Nota Chemistry F4 Chapter 1 Full

MR.
ZUHDY/NOTA KIMIA F4/C1/05pages

MODULE Chemistry FORM 4
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

STRUKTUR ATOM
MATTER / JIRIM
Particle Theory of Matter / Teori Zarah Jirim
To state the particle theory of matter
Menyatakan teori zarah jirim
To differentiate and draw the three types of particles i.e. atom, ion and molecule
Membezakan dan melukis tiga jenis zarah jirim iaitu atom, ion dan molekul
To describe the laboratory activity to investigate the diffusion of particles in gas, a liquid and a solid. (To prove that matter
is made up of tiny and discrete particles)
Menghuraikan aktiviti makmal untuk mengkaji resapan zarah dalam gas, cecair dan pepejal (Untuk membuktikan
bahawa jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah yang halus dan diskrit)
UNIT
Kinetic Theory of Matter / Teori Kinetik Jirim

To state the kinetic theory of matter
Menyatakan teori kinetik jirim
To relate the change of physical states of matters with energy change
Menghubungkaitkan perubahan keadaan jirim dengan perubahan tenaga
To relate the change in heat to the change in kinetic energy of particles
Menghubungkaitkan perubahan haba dengan perubahan tenaga kinetik zarah
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS / STRUKTUR ATOM

History of Atomic Models Development / Sejarah Perkembangan Model Atom
To state the contribution of scientists in the atomic structure model such as the scientists who discovered electron, proton,
nucleus, neutron and shell
Menyatakan sumbangan ahli sains kepada perkembangan model struktur atom dan ahli sains yang menemui elektron,
proton, nukleus, neutron dan petala
Subatomic Particles / Zarah-zarah Subatom
To compare and contrast subatomic particles i.e. proton, neutron and electron from the aspect of charge, relative mass and
location
Membanding dan membezakan zarah-zarah subatom iaitu proton, neutron dan elektron dari segi cas, jisim relatif dan
kedudukan
To state the meaning of proton number and nucleon number based on the subatomic particle
Menyatakan maksud nombor proton dan nombor nukleon berdasarkan zarah subatom
To write the symbol of elements with proton number and nucleon number
Menulis simbol unsur yang mengandungi nombor proton dan nombor nukleon
Isotope / Isotop
To state the meaning, examples and the use of isotopes
Menyatakan maksud isotop, contoh-contoh isotop dan kegunaan isotop
Electron Arrangement / Susunan Elektron
To know the number of electron shells and number of electrons in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd shell
Mengetahui bilangan petala elektron serta bilangan elektron yang diisi dalam petala 1, 2 dan 3
To write the electron arrangement of atoms based on proton number or number of electrons and state the number of
valence electron
Menulis susunan elektron bagi suatu atom berdasarkan nombor proton atau bilangan elektron dan seterusnya menyatakan
bilangan elektron valens
01 Chap 1 ChemF4 Bil(FSY5p) new.indd 1
Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
9/16/14 1:41 AM
Matter / Jirim
Matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space.
Jirim adalah sebarang bahan yang mempunyai jisim dan memenuhi ruang.
The Particle Theory of Matter Teori Zarah Jirim
UNIT
atoms
ions
Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles. Three types of tiny particles are

2
3
ion
Jirim terdiri daripada zarah yang halus dan diskrit. Tiga jenis zarah tersebut ialah atom ,
Matter can be classified as element or compound. / Jirim boleh dikelaskan sebagai unsur atau sebatian.
Complete the following: / Lengkapkan yang berikut:
and molecules .
dan molekul .
MATTER / JIRIM
Element / Unsur
A substance made from only
Bahan yang terdiri daripada
Compound / Sebatian
one
satu
two
A substance made from
elements which are bonded together.
type of atom.
jenis atom sahaja.
dua
Bahan yang terdiri daripada
berbeza yang terikat secara kimia.
Types of particles / Jenis zarah
Atom / Atom
The smallest neutral particle

of an element (Normally pure
metals, noble gases and a few
non-metal elements such as
carbon and silicon).
Zarah neutral yang paling kecil
bagi suatu unsur (Biasanya
logam tulen, gas adi dan
beberapa unsur bukan logam
seperti karbon dan silikon).
EXAMPLE / CONTOH
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Molecule / Molekul
A neutral particle consists of

different non-metal atoms which
are covalently-bonded.
Zarah neutral terdiri daripada
atom-atom bukan logam berlainan
terikat secara ikatan kovalen.
EXAMPLE / CONTOH
EXAMPLE / CONTOH
Oxygen gas, O2
Gas oksigen, O2
Carbon dioxide gas, CO2

Gas karbon dioksida, CO2
O
O
O
Na
Na
Na
Molecule / Molekul
O
Na
Na
Na
Na
Hydrogen gas, H2
Gas hidrogen, H2
H
Neon gas, Ne
Ne
Ne
unsur
Ion / Ion
Positively or negatively charged

particles, which are formed from
metal atom and non-metal atom
respectively. The force of attraction
between the two oppositely
charged ions forms an ionic bond.
Zarah bercas positif atau negatif
terbentuk dari logam dan bukan
logam terikat secara ikatan ion.
Daya tarikan antara dua ion yang
berlawanan cas membentuk ikatan
ion.
EXAMPLE / CONTOH
Na
Cl
Cl
Na
Na+
Cl
Na+
Na
Cl
Cl
Na
Na+
Cl
Cl
Na+
Calcium oxide, CaO

Kalsium oksida, CaO
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
Ne
Ca
lebih
atau
Sodium chloride, NaCl

Natrium klorida, NaCl
Water, H2O
Air, H2O
Gas Neon, Ne
different
Types of particles / Jenis zarah
A neutral particle consists of

similar non-metal atoms which are
covalently-bonded.
Zarah neutral terdiri daripada
atom-atom bukan logam serupa
terikat secara ikatan kovalen.
Sodium metal, Na
Logam natrium, Na
more
or
Ca
2+
2+
Ca
Ca
Ca
2+
2+
2+
Ca
2+
Elements can be identified as metal or non-metal by referring to the Periodic Table of Elements.
Unsur boleh dikenal pasti sebagai logam atau bukan logam dengan merujuk kepada Jadual Berkala Unsur.
Formation of molecule and ion will be studied in Chapter 4 (Chemical Bond).
Pembentukan molekul dan ion akan dipelajari dalam Tajuk 4 (Ikatan Kimia).
9/16/14 1:41 AM
Determine the type of particles in the following substances:

Tentukan jenis zarah bagi setiap bahan berikut:
Substances
Bahan
Type of particle
Jenis zarah
Substances
Bahan
Type of particle
Jenis zarah
Substances
Bahan
Type of particle
Jenis zarah
Hydrogen gas (H2)

Gas hidrogen (H2)
Molecule
Molekul
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

Sulfur dioksida (SO2)
Molecule
Molekul
Tetrachloromethane (CCl4)
Tetraklorometana (CCl4)
Molecule
Molekul
Copper(II) sulphate
(CuSO4)
Kuprum(II) sulfat
(CuSO4)
Ion
Ion
Iron (Fe)
Ferum (Fe)
Atom
Atom
Zinc chloride (ZnCl2)

Zink klorida (ZnCl2)
Ion
Ion
Argon (Ar)
Argon (Ar)
Atom
Atom
UNIT
Carbon (C)
Karbon (C)
Atom
Atom
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Hidrogen peroksida (H2O2)
Molecule
Molekul
Diffusion / Resapan
(a) The tiny and discrete particles that made up matter are constantly moving. In gases, these particles are very far apart from
each other, in liquids, the particles are closer together and in solids, they are arranged closely packed and in orderly manner.

Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah halus dan diskrit yang sentiasa bergerak. Dalam gas, susunan zarah-zarahnya adalah
berjauhan antara satu sama lain, dalam cecair, zarah-zarahnya disusun lebih rapat dan dalam pepejal, zarah-zarahnya
disusun dengan sangat padat dan teratur.
(b) Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move between the particles of another substance.

Resapan berlaku apabila zarah-zarah sesuatu bahan bergerak di antara zarah-zarah bahan lain.
(c) Diffusion occurs in a solid, liquid and gas. Complete the following table:

Resapan berlaku dalam pepejal, cecair dan gas. Lengkapkan jadual berikut:
Diffusion in a gas
Resapan dalam gas
Experiment
Eksperimen
A few drops of
bromine liquid
Beberapa titis
cecair bromin
After a few
minutes
Selepas
beberapa
minit
The brown colour of bromine vapour, Br2

quickly
spreads
throughout the
Observation
Pemerhatian
two jars.
Warna perang wap bromin, Br2 merebak
cepat
dengan
memenuhi
kedua-dua balang gas.
Bromine vapour, Br2 and air are made
molecules
up of
.
Wap bromin, Br2 dan udara terdiri
molekul
daripada
.
Explanation
Penerangan
Bromine molecules diffuse

quickly
large
between
space of air particles which is in gas

form.
Molekul
pantas
bromin meresap
melalui ruang
besar
antara zarah-zarah udara yang
Diffusion in a liquid
Resapan dalam cecair
Water
Air
After a
few hours
Selepas
beberapa jam
Potassium manganate(VII)
Kalium manganat(VII)
The purple colour of solid potassium
manganate(VII), KMnO4 spreads
slowly
throughout the water.
Warna ungu pepejal kalium
manganat(VII), KMnO4 merebak
perlahan
dengan
di dalam air.
Potassium manganate(VII) is made up
of potassium ions and manganate(VII)
ions
ions. The
diffuse slowly
close
between
Gel
Agar-agar
After a day
Copper(II)
sulphate
Kuprum(II)
sulfat
Selepas
sehari
The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate,

CuSO4 spreads very slowly
throughout the gel.
Warna biru kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4
merebak sangat perlahan di dalam
agar-agar.
Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 is made up
ions
of copper(II)
and sulphate
ions
slowly
ions
. The
between
diffuse very
closely packed
particles which is in liquid form.
space of gel particles which is in solid
Kalium manganat(VII) terdiri daripada
form.
ion kalium dan ion manganat(VII).

Ion-ion
ini meresap
perlahan
antara ruang
rapat
zarah air yang berbentuk
Kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 terdiri daripada

ion
ion
kuprum(II) dan
cecair.
berbentuk gas.
sulfat.
Ion-ion
dengan sangat
padat
ruang
ini meresap
perlahan
antara
zarah agar-agar
yang berbentuk pepejal.
space of water
Diffusion in a solid
Resapan dalam pepejal
9/16/14 1:41 AM
(d) Conclusions: / Kesimpulan:

(i)
gas
larger
Diffusion occurs faster in
than in liquid. There is
space in between the particles of a
gas
gas
further
than a liquid. Particles in a
are
apart. The particles in the liquid are
closer
together.
gas
Resapan berlaku lebih cepat di dalam
berbanding di dalam cecair. Terdapat ruang yang
lebih besar antara zarah-zarah
gas
gas
berbanding dengan cecair. Zarah-zarah
adalah
berjauhan
lebih rapat
antara satu sama lain. Zarah-zarah cecair adalah
antara satu sama lain.
liquid
larger
(ii) Diffusion occurs faster in a
than in solid. There is
space in between the particles of a
liquid
close
than a solid. The particles in the solid are very
together.
UNIT
cecair
Resapan berlaku lebih cepat di dalam

lebih besar antara zarah-zarah
rapat
sangat
padat
dan
berbanding di dalam pepejal. Terdapat ruang yang
cecair
berbanding dengan pepejal. Zarah-zarah pepejal tersusun

tiny
(iii) Bromine gas, potassium manganate(VII) and copper(II) sulphate are made up of
constantly moving/constant motion
particles that are
.

discrete
and
Gas bromin, kalium manganat(VII) dan kuprum(II) sulfat terdiri daripada zarah-zarah
diskrit
sentiasa bergerak
yang
.
halus
dan
gas
The Kinetic Theory of Matter Teori Kinetik Jirim

1
Matter exists in three different states which are
Jirim wujud dalam tiga keadaan iaitu

tiny
Matter is made up of
Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah
As the temperature increases, the
Apabila suhu meningkat, tenaga

lebih cepat .
Particles
solid
pepejal
and
halus
kinetic
kinetik
,
,
discrete
liquid
cecair
and
gas
dan
particles which are always constantly

diskrit
dan
yang sentiasa
moving
bergerak
faster
energy of particles increases and the particles move
.
.
zarah-zarah akan bertambah dan zarah-zarah akan bergerak dengan
in different states of matter have different arrangement, strength of forces between them, movement and
energy content.
Zarah-zarah
dalam keadaan jirim yang berbeza mempunyai susunan, daya tarikan antara zarah, pergerakan dan
kandungan tenaga yang berbeza.
Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:
State of matter
Keadaan jirim
Solid
Pepejal
Liquid
Cecair
Gas
Gas
Draw the particles arrangement.

Each particle (atom/ ion/molecule)
is represented by
Lukis susunan zarah. Setiap zarah
(atom / ion / molekul) diwakili
dengan
Particles arrangement
Susunan zarah
The particles are arranged

closely packed in
orderly
manner.
not in orderly manner
sangat
Zarah-zarah tersusun
padat
teratur
dan
vibrate
at
Particles can only

Particles movement
Pergerakan zarah
The particles are arranged

The particles are very
closely
widely separated far apart
packed but
their fixed position.

Zarah bergetar pada kedudukan
tetap.
Zarah-zarah tersusun
tidak teratur
tetapi
.
padat
from each other.
Zarah-zarah
terpisah jauh
Particles can vibrate ,

rotate and move freely
vibrate
Particles can
,
rotate
move
and
throughout the liquid.

Zarah bergetar , berputar dan
bergerak bebas dalam cecair.
randomly.
Zarah bergetar
dan
rawak.
bergerak
berputar
9/16/14 1:41 AM

Strong
Very
Attractive forces between the

particles
Daya tarikan antara zarah
strong
forces between
the particles.
Daya tarikan yang sangat
forces between the

weaker
than
particles but
the forces in the solid.

Daya tarikan yang
kuat
forces between the
particles.
kuat
antara zarah-zarah tetapi

lebih lemah
berbanding di
antara zarah-zarah.
Weak
Daya tarikan yang
lemah
antara zarah-zarah.
dalam pepejal.
Energy content is
Energy content is very
Energy content of the particles

Kandungan tenaga zarah
than solid but
Changes in the state of matter

Perubahan keadaan jirim
(a) Matter undergoes change of state when
than
in a gas.
Kandungan tenaga sangat

rendah
.
low
higher
lower
Kandungan tenaga lebih tinggi

daripada pepejal tetapi
lebih rendah daripada gas.
heat
energy is
haba
absorbed
Jirim mengalami perubahan keadaan apabila tenaga

di
absorbed
kinetic
(i) When heat energy is
by the matter (it is heated), the
serap
high.
Kandungan tenaga
UNIT
sangat
tinggi.
released/lose
or
atau
energy of the particles
diserap
Apabila tenaga haba
oleh jirim (semasa dipanaskan), tenaga
bertambah
dan zarah tersebut bergerak dengan lebih cepat.
releases
(ii) When matter
heat energy (it is cooled), the kinetic energy of the particles
:
increases
kinetik
vibrate less vigorously.
dibebaskan
and they vibrate faster.
very
Energy content is
decreases
dibebaskan
Apabila tenaga haba
oleh jirim (semasa disejukkan), tenaga kinetik zarah
dan zarah tersebut bergerak kurang cergas.
zarah
and they
berkurang
(b) Inter - conversion of the states of matter:

