Manufactured

Substances
in
Industry
( composite materials )

Name : Nurliyana Bt. Saiful Bahari

Class : 4 Aurora
Teachers Name :Pn. Aliah Bt. Ngah Tasir
Introduction
Since the old days, human beings have been using clay, wood,
stones or metals as building materials. Many of our modern
technologies require materials with unsual combination of
properties that cannot be met by the conventional metal alloys,

ceramics, polymeric materials. Therefore, continuous research

and development have been done in search of new structural
materials. To fulfil the needs, these building materials must
have properties like low density, strong and resistance to heat
and corrosion. Today, many of such materials are created and
used for various fields.
A composite material (also called a composition material or
shortened to composite) is a material made from two or more
constituent materials with significantly
different physical or chemical properties that, when combined,
produce a material with characteristics different from the
individual components. The individual components remain
separate and distinct within the finished structure. The new
material may be preferred for many reasons: common examples
include materials which are stronger, lighter, or less expensive
when compared to traditional materials. More recently,
researchers have also begun to actively include sensing,
actuation, computation and communication into composites.
Typical composite materials include:

Reinforced concrete

Specific superconductor

Fibre optic

Fibre class

Photochromic glass

Composite materials are generally used for buildings, bridges,

and structures such as boat hulls, swimming pool panels, race
car bodies,shower stalls, bathtubs, storage tanks,
imitation granite and cultured marble sinks and countertops.
The most advanced examples perform routinely on spacecraft
and aircraft in demanding environments.

Type & Properties of

Compsite Materials
Composite
Materials
Reinforced
Concrete

Superconductor

Component
Concrete
Steel

Cooper(ll)
oxide
Yttriumoxi
de
Bariumoxi
de

Properties of
Properties of
Component
Composite
Concrete
stronger
hard but
higher
brittle
tensile
low
strength
tensile
does not
strengh
corrode
Steel
easily
strong
cheaper
intensile
can be
strength
moulded
expensive
into shape
can
can with
corrode
stand very
high
applied
force
can support
very heavy
load
Insulator
of electric
ity

Conducts
electricity
without
resistance when
cooled by liquid
nitrogen

Photocromic
glass

Glass
Glass
Transpare
Silver
nt
chloride or
Not
silver
sensitive
bromide
to light
Silver
Sensitive
to light

Fibre Optics

Glass with
low
refraction
index
Glass with
high
refraction
index

Fibre Glass

Glass
Polyster
Plastic

Transpare
nt
Does not
reflect
light rays

Glass
High
density
Strong
but brittle
Nonflexible
Polyster Plastic

Reduce
refraction
of light
Control the
amount of
light
passed
through it
auto
Has the
ability to
change
colour and
become
darker
when
exposed to
ultraviolet
light
Low
material
cost
Reflect
light rays
and allow
to travel
along fibre
Can
transmit
electronic
data or
signal,voice
and image
high
tensile
strength
moulded
and shaped
inert to
chemicals
light,

 light
flexible
inflamma
ble
elastic
but weak

strong,toug
h
nonflammable
imperme
able to
water
resilient
flexible

Types & Explanation of Composite Materials ( A Closer

Look)
REINFORCES CONCRETE

Concrete is hard, fireproof, waterproof, comparatively cheap

and easy to maintain. It is more important construction
materials. The reinforces is a combination of concrete and
steel.
SUPERCONDUCTOR

In normal electrical conductors such as copper metal, the

existence of resistance causes the loss of electrical energy as
heat. Furthermore, resistance increases as temperature
increases. Superconductors can conduct electricity with zero
resistance when they are cooled to extremely low
temperatures. Thus, superconductors conduct electricity
without any loss of energy. Metals such as copper can only
achieve superconductivity at a very low temperature (known
as the transition temperature). This low temperature can only
be achieved using liquid helium which is very expensive.
When a mixture of copper (II) oxide, barium oxide and
yttrium oxide is heated up, a type of ceramic with the
formula Yba. This type of ceramic, known as perovkite or
YBCO, can attain superconductivity at 90K. This temperature
can easily be attained by using the cheaper liquid
nitrogen.The metal oxides (CuO, Y2O3 and BaO) are all
electrical insulators. However, when they are combined to
form a composite, the composite is a superconductor that
can conduct very high current over long distance without any
loss of energy.
FIBRE OPTIC

Optical fibres are bundles of glass tubes with very small

diameters. They are finer than human hair and are very
flexible. Fibre optics is a composite material that can transmit
electronic data or signals, voice and images on the digital
format; in the form of light along the fine glass tubes at great
speed. A fibre optic consists of a core of glass of higher
refractive index enclosed by a cladding of lower refractive
index. A light wave entering the fibre will travel along the
glass tubes due to total internal reflection. In the field of
telecommunications, fibre optic is used to replace copper
wire in long distance telephone lines, mobile phones, video
cameras and to link computers within local area networks
(LAN). Fibre optic uses light instead of electrons to carry data.
Fibre optic carry more data (higher transmission capacity)
with less interference, has a higher chemical stability and a
lower material costs compared to metal communication
cables such as copper. Fibre optics can also send signals
faster than metal cables and occupies less space.
PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS

Glass is transparent and is not sensitive to light intensity.

