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NUMERICALS:
SECTION 1-A:
Q-1
Q-2
Q-3
Q-4
Q-5
Q-6
Q-7
A cubic solid is made of two elements P and Q. Atoms Q are at the corners of
the cube and P at the body centre. What is the formula of the compounds
and what are the co-ordination numbers of P and Q?
Q-8
Calculate the number of atoms in a cubic based unit-cell having one atom on
each corner and two atoms on each body diagonal.
Q-9
ANSWERS
SECTION 1-A:
Q-4
Q-5
Q-6
Q-7
Q-8
Q-9
Q-11
Q-12
Q-13
Q-14
Q-15
Q-16
Q-17
Q-18
Q-19
Q-20
SECTION 1-B:
Q-1
Q-2
Q-3
Q-4
Q-5
Q-6
Q-7
Q-8
The length of the unit-cell of body-centered cubic metal crystal is 352 pm.
Calculate the radius of an atom of the metal.
Q-9
The face-diagonal of a cubic close packed unit cell is 4 . What is its facelength?
Q-10 Which of the following lattices have the highest packing efficiency: (i) simple
cubic (ii) body-centered cubic and (iii) hexagonal close-packed lattice?
ANSWERS
SECTION 1-B:
Q-1 & Q-2 Descriptive
Q-3 & Q-4 Descriptive
Q-5 & Q-6 Descriptive
Q-7 r = 35.4 pm ; d = 70.8 pm ; 141.6 pm
Q-8 152.4 pm
Q-9 2.83
Q-10 Hexagonal close-packed
SECTION 1-C:
Q-1
Q-3
MgO has NaCl structure and its unit cell edge is 421 pm. Calculate its
density.
Q-4
CuCl has zinc blende structure. Its density is 3.4 gm cm-3. what is the length
of the edge of the unit cell?
Q-5
Q-6
The density of chromium metal is 7.2 gm cm-3. If the unit cell is cubic with an
edge length of 289 pm, determine the type of the unit cell (simple, bodycentered or face-centered). Atomic mass of Cr = 52 amu.
Q-7
An element crystallizes in BCC structure. The edge of its unit cell is 288 pm.
If the density is 7.2 gm cm-3, calculate the atomic mass of the element.
Q-8
Q-9
Sodium crystallizes in the cubic lattice and the edge length of the unit cell is
430 pm. Calculate the number of atoms in the unit cell. (Atomic mass of Na
= 23 amu, density of sodium = 0.9623 gm cm-3).
Page 3 of 57
Q-10 An element crystallizes in FCC structure. 200 gm of this element has 4.12 x
1024 atoms. The density of A is 7.2 gm cm -3, calculate the edge length of the
unit cell.
Q-11 Calculate the distance between Na+ and Cl- ions in NaCl crystal if the density
is 2.165 gm cm-3. (Molar mass of NaCl = 58.5 gm mol-1)
Q-12 Aluminum forms face centered cubic lattice whose unit-cell edge length is
404 pm. Calculate the density of aluminium.
Q-13 Niobium crystallizes in a body-centered cubic structure. Its density is 8.55
gm cm-3; calculate the atomic radius of niobium. (At. Mass of Nb = 92.91
amu).
Q-14 Aluminum crystallizes in a cubic close structure. Its metallic radius is 125
pm.
(a)
(b)
Q-15 Iron has body centered cubic lattice structure. The edge length of the unit
cell is found to be 286 pm. What is the radius of an iron atom?
Q-16 A solid AB has CsCl type of structure. The edge length of the unit cell is 4.04
. What is the distance of closest approach between A+ and B- ?
Q-17 KF has rock salt structure. Calculate the value of Avogadros number from
the following date:
Density of KF = 2.48 gm cm-3
Distance between K+ and F- in KF = 268 pm
Q-18 The unit cube length fro LiCl (NaCl structure) is 5.41 . Assuming anion
anion contact, calculate the ionic radius of chloride ion.
Q-19 An element has body centered cubic structure with a cell edge of 288 pm.
The density of the element is 7.2 gm cm -3. Calculate the number of atoms
present in 208 gm of the element.
Q-20 Gold (atomic radius = 0.144 nm) crystallizes in face centered unit cell. What
is the length of a side of the unit cell?
ANSWERS
SECTION 1-C:
Q-1
Q-3
Q-4
Q-5
Q-6
One
3.56 gm cm-3
537 pm
362 pm
No. of atoms per unit cell = 2
Page 4 of 57
Q-7
Q-8
Q-9
Q-10
Q-11
Q-12
Q-13
Q-14
Q-15
Q-16
Q-17
Q-18
Q-19
Q-20
52
107.8 amu
No. of atoms per unit cell = 2
300 pm
282 pm
143 pm
(a) 354 pm
124 pm
3.5
6.07 x 1023
1.82
2.418 x 1024
0.407 nm
(b)
SECTION 1- D:
Q-1
Analysis show that nickel oxide has formula Ni0.98O1.00 . What fractions of the
nickel exist as Ni2+ and Ni3+ ?
Q-2
ANSWERS
SECTION 1- E:
Q-1
Q-2
___________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________
THEORETICAL QUESTIONS:
Q-1
Q-2
Q-3
The window panes of the old buildings are thick at the bottom. Why?
Q-4
Melting point
Cleavage property
Page 5 of 57
(iii)
Nature
Q-5
Q-6
Q-7
Q-8
Q-9
fcc structure
bcc structure
What is the contribution of an atom per unit cell if the atom is:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Q-10 Calculate the no. of atoms in a cubic based unit cell having one atom on
each corner and two atoms on each body diagonal.
Q-11 What is the no. of octahedral and tetrahedral voids present in a lattice?
Q-12 What is the coordination number in:
(a)
(b)
hcp structure
bcc structure
Simple cubic structure
Q-14 In a compound, B ions form a close packed structure & A ions occupy all
the tetrahedral voids. What is the formula of the compound?
Q-15 What is the meaning of term defect with reference to crystal?
Q-16 Define two main types of defects.
Q-17 Name the types of point defect.
Q-18 Which type of ionic substances show?