Perubahan keadaan jirim:
Sublimation
Pemejalwapan
Solid
Pepejal
Melting
Peleburan
Freezing
Pembekuan
Boiling/Evoporation
Pendidihan/Penyejatan
Liquid
Cecair
Condensation
Kondensasi
Gas
Gas
Sublimation
Pemejalwapan
7

Determination of melting and freezing points of naphthalene

Penentuan takat lebur dan takat beku naftalena
Materials / Bahan: Naphthalene powder, water / Serbuk naftalena, air
Apparatus / Radas: Boiling tube, conical flask, beaker, retort stand with clamp, thermometer 0 100C, stopwatch, Bunsen burner,
wire gauze, tripod stand

Tabung didih, kelalang kon, bikar, kaki retort, termometer 0 100C, jam randik, penunu Bunsen,
kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga
9/16/14 1:41 AM
Procedure / Prosedur:
I. Heating of naphthalene / Pemanasan naftalena

Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas:
Thermometer / Termometer
Boiling tube / Tabung didih
Water / Air
Naphthalene / Naftalena
UNIT
Heat
Haba
boiling tube
(a) A
placed into it.
3 5 cm
is filled
height with naphthalene powder and a
thermometer
is
(c)
3 5 cm
termometer
diisi dengan serbuk naftalena setinggi
dan
diletakkan di dalamnya.
The boiling tube is suspended in a water bath as shown in the diagram and make sure the water level in the water bath
is higher than naphtalene powder in the boiling tube.
Tabung didih diapitkan di dalam kukus air seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah dan pastikan aras air dalam kukus air
lebih tinggi daripada aras naftalena dalam tabung didih.
heated
stirred
thermometer
The water is
and the naphthalene is
slowly with
.
Air dipanaskan dan naftalena
(d)
60 C
When the temperature of naphthalene reaches
, the stopwatch is started. The temperature of naphthalene
30
seconds
90 C
is recorded at
intervals until the temperature of naphthalene reaches
.
60 C
Apabila suhu naftalena mencapai
30 saat
sehingga suhunya mencapai

(b)

Tabung didih
dikacau
perlahan-lahan dengan
termometer
, mulakan jam randik. Suhu naftalena dicatat setiap

90 C
.
II. Cooling of naphthalene / Penyejukan naftalena
Naphthalene
Naftalena
conical flask
The boiling tube and its content is removed from the water bath and put into a
as shown in the
diagram.
kelalang kon

Tabung didih dan kandungannya dikeluarkan daripada kukus air dan dipindahkan ke dalam
seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
stirred
(b) The content in the boiling tube is
constantly with thermometer throughout cooling process to
supercooling
avoid
(the temperature of cooling liquid drops below freezing point, without the appearance of
(a)
a solid).

Kandungan dalam tabung didih

penyejukan untuk mengelakkan
tanpa pembentukan pepejal).
dikacau
penyejukan lampau
(c) The temperature of naphthalene is recorded every

60 C
.
30 saat

Suhu naftalena dicatat setiap
(d)
A graph of
Graf
temperature
suhu
against
melawan
time
masa
perlahan-lahan dengan termometer sepanjang proses

(Suhu cecair yang disejukkan turun melepasi takat beku
30 seconds
interval until the temperature drops to
sehingga suhunya mencapai
60 C
is plotted for the heating and cooling process respectively.

dilukis untuk proses pemanasan dan penyejukan.
9/16/14 1:41 AM
The Explanation of the Heating Process Penerangan Proses Pemanasan

1

The heating curve of naphthalene:

Lengkung pemanasan naftalena:
Temperature/C
Suhu/C
F
D
B
E
UNIT
A
Time/s
Masa/s
When a solid is heated, the particles absorb heat and vibrate

absorbed
energy is
, the state of matter will change.
faster
as its energy content increases. As the heat
lebih cepat
Apabila pepejal dipanaskan, zarah-zarah menyerap haba dan bergetar dengan
diserap
tenaga bertambah. Tenaga haba
menyebabkan perubahan keadaan jirim.
Point
Titik
A to B
A ke B
B to C
B ke C
C to D
C ke D
State of matter
Keadaan jirim
Solid
Pepejal
Solid and Liquid

Pepejal dan Cecair
Liquid
Cecair
Explanation
Penerangan
Liquid and Gas

Cecair dan Gas
increases
Gas
Gas
by the particles in the

increase
and vibrate
energy to
.
diserap
Tenaga haba
akan bertambah
All the heat energy
overcome
to
oleh zarah-zarah
naphthalene causing their

. The temperature
kinetik
naftalena menyebabkan tenaga
lebih cepat
meningkat
. Suhu semakin
.
solid
naphthalene is
liquid
turn to
solid
used
forces between particles so that the

. The
remains constant
.
diserap
pepejal
Tenaga haba yang
oleh zarah-zarah dalam
naftalena digunakan untuk
mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah supaya
pepejal
cecair
berubah menjadi
. Suhu
tetap
adalah
.
Heat energy
kinetic
increases
absorbed
liquid
increase
energy to
and move
.
diserap
Tenaga haba
akan bertambah
oleh zarah-zarah
cecair
dan zarah-zarah bergerak dengan
absorbed
naphthalene causing their

faster
. The temperature
kinetik
naftalena menyebabkan tenaga
lebih cepat
meningkat
. Suhu semakin
liquid
and move
absorbed
naphthalene is
used
to
randomly
the forces of attraction between particles. The particles begin to move
to
gas
remains constant
form a
. The temperature
.
diserap
cecair
Tenaga haba
oleh zarah-zarah dalam
naftalena digunakan untuk
mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah. Zarah-zarah mula bergerak
bebas
untuk membentuk
gas
tetap
. Suhu adalah
.
faster
diserap
by the particles in the gas causing their

increases
. The temperature
.
kinetic
energy to increase
kinetik
oleh zarah-zarah gas naftalena menyebabkan tenaga
lebih
cepat
meningkat
bertambah dan zarah-zarah bergerak dengan
. Suhu semakin
.
Tenaga haba
faster
pepejal
dan zarah bergetar dengan

absorbed
solid
temperature
Heat energy is
E to F
E ke F
absorbed
Heat energy is
kinetic
Heat energy
overcome
D to E
D ke E
disebabkan kandungan
akan
9/16/14 1:41 AM
pepejal
takat lebur
berubah kepada keadaan cecair dipanggil
diserap
Semasa proses peleburan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang
oleh zarah-zarah
.
digunakan
untuk
cecair
boiling point
mengatasi
daya tarikan antara zarah supaya pepejal berubah menjadi

a liquid
The constant temperature at which
changes to become a gas is called the
absorbed

UNIT
changes to become a liquid is called the melting point .

absorbed
During the melting process, the temperature remains unchanged because heat energy
by the particles is
used
overcome
a
liquid
to
the forces between particles so that the solid changes to
.
Suhu tetap di mana suatu
a solid
During the boiling process, the temperature remains unchanged because heat energy
by the particles is
used
overcome
to
the forces between particles so that the liquid changes to a gas.
cecair
Suhu tetap di mana suatu bahan dalam keadaan
berubah kepada keadaan gas dipanggil
takat didih
diserap
. Semasa proses pendidihan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang
oleh zarahdigunakan
mengatasi
zarah
untuk
daya tarikan antara zarah supaya cecair berubah menjadi gas.
The Explanation for the Cooling Process Penerangan Proses Penyejukan

1
The cooling curve of naphthalene: / Lengkung penyejukan naftalena:

Temperature/C
Suhu/C
P
Q
S
Time/s
Masa/s
liquid
slower
When the liquid is cooled, the particles in the
release energy and move
released
decreases. As the energy is
to the surrounding, the state of matter will change.
cecair
Apabila cecair disejukkan, zarah
membebaskan tenaga dan bergerak semakin
dibebaskan
kandungan tenaganya berkurang. Keadaan jirim berubah semasa tenaga