Silver chloride or silver bromide is sensitive to light. When
exposed to light, these compounds decompose to form dark
silver particles.In photochromic glass, silver chloride (AgCl) or
silver bromide (AgBr) is embedded into the structure of glass.
Photochromic glass has the ability to change colour and
become darker when exposed to ultraviolet light. This
process occurs as a result of silver halide
crystals within the glass clustering together to absorb and
filter light. Silver halides are converted to silver and the glass
darkens. The photochromic glass will automatically become
clear again when the light intensity is lowered, where by
silver is converted back to silver halides. Photochromic glass
is used to make lenses that change from light to dark,
eliminating the necessity for a separate pair of sunglasses. It
is also used to make camera lens, car windshields,
information display panels, light intensity meters and also
optical switches.
FIBRE GLASS

Plastic is light (with low density), elastic, flexible, but is

brittle, not very strong and inflammable. Glass is hard and

strong but is brittle, heavy (with relatively high density) and

has a low compressive strength. When glass fibre filaments
are embedded in polyester resin (a type of plastic), fibre
glass which is strong, tough, resilient, flexible with a high
tensile strength is produced. It can also be easily coloured,
moulded and shaped.This material can also be bent without
cracking. It is also very light (low in density) and has very
good strength ratio, impermeable to water and is not
inflammable (does not
catch fire easily).

Uses of Composite Materials

Composite Materials

Uses

Reinforced Concrete

Construction of road
Rocket launching pads
High-rise buildings

Superconductor

Photochromic glass

Optical lenses
Glass windows

Fibre Optic

Electrical cables
Observe internal organs
without surgery

Transportation
Telecommunications
Astronomy industry
Medical field

 Protective apparel for

astronauts
and fire fighters

Fibre Glass

Reinforced Concrete :-

Fibre Glass :-

Photochromic glass :-

Fibre Optic :-

Superconductor :-

Conclusion

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
REINFORCED CONCRETE :-

The environmental impact of concrete, its manufacture and

applications, is complex. Some effects are harmful; others
welcome. Many depend on circumstances. A major component
of concrete is cement, which has its own environmental and
social impacts and contributes largely to those of concrete.
In spite of the harm that badly planned use of concrete can do,
well-planned concrete construction can have many sustainable
benefits. The cement industry is one of the primary producers
of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas.
Concrete is used to create hard surfaces which contribute to
surface runoff that may cause soil erosion, water pollution and
flooding. Conversely, concrete is one of the most powerful tools
for proper flood control, by means of damming, diversion, and
deflection of flood waters, mud flows, and the like. Concrete can
reduce the urban heat island effect, due to its high albedo.
Concrete dust released by building demolition and natural
disasters can be a major source of dangerous air pollution. The
presence of some substances in concrete, including useful and
unwanted additives, can cause health concerns due to toxicity
and radioactivity. Wet concrete is highly alkaline and should
always be handled with proper protective equipment. Concrete
recycling is increasing in response to improved environmental
awareness, legislation, and economic considerations.
Concrete dust
Building demolition and natural disasters such as earthquakes
often release a large amount of concrete dust into the local
atmosphere. Concrete dust was concluded to be the major
source of dangerous air pollution following the Great Hanshin
earthquake.
Handling precautions
Handling of wet concrete must always be done with proper
protective equipment. Contact with wet concrete can cause skin
chemical burns due to the caustic nature of the mixture of
cement and water. Indeed, the pH of fresh cement water is
highly alkaline due to the presence of free potassium and
sodium hydroxides in solution (pH ~ 13.5). Eyes, hands and feet
must be correctly protected to avoid any direct contact with wet
concrete and washed without delay if necessary.
Concrete recycling
Concrete recycling is an increasingly common method of
disposing of concrete structures. Concrete debris was once

routinely shipped to landfills for disposal, but recycling is

increasing due to improved environmental awareness,
governmental laws and economic benefits. Concrete, which
must be free of trash, wood, paper and other such materials, is
collected from demolition sites and put through a crushing
machine, often along with asphalt, bricks and rocks. Reinforced
concrete contains rebar and other metallic reinforcements,
which are removed with magnets and recycled elsewhere. The
remaining aggregate chunks are sorted by size. Larger chunks
may go through the crusher again. Smaller pieces of concrete
are used as gravel for new construction projects. Aggregate
base gravel is laid down as the lowest layer in a road, with fresh
concrete or asphalt placed over it.
Toxic and radioactive contamination
The presence of some substances in concrete, including
useful and unwanted additives, can cause health concerns.
Natural radioactive elements (K, U, Th, and Rn) can be
present in various concentration in concrete dwellings,
depending on the source of the raw materials used. For
example, some stones naturally emit Radon, and Uranium
was once common in mine refuse. Toxic substances may also
be unintentionally used as the result of contamination from a
nuclear accident. Dust from rubble or broken concrete upon
demolition or crumbling may cause serious health concerns
depending also on what had been incorporated in the
concrete.