(a) Schottky defect
(b) Frenkel defect
Q-19
Q-20
Q-21
Q-22
p type semiconductor
n type semiconductor.
Ferromagnetic substances
Ferrimagnetic substances
SOLUTIONS
(Marks : 5)
NUMERICALS:
SECTION 2-A:
(Mole-fraction, Molality and Molarity)
Q-1
Q-2
Q-3
Q-4
A solution is 25% water, 25% ethanol and 50% acetic acid by mass.
Calculate the mole fraction of each component.
Q-5
What is the mole fraction of H2O2 and H2O in 20% aqueous hydrogen
peroxide?
Q-6
Q-7
Q-8
(ii)
Q-9
Q-10 Calculate the amount of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) required to prepare 250
mL of 0.15 M solution in methanol.
Q-11 A solution contains 3.2 gm methanol per 500 cm3 of the solution. Calculate
its molarity.
Q-12 How would you prepare 50 cm3 of 0.001 M potassium dichromate dissolved
in water? (K = 39 amu; Cr = 52 amu).
Q-13 What is the molarity of a solution prepared by mixing 2.5 L of 0.5 M urea
solution and 500 mL of 2 M urea solution?
Q-14 Calculate the molarity of pure water. Density of water is 1.0 gm mL-1.
Q-15 A 12 M HCl solution contains 37% HCl by mass. What is the density of the
solution?
Q-16 0.212 gm sodium carbonate (molecular mass = 106 gm mol -1) is dissolved in
250 cm3 (1 mL = 1 cm3) of solution. Calculate the molarity of sodium
carbonate in solution.
Q-17 When 1 Liter of 0.5 M HCl is heated in a beaker, its volume reduced to 600
mL and 1.825 gm HCl was lost as vapor. Calculate the molarity of the
resulting solution.
Q-18 Concentrated nitric acid used in laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass
in aqueous solution. What should be the molarity of such a sample of the
acid if the density of the solution is 1.504 g mL1?
Q-19 Determine the molality of solution formed by dissolving 0.85 gm ammonia in
100 gm water.
Q-20 A solution of glucose in water is labeled as 10% w/w, what would be the
molality and mole fraction of each component in the solution? If the density
of solution is 1.2 g mL1, then what shall be the molarity of the solution?
Q-21 An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of ethylene glycol (C 2H6O2)
and 200 g of water. Calculate the molality of the solution. If the density of
the solution is 1.072 g mL1, then what shall be the molarity of the solution?
Q-22 Find the molarity and molality of a 15% solution of H2SO4. The density of
H2SO4 solution is 1.10 gm cm-3 and molecular mass of H2SO4 is 98 amu.
Q-23 Calculate the molality of 1 M solution of sodium nitrate. The density of the
solution is 1.25 gm cm-3.
Page 8 of 57
Q-24 Calculate the molality of a solution of 93% H2SO4 (w/v) when the density of
the solution is 1.84 gm cm-3. (Atomic masses: S = 32; O = 16; H = 1)
Q-25 The molarity of a solution of sulphuric acid is 1.35 M. Calculate its molality.
The density of acid solution is 1.02 gm cm-3.
Q-26 Calculate the mole fraction of ethanol and water in a sample of rectified
spirit which contains 46% ethanol by mass.
Q-27 Calculate (a) molality (b) molarity and (c) mole fraction of KI if the density of
20% (mass/mass) aqueous KI is 1.202 g mL-1.
Q-28 An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of ethylene glycol (C 2H6O2)
and 200 g of water. Calculate the molality of the solution. If the density of
the solution is 1.072 g mL1, then what shall be the molarity of the solution?
Q-29 A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with
chloroform (CHCl3) supposed to be a carcinogen. The level of contamination
was 15 ppm (by mass):
(i) Express this in percent by mass
(ii) Determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample.
Q-30 If the density of some lake water is 1.25 g mL 1 and contains 92 g of
Na+ ions per kg of water, calculate the molality of Na+ ions in the lake.
ANSWERS
SECTION 2-A:
Q-1
Q-2
Q-3
Q-4
Q-5
Q-6
Q-7
Q-8
Q-9
Q-10
Q-11
Q-12
Q-13
Q-14
Q-15
Q-16
Q-17
Q-18 16.23 M
Q-19 0.5 m
Q-20 0.62 m ; Mole fraction of glucose = 0.011; Mole fraction of water = 0.989 ;
0.67 M
Q-21 17.95 m ; 9.11 M
Q-22 1.68 M ; 1.8 m
Q-23 0.858 m
Q-24 10.43 m
Q-25 1.52 m
Q-26 Xethanol = 0.25
Q-27 (a) 1.506 m
(b) 1.45 M
(c) 0.0263
Q-28 17.95 m ; 9.11 M
Q-29 1.5 105 % ; 1.26 104 m
Q-30 4 m
SECTION 2-B:
(Henrys law of solubility of gases in water)
Q-1
Q-2
Q-3
Q-4
Q-5
H2S a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell is used for the quantitative
analysis. If the solubility of H 2S in water at STP is 0.195 m, calculate Henrys
law constant.
Q-6
Henrys law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67 x 108 Pa at 298 K. Calculate the
quantity of CO2 in 500 mL of soda water when packed under 2.5 atm CO 2
pressure at 298 K.
Q-7
Henrys law constant for the molality of methane in benzene at 297 K is 4.27
x 105 mm Hg. Calculate the solubility of methane in benzene at 298 K under
760 mm Hg.
Q-8
The air is a mixture of number of gases. The major components are oxygen
and nitrogen with approximate proportion of 20% to 79% by volume at 298K.
The water is in equilibrium with air at a pressure of 10 atm at 298 K. If the
Henry law constants for oxygen and nitrogen at 298K are 3.30 x 10 7 mm and
Page 10 of 57
ANSWERS
SECTION 2-B:
Q-1
Q-2
Q-3
Q-4
Q-5
Q-6
Q-7
Q-8
Q-9
625 bar / M
28.2 atm
0.091 gm N2
0.762 bar
2.865 x 104 atm
1.8315 gm CO2
1.78 x 10-3 m
XO2 (water) = 4.652 x 10-5
1.126 milli moles
&
SECTION 2-C:
Colligative Properties:
Q-1
Q-2
Q-3
Q-4
Heptane and octane form an ideal solution. At 373 K, the vapour pressures
of the two liquid components are 105.2 k Pa and 46.8 k Pa respectively. What
will be the vapour pressure of a mixture of 26.0 g of heptane and 35 g of
octane?
Q-5
The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300 K. Calculate vapour pressure
of 1 molal solution of a non-volatile solute in it.
Q-6
Q-7
Page 11 of 57
to the solution and the new vapour pressure becomes 2.9 k Pa at 298 K.
Calculate:
i.
ii.
Q-8
A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271 K.
Calculate the freezing point of 5% glucose in water if freezing point of pure
water is 273.15 K.
Q-9
Two elements A and B form compounds having formula AB 2 and AB4. When
dissolved in 20 g of benzene (C 6H6), 1 g of AB2 lowers the freezing point by
2.3 K whereas 1.0 g of AB 4 lowers it by 1.3 K. The molar depression constant
for benzene is 5.1 K kg mol1. Calculate atomic masses of A and B.
ANSWERS
SECTION 2-C:
Q-1
Q-2
Q-3
Q-4
Q-5
Q-6
Q-7
Q-8
Q-9
Q-10
Q-11
Q-12
Q-13
Q-14
Q-15
Q-16
Q-17
Q-18
Q-19
Q-20
17.44 mm
53.52 mm
41.35 g mol1
73.43 kPa
12.08 kPa.
8 gm
(i) 23 g mol1. (ii) 3.53 kPa
269.06 K
The atomic masses of A and B are 25.59 u and 42.64 u respectively
0.061 mol
0.65 K
i = 1.0753 ; Ka = 3.07 x 10-3
280.7 torr
3.42 gm
5.27 x 10-3 atm
2.514 K kg mol-1
S8
272.933 K
5.0769 gm
Se8
SECTION 2-D:
Vant Hoff factor for associated and dissociated solutes
Q-1
Q-2
Page 13 of 57
Q-3
Q-4
Q-5
Q-6
Calculate the amount of KCl which must be added to 1.0 kg of water so that
its freezing point is depressed by 2.0 K. (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1,
atomic masses K = 39 , Cl = 35.5)
Q-7
Q-8
Q-9
ANSWERS
SECTION 2-D:
A-1
A-2
A-3
A-4
7.389 atm
271.96 K
0.527
2.76
Since the value of vant Hoff factor (i) is greater than one,
therefore, the
electrolyte undergoes dissociation in solution.
A-5
A-6
A-7
A-8
A-9
99.2 %
40.23 gm
746 atm
vant Hoff factor (i) = 0.512 and degree of association () = 97.6 %
vant Hoff factor (i) = 0.0753 and dissociation constant (Ka) = 2.835 x 10-3
Page 14 of 57
UNIT 3
ELECTROCHEMISTRY:
(Marks : 5)
NUMERICALS:
SECTION 3-A:
Q-1
If E0red for copper electrode is +0.34 V. How will you calculate its electrode
potential when it is in contact with 0.1M Cu2+ ions? How does electrode
potential change if concentration of Cu2+ in solution is decreased?
Q-2
Q-3
Q-4
Given standard electrode potentials in volts in 1M acidic solution Fe 2+/Fe = 0.4 V; Fe3+/Fe2+ = 0.8 V; Mn2+ / Mn = - 1.2 V ; Mn3+ / Mn2+ = + 1.5 V
(i)
(ii)
Q-5
Cu vessel
Zn vessel
Al vessel
Given:
E0Fe2+/Fe, E0Cu2+/Cu, E0Zn2+/Zn, E0Al3+/Al, are -0.44 V, +0.34 V,
-0.76 V, -1.66 V respectively.
Q-7
Calculate the reduction potential of zinc-zinc ion electrode in which the zinc
ion activity is 0.001 M. Given that E0Zn2+/Zn is 0.76 V.
Q-8
Q-9
ANSWERS
SECTION 3-A:
A-1
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
Li has highest reducing power because it has least tendency to gain electron
(Li+ + e- Li). On the other hand it has highest tendency to lose electron.
A-6
A-7
A-8
A-9
SECTION 3-B:
Q-1
Write Nernst equation and calculate the e.m.f. of the following cell at 298K
Cu (s) | Cu2+ (0.130M) Ag+ (1.0 x 10-4 M) | Ag (s)
Given the values of E0Cu2+/Cu and E0Ag+/Ag as + 0.34 V and + 0.80 V
respectively.
Q-2
A galvanic cell is constructed with E0Ag+/Ag and Fe3+/Fe2+ electrodes. Find the
concentration of Ag+ at which the e.m.f. of the cell is zero at equimolar
concentrations of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions.
(E0
Q-3
Ag+/Ag
= 0.80 V; E0
Fe3+/Fe2+
= 0.77 V)
Q-4
Cr3+/Cr
= - 0.74 V ; E0
Fe2+/Fe
= - 0.44 V
Calculate the emf of the cell in which the following reaction takes place
Page 16 of 57
Q-6
Pb2+/Pb
= - 0.13 V and E0
Cl2 / Cl-
= 1.358
Q-7
Calculate the ECell for the cell with following cell reaction
Sn4+ (1.50 M) + Zn (s) Sn2+ (0.50 M) + Zn2+ (2.0 M)
The value of E0Cell is 0.89 V. If the concentration of Sn4+ is increased what will
happen to cell potential?
Q-8
Write Nernst equation and find out the emf of the following cell:
Pt, Br2 (l) | Br- (0.010 M) H+ (0.030 M) | H2 (1 bar)
Q-9
E0 Br2/2Br- = + 1.80 V
Determine the emf of the galvanic cell given below
Ag | AgNO3 (0.001 M) AgNO3 (0.1 M) | Ag
E0
Ag+/Ag
= 0.80 V
ANSWERS
SECTION 3-B:
A-1
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
0.250 V
[Ag+] = 0.3102 M
0.2804 V
ECell = 0.914 V
1.635 V
Mg (s) | Mg2+ (0.130 M) Ag+ (0.0001 M) | Ag (s) and ECell = 2.96 V
A-7
A-8
A-9
0.895 V ; Increase
- 1.05 V
0.1182 V
Page 17 of 57
SECTION 3-C:
Q-1
Q-2
Q-3
Q-4
Q-5
E0 = 0.885 V
Q-6
Calculate the maximum work that can be obtained from the Daniell cell
Zn | Zn2+ (aq) Cu2+ (aq) | Cu
Given that E0Zn2+/Zn and E0Cu2+/Cu as 0.76 V and + 0.34 V respectively.
Q-7
For a cell,
Mg | Mg2+ (aq) Ag+ (aq) | Ag
calculate the equilibrium constant at 250C and also the maximum work that
can be obtained by operating the cell. (E0Mg2+/Mg = 2.37 V and E0Ag+/Ag = +
0.80 V)
Q-8
Page 18 of 57
ANSWERS
SECTION 3-C:
Q-1
Q-2
Q-3
Q-4
Q-5
Q-6
Q-7
Q-8
Kc = 1.0 x 1020
Kc = 3.92 x 1015
Kc = 7.01 x 1010
Kc = 1.0 x 1090
Kc = 8.556 x 1027
Wmax = 212.30 kJ
Kc = 2.864 x 10107
G0 = 515.31 kJ
SECTION 3-D:
Q-1
Q-2
Q-3
Q-4
The resistance of a conductivity cell with 0.1 M KCl solution is 200 ohm.
When the same cell is filled with 0.02 M NaCl solution, the resistance is 1100
ohms. Given that the conductivity of 0.1 M KCl solution is 1.29 ohm-1 m-1.
Calculate the cell constant and molar conductivity of 0.02 M NaCl solution.
Q-5
The molar conductivity of CH3COONa, HCl and NaCl at infinite dilution is 91,
426.16 and 126.45 S cm2 mol-1. Calculate m for CH3COOH.
Q-6
Q-7
Q-8
Page 19 of 57
ANSWERS
SECTION 3-D:
A-1
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
A-7
A-8
0.5556 cm-1
22797.6 cm-1
232.3 ohm cm-1
Cell Constant = 258 m-1 and m = 117.5 S cm2 mol-1
390.71 S cm2 mol-1
= 0.0133 or 1.33 %
m = 32.76 S cm2 mol-1 and Ka = 1.85 x 10-5
= 0.0423 or 4.23 % and Ka = 1.85 x 10-5
SECTION 3-E:
Q-1
1 mol of H2O to O2
1 mol of FeO to Fe2O3
Q-2
Q-3
Q-4
Q-5
(i)
(ii)
Q-6
Q-7
How many hours does it take to reduce 3 mol of Fe 3+ to Fe2+ with 2.0 A
current?
Q-8
Q-9
(ii)
E0 = 1.36 V
E0 = 1.23 V
Na+ / Na
= - 2.71 V
H2O/H2
= - 0.83 V
Cl2 / Cl-
= + 1.36 V
H+ / O2 / H2O
= 1.23 V
Q-14 What are the products of electrolysis of molten and aqueous sodium
chloride?
Q-15 There are two possible cathode reactions in the electrolysis of aqueous zinc
chloride:
Zn2+ (aq) + 2e- Zn (s)
E0 = - 0.76 V
E0 = - 0.83 V
E0 = 1.23 V
E0 = 1.08 V
Page 21 of 57
ANSWERS
SECTION 3-E:
A-1
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
A-7
A-8
A-9
A-10
A-11
(i)
1.93 x 105 C
(ii)
96500 C
6.022 x 1023 electrons
6 faradays
1.803 gms
(i)
1F
(ii)
4.44 F
459000 C
42.208 hours
(i)
t = 865 seconds
(ii)
0.427 gm of Cu & 0.44 gm of Zn
2.2465 x 1023 electrons
4.26 x 10-4 cm
In competing electrolysis, the reaction that occurs at anode is the one which
has lower reduction potential. BUT, in this case, reaction (i) occurs:
2Cl- (aq) Cl2 (g) + 2e-
E0 = 1.36 V
Reaction (ii) does not occur because it is slow kinetically. It can be made to
occur if extra voltage known as over-voltage is applied.
A-12 In competing electrolysis, the reaction that occurs at cathode is the one
which has higher reduction potential. Therefore, water is reduced to
hydrogen at cathode:
2H2O (l) + 2e- H2 (g) + 2OH- (aq)
A-13 Based on Q-11 and Q-12
A-14
1.
Molten NaCl:
2.
Aqueous NaCl:
at anode Cl2
and
at cathode
Na
at anode Cl2
and
at cathode H2
A-15 Zn2+ has higher reduction potential (-0.76V) than H2O (-0.83V) and
therefore, Zn2+ ion is reduced to zinc preferentially at cathode.
Page 22 of 57
A-16 The anode reaction that occurs is the one which ahs lower reduction
potential. Br- (aq) has lower reduction potential (1.08V) than water (1.23V)
and therefore, Br- ion is oxidized to bromine gas.
UNIT 4
CHEMICAL KINETICS
(Marks : 5)
NUMERICALS:
SECTION 4 A:
Q-1
Q-2
(a)
(b)
(c)
rate of appearance of B
rate of reaction, and
rate of disappearance of A
Q-3
Q-4
Q-5
The rate of formation of nitric oxide (NO) in the following reaction is 3.6 x 103
mol L-1 sec-1.
4NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 4NO (g) + 6H2O (g)
Find the rate of disappearance of oxygen.
Q-5
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Q-6
2NO2 + F2
2NO2F
2N2O5
4NO2 + O2
2ICl (g) + H2 (g)
I2 (g) + 2HCl
Q-7
2NO + O2
Write the expression for the rate of the reaction.
If the rate of decrease of concentration of NO2 is 4.0 x 10-13 sec-1,
what are corresponding rates of increase in NO and O2
concentrations?