Point
Titik
State of matter
Keadaan jirim
Liquid
Cecair
released/given out
cecair
The heat
Liquid and Solid
Cecair dan
Pepejal
by the
oleh tenaga
Solid
Pepejal
kinetik
kehilangan tenaga
ke persekitaran.
dan
cecair
bergerak
naftalena. Zarah-zarah dalam
semakin perlahan. Suhu semakin
.
released
heat
another to form a
Haba dibebaskan
membentuk
R to S
R ke S
kerana
liquid
to the surrounding by the particles in the
naphthalene. The
kinetic
move
lose their
energy and
slower. The temperature
liquid
particles in the
decreases
.
Haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam
menurun
Q to R
Q ke R
perlahan
Explanation
Penerangan
Heat is
P to Q
P ke Q
as its energy content
liquid
to the surrounding by the particles in
naphthalene is balanced
released
energy
during the cooling process. The particles attract one
haba
solid
remains constant
cecair
ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam
pepejal
yang
. The temperature
terbebas
.
naftalena
diimbangi
apabila zarah-zarah tertarik antara satu sama lain untuk

tetap
. Suhu adalah
.
The particles in the solid naphthalene

decreases .
Zarah-zarah dalam pepejal naftalena
menurun
Suhu semakin
.
release
heat and vibrate
membebaskan
slower
. The temperature
haba dan bergetar dengan
lebih perlahan
9/16/14 1:41 AM
freezing point
changes to a solid is called
. During the freezing
released
balanced
process, the temperature remains unchanged because the heat
to the surrounding is
by the heat
solid
released when the liquid particles rearrange themselves to become a
.
Suhu tetap di mana suatu
a liquid
cecair
berubah kepada keadaan pepejal dipanggil

dibebaskan
pembekuan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang
ke persekitaran
terbebas apabila zarah-zarah cecair menyusun semula untuk membentuk
pepejal
takat beku
. Semasa proses
diimbangi
oleh haba yang
Physical State of a Substance at Any Given Temperature Keadaan Fizik Bahan pada Sebarang Suhu
UNIT
A substance is in
solid
state if the temperature of the substance is below melting point.

pepejal
Suatu bahan berada dalam keadaan
jika suhu bahan tersebut lebih rendah daripada takat leburnya.
A substance is in
liquid
state if the temperature of the substance is between melting and boiling points.
cecair
jika suhu bahan tersebut berada antara takat lebur dan takat didihnya.
A substance is in
gas
state if the temperature of the substance is above boiling point.

gas
jika suhu bahan tersebut lebih tinggi daripada takat didihnya.
Exercise / Latihan
1

The table below shows substances and their chemical formula.

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bahan dan formula kimia masing-masing.
Substance / Bahan
Chemical formula / Formula kimia
Type of particle / Jenis zarah
Silver / Argentum
Ag
Atom / Atom
Potassium oxide / Kalium oksida
K2O
Ion / Ion
Ammonia / Ammonia
NH3
Molecule / Molekul
Chlorine / Klorin
Cl2
Molecule / Molekul
(a) State the type of particles that made up each substance in the table.

Nyatakan jenis zarah yang membentuk bahan dalam jadual di atas.
(b) Which of the substances are element? Explain your answer.

Yang manakah antara bahan tersebut merupakan suatu unsur? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Silver and chlorine. Silver and chlorine are made up of only one type of atom
Argentum dan klorin. Argentum dan klorin terdiri daripada satu jenis atom sahaja
(c) Which of the substances are compound? Explain your answer.

Yang manakah antara bahan tersebut merupakan suatu sebatian? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Potassium oxide and ammonia. Potassium oxide and ammonia are made up of two different elements
Kalium oksida dan ammonia. Kalium oksida dan ammonia terdiri daripada dua unsur yang berbeza
2

The table below shows the melting and boiling points of substances P, Q and R.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bagi bahan P, Q dan R.
Substance / Bahan
Melting point / Takat lebur / C
Boiling point / Takat didih / C
36
18
70
98
230
9/16/14 1:41 AM
(a) (i)

What is meant by melting point?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan takat lebur?
The constant temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid at particular pressure.
Suhu tetap di mana pepejal berubah menjadi cecair pada tekanan tertentu.

(ii) What is meant by boiling point?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan takat didih?
The constant temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas at particular pressure.
Suhu tetap di mana cecair berubah menjadi gas pada tekanan tertentu.
UNIT
(b) Draw the particles arrangement of substances P, Q and R at room condition.

Lukis susunan zarah P, Q dan R pada keadaan bilik.

(c) (i)

Substance
P / PBahan P
Bahan
Substance
Q /QBahan Q
Bahan
Substance
R/R
Bahan R
Bahan
State the substance/substances that exist in the form of liquid at 0 C.

Nyatakan bahan yang wujud dalam keadaan cecair pada suhu 0 C.
P, Q

(ii) Give reason to your answer.

Jelaskan jawapan anda.
The temperature 0 C is above the melting point of P and Q and below the boiling point of P and Q
0 C adalah suhu di atas takat lebur P dan Q dan di bawah takat didih P dan Q
(d) (i)

Substance Q is heated from room temperature to 100 C. Sketch a graph of temperature against time for the heating
of substance Q.
Bahan Q dipanaskan dari suhu bilik hingga 100 C. Lakarkan graf suhu melawan masa bagi pemanasan bahan Q.
Temperature / Suhu /C
70
Time / Masa /s
(ii) What is the state of matter of substance Q at 70 C?

Apakah keadaan fizik bahan Q pada 70 C?
Liquid and gas / Cecair dan gas
(e) Compare the melting point of substances Q and R. Explain your answer.

Bandingkan takat lebur bahan Q dan R. Terangkan jawapan anda.
The melting point of substance R is higher than substance Q. The attraction force between particles in substance R is
stronger than substance Q. More heat is needed to overcome the forces between particles in substance R.
Takat lebur bahan R adalah lebih tinggi daripada bahan Q. Daya tarikan antara zarah dalam bahan R lebih kuat
daripada bahan Q. Lebih banyak tenaga diperlukan untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah dalam bahan R.
10
9/16/14 1:41 AM
The melting point of acetamide can be determined by heating solid acetamide until it melts as shown in the diagram below. The
temperature of acetamide is recorded every three minutes when it is left to cool down at room temperature.
Takat lebur asetamida boleh ditentukan dengan memanaskan pepejal asetamida sehingga lebur seperti dalam rajah di bawah.
Suhu asetamida dicatatkan setiap tiga minit semasa disejukkan pada suhu bilik.
Thermometer / Termometer
Boiling tube / Tabung didih
Water / Air
Acetamide / Asetamida
Heat
Haba
UNIT
(a) What is the purpose of using water bath in the experiment?

Apakah tujuan menggunakan kukus air dalam eksperimen ini?
To ensure even heating of acetamide. Acetamide is easily combustible.
Untuk memastikan pemanasan asetamida adalah sekata. Asetamida mudah terbakar.
(b) State the name of another substance which its melting point can also be determined by using water bath as shown in the
above diagram.

Namakan satu bahan lain yang mana takat leburnya boleh ditentukan dengan menggunakan kukus air seperti rajah di atas.
Naphthalene / Naftalena
(c) Sodium nitrate has a melting point of 310 C. Can the melting point of sodium nitrate be determined by using the water bath
as shown in the diagram? Explain your answer.

Natrium nitrat mempunyai takat lebur 310 C. Bolehkah takat lebur natrium nitrat ditentukan dengan menggunakan kukus
air seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
No, because the boiling point of water is 100 C which is lower than the melting point of sodium nitrate.
Tidak, kerana takat didih air adalah 100 C di mana ia adalah kurang daripada takat lebur natrium nitrat.
(d) Why do we need to stir the acetamide in the boiling tube in above experiment?

Mengapakah asetamida dalam tabung didih itu perlu dikacau sepanjang eksperimen?
To make sure the heat is distributed evenly / Untuk memastikan haba disebarkan dengan sekata
(e) The graph of temperature against time for the cooling of liquid acetamide is shown below.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa untuk penyejukan cecair asetamida.
Temperature / Suhu / C
T3
T2
T1
Time / Masa/s
(i)
What is the freezing point of acetamide? / Apakah takat beku asetamida?

T2 C
(ii) The temperature between Q and R is constant. Explain. / Suhu antara Q dan R adalah tetap. Jelaskan.
The heat lost to the surrounding is balanced by the heat released by the liquid when the liquid acetamide particles
rearrange themselves to become solid. / Tenaga haba yang hilang ke persekitaran diimbangi oleh haba yang
dibebaskan apabila zarah dalam cecair asetamida menyusun semula untuk menjadi pepejal.
(f) Acetamide exists as molecules. State the name of another compound that is made up of molecules.

Asetamida wujud sebagai molekul. Namakan sebatian lain yang terdiri daripada molekul.
Water/naphthalene / Air/naftalena
(g) What is the melting point of acetamide? / Apakah takat lebur asetamida?
T2 C
11
9/16/14 1:41 AM
The Atomic Structure / Struktur Atom

1

History of the development of atomic models:

Sejarah perkembangan model atom:
Scientist
Saintis
Atomic Model
Model atom
Discovery
Penemuan
(i)

(ii) Atoms cannot be
Dalton
Thomson
Positively charged sphere

positif
Sfera bercas
Negatively charged electron
Elektron bercas negatif
Electron
moves outside
the nucleus
Elektron bergerak di
luar nukleus
Rutherford
.
atom
Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah dipanggil

.
created
divided
, destroyed or
.
dicipta

Atom tidak boleh
, dimusnah atau dibahagi .
identical
(iii) Atoms from the same element are
.
sama

Atom daripada unsur sama adalah
.
UNIT
atoms
Matter is made up of particles called
Discovered the electrons , the first subatomic particle.

elektron
Menjumpai
, zarah subatom yang pertama.
(i)
positive
(ii) Atom is sphere of
charge which is embedded with

electrons .
positif
Atom adalah sfera yang bercas
yang mengandungi
elektron
zarah bercas negatif dipanggil
.
negatively charged particles called
nucleus
Discovered the
as the centre of an atom and
positively charged
.
nukleus
Menjumpai
yang merupakan pusat bagi atom dan
(i)
bercas positif
(ii)
Nucleus that contains

proton
Nukleus mengandungi
proton
(iii)
Proton
Proton
Electron
Elektron
is a part of the nucleus.

adalah sebahagian daripada nukleus.
moves outside the nucleus.
bergerak di sekeliling nukleus.

nucleus
(iv) Most of the mass of the atom found in the
Nukleus

mempunyai hampir semua jisim atom.
Shell / Petala
Neils Bohr

proton
Nukleus mengandungi
proton
Electron / Elektron
James
Chadwick

(ii)

Discovered the existence of electron

petala
Menjumpai kewujudan
Electrons
Elektron
move in the
shells
shells
elektron.
around the nucleus.
nukleus
bergerak di dalam petala mengelilingi
neutron
Discovered the existence of
neutron
Menjumpai kewujudan
.
Shell / Petala
(i)

proton and neutron
neutron
(ii) Nucleus of an atom contains neutral particles called
proton
and positively charged particles called
.
neutron

Nukleus mengandungi zarah-zarah neutral dipanggil
Nukleus mengandungi
proton dan neutron
Electron / Elektron
(i)
proton
dan zarah-zarah bercas positif dipanggil
.
neutron
proton
(iii) The mass of a
and
is almost the same.
neutron
proton
Jisim
dan
adalah hampir sama.
12
9/16/14 1:41 AM
The structure of an atom / Struktur atom:

Shell / Petala
Nucleus that contains proton and neutron
Nukleus yang mengandungi proton dan neutron
Electron / Elektron
(a) An atom has a central

Atom mempunyai
tersebut.
nucleus
(b) The

Nukleus
nucleus
nukleus
shells
and electrons that move in the
di tengahnya dan elektron bergerak di dalam
petala
around the nucleus.

mengelilingi nukleus
UNIT
contains protons and neutrons.
mengandungi proton dan neutron.

+1
1
(c) Each proton has charge of
. Each electron has an electrical charge of
. The neutron has no
charge
neutral
(it is
). An atom has the same number of protons and electrons, so the overall charge of
zero
neutral
atom is
. Atom is
. (If an atom loses or gains electrons, it is called an ion formation of ion

will be studied in Chapter 4.)

+1
Setiap proton bercas
. Setiap elektron bercas
. Neutron tidak mempunyai
cas
(ianya adalah
neutral ). Setiap atom mempunyai bilangan proton dan elektron yang sama, oleh itu cas keseluruhan bagi atom adalah
sifar
. Atom adalah neutral . (Suatu atom akan membentuk ion apabila ia kehilangan atau menerima elektron
pembentukan ion akan dipelajari dalam Tajuk 4.)

(d) The relative mass of a neutron and a proton which are in the nucleus is the same, that is 1. The mass of an atom is obtained
proton
neutron
mainly from the number of
and
.

Jisim relatif proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus adalah sama, iaitu 1. Jisim suatu atom diperoleh daripada jumlah
proton
neutron
bilangan
dan bilangan
.
1
times the mass of a proton or neutron.
1 840
1
Jisim elektron boleh diabaikan kerana ia terlalu kecil iaitu lebih kurang
daripada jisim proton dan neutron.
1 840
(e) The mass of an electron can be ignored as the mass of an electron is about

3
Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual di bawah:

Subatomic particles
Zarah subatom
Symbol
Simbol
Charge
Cas
Relative mass
Jisim relatif
Position
Kedudukan
Electron / Elektron
(negative)
(negatif)
1
0
1 840
In the shells
Pada petala
Proton / Proton
+ (positive)
+ (positif)
In the nucleus
Pada nukleus
Neutron / Neutron
neutral
neutral
In the nucleus
Pada nukleus
Atom is the smallest neutral particle of an element.

Atom adalah zarah neutral paling kecil dalam suatu unsur.
Complete the following diagram: / Lengkapkan yang berikut:

Na
Na
Na
Na
Sodium element
Unsur natrium
Sodium element
Unsur natrium
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Sodium element
Unsur natrium
13
Na
Sodium
Atom
atom
natrium
9/16/14 1:41 AM
Proton number of an element (Refer to Periodic Table of Elements)

Nombor proton sesuatu unsur (Rujuk Jadual Berkala Unsur)
element
(a) Proton number of an
is the number of proton in its

unsur
Nombor proton sesuatu
atom
atom
adalah bilangan proton yang terdapat dalam
.
neutral
(b) The number of proton of an atom is also equal to the number of electrons in the atom because the atom is

neutral
Bilangan proton sesuatu atom adalah sama dengan bilangan elektron dalam atom kerana atom adalah
(c) Every element has its own proton number: / Setiap unsur mempunyai nombor protonnya tersendiri:
Proton number of potassium, K is 19. Potasium atom has 19 protons in the nucleus and 19 electrons in the
shells.
Atom
19 proton
Nombor proton untuk kalium, K ialah 19.
kalium mempunyai
di dalam
UNIT
nukleus dan
19 elektron
di dalam petala.
atom
Proton number of oxygen, O is 8. Oxygen
the shells.
Atom
Nombor proton untuk oksigen, O ialah 8.
8 elektron
8 protons
has
in the nucleus and
oksigen mempunyai
8 electrons
8 proton
in
di dalam
nukleus dan
di dalam petala.

Nucleon number of an element (Refer to Periodic Table of Elements)
Nombor nukleon sesuatu unsur (Rujuk Jadual Berkala Unsur)
(a) Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its

(b)

(c)

atom
Nombor nukleon sesuatu unsur adalah jumlah bilangan proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus sesuatu
Nucleon number is also known as mass number.
Nombor nukleon juga dikenali sebagai nombor jisim.
Nucleon number = number of proton + number of neutron.
Nombor nukleon = bilangan proton + bilangan neutron.
atom
.
.
Symbol of Element and Standard Representation for Simbol Unsur dan Perwakilan Piawai bagi Atom Sesuatu
Unsur
an Atom of Element
1

An element can be represented by a symbol. If the symbol has only one letter, it must be a capital letter. If it has two letters, the
first is always a capital letter, while the second is always a small letter.
Suatu unsur boleh diwakili oleh suatu simbol. Jika simbol hanya terdiri daripada satu huruf, maka ia mesti ditulis dengan huruf
besar. Tetapi jika simbol terdiri daripada dua huruf, maka huruf pertama merupakan huruf besar dan huruf kedua merupakan
huruf kecil.
Example: / Contoh:
Element
Unsur
Symbol
Simbol
Element
Unsur
Symbol
Simbol
Element
Unsur
Symbol
Simbol
Oxygen / Oksigen
Nitrogen / Nitrogen
Calcium / Kalsium
Ca
Magnesium / Magnesium
Mg
Sodium / Natrium
Na
Copper / Kuprum
Cu
Hydrogen / Hidrogen
Potassium / Kalium
Chlorine / Klorin
Cl
The first letter of each element is a capital letter to show that it is a new element. This is helpful when writing a chemical
formula. For example KCl. There are two elements chemically bonded in KCl because there are two capital letters represent
potassium and chlorine.
Huruf yang pertama bagi setiap unsur ditulis dengan huruf besar untuk menunjukkan ia adalah unsur yang baru. Ini sangat
berguna semasa menulis formula kimia. Contohnya KCl. Terdapat dua unsur yang terikat secara kimia dalam KCl kerana
adanya dua huruf besar yang mewakili kalium dan klorin.
atom
The standard representation of an
of an element can be written as:
Perwakilan piawai bagi
satu atom
sesuatu unsur boleh ditulis sebagai:
Nucleon number / Nombor nukleon
Proton number / Nombor proton
Symbol of an element / Simbol unsur
14
9/16/14 1:41 AM
Example: / Contoh:
27

Al
13

The element is Aluminium.
Unsur itu adalah Aluminium.
27
The nucleon number of Aluminium is

Nombor nukleon Aluminium adalah
The proton number of Aluminium is
13
Nombor proton Aluminium adalah

13 protons
Aluminium atom has
13
,
13 proton
Atom Aluminium mempunyai

3
27
.
14 neutrons
,
and
14 neutron
13
dan
13
UNIT
electrons.
elektron.
Isotope / Isotop
(a) Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza.

Or / Atau
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same
Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai nombor

yang berbeza.
proton
nucleon
number but different
number.
proton
nukleon
yang sama tetapi nombor
Example: / Contoh:
1
H
1
2
H
1
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon = 1
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon = 2
Proton number/Nombor proton = 1
Proton number/Nombor proton = 1
Number of neutron/Bilangan neutron = 0
Number of neutron/Bilangan neutron = 1
Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 are isotopes. Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 atoms have the same proton number or the same
number of neutrons
number of protons
different
but
nucleon number because of the difference in the

Hidrogen-1 dan Hidrogen-2 adalah isotop. Atom Hidrogen-1 dan Hidrogen-2 mempunyai nombor proton atau
berbeza
bilangan neutron
kerana perbezaan
.
.
bilangan proton
yang sama tetapi nombor nukleon yang

chemical
Isotopes have the same
physical
properties.
properties because they have the same electron arrangements but different
yang sama kerana mempunyai susunan elektron yang sama tetapi sifat
Isotop mempunyai sifat

yang berbeza.
kimia
fizik
(b) Examples of the uses of isotopes: / Contoh kegunaan isotop:

(i) Medical field / Bidang perubatan
To detect brain cancer.
Untuk mengesan barah otak.
To detect thrombosis (blockage in blood vessel).
Untuk mengesan trombosis (saluran darah tersumbat).
Iodin-131 is used to measure the rate of iodine absorption by thyroid gland.
Untuk mengukur kadar penyerapan iodin oleh kelenjar tiroid. Contoh: Iodin-131
Cobalt-60 is used to destroy cancer cells.
Untuk memusnahkan sel barah. Contoh: Kobalt-60
Cobalt-60 is used to kill microorganism in the sterilising process.
Untuk membunuh mikroorganisma semasa proses pensterilan. Contoh: Kobalt-60
(ii) In the industrial field

Bidang industri
To detect wearing out in machines.
Untuk mengesan kehausan enjin.
To detect any blockage in water, gas or oil pipes.
Untuk mengesan saluran paip air, gas atau minyak yang tersumbat.
15
9/16/14 1:41 AM
Sodium-24 detect leakage of pipes underground.

Untuk mengesan kebocoran paip bawah tanah. Contoh: Natrium-24
To detect defects/cracks in the body of an aeroplane.
Untuk mengesan keretakan atau kecacatan pada badan kapal terbang.
(iii) In the agriculture field

Bidang pertanian
To detect the rate of absorption of phosphate fertilizer in plants. Example: phosphorus-32
Untuk mengesan kadar penyerapan baja fosfat oleh tumbuhan. Contoh: fosforus-32
To sterile insect pests for plants.
Untuk memandulkan serangga perosak tumbuhan.
(iv) In the archeology field

Bidang arkeologi
Carbon-14 can be used to estimate the age of artifacts.
Karbon-14 digunakan untuk menganggarkan usia sesuatu artifak.
UNIT
Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron

(a) The electrons are filled in specific shells. Every shell can be filled only with a certain number of electrons. For the elements
with atomic numbers 120:

Elektron diisi dalam petala tertentu. Setiap petala hanya boleh diisi dengan bilangan elektron tertentu. Bagi unsur-unsur
yang mempunyai nombor proton 120:
2
First shell can be filled with a maximum of
electrons.
Petala pertama boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum
8
Second shell can be filled with a maximum of
Petala kedua boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum
Third shell can be filled with a maximum of

Petala ketiga boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum
elektron.
electrons.
elektron.
electrons.
elektron.
First shell is filled with 2 electrons (duplet)

Petala pertama diisi 2 elektron (duplet)
Second shell is filled with 8 electrons (octet)
Petala kedua diisi 8 elektron (oktet)
Third shell is filled with 8 electrons (octet)
Petala ketiga diisi 8 elektron (oktet)
(b) Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.

Elektron valens ialah elektron yang diisi dalam petala paling luar suatu atom.
5
Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual berikut:

(a) Draw the electron arrangement and complete the description for each element:

Lukis susunan elektron bagi atom dan lengkapkan penerangan bagi setiap unsur berikut:
Standard
representation
of an element
Perwakilan
piawai unsur
Draw electron arrangement

of an atom
Lukiskan susunan elektron
bagi atom
Hydrogen Atom
Atom Hidrogen
1
H
1
Description
Penerangan
Number of protons/Bilangan proton
Number of electrons/Bilangan elektron
Number of neutrons/Bilangan neutron
Proton number/Nombor proton
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon
Electron arrangement/Susunan elektron
16
9/16/14 1:41 AM
Sodium Atom
Atom Natrium
23
Na
11
Number of protons/Bilangan proton
11
Number of electrons/Bilangan elektron
11
Number of neutrons/Bilangan neutron
12
Proton number/Nombor proton
11
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon
23
Na
Electron arrangement/Susunan elektron
UNIT
2.8.1
(b) Choose the correct statement for the symbol of element X.

