Reference No: 11/10

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Issue Date: 08/02/2010

SAFETY REGULATION DIVISION

AIRWORTHINESS
ADVISORY MEMORANDUM

Title: Generic Manual for Storage, Handling and Quality Control of Aviation Fuel at Aerodromes

INTRODUCTION
1.1

Foreward
The Law required that the person(s) responsible for the management of an aviation fuel installation
at an aerodrome shall satisfy themselves that when fuel is delivered it is of a grade appropriate to
the installation to which it is supplied. Also they shall ensure that the installation is capable of
storing and dispensing fuel in a state fit for use in aircraft and that the installation is properly
marked to show the grade or grades of fuel it contains. The responsible person shall be satisfied
by sampling and testing that the fuel is fit of use before it is delivered into an aircraft. Written
records shall be kept which show the dates, quantities and grades of all bulk deliveries with details
of all samples taken and the results of tests. Details of maintenance and cleaning shall also be
recorded. These records shall be preserved for twelve months or for a longer period as required by
the Authority. On request such records shall be produced to an Authorized person within a
reasonable time.
This publication provides guidance on measures that fuel installation managers should adopt in the
discharge of the responsibilities placed upon them. It is aimed particularly at those installations
managed directly by aerodrome owners or licensees, though the measure it contains are generally
appropriate to all categories of installations. At some large Airports the fuel installation is operated
in accordance with a set of standards that have been agreed between the major supply companies
and entitled 'Aviation Fuel Quality Requirements for Jointly Operated Systems' (AFQRJOS).
Detailed guidance on the fuelling of aircraft, including helicopters, can be found in the UK Civil
Aviation Authority Publication C.A.P. 74 'Aircraft Fuelling: Fire Prevention and Safety Measure for
the Fuelling of Airplanes and Helicopters'.
This publication is based on the UK Civil Aviation Authorities Publication C.A.P. 433 Aviation Fuel
at Aerodromes.

1.2

Introduction
All fuels to be used in aircraft require very special handling. Negligence in the receipt, storage and
handling of fuel or an error in fuelling can endanger an aircraft and the lives of all on board.
Therefore it is essential that the correct grade and quantity of fuel is supplied and that it is in a
condition fit for use in aircraft.
It is the responsibility of the fuel supplier to ensure that on delivery fuel is fit for aviation purposes.
The aerodrome fuels installation manager should therefore, on acceptance of bulk deliveries of
fuel, insist that the supplier provides satisfactory evidence with supporting documentation to this
effect. Such documentation may be in the form of a Certificate of Conformity and can be expected
to give details of fuel quantity, fuel type with Directorate of Engineering Research and
Development (DERD) specification, fuel origin and batch references. Reference may also be made
to BS5750 Part 2.

The person responsible for the management of an aerodrome fuel installation should be appointed
by the aerodrome owner or manager, or in the case of aerodromes licensed by the Authority by the
licensee or the person appointed by the licensee to manage the aerodrome. When the fuel
installation is under the management of a fuel company or organization they should appoint the
person responsible. Persons having the responsibility for the management of an aerodrome fuel
installation must ensure that when fuel is delivered into the installation it is the grade appropriate to
the tank designated for that product, and that it has been sampled and found fit for use in aircraft.
After fuel has been delivered, the responsibility for its safekeeping, quality control, and proper
delivery to aircraft similarly lies with this person.

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SAFETY REGULATION DIVISION

AIRWORTHINESS
ADVISORY MEMORANDUM

Title: Generic Manual for Storage, Handling and Quality Control of Aviation Fuel at Aerodromes
This publication provides guidance on the duties of the installation manager. They may be
summarized as ensuring that:
(i) Proper quality control and fueling procedures are adhered to.
(ii) Sampling tests of fuel and inspection of installations are correctly completed and
records kept.
Reference is made in this publication to the recording of receipts, their sampling and testing and
maintenance and cleaning of installations. The requirement for the completion and preservation of
these records is imposed by the Irish Aviation Authority. When delivering into or dispensing fuel
from an installation or when carrying out fuel check, maintenance and cleaning operations, records
should be drawn up, signed and dated by the person responsible on completion of such work.
It is for managers of installations to decide the form the records should take, but it obviously
important that they are kept in such a way as to maintain their legibility. The Appendices to this
publication provide some examples of record formats which are recommended for use.
When required by the pilot of an aircraft receiving fuel, the manager of the fuel installation shall
provide a written statement of the quantity and grade of fuel supplied. A Certificate of
Conformity/Delivery Ticket is often used;
There is no specific reference in this publication to the handling and use of motor gasoline
(MOGAS) for aviation purposes.

NOTE
Where within this Publication reference is made to the Authority it refers specifically to:

THE IRISH AVIATION AUTHORITY

Aviation House,
Hawkins Street,
Dublin 2
Ireland
Tel:+353 1 671 8655
Fax:+353 1 679 3349

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SAFETY REGULATION DIVISION

AIRWORTHINESS
ADVISORY MEMORANDUM

Title: Generic Manual for Storage, Handling and Quality Control of Aviation Fuel at Aerodromes

REFERENCES
ASTM D2276/IP 216 Standard
AVGAS 100LL
BS5750 Part 2

BS3158
Dangerous Goods Act - Disposal of Toxic Waste and Hazardous Materials
DERD 2485
DERD 2494
AAM 12/10 Management and Control of Aviation Fuel Supplies.
This replaces AAM 01/93.

AVIATION FUEL AT AERODROMES: APPROVED MANUAL FOR STORAGE,

HANDLING AND QUALITY CONTROL
3.1

Documentation:
3.1.1 Aviation Fuel should be delivered by a dedicated system. If this is not the case then special
precautions not covered in this document are necessary and advice should be sought from
the Authority before accepting deliveries of fuel.
3.1.2 Documentation should clearly state the type of fuel being supplied, and that it complies with
the relevant specifications. Jet A-1 should comply with DERD 2494. AVGAS with DERD
2485.
3.1.3 On delivery of fuel, the person in charge of the installation will normally be required by the
supplier to endorse the Certificate of Conformity/Release Note to confirm that the grade of
fuel is as ordered.

3.2

Pre-Delivery Checks:
3.2.1 Before the release documentation is accepted and delivery permitted, the person
responsible for receiving the fuel should:
3.2.2 Check that the grade and quantity as shown on the certificate are as ordered, and
correspond with the grade of fuel in the receiving tank.
3.2.3 Examine the seals on the delivery vehicle and ensure they are intact. Also check the vehicle
grade plate indicator.
3.2.4 Check there is sufficient available capacity in the receiving tank(s) for the quantity of fuel to
be received.
3.2.5 Take a water check on the fuel in the receiving tank(s) in accordance with the procedures
detailed in Part VII. If necessary flush the water drains until a clear and water-free sample is
obtained.

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SAFETY REGULATION DIVISION

AIRWORTHINESS
ADVISORY MEMORANDUM

Title: Generic Manual for Storage, Handling and Quality Control of Aviation Fuel at Aerodromes
3.2.6 Allow the delivery vehicle to stand on level ground for ten minutes, then draw a sample from
the outlet tap of each vehicle compartment from which fuel is to be delivered and check in
accordance with the procedures detailed in Part VII.
3.2.7 Repeat the procedure in para 2.1.5 if the sample is unsatisfactory. If a third sample is
necessary and this also proves to be unsatisfactory, delivery of the fuel should be refused
and the fuel supplier informed.
3.2.8 Once a satisfactory visual sample and density result (see note below) have been obtained,
the vehicle should be bonded to an approved earthing point and discharge of fuel
commenced into the selected and correctly grade-plated receiving point.
Note: If on delivery it is considered necessary to determine the density of the fuel then the
density should not vary by more than 0.003 kg/litre from the value quoted on the delivery
note.
On completion of the fuel delivery, record the results of the pre-delivery inspection and
sample tests. Also record the quantity and grade of fuel delivered.
All samples of fuel taken should be retained for a minimum of seven days.
3.3

Storage of Fuels in Bulk

3.3.1 General
a) All facilities which are used for handling aviation fuel must be fully segregated from
other products. Different grades of aviation fuels must also be segregated. Ideally
installations should have separate delivery and suction lines and these should be
provided on all new installations.
b) The use of protective treatments containing zinc is prohibited for the internal lining of
pipelines, storage tanks, and any other equipment. Zinc alloys, copper or copper
alloys, cadmium plating, galvanised steel and plastic materials should not be used for
main piping.
c) Other information on tank construction and the layout of facilities is available in the
Dangerous Substances Regulation (1979) Petroleum Bulk Stores (Sl 313) available
from Government Publications.

3.3.2 Tanks
a) Tanks should be constructed and installed so as to prevent the ingress of water and
dirt. They should have a well defined low point. To achieve this, horizontal tanks
should have a minimum slope of 1:30 with a sump at the lowest point. Vertical tanks
should have a cone-down bottom with a minimum 1:30 slope to a centre sump.
b) When tanks are buried, the manhole chamber/cover should always be kept clean and
clear of water.
c) Jet A-1 storage tanks should have free vent devices. Avgas tanks should have
pressure/vacuum relief valves, unless the tank is underground.
d) All possible precautions should be taken to avoid the entry of water or dirt into storage
tanks. Open ended pipes, hoses and sampling points should be fitted with dust caps,
plugs or other suitable protection which should be replaced tightly after use.
e) Provision should be made for withdrawing water from the lowest points of tanks.
Therefore above ground tanks should be fitted with a drain cock at the lowest tank
point. Buried tanks should be provided with a thief pump drawing from the tank sump

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SAFETY REGULATION DIVISION

AIRWORTHINESS
ADVISORY MEMORANDUM

Title: Generic Manual for Storage, Handling and Quality Control of Aviation Fuel at Aerodromes
f) Contaminated samples should be investigated immediately. If frequent evidence of
contamination is found the tank should be internally inspected and cleaned.
g) Tanks, as a routine measure, should be internally inspected at least every three
years. A newly lined tank should be inspected one year after the lining is installed to
check for soundness and adherence to the tank shell. Defects should be rectified
before the tank is refilled.
h) It is recommended that all fuel tanks should be coated with an approved lining. A
standard of quality for tank linings is available from the fuel suppliers.
i) The use of a floating suction fitted with a stainless steel check cable is recommended
for the delivery of fuel from storage tanks. Check chains should not be used. Whether
fixed or floating systems are used, the suction point should be positioned well clear of
the tank sump, and in the case of a fixed suction at least 50cm clear of the tank
bottom.
j) Tanks should be fitted with a manhole of at least 650mm diameter.
k) Tanks should be fitted with a suitable hatch so as to allow samples to be taken from
the top of the tank.

3.3.3 Pipework
a) To ensure the integrity of fuels it is essential that each grade of fuel is handled in a
completely segregated system with no interconnecting lines between pipelines which
handle different grades of fuel. Separate input and outlet lines should be provided.
b) Drain points should be fitted at all pipeline low points.

3.3.4 Filters
a) Avgas Installations: Tank input and output lines should be fitted with filters of not less
than 80 microns (180 mesh). Also a 5 micron filter should be fitted on the output line.
80 micron filters should be inspected weekly and cleaned if necessary. Damaged
filters should be repaired or replaced.
b) Aviation turbine fuel installations: Tank input lines should be fitted with a 5 micron
micro filter, or a filter separator. The output line should also be fitted with a filter
separator. Filter separators should have a nominal rating of 5 microns for solid
particles and a maximum of 15 parts per million for water.
c) Filter separators, filter monitors and micro filters should have the differential pressure
(dp) checked weekly. The check should be completed at the maximum possible flow
rate and the pressure readings recorded. Filter separator elements should be
changed when the dp limit at the rated vessel flow as recommended by the
manufacturer is reached, usually I bar (15psi).
d) Where a sudden or significant change of dp from the previously recorded trend is
detected, the elements of micro filters or filter separators should be checked. They
should also be inspected and replaced if necessary when a significant reduction in
flow rate is observed or when a sequence of unsatisfactory drain samples is obtained.
e) As a matter of routine, the elements of filter separators should be replaced after three
years use. There is no time limit for changing filter monitor elements but they should
be replaced at the dp recommended by the manufacturer, usually 1.5 bar (22psi)
f) lt is recommended that quarterly Millipore colour checks are taken to assess the
performance of the filtration equipment. This check is particularly relevant where fuel
flow rates exceed 1150 litres/min.
g) When initially filling a filter separator vessel the fuel flow should be regulated to
prevent an excessive build up of static electricity.

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SAFETY REGULATION DIVISION

AIRWORTHINESS
ADVISORY MEMORANDUM

Title: Generic Manual for Storage, Handling and Quality Control of Aviation Fuel at Aerodromes
h) Jet A-1 is a very good insulator. Jet A-1 supplied within Ireland contains a static
dissipater additive which reduces static electricity hazard. Fuel suppliers will advise
whether fuel contains this additive. Suppliers may also provide advice on operating
procedures and engineering safeguards which can be adopted to minimise static
electricity hazards.

3.3.5 Settling Times

a) On completion of delivery, before aviation fuel is dispensed from the receiving tank,
fuel should be allowed to settle for a period of time which depends on the grade and
depth of fuel in the tank. The settling time is also dependent on the type of tank, filter
arrangement and the method by which fuel is drawn from the tanks.
b) When discharge of fuel from the delivery vehicle is commenced, no fuel should be
dispensed from the receiving tank until the required settling time has elapsed and the
satisfactory completion of the water and fuel cleanliness check carried out in
accordance with the procedures.
c) Horizontal tanks fitted with floating suction devices require a minimum settling time of
one hour. Vertical tanks similarly equipped require a settling time of two hours.
d) On tanks where floating suctions are not provided the following minimum settling
times, dependent on fuel grade stored, should be observed:
i) Jet A-1 3 hours per metre depth or 24 hours, whichever is less;
ii) AVGAS: 90 minutes per metre depth.

3.3.6 Labelling and Colour Coding

a) All tanks should be labelled and colour coded to identify the grade of fuel they
contain. Pipelines should be similarly labelled and colour coded. The form and
dimensions of labelling and colour coding are illustrated in Fig. 1. The overall
dimensions of the colour segments on both labels and pipelines may be varied
provided that the primary indicator colours for the grades (Red for AVGAS and Black
for Jet A-1) predominate. The grade wording as illustrated should always be used.
b) As an additional measure to avoid refueling errors it is recommended that the
appropriate grade markings or a band of the appropriate primary grade indicator
colour referred to in 6.1 should be painted on delivery hoses or pipes as close as
practicable to the delivery nozzle, but not on the nozzle itself. Any colour coding on
the delivery nozzle should be provided by a material which will not flake or separate
from the nozzle whilst in general use, for example a securely attached plastic sleeve
or ring.

3.3.7 Sampling and Checks

a) Storage tanks should be constructed or adapted so as to allow upper, middle and low
samples to be taken. These samples, taken through the depth of the tank, may be
required from time to time for analysis.
b) Sampling, in accordance with the procedures should be carried out at the following
times:
i) Each day before the first delivery from the tanks.
ii) Immediately before receipt of fuel into tanks.
iii) After receipt when the fuel has been allowed to settle for the recommended period.

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SAFETY REGULATION DIVISION

AIRWORTHINESS
ADVISORY MEMORANDUM

Title: Generic Manual for Storage, Handling and Quality Control of Aviation Fuel at Aerodromes
iv) After prolonged heavy rain or snow.

c)

d)

e)

f)

Note: Line flushing should always be sufficient to ensure that a proper tank sample is
obtained
If a sample identifies the presence of water or sediment, a further sample should be
taken. No fuel should be dispensed from a tank until a clear and bright sample has
been obtained.
Should a fuel sample reveal large quantities of water, dirt or slime, or should the fuel
be discoloured the tank should be quarantined until the source of contamination is
identified and remedial action completed.
Satisfactory samples may be returned to storage to avoid waste of fuel. If
contaminated, samples should not be returned to any part of the aviation fuelling
system unless the contamination is completely settled out and been removed. It is
good practice for installations to have a product recovery (slops) tank for each grade
of fuel. Product recovery tanks should be treated in the same way, in terms of water
draining, as the main storage tanks.
Buoyancy of floating suctions should be checked at least weekly by the operation of
the check wire. Check wires should be secured and bonded to the tank shell.

3.3.8 Change of grade procedures

Change of fuel grade in storage tanks can pose a risk of contamination of the new grade
by residues of the previous fuel stored and therefore, where possible, such changes
should be avoided. If this is not practicable, it is recommended that guidance on the
proper procedures should be obtained from the fuel supplier concerned.
3.3.9 Hoses
a) Hoses shall comply with the requirements of BS3158. New hoses, and hoses
previously used in aviation fuel system, should be checked and before use thoroughly
flushed with fuel appropriate to the installation. Hoses which have been used
previously for non-aviation fuels should not be used on aviation fuel installations.
b) Fuel in delivery hoses should be recirculated if the delivery system has been unused
for a period of two days. If a delivery system has been unused for longer than this
period, then fuel lying in the hose should not be recirculated and dispensed to aircraft
unless a satisfactory sampling check.
3.3.10 Laboratory testing of Fuel Stocks
a) Fuel deteriorates with time and prolonged storage may render it unfit for use in
aircraft. Therefore the quality of static bulk stocks of aviation fuels would be verified
by laboratory tests when:
b) Jet A-I has been stored and not added to for a period of twelve months
c) Avgas has been stored and not added to for a period of six months.
d) The quality of aviation fuel in either a tank commissioned for use from new, or stored
in a tank which has been reintroduced to service after cleaning requires verification by
laboratory test.
e) The companies supplying fuel can provide information on recognised laboratories that
can undertake these tests,
3.3.11 Records
Records should be kept of all deliveries into and from an installation. The results of
sampling, filter differential pressure readings, purging and floating suction checks should

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Title: Generic Manual for Storage, Handling and Quality Control of Aviation Fuel at Aerodromes
be recorded. A record of tank inspections tank cleaning and maintenance work should
also be kept.
3.4

Aircraft Fuelling Vehicles

3.4.1 General
a) All fuelling vehicle equipment should be constructed of aluminium alloy, stainless
steel or mild steel protected internally with an epoxy lining. Zinc and copper alloys,
cadmium plating, galvanised steel or plastic materials are not permitted.
b) Grade identification labels of the type illustrated in Section 3.3.6 should be carried in
prominent positions on fuelling vehicles. Fuel inlets and outlets including hoses and
nozzles should be marked accordingly.
c) Tank compartments, whether lined or unlined, should be kept clean and precautions
taken to prevent the entry of contaminants. All open-ended hoses, pipes and
sampling points should be fitted with dust caps, plugs or other suitable protection
which should be properly replaced after use.
d) Tank compartments should be drained and inspected internally within a twelve
monthly inspection cycle. Cleaning and repair work, when necessary, should be
completed during these periodic inspections.
e) Where fuelling vehicles draw fuel from aerodrome installations which handle both Jet
A-l and AVGAS, all line couplings should be grade selective. A fuelling vehicle should
carry only one grade of fuel.
f) Change of fuel grade in vehicle tanks can pose a risk of contamination of the new
grade by residues of the previous fuel carried, therefore, where possible, such
changes should be avoided. If this is not practicable, it is recommended that guidance
on the proper procedures should be obtained from the fuel supplier concerned.
3.4.2 Sampling and Purging
a) All fuelling equipment (drain cocks, tank compartments, filter separators, filter
monitors, micro filters, gauze filters and air separators) should be purged of water and
sediment.
i) before the first aircraft refuelling each day
ii) after each filling of the vehicle and after refuelling,
iii) after vehicle washing, prolonged heavy rainfall or snow.
b) After a refuelled has been filled, samples should not be taken until 10 minutes settling
time has been allowed. No deliveries from or into the vehicle should be made until
satisfactory samples are obtained. If unsatisfactory samples continue to be obtained
action must be taken to identify and eliminate the cause. Satisfactory samples may be
returned to storage. (Recommended sampling and checking procedures are explained
in detail in Section 3.8)
3.4.3 Hoses
a) Hoses shall comply with the requirements of BS3158. New hoses, and hoses
previously used in aviation fuel systems, should be checked and before use
thoroughly flushed with fuel appropriate to the installation. Hoses which have been
used previously for non-aviation fuels must not be used on aviation fuel installations.
b) Fuel in delivery hoses should be recirculated if the delivery system has been unused
for a period of two days. If a delivery system has been unused for longer than this
period, then the fuel lying in a hose should not be recirculated or dispensed to aircraft
unless a satisfactory sampling check in accordance with the procedures in Section
3.8 is obtained.

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SAFETY REGULATION DIVISION

AIRWORTHINESS
ADVISORY MEMORANDUM

Title: Generic Manual for Storage, Handling and Quality Control of Aviation Fuel at Aerodromes
3.4.4 Filters
a) All fuelling vehicles containing AVGAS should be fitted with a 5 micron filter. Vehicles
containing Jet A-l should be fitted with a filter separator or monitor with a 5 micron
rating.
b) 150 micron (100 mesh) rating hose end filters should be fitted which should be
inspected at least once monthly and if necessary, cleaned, repaired or replaced,
Excessive contamination of a hose and filter may indicate deterioration of the hose, in
which case the hose should be replaced.
c) Differential pressure checks taken at the maximum flow rate should be made on micro
filters, filter separators and filter monitors at weekly intervals.
d) Micro filters and filter separator elements should be changed when the dp reaches the
limit recommended by the manufacturer (normally 1 bar, 15 psi).
e) Filter monitor type elements should be replaced after a maximum of three years use
or when the dp reaches 1.5 bar (22 psi).
f) Should a sudden or significant change from the previous trend of differential
pressures occur, the elements should also be inspected to ensure they are
functioning correctly. Filter elements should also be inspected and changed if
necessary if a significant reduction in flow is detected or continuing unsatisfactory
drain samples are obtained.
3.4.5 Records
Records should be kept of all fuel deliveries both into and from vehicles together with the
results of sampling differential pressure, purging and filter checks. Results of tank
inspections should also be recorded along with a record of all rectification and
maintenance work. Details of hose inspections should also be kept.
3.5

Inspections
3.5.1 General
a) Aircraft fuelling facilities must be inspected annually by an Approved Inspector and a
Certificate of Compliance obtained.
b) From time to time the Authority may authorise third parties to carry out inspections
and issue certificates.
c) Fuel may not be dispensed into aircraft facilities without a current certificate.
3.5.2 Fuel Supplies
a) A fuel supplier must not supply aviation fuel to a facility without a certificate.

3.6

Defuelling Procedures
3.6.1 Defuelling
a) When an aircraft is to be defuelled, whether in total or in part, instructions on the
disposal of the fuel should be obtained from the aircraft operator. Fuel must not be
returned to aircraft unless satisfactory quality checks are obtained.
b) The acceptance of fuel from aircraft into fuelling vehicles or aerodrome storage tanks
can introduce the following two hazards to quality:
i) water, other liquid or sediment from the aircraft tanks may be introduced into
vehicle or storage tanks;
ii) fuel taken from aircraft tanks, and any resultant blend with existing contents of the
vehicle or storage tanks, may not meet the appropriate product specification.

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Title: Generic Manual for Storage, Handling and Quality Control of Aviation Fuel at Aerodromes
c) The above mentioned hazards will be avoided by defuelling into an empty fuelling
vehicle or an empty storage tank segregated from other parts of the installation.
Before defuelling is commenced, samples should be taken from the drain cocks of
each aircraft tank involved in the defuelling operation. Unsatisfactory samples do not
preclude defuelling but will call for particular attention and thoroughness in the
cleaning of vehicles and tank installation after disposal of the fuel.
3.6.2 Records
Records of all defuelling operations are required. They should include the registration of
the aircraft involved, the results of sampling checks and the quantity and grade of fuel
drawn. Records should also be made of the fuel disposal.

3.7

Barrelled and Reusable Portable 1000l Vessels Supplies

3.7.1 Delivery, Handling and Storage
a) Barrels storing aviation fuel should be distinctly coloured according to grade.
i) Jet A-1: Body black with white ends.
ii) Closure seals should show the grade name in white on a black background
iii) AVGAS 100LL: Body olive drab with red ends.
b) Containers should be distinctly marked to show the appropriate fuel grade labelling
and colour coding referred to in Section 3.3.6.
c) Before acceptance, barrels and containers should be examined for damage and seal
integrity. Grade marking and inspector's identification should cross check with details
on the delivery note and release certificate.
d) Barrels should be stored under cover, clear of the ground and on their sides with both
bungs below the liquid level.
e) A storage system should be adopted that will use the oldest fuel first, according to
batch number and filling date.
f) Different grades of fuel should be separated from each other to minimise the risk of
fuelling error.
g) Batches of AVGAS require laboratory testing six months after the filling date with
periodic six monthly checks thereafter. For Jet A-l the testing period is every twelve
months. After sampling the barrels and containers must be resealed.
iv)
3.7.2 Sampling
a) Before sampling, check that the seals are intact then stand the barrel on end and
wipe clean the area adjacent to the bung. Allow the contents to settle before drawing
off the required quantity of fuel. Sampling procedures should be in accordance with
Section 3.8. Containers are sampled from the sample point provided.
b) Discolouration of the fuel, or the presence of water or dirt in the sample indicates that
the fuel is unfit for aviation use and therefore the barrel must be rejected.
3.7.3 Decanting and Dispensing
a) Fuel should preferably be decanted from barrels and containers into fuelling vehicles
or storage by means of a suitable pump and lines fitted with a micro filter or filter
separator. AVGAS may alternatively be decanted through a funnel fitted with an 80
micron filter.

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Title: Generic Manual for Storage, Handling and Quality Control of Aviation Fuel at Aerodromes
b) When it is necessary to dispense fuel direct from barrel to aircraft, the barrels should
be stood on end and the contents allowed to settle for ten minutes before taking
samples. Once a satisfactory sample has been obtained fuel may then be dispensed
to the aircraft tanks through a suction standpipe designed so that fuel cannot be
drawn below a depth of 75 mm from the barrel bottom.
c) Delivery of AVGAS or JET A-1 to an aircraft should be via a filter monitor type
element or equivalent filter. Additionally, Jet A-l delivery should be through a micro
filter or filter separator. Specifications are given in Section 3.3.4. Fuelling hoses
should comply with BS3158.
d) After decanting or dispensing fuel, replace barrel caps tightly and reseal.
e) After use, drums should not be re-filled with fuel intended for aviation purposes. It is
recommended that when emptied barrels should be carefully disposed of.
3.7.4 Records
a) Records should be kept of all barrel deliveries, deliveries, decanting and dispensing of
fuel, and sampling checks.
NOTE: Disposal of drums should be in accordance with the Dangerous Goods Act Disposal of Toxic Waste and Hazardous Materials.

3.8

Sampling Procedures
3.8.1 General
During the handling and storage of aviation fuels sampling checks will be required to
ensure that fuel intended for use is in a fit state for that purpose.

3.8.2 Visual Examination

a) Fuel should be considered unfit for use in aircraft if visual examination shows:
i) More than a trace of sediment
ii) globules of water;
iii) cloudiness;
iv) a positive reaction to water finding paste, paper or a chemical detector.
b) The following should serve as a guide to the visual assessment of fuels:
i) Colour, Aviation gasoline are dyed blue. Aviation turbine Jet A-l is undyed and can
vary in appearance from water white to straw yellow.
ii) Undissolved water (free water) will appear as droplets on the sides or as bulk water
in the bottom of the sample vessel. When suspended water is present the fuel will
appear hazed or cloudy.
iii) Solid matter (particulate matter) generally consists of small amounts of rust, sand,
dust, scale etc. suspended in the fuel or settled out on the bottom of the sample
vessel.
iv) The terms 'clear' and 'bright' are independent of the natural colour of the fuel.
'Clear' refers to the absence of sediment or emulsion.
'Bright' refers to the sparking appearance of fuel free from cloud or haze.

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Title: Generic Manual for Storage, Handling and Quality Control of Aviation Fuel at Aerodromes
3.8.3 Technical Description
The following check/tests have been previously mentioned in this publication and for
reference are described below:
i) Density Check:
This check is frequently made to confirm the correct grade and unchanged quality
of fuel stocks by comparison of test results with the value recorded on delivery
documentation. Should this comparison, after correction to standard temperature,
differ by more than 0.003 kg/litre, fuel contamination may be present and therefore
further investigation should be made before the product is accepted for aviation
use.
ii) Millipore Test
For this test five litres of fuel should be passed through single and double
membranes in order to determine colorimetric or gravimetric levels of particulate
contaminant. This test is carried out in accordance with the joint ASTM D2276/IP 216
Standard.
3.8.4 Sample Containers
Clean, clear glass jars with necks and screw caps should be used for sample
examination. Where, in addition, buckets are utilised they should be manufactured from
stainless steel. When fuel is drawn into buckets whey should be bonded to the fuel line
by cable and clip. All sampling equipment should be kept in a scrupulously clean
condition.
3.8.5 Sampling Procedures
a) Water finding paste applied to the end of a dipstick or dip tape should be used for
direct checking of fuel in bulk storage, barrels and fuelling vehicles. Fresh paste must
be used for each check and the dipstick allowed to rest on the bottom of the container
for a short period of time but not for longer than 10 seconds.
b) Fuel samples from above ground storage tanks and aircraft fuelling vehicles should
be drawn from sampling or drain cocks. From buried tanks and barrelled supplies fuel
samples should be obtained by using a thief pump.
c) Sample size should be sufficient to complete a full and conclusive check of the state
of the fuel. As a general guide, when sampling from fuel company delivery vehicles,
bulk storage or aircraft fuelling vehicles, approximately 4.5 litres should be drawn from
each compartment. A one litre sample will suffice when checking barrelled fuel
supplies.
d) Samples should then be checked for colour, sediment, water globules, cloudiness,
and general cleanliness. Check for free or suspended water by using a water
detecting paste or paper. Aviation turbine fuels will require checking by using a
chemical water detector. The presence of free or suspended water is indicated by a
distinct change in the colour of the paste, paper or detector element.
e) If a fuel sample proves to be unsatisfactory then the sampling procedure should be
repeated. If a third sample is necessary and proves to be unsatisfactory then action
should be taken to identify the cause of contamination and no fuel dispensed to
aircraft from the installation concerned. It would, in this case, be advisable to inform
and seek advice from the fuel supplier concerned.

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SAFETY REGULATION DIVISION

AIRWORTHINESS
ADVISORY MEMORANDUM

Title: Generic Manual for Storage, Handling and Quality Control of Aviation Fuel at Aerodromes
3.8.6 Retained Samples
a) Samples, minimum of 2.5 litres, should be taken and retained for the following
activities:
i) For all deliveries, whether by road tanker, pipeline or in package;
ii) from the bulk tank, vehicle or packed stock, each day aircraft refuelling is made;
iii) whenever samples are taken for laboratory testing;
b) Samples should be retained from a minimum of seven days, or longer if required by
the Authority.
c) All samples should be kept cool and stored out of daylight and be labelled with the
following information:
i) grade of fuel;
ii) reason for sample;
iii) date and time of sample;
iv) place taken;
v) name of sampling person.

d) These samples are the means whereby the installation manager may demonstrate
satisfactory quality of the fuel used for refuelling aircraft. They will be of particular
value in demonstrating compliance with the requirement of the Air Navigation Order
following an accident involving an aircraft that had refuelled from the installation.

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SAFETY REGULATION DIVISION

AIRWORTHINESS
ADVISORY MEMORANDUM

Title: Generic Manual for Storage, Handling and Quality Control of Aviation Fuel at Aerodromes

APPENDIX A:
AERODROME FUEL CONDITIONS
FOR MANUAL No. XXX
1. The nominated person who has the responsibility for the management of an Aviation Fuel
Installation on an Aerodrome shall not cause or permit any fuel to be delivered to that installation
or from it to an aircraft unless:
(a)

When the aviation fuel is delivered to the installation, he is satisfied that the installation is
capable of storing and dispensing the fuel so as not to render it unfit for use in aircraft
and that the fuel has been sampled prior to delivery.

(b)

The installation is marked in a manner appropriate to the grade of fuel stored.

(c)

When the aviation fuel is dispensed from the installation into an aircraft, he is satisfied
that as a result of sampling, the fuel is fit for use in the aircraft and that the dispensing
equipment has appropriate filtration equipment.

(d)

Fuel laboratory checks are necessary if Avgas has been stored in an installation without
replenishment for a period in excess of six months and in the case of aviation turbine
fuel twelve months, mogas three months.

2. A person to whom paragraph 1 of this Addendum refers shall keep written record of the following:
(a)

Particulars of the grade and quality of the fuel delivered with the date of delivery.

(b)

Particulars of the samples taken of aviation fuel and the test results of these samples.

(c)

Particulars of the maintenance and cleaning of the installation and/or dispensing units.
He shall preserve those records for a period of two years and shall produce them within
reasonable time if requested by an Authorized Officer.

3. An Officer of the Irish Aviation Authority office may at any time enter and inspect any fuel
installation for any reason concerned with the storage and dispensation of aviation fuel products.
4. For the purpose of this Addendum:
(a)

"Aviation Fuel" means fuel for use in aircraft.

"Aviation Fuel Installation" means any container or apparatus including mobile units
designed, manufactured for the storage of aviation fuel and/or equipment for the delivery
of such fuel to an aircraft.

(b)

The nominated person referred to in paragraph 1 for Aerodrome is:

NAME
ADDRESS
TELEPHONE NUMBER

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SAFETY REGULATION DIVISION

AIRWORTHINESS
ADVISORY MEMORANDUM

Title: Generic Manual for Storage, Handling and Quality Control of Aviation Fuel at Aerodromes

APPENDIX B:
APPENDIX EXAMPLES OF QUALITY CONTROL DOCUMENTATION
Form A:

Storage tanks - water check, floating suction arm and tank in use sample, tank
bottom sample; flushing - gauze, micro filters, and water separators.