Q-8
Q-9
ANSWERS
SECTION 4-A:
A-2
A-3
A-5
A-7
mol
(a)
5.0 x 10-4 mol L-1 sec-1
(b)
1.25 x 10-4 mol L-1 sec-1
(c)
2.5 x 10-4 mol L-1 sec-1
1.25 x 10-4 mol L-1 sec-1 A-4 0.004 mol L-1 min-1 and 0.002 mol L-1 min-1
4.5 x 10-3 mol L-1 sec-1
A-6 (i)
4.0 x 10-13 mol L-1 sec-1
(ii) 2.0 x 10-13 mol L-1 sec-1
1.2 x 10-2 atm min-1
A-8 (a)
0.002 atm min-1 (b)
8.58 x 10-7
-1
-1
L sec
Hint:
N2O5 (g)
N2O4 (g)
O2 (g)
Page 24 of 57
Initial Conc.
After 25 minutes
114 mm
114
SECTION 4-B:
Q-1
(a)
Draw a schematic graph showing how the rate of a first order reaction
changes with change in concentration of the reactants.
(b)
Q-2
State the order w.r.t. each reactant, order of overall reaction and units of
rate constants in each of the following reactions:
(a)
(b)
[CO]2[Cl2]1/2
(c)
Q-3
Q-5
Rate = k [H2O2]
Rate = k
Rate = k [NO]2[Br2]
Identify the reaction order from each of the following rate constants:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Q-4
If the pressure is measured in bar and time in minutes, then what are the
units of rate and rate constants?
Q-6
Q-7
(ii)
reduced to half?
NO2 (g)
ANSWERS
SECTION 4-B:
A-1
(a)
Page 26 of 57
(b)
A-2
mol L-1
(a)
(b)
(c)
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
A-7
(i)
(ii)
(iv)
Overall Order, n = 2
Units of k = mol-1 L sec-1
Overall Order, n = 2.5
Units of k = mol-3/2 L3/2 sec-1
Overall Order, n = 3
Units of k = mol-2 L2 sec-1
1st Order
nd
2 Order
Zero Order
equation:
(ii)
(iii)
CH3COOH + C2H5OH
SECTION 4-C:
Q-1 Give the units of rate constants of 1 st order, 2nd order, 3rd order and nth order
reaction.
Q-2
Q-3
was 1.24 x 10-2 mol L-1 at 318K. The concentration of N 2O5 after 60 minutes
was 0.20 x 10-2 mol L-1. Calculate the rate constant of the reaction at 318K.
Q-4
Q-5
Q-6
Q-7
The half life period of a first order reaction is 100 sec. Calculate its rate
constant.
Q-8
Q-9
The t1/2 of a first order reaction is 60 minutes. What percentage will be left
after 240 minutes?
Q-10 Show that in a first order reaction, time taken for completion of
99.9% is 10 times of half-life (t1/2) of the reaction.
Q-11 The half life period for a first order reaction is 100 sec. How long will it take
for two-third of the reaction to be completed?
Q-12 The decomposition of H2O2 is a first order reaction. Calculate the half change
time and the rate constant for the decomposition from the fact the fraction
decomposed at end of 50 minutes is 0.75.
Q-13 Rate constant for first order reaction has been found to be 5.4 x 10 -4 sec-1.
Calculate its two-third change time (t2/3).
Q-14 A first order reaction is 75% complete in 60 minutes. Find t0.5 of the reaction.
Q-15 A first order reaction is 15% complete in 20 minutes. How long will it take to
be 60% complete?
Q-16 A first order reaction takes 5 minutes for the initial concentration of 0.6 mol
L-1 to become 0.4 mol L-1. How long will it take to become 0.3 mol L-1?
Q-17 A first order reaction has a specific reaction rate of 10 -3 sec-1. How much time
will it take for 10 g of the reactant to reduce to 2.5 g?
Page 28 of 57
Q-18 A first order reaction has k equal to 1.5 x 10 -6 sec-1 at 2400C. If the reaction
is allowed to run for 10 hours, what percentage of the initial concentration
would have changed into products? What is the half-life period of this
reaction?
Q-19 The rate constant for a zero order reaction is 0.25 mol L -1 hour-1.
What will be the initial concentration of the reactant if after 30
minutes its concentration is 0.075 mol L-1?
Q-20 A reaction is of first order w.r.t. reactant A with a rate constant of 6 min -1. If
we start with [A] = 0.5 mol L-1, when would [A] reach the value 0.05 mol L-1?
Q-21 During nuclear explosion, one of the products is 90Sr with half-life of 28.1
years. If 1g of 90Sr was absorbed in the bones of a newly born baby instead
of calcium, how much of it will remain after 10 years and 60 years if it is not
lost metabolically.
ANSWERS
SECTION 4-C:
A-1
A-2
A-3
k = 0.0304 min-1
A-4
sec-1
mol-1 L s-1
mol-2 L2 s-1
=
(mol L-1)1-n s-1
and
t 1/2 =
Page 29 of 57
and
0.2278 g of
90
Sr will
SECTION 4-D:
Q-1
Q-2
Q-3
The specific rate constant for the reaction of H 2 to I2 to form HI is 0.43 at 673
K. If the activation energy is 171.5 kJ mol -1, what is the rate constant at 773
K?
Q-4
Q-5
Q-6
Q-7
ANSWERS
SECTION 4-D:
A-1
Ea = 28.8 kJ mol-1
A-2
52.86 kJ mol-1
A-3
22.66
A-4
297 K or 240C
A-5
55 times
A-6
24650 times
Page 30 of 57
A-7
Ea = 22.01 kJ mol-1
THEORY QUESTIONS:
1.
2.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
[B]3/2
10.
11.
Identify the reaction order for from each of the following rate constant:
(a) k = 2.3 10-5 L mol-1 s-1
(b) k = 3.1 10-4 s-1
12.
2H2 (g)
N2 (g)
2H2O (g)
The rate law for this equation is first order with respect to H 2 and second
order with respect to NO. Write the rate law for this reaction.
13.
The rate Law for the reaction A + B C is rate = K [A]2 [B] . What
would the reaction rate be when concentration of both A and B are doubled?
13.
14.
15.
Write the expression for half life period of a first order reaction?
16.
17.
18.
19.
There is no bar on the no. of collisions among the reacting species. Why
most of the reactions do not take place under normal conditions?
UNIT 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
9.
10. (a)
carbon
(b)
13.
Name the factors which influence the extent of adsorption of a gas on solid.
Page 32 of 57
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
variation
of
extent
of
adsorption
with
19.
20.
32.
33.
35. What is dispersed phase and dispersion medium in (i) sol (ii)
Aerosol (iii) Foam?
36.
37.
39.
Hydrophobic sol.
Hydrophilic sol.
40.
41.
42.
43.
Sulphur sol.
Ferric hydroxide sol.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Which of the following electrolytes is most effective for the coagulation of (a)
Ferric oxide sol, and (b)
As2O3 sol :
NaCl, Na2SO4, Na3PO4, K2SO4
51.
52.
53.
54.
55. Why alum is used to stop bleeding ? OR Why FeCl3 is used to stop
bleeding ?
Q-2
Q-3
What are depressants ? How does NaCN act as depressant in preventing ZnS
from forming froth ?
Q-4
Describe the role of NaCN in the extraction of silver from a silver ore.
Page 34 of 57
Q-5
The ore galena (PbS) is contaminated with zinc blende (ZnS). Name one
chemical which can be used to concentrate galena by froth floatation
process.
Q-6
Q-7
Q-8
Q-9
Mond process
van Arkel method
Nickel
Zirconium
Zone refining
Vapour phase refining
Page 35 of 57
(iii)
Electrolytic refining
Q-19 What do you mean by vapour phase refining ? Describe van Arkel method
used for purification of metals.
Q-20 Answer the following:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
gallium ?
(iv)
UNIT 7
Al2O3 + NaOH
Al(OH)3 + Heat
Cu2S + Cu2O
Ag2S + NaCN
FeO + SiO2
Cr2O3 + Al
Fe2O3 + Al
CuO + Mg
SnO2 + C
ZnO + C
CaO2 + SiO2
Ni + CO
P BLOCK ELEMENTS
(Marks : 8)
SECTION 7-A:
Q-1
Q-3
Q-6
Q-7
Q-9
Q-11
Q-16
Q-17
Q-18
Why does nitrogen not form NCl5 although it possesses 5 valence electrons?
Or, PCl5 is known but NCl5 is not. Explain.
Or, Nitrogen does not form any pentahalide like phosphorus. Explain.
Why does R3P = O exist but R3N = O does not (R = Alkyl group)?
SbF5 is known whereas BiF5 is not known. Explain.
Why bismuth is strong oxidizing agent in pentavalent state?
Molecular nitrogen, N2, is not reactive. Give reason.
Or, N2 is a fairly inert gas. Give reason.
Nitrogen exists as a diatomic molecule whereas phosphorus exists as tetra
atomic molecule, P4. Explain.
Why is melting point of red phosphorus higher than that of white
phosphorus?
Give reason:
(a)
Thermal stability of Group 15 hydrides decreases in descending down
the group.
(b)
Basicity of Group 15 hydrides decreases in descending down the
group.
(c)
PH3 is a weaker base than NH3.
(d)
The order of boiling points of Group 15 hydrides is:
NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3
(e)
Ammonia has higher boiling point than phosphene.
(f)
NH3 form hydrogen bonds but PH3 does not.
(g)
Ammonia is soluble in water whereas other Group 15 hydrides are
insoluble.
(h)
The reducing character of Group 15 hydrides decreases in descending
down the group.
Ca3P2
+ H2O
(ii)
P4 + KOH
P4O6
P4O10
H3PO2
H3PO3
Page 37 of 57
(v)
H3PO4
Q-43 Describe Ostwalds process for the manufacture of nitric acid. Write
balanced equations.
Q-45 State giving equations what happens when copper reacts with:
(i)
(ii)
dil. HNO3
conc. HNO3.
SECTION 7-B:
Q-1
Q-3
Q-4
Q-5
SECTION 7-C:
Page 38 of 57
Q-18 Find
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Q-19 Why is the bond dissociation enthalpy of fluorine less than that of
chlorine?
Q-21 Although electron gain enthalpy of fluorine is less negative as
compared to chlorine,
fluorine is a stronger oxidizing agent than
chlorine. Why?
Q-22 How is it that HF is the least volatile and HCl the most volatile among
hydrogen halides?
Or, Why HF liquefies more easily than HCl?
Or, Why is HF a liquid whereas hydrides of other halogens are gases at
room temperature?
Or, Hydrogen fluoride has higher boiling point than hydrogen chloride.
Give reason.
Q-26 Arrange the hydrogen halides in the decreasing order of thermal stability.
Give reasons
for the same.
Q-27 Arrange the hydrogen halides in the increasing order of reducing power. Give
reasons.
Q-28 In aqueous solution, hydrofluoric acid is a weaker acid than hydrochloric
acid. Give reason.
Q-29 NO2 readily forms a dimer whereas ClO2 does. Give reason.
Q-30 Chlorine on passing through HI liberates I2 but iodine does not liberate
chlorine from
HCl. Why?
Q-32 Identify X in the following reaction:
Cl2 + 2X 2Cl + X2
Q-33 Arrange the following in increasing order of acidic strength. Justify
your answer
with reason: HBrO, HClO, HIO
Q-34 Arrange the following in increasing order of acidic strength. Justify
your answer
with reason: HClO3, HClO2, HClO, HClO4
Q-35 Describe the reaction of chlorine with ammonia.
Q-36 How does chlorine react with alkalis?
Q-37 Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of Cl2 with
hot and conc. NaOH. Is this reaction a disproportionation reaction?
Justify.
Q-39 Why are interhalogen compounds more reactive than molecular halogens?
Q-40 Draw the structures of the following molecules:
(i)
BrF3
(ii)
IF7
Q-41 Arrange HClO4, HIO4 and HBrO4 in the order of their increasing oxidizing
ability.
