Chapter:

Manufacturing processes by joining

ARC WELDING: consumable electrode

1. Introduction

Shielded-Metal Arc Welding - SMAW

2. Oxifuel gas
welding
3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

DC or AC 50-300A
10kW

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS:

1. Useful in inaccessible places.
2. Portability, flexibility, simple.
3. Manual process difficult to automate.
APPLICATIONS:
- Plate welding between 3-19 mm thickness.
- For deeper welding

Manual welding
50% of the processes

ARC WELDING: consumable electrode

1. Introduction
2. Oxifuel gas
welding

Submerged Arc Welding - SAW

3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

DC or AC 300-2000A

Flux: lime, silica, oxide of magnesium, fluoride of calcium and other compounds
Avoids sparks and splashes.
Avoids dangerous ultraviolet radiation and smoke typical of SMAW.
Thermal insulation -> deep penetration of heat.
APPLICATIONS:
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS:
- Railways.
1. Automated process (5m/min) -> 4-10 filler material/h than SMAW
- Ship plates (thick)
2. Ferrous and Non-Ferrous materials.
- Pressure vessels.
3. Excellent quality and good mechanical properties.
4. Plane position welding with backup.

ARC WELDING: consumable electrode

1. Introduction
2. Oxifuel gas
welding
3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

Gas metal Arc Welding - GMAW

MIG or semiautomatic

ARC WELDING: consumable electrode

1. Introduction
2. Oxifuel gas
welding

Gas metal Arc Welding - GMAW

3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

Stable Arc no splashes

Splashes bad quality
Ar
CO2
DC with very high currents
Low currents low energy
High diameter electrodes
Low diameter electrodes
Very Thick plates
Thin plates
Splashes
CO2
High currents
Thick plates

ARC WELDING: consumable electrode

1. Introduction
2. Oxifuel gas
welding
3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

Gas metal Arc Welding - GMAW

Power source:
DC Tension constant

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

Auto-regulation
6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

ARC WELDING: consumable electrode

1. Introduction
2. Oxifuel gas
welding

Gas metal Arc Welding - GMAW

3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

A Pulsed Arc. A1: Time back current; A2: Time pick current.
B: Selector of Tension.
C: Post-burning time. Prevents the wire from touching the part.
D: Wire Feed speed.
E: General switch.
F: Type of cycle:
2t: Start-Stop
4t: Gas start+ Wire feed and current start + Wire and current stop + Gas Stop
Spot welding:
H: Slow wire movement: setup time
I : Crater filling: Current and tension reduction.
J: Amperimeter and voltmeter.
K: Positive pole / L: Negative pole.

ARC WELDING: consumable electrode

1. Introduction

Gas metal Arc Welding - GMAW

2. Oxifuel gas
welding
3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

GMAW parameters:

Tensin: 90% energy in the arc 10% energy in the wire.

Wire feed: as higher the wire feed higher the current intensity.

Welding speed: function of filler rate and penetration grade. relacionada con
la tasa de depsito y penetracin.

Polarity: inverse polarity (DCEP) prefrerred (better arc stability, good

penetration, little splashes). No AC used.

Gas flow: low flow means bad protection and oxidation; excessive flow
means turbulences and corrosion.

5. Economy

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

APPLICATIONS:
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS:
- Plates up to 6 mm.
1. Ferrous and Non-Ferrous materials.
2. Simple process and easy qualification for welders in all positions.
3. Flexible, rapid and economical. Double productivity than SMAW.
4. Easy to automate with robots and flexible cells.
5. Low temperatures.

ARC WELDING: consumable electrode

1. Introduction
2. Oxifuel gas
welding

Fundent Core Arc Welding - FCAW

3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS:

The same as GMAW and:
1. Better stability of arc.
2. Better productivity
3. Better mechanical properties.
4. Flexible wire -> continuous feed with regard to SMAW.
5. Can produce all kind of alloys.
5. Low temperatures.