Form B:

Storage tanks - checks before and after replenishment.

Form C:

Fuelling vehicles - daily sampling and purging.

Form D:

Fuelling vehicles - hose and filter checks

Form E:

Weekly gauze filter inspections.

Form F:

Micro filter or filter separator - differential pressure/throughput record

Form G:

Simplified daily check format for small installations.

Form H:

Simplified weekly and monthly check format for small installations.

Form I:

Check-list for fuel handling at aerodromes (Intended as an aide for use at

installations which are not managed by employees of fuel companies).

Form J:

Examples of certificates of conformity/delivery notes.

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SAFETY REGULATION DIVISION

AIRWORTHINESS
ADVISORY MEMORANDUM

Title: Generic Manual for Storage, Handling and Quality Control of Aviation Fuel at Aerodromes

APPENDIX C:

CHECK LIST FOR HANDLING AT AERODROMES

1. AVIATION FUEL PURCHASE
(a) Purchase orders should specify Jet A-1 to comply with specification DERD 2494 and
AVGAS 100LL to comply with specification DERD 2485.
(b) Delivery of fuel should be accompanied with a Certificate of Conformity and a delivery note.

2. PRIOR TO RECEIVING FUEL

(a) Water check on bottom sample from bulk tank: water drain if necessary.

3. RECEIVING BULK FUEL SUPPLIES

(a) Allow tanker to stand for a minimum of 10 minutes.
(b) Check Certificate of Conformity (C of C) for correct grade and quantity.
Note: Batch number and test certificate number given on Certificate of Conformity, identify the
source of fuel.
(c) Check all outlets and inlets of tanker for seals and Inspector's number on seal and C of C.
(d) Take sample from each of the compartments and check for water and suspended matter.
(e) Bond vehicle to an approved point.
(f) Check all filters and carry out water drain if necessary. If inlet to bulk storage is fitted with
filter separators, check differential pressure immediately after start of discharge of fuel.
Records for pre-delivery checks, sample checks, quantity and grade of fuel delivered.

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SAFETY REGULATION DIVISION

AIRWORTHINESS
ADVISORY MEMORANDUM

Title: Generic Manual for Storage, Handling and Quality Control of Aviation Fuel at Aerodromes

4. STORAGE OF FUELS IN BULK

For construction and maintenance of tanks, pipe work and filters, product identification and
colour coding see Section 3.3 Storage of Fuels in Bulk.
(a) No fuel should be delivered from a tank after receipt of fuel, until after the specified settling
time.
(b) Do water and sediment check of tank bottom or sump after sample line flushing.
i)

each day before the first delivery from tank;

ii) after fuel receipt when the fuel has been allowed to settle for the specified period,
iii) after prolonged rain or snow.
(c) Do water drain daily (or before use) of all filter separators, filter monitors, micro-filters and
any other drain point on static equipment.
(d) Check buoyancy of floating suction at least weekly.
(e) Check weekly the differential pressure (dp) at maximum flow rate of filter separators, filter
monitors and micro-filters. Change filter separator and micro filter elements when dp reaches
1 bar or after a maximum period of two years. Change filter monitor elements when dp
reaches 1.5 bar.
Records for - all receipts, deliveries (including a/c registration), water drains tanks and filters,
differential pressure.

5. VEHICLE CHECKS
See Section 3.4 for construction, maintenance, inspection, filtration equipment requirements,
grade identification and colour coding.
(a) Purge water and sediment by sampling checks of drain cocks, tanker compartments and all
filtration equipment:
i)

before the first refuelling each day,

ii) after each filling, and after defuelling,

iii) after vehicle washing, heavy rainfall or snow
(b) Check weekly the differential pressure at maximum flow rate of filter separators, monitors
and micro-filters. Filter elements should be inspected if there is a sudden change in
differential pressure, or sudden change in flow rate, or continuing unsatisfactory drain
samples. Change elements as Section 3.5 above.
Records for - all deliveries into and from vehicles, sampling results, filter and dp checks.

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SAFETY REGULATION DIVISION

AIRWORTHINESS
ADVISORY MEMORANDUM

Title: Generic Manual for Storage, Handling and Quality Control of Aviation Fuel at Aerodromes
6. CHECKS DURING FUELLING
(a) Do sampling check from sump before pumping.
(b) Do visual sampling check of fuel downstream of filtration after pumping has commenced.
If sample checks are unsatisfactory, refer to Section 3.6

7. DEFUELLING
See Section 3.5.

8. DRUM AND REUSEABLE VESSEL STOCK

(a) Do not accept vessels/barrels if the seals are broken, or leaking or if the drum markings are
different than those on the delivery note or certificate of conformity.
(b) Store the barrels on their sides, under cover, so that the oldest fuel is used first.
(c) Do sample check before decanting into fuelling vehicles or dispensing into aircraft.
(d) Do not re-use drums for aviation fuel.
For filtration requirements see Section 3.7.

9. INSPECTION
Ensure a current certificate of compliance is available for the fuel handling equipment and
procedures.