Page 39 of 57
Q-42 Which one among the following is the strongest oxidizing agent: ClO4- , BrO4and IO4Q-43 Arrange the following in the decreasing order of property indicated:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
:
Bond energy
Acid strength in water
:
Ionic character
Oxidizing power
Section 7 D:
Q-1
Q-2
Q-3
Q-4
Q-5
Q-6
ICl4
(iii)
(i)
XeF2
(ii)
(iii)
XeF4
+
XeF4
H2O
+ 12 H2O
XeF6
XeF6
XeF6
+
+
+
BrO3
2 H2O
H2O
2 H2O
3 H2O
Q-8
IBr2
Why only F and O form compounds with the inert gas Xenon?
Most of the known noble gas compounds are those of xenon, why?
Give balanced chemical equations for the following:
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Q-7
(ii)
XeF2 +
PF5
XeF4 + SbF5
XeF6 +
MF
Cs)
(M may be Na, K, Rb or
XeF2
XeF4
XeF6
XeOF2
XeOF4
XeO3
XeO4
Page 40 of 57
UNIT 8
(Marks : 5)
Q-1
Q-2
Q-3
Give reasons:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Q-4
Q-5
Q-6
Q-7
Q-8
Q-9
Q-10
Q-11
Q-12
Q-13
Q-14
Q-15
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Q-18
Q-19
Q-20
Q-21
have
What is the lanthanoid contraction? What are its causes and consequences?
What is the most common oxidation state of lanthanoids and actionoids?
Actionoid contraction is more than lanthanoid contraction. Give reason.
Why the second and third members in each group of transition elements
very similar atomic radii?
Or, Why do Zr and Hf exhibit similar properties?
Q-22 Why the ions Sm2+, Eu2+ and Yb2+ in solution are good reducing agents
whereas Ce4+ (aq.)
is a good oxidizing agent?
Q-23 La(OH)3 is more basic than Lu(OH)3. Explain.
Q-24 What is the composition of mischmetal? Give its one use.
Q-25 Actionoids show larger number of oxidation states than lanthanoids. Why?
Q-26 Ce3+ is readily oxidized to Ce4+. Explain.
UNIT 9
Q-1
Q-2
Q-3
Q-4
Q-5
[Co (NH3)6]3+
[Fe (C2O4)3]3[Ni (CN)4]2[Pt(NH3)4 Cl2]2+
[NiCl4]2[Co(NH3)5 ONO]2+
[Co (NH3)5Cl]Cl2
[Cr (CN) (H2O)5]2+
[Co (NO2)6]3[Co (en)3]Cl3
Q-7
(Marks : 3)
What were the two valences given by Werner for coordination compounds?
What are ligands? Explain different types of ligands.
What do you understand by the term chelation ?
Distinguish between homoleptic and hetroleptic ligands.
What IUPAC names of following complexes?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Q-6
CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS
(i)
(ii)
Q-8
Q-9
Page 43 of 57
UNIT 10
Q-1
Q-2
2 chloro 3 methylpentane
1 chloro 4 ethylcyclohexane
1, 4 dibromobut 2 ene
Q-3
Which alkyl halide from the following pairs would you expect to react more
rapidly by SN2 mechanism ? Explain your answer.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Page 44 of 57
Q-4
(ii)
Q-5
Q-6 In the following pairs of halogen compounds, which would undergo SN2
reaction faster ?
(i)
(ii)
Q-5
Q-6
Q-7
Explain why :
(a)
(b)
Q-8 Out of C6H5CH2Cl and C6H5CHClC6H5, which is more easily hydrolyzed by aq.
KOH ?
Q-9
Q-11 What are chiral objects? Indicate the presence of centre of chirality, if any,
in the molecules of 3 bromopent 1 ene.
Q-12 Identify and indicate the presence of center of chirality, if any, in the
following molecules? How many stereoisomers are possible for each:
(a) 2 Aminobutane
(b) 3 Bromopent 1 ene
(c) 1, 2 dichloropropane
(d)3 Methylpent 1 ene
Q-13 What are enantiomers? Draw the structures of the possible enantiomers of 3
methylpent 1 ene.
Q-14 Predict all the alkenes that would be formed by dehydrohalogenation of the
following halides with sodium ethoxide in ethanol and identify the major
alkene:
(a) 1 bromo 1 methylcyclohexane
(b)2 chloro 2 methylbutane
(c) 2,2,3 trimethyl 3 - bromopentane
Q-15 Write the structure of the major organic product in each of the following
reaction:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
propene to propan 1 ol
toluene to benzyl alcohol
benzyl alcohol to 2 phenylethanoic acid
ethanol to propanenitrile
aniline to chlorobenzene
2 methyl 1 propene to 2 chloro 2 methylpropane
ethyl chloride to propanoic acid
2 chloropropane to 1 propanol
chlorobenzene to p - nitrophenol
2 bromopropane to 1 - bromopropane
aniline to phenyl isocyanide
Q-17 Primary alkyl halide C4H9Br (A) reacted with alcoholic KOH to give compound
(B). Compound (B) is reacted with HBr to give (C) which is an isomer of (A).
Page 46 of 57
When (A) is reacted with sodium metal it gives compound (D), C 8H18 which is
different from the compound formed when n butyl bromide is reacted with
sodium. Give the structural formula of (A) and write the equations for all the
reactions.
Q-18 What happens when?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Q-9
1 propoxypropane
Ethoxybenzene
2 Methyl 2 methoxypropane
Methoxyethane
Kolbes reaction
Riemer Tiemann reaction
Williamsons ether synthesis
Q-11 Give the equation of reaction for the preparation of phenol from cumene.
Page 47 of 57
Q-12 Write chemical equation for the preparation of phenol from chlorobenzene.
Q-13 Write the mechanism of hydration of ethane to ethanol.
Q-14 Write the equation for the reaction of hydrogen iodide (HI) with :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
1 propoxypropane
Methoxybenzene
Benzyl ethyl ether
Q-19 Give structures of products you would expect when each of the following
alcohol reacts with (a) HCl ZnCl2 , (b) HBr and (c) SOCl2.
