other hand, Anim. 1.1.

4 shows another situation where the structure, having

sufficient strength, deforms excessively. Both are undesirable during normal
construction and use.
However, sometimes structures are heavily loaded beyond control. The
structural engineer is not responsible to ensure the strength and deformation
within limit under such situation. The staircases in residential buildings during
festival like marriage etc., roof of the structures during flood in the adjoining area
or for buildings near some stadium during cricket or football matches are some of
the examples when structures get overloaded. Though, the structural designer is
not responsible for the strength and deformations under these situations, he,
however, has to ensure that the failure of the structures should give sufficient
time for the occupants to vacate. The structures, thus, should give sufficient
warning to the occupants and must not fail suddenly.

1.1.2.3 The designed structures should be durable.

The materials of reinforced concrete structures get affected by the
environmental conditions. Thus, structures having sufficient strength and
permissible deformations may have lower strength and exhibit excessive
deformations in the long run. The designed structures, therefore, must be
checked for durability. Separate checks for durability are needed for the steel
reinforcement and concrete. This will avoid problems of frequent repairing of the
structure.

1.1.2.4 The designed structures should adequately resist to the effects of

misuse and fire.
Structures may be misused to prepare fire works, store fire works, gas and
other highly inflammable and/or explosive chemicals. Fire may also take place as
accidents or as secondary effects during earthquake by overturning kerosene
stoves or lantern, electrical short circuiting etc. Properly designed structures
should allow sufficient time and safe route for the persons inside to vacate the
structures before they actually collapse.
How to fulfill the objectives?
All the above objectives can be fulfilled by understanding the strength and
deformation characteristics of the materials used in the design as also their
deterioration under hostile exposure. Out of the two basic materials concrete and
steel, the steel is produced in industries. Further, it is available in form of
standard bars and rods of specific diameters. However, sample testing and
checking are important to ensure the quality of these steel bars or rods. The
concrete, on the other hand, is prepared from several materials (cement, sand,
Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur