant (epitope) present on antigen.
A process of engulfing and disintegration of foreign substances by
phagocytes(Europhiles and macrophages) .
An immunoglobin secreting cell derived from B lymphocyte on
activation by antigen.
Refers to collection of many different clones.
Central lymphoid organ fetal liver, bone narrow, fabricius (bird).
Thymus. where lymphocytes (B and T) undergo the mechanism of
maturation to became immune competent cells.
An immune response (hum oral or cellular)induced in individual by
first exposure to antigenic stimulus. It is mediated by OGM or
sensitized T cell. It develops slowly.
Measure adopted for prevention of infection before its occurrence.
Heterogenous group of pharmacologically active derivatives of
Chidoinic acid capable modulating cell movement and immune
response.
A highly sensitive technique used for measuring antigen or antibody
titer involving radio labeled antigens or antibodies. It is one of the
methods of labeled antibody assay.
Refers to IGE immunoglobulin or particular extra.
Cellular molecule which has tissue affinity /A particular cell
membrane molecule capable of specific binding with particular extra
cellular molecule.
Immune response (hum oral) or cellular induced in primed individual
after second or subsequent exposure to same antigen. this response
IS more rapid and gives prompt higher antibody titre compared to
primary immune response.
IgA immunoglobulin secreted from mucus membrane lining of
respiratory and digestive tracts.
fluid left out after coagulation of blood.
A generalized form of type III hypersensitivity reaction developed on
repeated inoculations of antigen causing formation and deposition of
Immune complexes in tissue, in and around blood vessels.
Pharmacologically active substance produced in typy I
hypersensitivity reaction. It is one of the leuktrienes.
A method used for detection of specific deoxynucloctide sequences
of DNA molecule in which restriction enzyme fragments are
separated electrophoretidly then denatures
(Followed by denaturation) and their transfer to another gel. This gel
is then incubated in presence of radio active.
A limphoid cell fro bone marrow that migrates to thymus where by
acquiring thymus specific antigen it is differentiated into T cells.
Mature lymphocytes are antigen specific. T cells are
further differentiated into different T sub sets by presence of surface
protein markers called clusters of differentiation (CD).AII T
lymphocytes have the CD marker.
T lymphocytes that particular in delayed hypersensitivity.
A CD4 class II MHC-restricted T cell which enhances the functioning
of B lymphocytes to produce. Antibodies .It also involves in cell
mediated immune ,a stimulator of macrophage activity.
Activated tase

TH1Cell

Subset of TH cell

TH2Cell

Subset of TH cell

Thymocyte

ImmatureT cell.

Thymus

Tolerance

Central Iympoid organ where lymphocyte differentiates by acquiring

Thymus specific antigen under the influence of Thymosin hormone.
Antigen which requires helper cell in including antibody mediated
immune response.
Antigen which does not require T helper cell in inducing antibody
mediated immune response.
Quantitative measure of concentration of antibodies .It is a reciprocal
of the highest dilution of antiserum or antibody containing fluid
capab1e to show observable effect when interact with antigen
(agglutination /Precipitation).
Unresponsiveness of immune system.

Toxoid

Modified form if exotoxin used for conferring immunity in individual.

Tolerogen

A substance that induces tolerance

Tumor-assosiated-antigen

Poteineous antigen present on surface of malignant cell as well as on

normal cells.
rations and changesiun normal cells which convert them into
malignant cells.
Antigenic substance that induces immunity to protect individual
against pathogens
Amino terminal part of Land H chains of immunoglobulins and chains
of T cell receptor showing variability in amino acid sequences responsible
for infinite range of specificity of
immunoglobu1ins.
Measure of capability of pathogenic microorganism to produce
infection in host. It depends upon host-parasite relationship.
Method used for detecting specific protein in a mixture. In this method
electro phonetically proteins in mixture are separated and then
transferred to polymer sheet flooded with radiolabel led or enzyme
conjugated antibody specific for selected protein under study.
A localized coetaneous anaphylactic reaction characterized by
edema in centre (wheal) surrounded by hyperemia and erythematic.
Individuals belonging to genetically different species.

Thymus dependent antigen

Thymus dependent antigen
Titre

Transformation
Vaccine
Variable region

Virulence
Western blotting

Wheal and flare

Xenogeneic
Xenograft (Heterograft)

Heterograft, graft or tissue transplantation between individuals of

different species.