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APPLIED SCIENCE 279 LABORATORY #1

TENSILE TESTING OF METALS


Keywords: Young's modulus, elastic and plastic deformation, yield stress, heterogeneous
yielding, ultimate tensile stress, necking, fracture stress, cup & cone fracture, engineering stress,
true stress, ductility, % elongation, % reduction of area, resilience, toughness.

PURPOSE
The laboratory is designed to familiarize students with the uniaxial tensile test for metals and to
determine experimental values for several important engineering parameters.

PROCEDURE

Non-standard, 20 mm gauge length, brass (65%Cu-35%Zn) and steel (0.18%C) specimens


will be deformed to failure using Instron instruments. The class will be split into five groups
and the results of each group will be recorded for comparison and discussion.
Steel and brass beams are to be loaded as cantilevers. Young's modulus values should be
calculated based on the deflection values, forces applied and beam dimensions.
Data sheets are provided. Record lab data and rough calculations. Time will be provided in
class for doing the basic calculations. Students are required to work on this material in class.
This will provide practice for completing the on-line assignment.

ON-LINE ASSIGNMENT
Data (an Excel file) similar to that collected in the lab period will be provided on the
Connect website under Assessments. Calculations will be done using this data. Data analysis
instructions are provided with the data as a separate worksheet in the Excel file. Students will
answer questions on Connect based on the data and calculations. No report is to be handed in; all
subsequent course work will be done on-line through Connect. Some relevant information is
provided below:
1. Brass yields homogeneously; there is no well-defined yield point. Steel yields
inhomogeneously; it has a clear yield point. In this lab we determine the yield point for brass
as the intersection of a line parallel to the linear (elastic) region of the force-elongation curve,
starting from 0.005 strain, or 0.1 mm, with the curve. For steel it is more obvious. This is
illustrated in the diagrams below.
2. The modulus of resilience is given by y2/2E. The result is in Joules/m3.
To calculate modulus values both y and E should be in Pa.

3. Toughness (in J/m3) is determined from the area under the stress-strain curve and is estimate
according to:
Area

L p ( y u )
2L o

Offset method for determining the yield


point for brass.

Determination of yield point for steel


and determination of other elongations.

4. If Ao and Ai are the initial and instantaneous areas the true strain t at any specified load is
given by the expression:
A
t ln o
Ai
5. The engineering strain at the necking point (ultimate load) is given by the relationship:
t = ln(1+)
6. Lp has two components: that occuring up to the onset of necking plus the subsequent
deformation within the neck:
Lp = Lu + Lneck

DATA SHEET : TENSILE TESTING


Settings
Full-scale Load:

5000 N

Crosshead Speed:

2.5 mm/min (specimen elongation rate, L/min)

TENSILE TEST (Data)


2

BRASS

STEEL

20

20

Initial Diameter, Do (mm)


Final Diameter, Du

(mm)

Neck Diameter, Df

(mm)

Initial Area, Ao

(mm2)

Final Area, Au

(mm2)

Neck Area, Af

(mm2)

Initial Length, Lo

(mm)

Final Length, Lf

(mm)

Yield Load, Fy

(N)

Ultimate Load, Fu

(N)

Fracture Load, Ff

(N)

Elongation @ yield Ly (mm)


Total Plastic Elongation Lp (mm)
Uniform Plastic Elong. Lu (mm)

TENSILE TEST (Calculations)


BRASS
Yield Stress : y

Fy

STEEL

(MPa)

A0

Ultimate Tensile Stress (engineering) u


Ultimate Tensile Stress (true) T
Fracture Stress (in neck) f

Fu
(MPa)
A0

Fu
Au

Ff
Af

(MPa)
(MPa)

A0 Af
x100
(%)
A0
L f L0
x100 (%)
Total % Elongation (measured)
L0

% Reduction of Area

Total % Elongation (chart)


Elastic Modulus E

y
y

L p
L0

x100

(%)

(GPa)

CANTILEVER BEAM
BRASS

STEEL

Beam Length, L (mm)


Beam Width, a

(mm)

6.3

6.3

Beam Depth, b

(mm)

6.3

6.3

(N)

6.67

6.67

Force, F
Deflection,
Elastic
(GPa)

(mm)

Modulus

4 FL3
ab 3

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