Pilih pernyataan yang betul bagi simbol unsur X.
23
X
11

Statement
Pernyataan
Tick ( / )
Tanda ( / )
Element X has 11 proton number.

Unsur X mempunyai 11 nombor proton.
The proton number of element X is 11.

Nombor proton unsur X ialah 11.
The proton number of atom X is 11.

Nombor proton atom X ialah 11.
The number of proton of element X is 11.

Bilangan proton unsur X ialah 11.
The number of proton of atom X is 11.

Bilangan proton atom X ialah 11.
Nucleon number of element X is 23.

Nombor nukleon unsur X ialah 23.
Nucleon number of atom X is 23.

Nombor nukleon atom X ialah 23.
Number of nucleon of element X is 23.

Bilangan nukleon unsur X ialah 23.
Atom X has 23 nucleon number.

Atom X mempunyai 23 nombor nukleon.
Neutron number of atom X is 12.

Nombor neutron atom X ialah 12.
Number of neutron of atom X is 12.

Bilangan neutron atom X ialah 12.
Number of neutron of element X is 12.

Bilangan neutron unsur X ialah 12.
17
9/16/14 1:41 AM
Exercise / Latihan
1
Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual berikut:

Standard
representation
for an atom
Perwakilan
atom
Number of
proton
Bilangan
proton
Number of
electron
Bilangan
elektron
Number of
neutron
Bilangan
neutron
Proton
number
Nombor
proton
Nucleon
number
Nombor
nukleon
Hydrogen
Hidrogen
1
1H
Helium
Helium
4
2 He
Boron
Boron
11
5 B
11
2.3
Carbon
Karbon
12
6 C
12
2.4
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
14
7 N
14
2.5
Neon
Neon
20
10 Ne
10
10
10
10
20
2.8
Sodium
Natrium
23
11 Na
11
11
12
11
23
2.8.1
Magnesium
Magnesium
24
12 Mg
12
12
12
12
24
2.8.2
Calcium
Kalsium
40
20 Ca
20
20
20
20
40
2.8.8.2
Element
Unsur
UNIT
Electron
Number of
arrangement
valence electron
of atom
Bilangan
Susunan
elektron valens
elektron atom
The diagram below shows the symbol of atoms P, R and S. / Rajah di bawah menunjukkan simbol atom P, R dan S.
35
P
17
12
R
6
37
S
17
(a) What is meant by nucleon number / Apakah maksud nombor nukleon?

Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its atom
Nombor nukleon suatu unsur adalah jumlah proton dan neutron dalam nukleus atomnya
(b) What is the nucleon number of P / Apakah nombor nukleon atom P?
35
(c) State the number of neutron in atom P / Nyatakan bilangan neutron atom P.
18
(d) State number of proton in atom P / Nyatakan bilangan proton atom P.
17
(e) (i)
What is meant by isotope / Apakah maksud isotop?

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons / Isotop
adalah atom-atom dari unsur yang sama dengan jumlah proton yang sama tetapi jumlah neutron yang berbeza
(ii) State a pair of isotope in the diagram shown / Nyatakan sepasang isotop dalam rajah yang ditunjukkan.
P and S / P dan S
(iii) Give reason for your answer in (e)(ii) / Berikan sebab bagi jawapan di (e)(ii).
Atoms P and S have same proton number but different nucleon number//number of neutron / Atom P dan S
mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi nombor nukleon//bilangan nukleon yang berbeza
18
9/16/14 1:41 AM
(f) An isotope of R has 8 neutron. Write the symbol for the isotope R.

Isotop bagi atom R mempunyai 8 neutron. Tuliskan simbol bagi isotop R.
14
R
6
3

The table below shows the number of proton and neutron of atoms of elements P, Q and R.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bilangan proton dan neutron bagi atom unsur P, Q dan R.
Element
Unsur
Number of proton
Bilangan proton
Number of neutron
Bilangan neutron
UNIT
(a) Which of the atoms in the above table are isotope? Explain your answer.

Berdasarkan jadual di atas, atom yang manakah merupakan isotop? Terangkan jawapan anda.
P and Q. Atoms P and Q have same number of proton but different number of neutron // nucleon number.
P dan Q. Atom P dan Q mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza // nombor
nukleon berbeza
(b) (i)

Write the standard representation of element Q.

Tuliskan perwakilan piawai untuk unsur Q.
2
Q
1

(ii) State three information that can be deduced from your answer in (b)(i).

Nyatakan tiga maklumat yang boleh didapati daripada jawapan anda di (b)(i).
The proton number of element Q is 1. / Nombor proton bagi unsur Q adalah 1
Nucleon number of element Q is 2. / Nombor nukleon bagi unsur Q adalah 2
Number of neutron = 2 1 = 1 / Bilangan neutron = 2 1 = 1
Nucleus of atom Q contains 1 proton and 1 neutron / Nukleus mengandungi 1 proton dan 1 neutron
(c) (i)
Draw atomic structure for atom of element R. / Lukiskan struktur atom bagi atom unsur R.
6 protons + 6 neutrons
6 proton + 6 neutron
(ii) Describe the atomic structure in (c)(i). / Huraikan struktur atom di (c)(i).
The atom consists of 2 parts: the centre part called nucleus and the outer part called electron shell.
The nucleus consists of 6 protons which are positively charged and 6 neutrons which are neutral.
The electrons are in two shells, the first shell consists of two electrons and the second shell consists
of four electrons.
Electrons move around nucleus in the shells.
Atom terdiri daripada 2 bahagian: bahagian tengah yang disebut nukleus dan bahagian luar yang disebut
petala elektron.
Nukleus terdiri daripada 6 proton yang bercas positif dan 6 neutron yang neutral.
Elektron berada dalam dua petala, petala pertama terdiri daripada dua elektron dan petala kedua terdiri
daripada empat elektron.
Elektron bergerak di sekeliling nukleus pada petala.
19
9/16/14 1:41 AM
(d) Element P reacts with oxygen and produces liquid Z at room temperature. The graph below shows the sketch of the graph
when liquid Z at room temperature, 27 C is cooled to 5 C.

Unsur P bertindak balas dengan oksigen dan menghasilkan cecair Z pada suhu bilik. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan lakaran
graf apabila cecair Z pada suhu bilik, 27 C disejukkan sehingga 5 C.
Temperature /C
Suhu /C
27
Time /s
Masa /s
t1
UNIT
t2
S
(i)

What is the state of matter of liquid Z from t1 to t2? Explain why is the temperature remain unchanged from t1 to t2.
Apakah keadaan jirim Z daripada t1 hingga t2? Terangkan mengapa suhu tidak berubah daripada t1 hingga t2.
Liquid and solid. Heat lost to the surrounding is balanced by the heat released when the liquid particles rearrange
themselves to become solid. /Cecair dan pepejal. Haba yang hilang ke persekitaran diimbangi oleh haba yang
dibebaskan apabila zarah-zarah dalam cecair menyusun semula menjadi pepejal.
(ii) Draw the arrangement of particles Z at 20 C. / Lukiskan susunan zarah-zarah Z pada suhu 20 C.
(iii) Describe the change in the particles movement when Z is cooled from room temperature to 5 C.

Nyatakan perubahan dalam pergerakan zarah-zarah apabila cecair Z disejukkan daripada suhu bilik ke 5 C.
The particles move slower / Zarah bergerak semakin perlahan
Objective Questions / Soalan Objektif

1

The diagram below shows the arrangement of particles for

a type of matter that undergoes a change in physical state
through process X.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan zarah sejenis bahan
yang mengalami perubahan keadaan fizik melalui proses X.
The diagram below shows the heating curve for substance X.

