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Secondary Sources Works Cited

Periodicals
Weir, Alison. "Queen Elizabeth I: Looking at the Virgin Queens Accomplishments 450 Years
Later." US News 17 Nov. 2008: Print. This interview by Alison Weir, Elizabeth I scholar,
was to commemorate the 450th birth anniversary of Queen Elizabeth I. The legacy and
claims about the inherent misogyny in society as well as the ability to overcome the binds
of it is directly related to our thesis. Weir mentions the male dominance of Parliament and
Elizabeth's character, charisma and power.

Nonperiodicals
Alford, Stephen. The Early Elizabethan Polity William Cecil and the British Succession Crisis,
15581569. 1998. Print. This book concisely states the issue that Elizabeth I faced and
the associated implications with Parliament. Stephen Alford is a reputable European
reform scholar, so his factual statements are credible. Although it is not very descriptive,
the succession crisis has very limited credible sources to choose from.
Bush, Catherine. Elizabeth I. New York: Chelsea, 1985. Print. This book was initial research that
guided our thesis and outlined the context of Queen Elizabeth I's reign. The author,
Catherine Bush, studied at Yale University and has a wide array of non-fiction, so we
were able to gather that the source is credible. From the book, we looked at the
bibliography and found a variety of sources to explore, especially those pertaining to
Elizabeth I's fight to remain unmarried.
"Enquiring into Elizabeth." The National Archives UK. Print. This source was important for
general research into the role of Queen Elizabeth I. At the beginning of the research

process, it was good to question the truth in the accounts of history we encountered as
well as to determine the true reasoning behind many of the queen's decisions. This source
mainly focused on why Elizabeth I decided not to marry and bear and heir for England.
Because this was an archive page, we were able to acquire primary sources that related.
Erickson, Carolly. The First Elizabeth. New York: Summit, 1983. Print. In this biography,
Carolly Erickson brings Elizabeth I to life and allows us to see her as a living, breathing,
elegant, flirtatious, diplomatic, violent, arrogant, and outrageous woman who commands
our attention, fascination, and awe. The book focuses on her climb through the ranks of
monarchy in terms of gaining respect and fulfilling the needs and desires for her nation
despite any personal burden.
Greenblatt, Stephen J. "Elizabeth I Queen of England." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Print. This
article was crucial to our beginning research for it wasn't brief as encyclopedia articles
tend to be. The author, Stephen J. Greenblatt, delved into the details of the many reignshaping moments in Elizabeth I's life, such as the Monopolies Debate and the defeat of
the Spanish Armada. From these details, we were able to begin to pick apart the
information we gathered and form it into a comprehensive view of Elizabeth I's reign and
relate it to all of the themes.
Johnson, Paul. Elizabeth I: A Study in Power and Intellect. London: Omega, 1976. Print. This
book was crucial in understanding Queen Elizabeth I's military tactic and strategy. This
source was used at the initial stages of research and influenced the decision to discuss
exploring options to combat real politics. The author, Paul Johnson, has had pieces in The
New York Times, Forbes, The Spectator and The Wall Street Journal exploring historical
analysis, so this source was determined to be credible and unbiased.

Levine, Joseph M. Elizabeth I. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1969. Print. This secondary
source gave us the author's research and comments on the life of Queen Elizabeth I. From
this book, we recognized the societal expectations for the queen to have a political
marriage and to bear heirs to the throne. Yet we see how Queen Elizabeth defied her duty
to produce an heir as she instead used the myriad of courtships to strengthen English ties
with other nations. She effectively played the marriage game and was able to protect
England while remaining true to her title of "the Virgin Queen".
Ridley, Jasper Godwin. Elizabeth I: The Shrewdness of Virtue. New York: Viking, 1988. Print.
This biography gave us historical context surrounding Queen Elizabeth as she grew up to
become a regal ruler who transformed England. From this book, we gained a deeper
sense of Elizabeth I's personality and how she came to exchange the expectations placed
on her as a woman for that of a sovereign. This source highlights the obstacles that the
queen encountered during her reign and the options she explored in overcoming foreign
and domestic issues.
Rose, Mary Beth. The Gendering of Authority in the Public Speeches of Elizabeth I. Print. Mary
Beth Rose explains the redefining of Elizabeth I in terms of her gender. Rose claims that
although Elizabeth I was a woman, she was able to become an effective orator and one
that was capable of garnering the same amount of attention and praise as a king, if not
more. Mary Beth Rose is a scholar of the Elizabethan Era and has written several books
regarding gender and sexuality, the basis of our project.
Somerset, Anne. Elizabeth I. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991. Print. This source was a
biography on Queen Elizabeth I. This book gave us background on the queen's life at
court and her choice not to marry. We used this book to develop our understanding of

Queen Elizabeth as a woman and as a ruler. She was a female monarch in a patriarchal
time period and we were able to better grasp how she used her gender to as a strengthen
instead of a weakness to rule over England.
Way, Almon Leroy, Jr. Political Developments during the Reign of Elizabeth I:1558-1603. Print.
This source was extremely brief and was used for the purpose of illustrating Elizabeth I's
Parliament and it surprisingly held a significant amount of power. The typical monarchy
of England was split into a constitutional monarchy from Elizabeth I's early bids to
represent the people.