FIBREGLASS :Fiberglass is a man-made mineral fiber that is widely used in America. First
produced in the 1920's, fiberglass became a popular substitute for
asbestos in the 1950's when some of the deleterious health effects from
asbestos were first becoming apparent. Due to the similarity in shape
between the fiberglass and the asbestos fibers, fiberglass was able to
effectively replace asbestos in many applications such as in electrical,
thermal, and acoustic insulation and in adding structural reinforcement
and heat resistance to a material. The similarities to asbestos, which have
allowed fiberglass to be so versatile, are also sources of concern for some
who suggest that fiberglass may also exhibit similar deleterious health
effects. There are three main types of fiberglass. Each type has different
physical dimensions and properties which effect the suitability for specific

applications and may also impact human health in different ways. These
types are continuous fibers (used in electrical insulation, cement and
plastics reinforcement), insulation wool (for thermal and acoustic
insulation), and special purpose fibers (used for heat resistance and lightweight materials). There is currently a great deal of debate concerning the
health effects of fiberglass. It is, however, agreed that fiberglass is an
irritant. Skin irritation is generally associated with thick fibers which can be
found in insulation wools and filamentous glass. Fiberglass may also cause
irritation of the eyes and throat. If the exposure is sufficient, fiberglass
may produce irritation dermatitis and difficulty in breathing, which will go
away once exposure has ceased.

FIBRE OPTICS
For most people, optical fibers are made "special" by what is inside them
the complex optical structures that enable them to preserve polarization in
sensors, harness high levels of pump energy in fiber lasers, or even the
advanced core chemistries that make them resistant to hydrogen
downhole, photo-darkening, or ionizing radiation. The odds of going blind
by looking into the broken end of an optical fiber are virtually nil, since the
broken surface tends to scatter the light coming through it. However, it is
possible for you to suffer injury by mishandling polished optical fibers, but
only under certain circumstances, including: 1. The light source must be
high-powered. Only the more powerful lasers are strong enough to cause
injury. For example, some Cable TV lasers are powerful enough to do
damage. 2. The beam of light exiting the fiber must be narrow.
PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS
The major environmental impact of glass production is caused by
atmospheric emissions from melting activities:
The combustion of natural gas/fuel oil and the decomposition of raw
materials during the melting lead to the emission of CO2. This is the only
greenhouse gas emitted during the production of glass.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) from the fuel and/or from decomposition of
sulphate in the batch materials can contribute to acidification and
formation of SMOG.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) due to the high melting temperatures and in
some cases due to decomposition of nitrogen compounds in the
batch materials also contribute to acidification.
Evaporation from the molten glass and raw materials can cause
release of particles in the atmosphere.
Other environmental issues are water pollution, the use of non renewable
natural raw materials such as sand and minerals, production of solid waste
and emission of volatile organic compounds (used in production of mirrors
and coatings).
Although a lot has already been achieved, further reductions in emissions
of SO2, dust particles, NOx and CO2 are still the main environmental
objectives for our flat glass activities. Minimising and controlling these
emissions in an integrated way is a complex matter. The development of
environmental techniques is still ongoing, and AGC Glass Europe actively

participates in the dynamic process of developing new techniques. Most of

these technologies, however, have disadvantages as well as advantages.
For example:
Switching from heavy fuel to natural gas reduces CO2 and SO2, but
increases NOx.
Some technologies that reduce NOx can cause an increase in CO2
when extra energy input is needed.
Technologies that reduce SO2 can produce non-recyclable waste.
Some technologies for reducing SO2 are not compatible with end-ofpipe de-NOx technologies.
Some technologies can affect the lifetime of the furnace or the
quality of the glass.

CONTENTS
Introduction
Types & Properties
Explanations ( Closer Look )
Uses of Composite Materials
Environmental Impacts
References
Conclusion

REFERENCES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of
_concrete
http://www.agc-glass.eu/English/Homepage/OurValues/Environment/Environmental-Report2014/Environmental-Impact/page.aspx/1656
http://ecmweb.com/content/dont-ignore-hazardsassociated-fiber-optics
https://www.einstein.yu.edu/administration/environm
ental-health-safety/industrial-hygiene/fiberglass.aspx
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_material