ARC WELDING: consumable electrode

1. Introduction
2. Oxifuel gas
welding

Electro-Gas Welding - EGW

3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

APPLICATIONS:
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS:
- Ship welding
1. Low skill requirements.
- Structural welding
2. Plate thickness 12-75 mm
3. Ferrous and Non-Ferrous alloys.
4. High Deposition Rate 20 times faster than
manual welding
Over 2.5 m long vertical seam in 50 min. by a
single operator. (50 mm/min)
5. Welds in single pass, no inter-pass cleaning.
6. High quality weld with minimum distortion.
7. Both gas shielded or flux cored wire are available.
8. Cost of equipment and transportation.

DCEP
Constant Tension (30-50 V)
100-800 A

ARC WELDING: consumable electrode

1. Introduction
2. Oxifuel gas
welding
3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

Electro-Slag Welding - ESW

Similar to EGW, except:
- Arc starts at different position
(between electrode and
bottom of part).
- The arc is not continuous and
it acts the electrical resistance
of slag (not a electrical arc
process).

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS: same as EGW but

1. Plate thickness 25-900 mm
2. High Deposition Rate 10 times faster than manual welding
(12-25 mm/min)

APPLICATIONS:
- Ship welding
- Structural welding
- Railway welding
- Large tanks..

ARC WELDING: ELECTRODES

1. Introduction
2. Oxifuel gas
welding
3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

?
Parameters:

Strength of deposited
metal
Current (DC or AC).
Type of coating.
Diameter
Length
Intensity
Core material

ARC WELDING: ELECTRODES: Covering

1. Introduction

Covering

2. Oxifuel gas
welding

powders of oxides, carbonates, fluorides, metallic

Clay materials that includes: alloys, cellulose together with silicate agglutinants.

3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

Functions

Electrical

- Arc strike: dissociable and ionisable substances

carbonates, silicates, oxides of Fe, Ti favour the arc strike.

- Arc stability: to maintain the state of ionization in the plasma column

metallic powders (Mg, Al) and salts (K, Na).

Physical:
- Protective gas generation:
CO2

H2O

CO

H2

- Controls the speed of electrode melting

- Fundent (fux): the slag protects the liquid metal from oxygen, nitrogen,

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

- Helps to transfer the melted drops towards the joining.

- Controls the cooling and tempering
Metallurgical:
- Provides alloy elements to improve
mechanical properties.

inclusions

ARC WELDING: ELECTRODES: Covering

1. Introduction
2. Oxifuel gas
welding

Covering types

Rutile (TiO2): dense and viscous slag.

3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

4. Resistance
welding

Welding in all positions.

Easy to use.

Poor strength

Hydrogen fragility

Basic (calcic carbonate and calcic fluoride (fundent)):

dense slag which ascends easy
-

Low hydrogen content

Fix Mn, Cr, Ni, Mo in the bead.

Good mechanical and corrosion characteristics

Dissolve impurities (FeS)

Difficult to use

Hygroscopic

Cellulosic(organic substances): very good gas envelope

-

Oxidizing protection
heat and gas pressure

Better arc transference

Good penetration due to H2
Good quality in descending and pipe welding

Welding splashes

Smoke

RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

Acid (FeS, FeMn, FeO, MnO): dissolve basic oxides as MnO

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

Dense and abundant slag

Rapid melting

Medium strength

Smooth bead finish

Hydrogen fragility

Easy to weld

Slag in the bead

Not used
(only 2%)

AWS - American Welding Society, Inc.