(i)
(ii)
Butane 1 ol
2 methylbutane 2 ol
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
Methyl alcohol
Methyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
Propan 1 ol
Propan 1 ol
Propan 1 ol
Propan 2 ol
and
and
and
and
(xiii)
(xiv)
(xv)
(xvi)
Butan 1 ol
Phenol
Phenol
Phenol
and
and
and
and
butan 2 ol
cylcohexanol
benzyl alcohol
benzoic acid
Q-2
Q-3
3 oxopentanal
2 chloro 3 methylpentanal
1 phenylpentan 1 one
Pent 2 enal
Q-4
How will you differentiate between the following compounds in each pair:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Acetophenone
Benzaldehyde
Ethanal
Ethanal
and
and
and
and
benzophenone
propanone
propanal
propanone
Page 49 of 57
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
Q-5
and
and
and
and
and
and
benzaldehyde
acetic acid
acetaldehyde
pentan 3 one
propanone
ethanol
Q-6
Ethanal
Ethanal
Formaldehyde
Pentan 2 one
Propanal
Propanone
Benzaldehyde
Benzaldehyde
Benzene
Chloromethane
Ethyne
Ethanol
Ethanal
Methanol
Phenol
Propanone
Propanone
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
acetophenone
benzophonone
benzophenone
propanone
pentan 2 one
propanone
propanal
propanone
to
acetophenone
propene
tert butyl alcohol
Q-7 Why is there a large difference in the boiling points of butanal and butan 1
ol?
Q-8
Q-9
Q-10 Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their boiling points:
CH3CH2CH2CHO, CH3CH2CH2CH2OH, H5C2 O C2H5, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
Q-11 There are two NH2 groups in semicarbazide. However only one is involved
in the formation of semicarbazones.
Q-12 Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones towards nucleophiles. Why ?
Q-13 The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are lower than that o the
corresponding acids. Why ?
Q-14 State reasons for the following:
Page 50 of 57
(i)
(ii)
acid.
UNIT 13
Q-1
Q-2
Q-3
Q-4
Q-5
Out of ethylamine and ethyl alcohol which has higher boiling point and why ?
Amino group is ortho and para directing for aromatic electrophilic
substitution. Why does aniline on nitration gives a substantial amount of m
nitroaniline ?
Aniline does not undergo Friedel Crafts reaction. Why ?
Arrange the following in increasing order of their basic strength:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Q-6
(ii)
Q-7
Q-8
Q-9
Carbylamine reaction
Coupling reaction
Diazotization
Decraboxylation reaction
Esterification reaction (also Trans-esterification reaction)
Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
Gattermann reaction
Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction
Mendius reaction
Sandmeyer reaction
Reaction of aniline with Br2 water
Reaction of aniline with conc. HNO3
Q-11 How will you differentiate between the following compounds in each pair:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Aniline
Aniline
Aniline
Methylamine
and
and
and
and
N methylaniline
benzylamine
ethylamine
dimethylamine
Q-12 Describe a method for the identification of primary, secondary and tertiary
amines. Also write chemical equations of reactions involved.
Q-13 How will you carry out the following conversions:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
Aniline
Aniline
Aniline
Aniline
Benzene
Benzene
Benzoic acid
Benzyl chloride
Chloroethane
Chlorobenzene
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
benzonitrile
chlorobenzene
benzyl alcohol
nitrobenzene
aniline
N, N dimethylaniline
aniline
2 phenylethanamine
propan 1 amine
p chloroaniline
Page 53 of 57
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
Ethanamine
Ethanoic acid
Ethanamine
(xiv)
(xv)
(xvi)
(xvii)
(xviii)
(xix)
(xx)
(xxi)
(xxii)
(xiii)
Ethanamine
Ethyl bromide
Ethyl chloride
Hexanenitrile
Methanamine
Nitrobenzene
Nitrobenzene
Nitrobenzene
Nitromethane
Toluene
to
to
to
ethanoic acid
methanamine
methanamine
to
N ethylethanamide
propan 1 ol
propanamine
1 aminopentane
ethanamine
acetanilide
benzoic acid
phenol
dimethylamine
p toluidine
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
Q-14 A compound Z with molecular formula C3H9N reacts with C6H5SO2Cl to give a
solid, insoluble in alkali. Identify Z.
Q-15 An aromatic compound A on treatment with aqueous ammonia and heating
forms compound B which on heating with Br2 and KOH forms a compound
C of molecular formula C6H7N. Write the structures and IUPAC names of
compounds A, B and C.
Page 54 of 57
Q-1
Q-2
Q-3
Q-4
Q-5
Q-6
Q-7
Q-8
Glucose
Fructose
Maltose
Lactose
Starch
Cellulose
Unit 15
Q-1
Q-2
Q-3
Q-5
Q-6
Q-7
POLYMERS:
(Marks : 3)
What are homopolymers and copolymers? Give examples for each type.
What are addition and condensation polymers? Give examples of each type.
Mention the classification of polymers based on intermolecular forces.
What is an elastomer? Give one example.
What is the difference between elastomers and fibers?
Write short notes on the following giving suitable examples for each:
(i)
(ii)
Thermoplastic polymers
Thermosetting polymers.
Q-8 State two properties each for thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers.
Q-9 State the difference between thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers.
Q-11 Write monomers of the following:
(i)
(ii)
Teflon
Glyptal
Page 55 of 57
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
Nylon-66
Nylon-6
Bakelite
Buna S
Buna N
(Marks : 3)
What are antacids? List some of the compounds which are used as antacids.
What are antihistamines? Give examples.
What are tranquilizers and hypnotics? Give examples.
What are anti-depressants? Give examples.
What are antibiotics? Name the first antibiotic discovered.
What are broad spectrum antibiotics? Give three examples.
What type of drug is chloramphenicol?
Name a broad spectrum antibiotic and state two diseases for which it is
used.
Define and explain the following terms:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Antipyretics
Narcotics
Anaesthetics
Analgesic
Food preservatives
Edible colors
Page 57 of 57