Audiovisual
Elizabeth: The Golden Age. Dir. Shekhar Kapur. 2007. Film. This clip is a reenactment of Queen
Elizabeth I after the defeat of the Spanish Armada as she makes the legendary Tilbury
speech. The clip provides a very powerful image of the queen and disproves any claims
of her weakness. Through this interpretation, the queen appears to be like a very
experienced orator concerned with maintaining patriotism and satisfaction. It is important
to note that as this clip is a reenactment, it is not a direct source to make inferences from.

Web sites, e-sources


"Act of Supremacy." The Episcopal Dictionary of the Church. Web. 1 Feb. 2016. This source is a
comprehensive look at Anglicanism and the Church of England, which Queen Elizabeth I
was heavily involved in reforming. The source is credible as it is associated with the
theology program at Yale University. The selected quote regarding the Act of Supremacy
not only defines the purpose of the act, but also states that Elizabeth I stood up to

Parliament to protect her own values and to stop Parliament from imposing on the
English people.
"The Company that ruled the waves." The Economist. Economist Newspaper, 17 Dec. 2011.
Web. 31 Jan. 2016. This particular source by the Economist serves to identify Queen
Elizabeth's decision to expand trade beyond English boundaries. Additionally, the source
was very helpful in characterizing the benefits of starting the East India Company, which
ultimately became a huge success in supporting the English economy.
Culbertson, Katherine E. "Elizabeth I: The Most Elusive Bride in History." Hanover College
History. Hanover College. Web. 23 Jan. 2016. The source from Hanover College helped
in giving our group a bit of background information on Queen Elizabeth the First. It was
primarily useful in that it gave an outline of the Queen's decision to remain unmarried,
and how she used that to her advantage in order to restore her kingdom.
The East India Company. History of the East India Company. The East Company. The East India
Company Fine Foods. Web. 1 Feb. 2016. The East India Company gave itself a short
summary of its historical background. This particular company was one of Queen
Elizabeth's greatest accomplishments, in that it allowed her to expand trade in her
kingdom. Without the company, the English kingdom would not have been able to
develop or modernize its trading routes at the same pace as other nations. Instead, the
Queen's decision had allowed England to surpass many other countries in the trading
industry.
"Elizabeth I's Religious Settlement." Royal Museums Greenwich. Web. 1 Feb. 2016. This
secondary source gave us further insight about the issues Queen Elizabeth faced in setting
the state religion. This source illuminated how the return to Protestantism aligned

England with its main trading partner, the Dutch, but had the political consequence of
provoking Spain. Having England's official religion as Protestant also antagonized
English Catholics which demonstrates the religion based issues Elizabeth encounter
during her reign and the options she explored to promote religious tolerance in her
country.
Lee, Robert E. "The Spanish Armada Overview I." Introduction to Geography 100. Web. 29 Jan.
2016. This website was primarily used for background knowledge on the outcomes of the
Spanish Armada. The solidified information by Professor Lee made it easier to follow the
events that unfolded during the Anglo-Spanish War. Additionally, Professor Lee also gave
a bit of analysis on Queen Elizabeth the First's Tilbury Speech, especially with how she
presented herself as a sovereign and how effective her rhetorical techniques were.
"Queen Elizabeth I in Parliament." History of Parliament Online. Web. 1 Feb. 2016. This source
honed in on the claim that Queen Elizabeth I encountered real politics due to her gender;
it elaborated on the motives and characteristics of her Parliament. The article mentioned
the important Monopolies Debate of 1601, the Succession Crisis as well as the
reformation of the Church of England. The source detailed the general opposition to the
queen holding enough power to be seen as a real threat to the men of her court.
Somerville, J. P. "Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments." University of Wisconsin Madison History
Department. Web. 1 Feb. 2016. This source details the many ploys of Queen Elizabeth I's
Parliament in undermining her power and seeking power and prestige. The source cites
specific examples of how Parliament forced Elizabeth into purchasing certain plots of
land to benefit the nobles, and into caring for the needs of the aristocrats. However, we

found the most use in the parts of the article that detailed how Elizabeth I combatted this
pressure and secured her power once more with experience and confidence.
Sommerville, Johann P. "Elizabeth's Foreign Policy." J.P. Sommerville. Web. 31 Jan. 2016. J.P.
Sommerville's source on Elizabethan foreign policy was mainly used for background
information. English foreign relations with France, the Netherlands, and Spain were all
outlined in a very logical manner and was helpful and easy to follow. The source also
depicted Anglo-Spanish relations as well as the tension between the two nations during
Queen Elizabeth I's reign.
"Timeline of Queen Elizabeth I." Elizabethan Era UK. Linda Alchin. Web. 1 Feb. 2016. This
timeline is the background for our website. For a viewer that has little prior knowledge of
Elizabeth I's trials and achievements, it details her life in all aspects of the theme with
dates for contextual purposes.

Unpublished & other sources


Elizabeth the First. "Queen Elizabeth I: Against the Spanish Armada, 1588." 1588. Fordham
University Modern History Sourcebook. Fordham U. Fordham University. Web. 28 Jan.
2016. This particular source outlines Queen Elizabeth's Tilbury Speech, which was
delivered in 1588 during the battle against the Spanish Armada. The source immensely
helped in characterizing the Queen's rhetorical techniques and how she was able to
augment the nationalism in England at that time. Additionally, the source was able to
contrast Queen Elizabeth the First's seemingly feminine identity with that of an assertive
sovereign.

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