Popular Standards

1. Introduction
2. Oxifuel gas
welding
3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

AWS A5.18/A5.18M
SPECIFICATION FOR CARBON STEEL ELECTRODES AND RODS FOR GAS SHIELDED ARC
WELDING
AWS A5.19
SPECIFICATION FOR MAGNESIUM ALLOY WELDING ELECTRODES AND RODS
AWS A5.2
SPECIFICATION FOR CARBON AND LOW ALLOY STEEL RODS FOR OXYFUEL GAS
WELDING
AWS A5.2/A5.2M
SPECIFICATION FOR CARBON AND LOW-ALLOY STEEL RODS FOR OXYFUEL GAS
WELDING
AWS A5.20
CARBON STEEL ELECTRODES FOR FLUX CORED ARC WELDING
Electrode
AWS A5.20/A5.20M
CARBON STEEL ELECTRONICS FOR FLUX CORED ARC WELDING
AWS A5.21
Electrodos de acero al carbono
SPECIFICATION FOR BARE ELECTRODES AND RODS FOR SURFACING
AWS A5.22
SPECIFICATION Electrodos
FOR STAINLESS STEEL
ELECTRODES
FLUXaleacin
CORED ARC WELDING
de aceros
deFOR
baja
AND STAINLESS STEEL FLUX CORED RODS FOR GAS TUNGSTEN ARC WELDING
AWS A5.23/A5.23M
SPECIFICATION FORElectrodos
LOW-ALLOY STEEL
AND FLUXES FOR SUBMERGED
deELECTRODES
aceros inoxidables
ARC WELDING
AWS A5.24
ZIRCONIUM AND ZIRCONIUM ALLOY WELDING ELECTRODES AND RODS
AWS A5.24/A5.24M
SPECIFICATION FOR ZIRCONIUM AND ZIRCONIUM-ALLOY WELDING ELECTRODES
AND RODS
AWS A5.25
SPECIFICATION FOR CARBON AND LOW ALLOY STEEL ELECTRODES AND FLUXESFOR
ELECTROSLAG WELDING
AWS A5.25/A5.25M
SPECIFICATION FOR CARBON AND LOW ALLOY STEEL ELECTRODES AND FLUXESFOR
ELECTROSLAG WELDING
AWS A5.26/A5.26M
SPECIFICATION FOR CARBON AND LOW ALLOY STEEL ELECTRODES FOR ELECTROGAS
WELDING
AWS A5.27
COPPER & COPPER ALLOY RODS FOR OXYFUEL GAS WELDING
AWS A5.28
SPECIFICATION FOR LOW-ALLOY STEEL ELECTRODES FOR GAS SHIELDED ARC
WELDING
AWS A5.28/A5.28M
SPECIFICATION FOR LOW-ALLOY STEEL ELECTRODES AND RODS FOR GAS SHIELDED
ARC WELDING

AWS A5.29
LOW ALLOY STEEL ELECTRODES FOR FLUX CORED ARC WELDING
AWS A5.29/A5.29M
SPECIFICATION FOR LOW-ALLOY STEEL ELECTRODES FOR FLUX CORED ARC
WELDING
AWS A5.3/A5.3M
SPECIFICATION FOR ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM-ALLOY ELECTRODES FOR
SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING
AWS A5.30
SPECIFICATION FOR CONSUMABLE INSERTS
AWS A5.30/A5.30M
SPECIFICATION FOR CONSUMABLE INSERTS
AWS A5.31
SPECIFICATION FOR FLUXES FOR BRAZING AND BRAZE WELDING
AWS A5.32/A5.32M
SPECIFICATION FOR WELDING SHIELDING GASES
AWS A5.34/A5.34M
AWS
SPECIFICATION
FORStandard
NICKEL-ALLOY ELECTRODES FOR FLUX CORED ARC
WELDING
AWS A5.4
AWS-A.5.1
SPECIFICATION FOR STAINLESS STEEL ELECTRODES FOR SHIELDED METAL ARC
WELDING
AWS A5.4/A5.4M
AWS-A.5.5
SPECIFICATION FOR STAINLESS STEEL ELECTRODES FOR SHIELDED METAL ARC
WELDING
AWS A5.5
AWS-A.5.4
LOW-ALLOY STEEL ELECTRODES FOR SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING
AWS A5.5/A5.5M
SPECIFICATION FOR LOW-ALLOY STEEL ELECTRODES FOR SHIELDED METAL ARC
WELDING
AWS A5.6
COVERED COPPER & COPPER ALLOY ARC WELDING ELECTRODES
AWS A5.6/A5.6M
SPECIFICATION FOR COPPER AND COPPER-ALLOY ELECTRODES FOR SHIELDED
METAL ARC WELDING
AWS A5.7
SPECIFICATION FOR COPPER AND COPPER ALLOY BARE WELDING RODS AND
ELECTRODES
AWS A5.7/A5.7M
SPECIFICATION FOR COPPER AND COPPER-ALLOY BARE WELDING RODS AND
ELECTRODES
AWS A5.8
SPECIFICATION FOR FILLER METALS FOR BRAZING AND BRAZE WELDING
AWS A5.8/A5.8M
SPECIFICATION FOR FILLER METALS FOR BRAZING AND BRAZE WELDING
AWS A5.9
SPECIFICATION FOR BARE STAINLESS STEEL WELDING ELECTRODES AND RODS
AWS A5.9/A5.9M
SPECIFICATION FOR BARE STAINLESS STEEL WELDING ELECTRODES AND RODS

