Chapter 15

Fluid Mechanics

F I G U R E 15.1 The force exerte d

by the uid on a submerged object at
any point is perpendicular to the
surface of the object. The forc e
exerted by the uid on the walls of
the container is perpendicular to the
walls at all points .
 A
F
Vacuum

F I G U R E 15.2 A simple device

for measuring pressure in a fluid.
 –P0Ajˆ

d+h

Mg
PAjˆ

F I G U R E 15.4 The net force on the

sample of liquid within the darker
region must be zero because the
sample is in equilibrium.
 F1
∆x 1 A2
A1 ∆x 2

F2
(David Frazier)

(a) (b)

F I G U R E 15.5 (a) Diagram of a hydraulic press. Because the increase in pressure is the same at the left and right sides, a
: :
small force F 1 at the left produces a much larger force F 2 at the right. (b) A vehicle under repair is supported by a hydraulic
lift in a garage.
:
 h

dy

w
y

O
F I G U R E 15.6(Example 15.2) The total force
on a dam is obtained from the expression
F Pd A, where dA is the area of the red strip.

P=0

P0
A B

(a)

P0

h
P

A B

(b)

F I G U R E 15.7
Two devices for measuring
pressure: (a) a mercury barometer and
(b) an open-tube manometer.
 B

Fg

F I G U R E 15.8 The external forces

on the cube of liquid are the
:
gravitational force F g and the buoyant
:
force B. Under equilibrium
conditions, B Fg .
 B B
Fg a
a
Fg Figure 15.9
(a) A totally submerged object that is less dense than the
fluid in which it is submerged experiences a net upward
force. (b) A totally submerged object that is denser than
the fluid sinks.
(a) (b)
 B

Fg

figure 15.10
An object floating on the surface of a
liquid experiences two forces, the
:
gravitational force F g and the
:
buoyant force B. Because the object
floats in equilibrium, B F g .
 T2
B
T1
Fg
Fg

(a) (b)

F I G U R E 15.11 (Example 15.3) (a) When the crown is

suspended in air, the scale reads its true weight because T1
Fg (the buoyancy due to air is negligible). (b) When
:
the crown is immersed in water, the buoyant force B
reduces the scale reading to T2 Fg B .
 (a)

(b)

F I G U R E 15.12 (Example 15.4) (a) When the sphere hangs in

air, the string vibrates in its second harmonic. (b) When the
sphere is immersed in water, the string vibrates in its fifth
harmonic.
 (Andy Sacks/Tony Stone Images/Getty Images)

F I G U R E 15.13 An illustration of steady flow around an

automobile in a test wind tunnel. The streamlines in the
airflow are made visible by smoke particles.
 v

P
(Werner Wolff/Black Star)

F I G U R E 15.15
This diagram represents
a set of streamlines (blue lines). A
particle at P follows one of these
streamlines, and its velocity is tangent to
the streamline at each point along its
F I G U R E 15.14 Hot gases from a
path.
cigarette made visible by smoke
particles. The smoke first moves in
laminar flow at the bottom and then
in turbulent flow above.
 Point 2

A2

v2
Point 1 ∆x2

A1
v1
∆x1

F I G U R E 15.16 A fluid moving with

steady flow through a pipe of varying
cross-sectional area. The volume of
fluid flowing through A1 in a time
interval t must equal the volume
flowing through A2 in the same time
interval.
 Point 2
∆x2
–P2A2ˆi

Point 1
v2
∆x1
y2
P1A1ˆi
y1
v1

F I G U R E 15.17 A fluid in laminar flow

through a constricted pipe. The volume
of the shaded portion on the left is
equal to the volume of the shaded
portion on the right.
 A2
P

h A1
y2
v1
P0
y1

F I G U R E 15.18 (Example 15.7)

A liquid leaves a hole in a tank at
speed v1.
 Drag

Lift
F

F I G U R E 15.19 Streamline flow

around a moving airplane wing. The
air approaching from the right is
deflected downward by the wing.
 Plaque

Artery

F I G U R E 15.20 A stream of air F I G U R E 15.21 Blood must travel

passing over a tube dipped into a faster than normal through a
liquid will cause the liquid to rise in constricted region of an artery.
the tube.
Dam Dam

Figure Q15.2
 (© TempSport/CORBIS)

Figure Q15.10

Figure Q15.20
(Pamela Zilly/The Image Bank/Getty)
(a) (b)

Figure P15.8
 500 lb

2.00 in.
10.0 in.

Figure P15.11

Figure P15.12

P0

Figure P15.13

A1 A2 A1 A2
Water

Mercury
(a) (b)

Figure P15.14
Figure P15.16

Figure P15.21
 96 h
98
96

98

100
102
100
104

102
L 104

Figure P15.24
 h0
h

Figure P15.33 Problems 15.33 and 15.34.

Semple)
(George

Figure P15.37
(Stan Osolinski/Dembinsky Photo Associates)

Figure P15.40
 y

h v

Figure P15.43

F v

Figure P15.45