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TOPKEN Silica
Fume(P.R.C)
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Often silica fume is added to prevent the formation of free calcium hydroxide crystals in the cement, which
might reduce the strength at the cement aggregate bond.
Low w/c ratios and the use of silica fume make concrete mixes significantly less workable, which is particularly
likely to be a problem in high-strength concrete applications where dense rebar cages are likely to be used. To
compensate for the reduced workability in the high strength concrete mix, superplasticizers are commonly
added to high-strength mixtures.
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Aggregate must be selected carefully for high strength mixes, as weaker aggregates may not be strong enough
to resist the loads imposed on the concrete and cause failure to start in the aggregate.
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Preparation
High strength concrete mix can be prepared with careful selection of ingredients and optimization of mix design.
High workability is attained by super plasticizers, they lower the water cement ratio to 0.25 which is the
amount required only for hydration process.
High durability is attributed to fly ash and silica fume which modify the e mineralogy of the cement; it enhances
the compatibility of ingredients in concrete mass and reduces the CH amount. Fly ash also causes ball bearing
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The concrete which has substantially lower mass per unit volume then the concrete made of ordinary
ingredients is called lightweight concrete. The aggregates used are lighter in weight.
Density of light weight concrete is 240 kg/m (15pcf) -1850 kg/m (115 pcf).
Strength of light weight concrete blocks varies from 7 MPa (1000 psi) - 40 MPa (5800 psi).
Some times Air Entrained Admixtures are also added to it giving resistance to freezing and thawing along with
strength.
7. Shotcrete
Shotcrete concrete uses compressed air to shoot concrete onto (or into) a frame or structure.
Shotcrete is mortar or (usually) concrete conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at through a
shortcrete nozzle with high velocity onto a surface. Shotcrete undergoes placement and compaction at the
same time due to the force with which it is projected from the nozzle.
It can be impacted onto any type or shape of surface, including vertical or overhead areas.
Shotcrete is frequently used against vertical soil or rock surfaces, as it eliminates the need for formwork.
It is sometimes used for rock support, especially in tunneling.
Shotcrete is also used for applications where seepage is an issue to limit the amount of water entering a
construction site due to a high water table or other subterranean sources.
This type of concrete is often used as a quick fix for weathering for loose soil types in construction zones.
8. Pervious concrete
Pervious concrete contains a network of holes or voids, to allow air or water to move through the concrete. This
allows water to drain naturally through it, and can both remove the normal surface water drainage infrastructure,
and allow replenishment of groundwater when conventional concrete does not.
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It is formed by leaving out some or the entire fine aggregate (fines), the remaining large aggregate then is
bound by a relatively small amount of Portland cement.
When set, typically between 15% and 25% of the concrete volumes are voids, allowing water to drain.
The majority of pervious concrete pavements function well with little or no maintenance. Maintenance of
pervious concrete pavement consists primarily of prevention of clogging of the void structure.
In preparing the site prior to construction, drainage of surrounding landscaping should be designed to prevent
flow of materials onto pavement surfaces. Soil, rock, leaves, and other debris may infiltrate the voids and hinder
the flow of water, decreasing the utility of the pervious concrete pavement.
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