ARC WELDING: GASES

1. Introduction
2. Oxifuel gas
welding
3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

UNE-EN ISO 14175

ARC WELDING: GASES

1. Introduction
2. Oxifuel gas
welding
3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

UNE-EN ISO 14175

ARC WELDING: GASES

1. Introduction
2. Oxifuel gas
welding
3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

UNE-EN ISO 14175

ARC WELDING: GASES

1. Introduction
2. Oxifuel gas
welding

Inert gases (Ar, He)

Non-ferrous alloys (Al and Cu)

3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

Low thermal conductivity

High electrical conductivity

Helium only for thickness higher than 4 mm

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

High thermal conductivity

Low electrical conductivity

Less tension
means
better arc stability

ARC WELDING: GASES

1. Introduction
2. Oxifuel gas
welding

Active gases (CO2, N2, H2, O2)

3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

Carbon steels (> 0,2%C)

Steels

No alloyed
Low Alloyed
High Alloyed

80% Ar-20% CO2

100% CO2 only when using flux or shielded wire with deoxidizing elements (Mn, Si) and C
Low alloyed steels
75% Ar-25% CO2
Stainless steels (> 0,2%C)
98% Ar-

2% CO2
2% O2

Active gas provides fluidity, required for penetration

ARC WELDING: GASES

1. Introduction
2. Oxifuel gas
welding
3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

GUA DE SELECCIN DE GASES (Fuente: La flor del rbigo)

ARC WELDING: GASES

1. Introduction
2. Oxifuel gas
welding
3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

GUA DE SELECCIN DE GASES (Fuente: La flor del rbigo)

ARC WELDING: GASES

1. Introduction
2. Oxifuel gas
welding

Influence of %CO2 on
arc transference

3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

(88% Ar + 12% CO2

(75% Ar+ 25% CO2)
(95% Ar + 5% CO2)
Influence of gases on
penetration

Spray transference
Short-cort transference
Pulsed transference

(Carbon and low alloy steels)

ELECTRON BEAM WELDING (EBW) / LASER BEAN WELDING (LBW)

1. Introduction
2. Oxifuel gas
welding
3. Arc welding.
a) Non
consumable
electrode.
GTAW
PAW
AHW
b) Consumable
electrode.
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
EGW
ESW
c) Electrodes
d) Gases
e) Others:
EBW
LBW
f) Quality and
defects
g) Weldability
h) Design

4. Resistance
welding
RSW
RSEW
HFRW

5. Economy

6. Brazing
(soldadura
fuerte)
7. Soldering
(soldadura
blanda)
8. Adhesive
bonding

EBW or LBW

MGAW or GTAW