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan bahan X.
Temperature / Suhu / (C)
U
S
T
Q
R
Apakah proses X ?
What is process X?
A Melting
3 C Freezing
Peleburan Pembekuan
B Boiling
D Sublimation
Pendidihan Pemejalwapan
Time / Masa (min)
Which region of the graph does boiling process occur?

Bahagian manakah pada graf berlaku proses pendidihan?
A PQ
3 C ST
B QR
D TU
Which of the following information is true?

Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah betul?
Change of state
Perubahan keadaan
Which of the following substances can undergo sublimation

when heated?
Antara bahan berikut, yang manakah mengalami
pemejalwapan apabila dipanaskan?

A Sulphur

C Glucose

Sulfur
Glukosa
3 B Ammonium chloride D Sodium chloride

Ammonium klorida
Natrium klorida
Process
Proses
Heat energy
Tenaga haba
Solid Liquid
Pepejal Cecair
Melting
Peleburan
Released
Dibebaskan
Liquid Gas
Cecair Gas
Evaporation
Penyejatan
Released
Dibebaskan
Gas Solid
Gas Pepejal
Sublimation
Pemejalwapan
Released
Dibebaskan
Gas Liquid
Gas Cecair
Condensation
Kondensasi
Absorbed
Diserap
3C
D
20
9/16/14 1:41 AM

What is the number of valence electrons of beryllium atom?

Apakah bilangan elektron valens bagi atom berillium?
3 A 2
C 4

B 3
D 7
The diagram below shows the graph of temperature against

time when a liquid Y is cooled. / Rajah di bawah menunjukkan
graf suhu melawan masa apabila cecair Y disejukkan.
8
T3
P
Q
T2
T1
Time (min)
Masa (min)
Which of the following statements are true about the curve?

Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah adalah betul
tentang lengkung itu?
I At Q, liquid Y begins to freeze.

Pada Q, cecair Y mula membeku.
II At PQ, particles in Y absorb heat from the surroundings.
Pada PQ, zarah-zarah dalam Y menyerap haba dari
persekitaran.
III Liquid Y freezes completely at S.

Cecair Y membeku dengan lengkap pada S.
IV The freezing point of Y is T2C.

Takat beku bagi Y adalah T2C.

A I and III only
C II and III only

I dan III sahaja
II dan III sahaja
3 B I and IV only
D II and IV only

I dan IV sahaja
II dan IV sahaja
6
80
Time (min)
Masa (min)
Melting point/C
Takat lebur/C
Boiling point/C
Takat didih/C
182
162
23
77
97
65
41
182
132
290
UNIT
Which substance exists as liquid at room temperature?

Bahan yang manakah wujud sebagai cecair pada suhu bilik?
A S only
3 C T and U only

S sahaja
T dan U sahaja
B S and T only
D V and W only

S dan T sahaja
V dan W sahaja
The table below shows the proton number and the number of
neutrons for atoms of elements W, X, Y and Z.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton dan bilangan
neutron bagi atom unsur W, X, Y dan Z.
Proton number
Nombor proton
Number of neutrons
Bilangan neutron
10
Which of the following pair of elements is isotope?

Antara pasangan berikut, yang manakah adalah isotop?
A W and X
3 C X and Y

W dan X
X dan Y
B W and Y
D Y and Z

W dan Y
Y dan Z
10 Petrol and paraffin are accidentally mixed at an oil refinery.

What is the best method to separate and collect them?
HOTS

Petrol dan paraffin secara tidak sengaja tercampur dengan
kilang penapisan minyak. Apakah kaedah terbaik untuk
mengasingkan dan mengumpulkan bahan tersebut?

A Condensation / Kondensasi

B Evaporation / Penyejatan

C Filtration / Penapisan
3 D Fractional distillation / Penyulingan berperingkat
Which of the following is true during the fourth minute?

Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah benar pada minit
keempat?
A All the molecules are in random motion.

Semua molekul bergerak secara rawak.
B All the molecules are vibrating at fixed positions.

Semua molekul bergetar pada kedudukan tetap.
C All the molecules are closely packed and in random
motion.
Semua molekul sangat rapat dan bergerak secara rawak.
3 D Some of the molecules are vibrating at fixed positions

but some are in random motion.

Sebahagian molekul bergetar pada kedudukan tetap dan

sebahagian bergerak secara rawak.
11 An inflated balloon will shrink if it is placed in refrigerator.

HOTS Which of the following is the effect of lower temperature to
the gas particles in the balloon?
Belon berisi gas akan mengecut apabila diletakkan dalam
peti sejuk. Antara berikut, yang manakah kesan suhu rendah
kepada zarah gas dalam belon itu?

A Move faster and become closer together / Bergerak lebih
cepat dan semakin rapat antara satu sama lain

B Move faster and become further apart / Bergerak lebih
cepat dan semakin jauh antara satu sama lain
3 C Move slower and become closer together / Bergerak
lebih lambat dan semakin rapat antara satu sama lain

D Move slower and become further apart / Bergerak lebih
lambat dan semakin jauh antara satu sama lain
The diagram below shows the standard representation of

beryllium atom.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan perwakilan piawai atom
berillium.
9
Be
4
21
Substance
Bahan
Element
Unsur
The diagram below shows the graph of temperature against

time when solid Z is heated. / Rajah di bawah menunjukkan
graf suhu melawan masa apabila pepejal Z dipanaskan.
The table below shows the melting point and boiling point of
substances S, T, U, V and W. / Jadual di bawah menunjukkan
takat lebur dan takat didih bahan S, T, U, V dan W.
9/16/14 1:42 AM

Nota Chemistry F4 Chapter 1 Full

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nota Chemistry F4 Chapter 1 Full

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MR.

ZUHDY/NOTA KIMIA F4/C1/05pages

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

Kinetic Theory of Matter / Teori Kinetik Jirim

THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS / STRUKTUR ATOM

01 Chap 1 ChemF4 Bil(FSY5p) new.indd 1

Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

MODULE Chemistry FORM 4

Types of particles / Jenis zarah

The smallest neutral particle

A neutral particle consists of

Carbon dioxide gas, CO2

Positively or negatively charged

Calcium oxide, CaO

Sodium chloride, NaCl

Types of particles / Jenis zarah

A neutral particle consists of

Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

01 Chap 1 ChemF4 Bil(FSY5p) new.indd 2

MODULE Chemistry FORM 4

Determine the type of particles in the following substances:

Hydrogen gas (H2)

Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

Zinc chloride (ZnCl2)

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

The brown colour of bromine vapour, Br2

Bromine molecules diffuse

space of air particles which is in gas

antara zarah-zarah udara yang

The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate,

particles which is in liquid form.

space of gel particles which is in solid

Kalium manganat(VII) terdiri daripada

ion kalium dan ion manganat(VII).

Kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 terdiri daripada

yang berbentuk pepejal.

01 Chap 1 ChemF4 Bil(FSY5p) new.indd 3

Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

MODULE Chemistry FORM 4

(d) Conclusions: / Kesimpulan:

Resapan berlaku lebih cepat di dalam

berbanding di dalam pepejal. Terdapat ruang yang

berbanding dengan pepejal. Zarah-zarah pepejal tersusun

The Kinetic Theory of Matter Teori Kinetik Jirim

Matter exists in three different states which are

Jirim wujud dalam tiga keadaan iaitu

Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah

As the temperature increases, the

Apabila suhu meningkat, tenaga

particles which are always constantly

energy of particles increases and the particles move

zarah-zarah akan bertambah dan zarah-zarah akan bergerak dengan

Draw the particles arrangement.

The particles are arranged

not in orderly manner

Particles can only

The particles are arranged

their fixed position.

Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

01 Chap 1 ChemF4 Bil(FSY5p) new.indd 4

from each other.

antara satu sama lain.

Particles can vibrate ,

throughout the liquid.