F.Sc.

/ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics

Chapter 3: Motion and Force

Motion: if a body is changing its position with respect to any observer then it is in motion.
Rest: if a body is not changing its position with respect to any observer then it is at rest.

3.1 Displacement:
The displacement is a change is the position of a body from its initial position to its final position. Its unit is meter (m). It is a
vector quantity given as:

Distance: the actual length of path on with a body has travelled. It is a scalar quantity. Its unit is meter (m)

3.2 Velocity:
Time rate of change of displacement is called velocity. It is a vector quantity. Its unit is m/sec. it is given as:

This is average velocity it does not tell us about the motion of the whole path so we take another term that is called
instantaneous velocity:
Instantaneous velocity: The limiting value of d/t as the time interval t approaches to zero. It is a vector quantity. Its unit is
m/sec
Or
The velocity of any body at any instant is called instantaneous velocity. It is given as
lim

Uniform velocity: if the instantaneous velocity does not change then the velocity is called uniform of constant velocity. It is a
vector quantity. Its unit is m/sec
Speed: the time rate of change of distance is called speed. Its a scalar quantity its unit is m/sec.

3.3 Acceleration:
The time rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. It is a vector quantity its unit is m/sec2 . it is given as:

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F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics

Instantaneous Acceleration: acceleration at any particular instant is known as instantaneous acceleration. Its a vector quantity.
Its unit is m/sec2 .it is given as:
lim

If the velocity is increasing then acceleration is also increasing and it is taken as positive.
It the velocity is decreasing then the acceleration is also decreasing and it is taken as negative.
Uniform acceleration: if velocity of the body changes by equal amount in equal amount of time then acceleration is called
uniform acceleration. It is vector quantity. Its unit is m/sec2 .

3.4 Velocity time graph:

Graph that show variation of velocity with time are called velocity time graphs. For example:

The average acceleration of the body is given by slope of velocity time graph.
The area under velocity time graph is equal to distance covered by the body.

3.5 Review of equations of uniform acceleration motion:

The following equation are only use when acceleration is uniform:

1
2

As gravity is also a constant acceleration so these equation can be used for motion under the action of gravity as:
"
2

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1
"
2

2"

F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics

3.6 Newtons Laws of motion:

First law of motion:
A body will not change its position or motion until any external force act on it to change. It is also known as law of inertia.
Inertia: the property of an object to maintain the state of rest of motion is known as Inertia. The mass of the object is a
quantitative measure of its inertia.
Inertial frame of reference: The frame of reference is which newtons first law holds is known as Inertial frame of reference. For
example: a frame of reference on Earth

Second law of motion:

The force applied on a body produces acceleration in its own direction. Mathematically it is given as:
#

Third law of motion:

Action and reaction are equal but opposite in direction. For example bouncing back to ball from any surface.

3.7 Momentum
The product of mass and velocity of any object is known as momentum. It is a vector quantity and its unit is (kgms-1). It is given
as:
%

Where m is mass of the body and v is the velocity of the body.

There is a relation between second law of motion and momentum.

Relation between Momentum and Second law of motion

Consider a body of mass m moving with an initial velocity of vi and a force F is acting on it for time t that change its velocity to
vf as acceleration is given as:
&'

____ (equation 1)

Also by newtons second law F=ma or

#
)

______ (equation 2)

Compare equation 1 and equation 2:

#
$

&

Or
$
Here $ & is final momentum and $
momentum is equal to applied force.

&

is initial momentum. Form above equation we can say that time rate of change of

Impulse
The product of Force and time is called impulse. For example when a ball hits the bat then it produces an impulse. It is given as:

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F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics

#

($

$ )

&

Isolated system: system on which no external force acts is called isolated system. For example gas enclosed in a cylinder at
constant temperature.

Law of conservation of Momentum

The total linear momentum of an isolated system remains constant.
Consider an isolated system of two smooth hard interacting balls of mass m1 and m2 moving in same line and same direction
with velocities v1 and v2 respectively as shown:

After interaction their velocity change. The velocity of ball m1 become v1 and ball m2 become v2 as:

Then the change in momentum of ball m1 is given as:

#,

$-

$-

.Equation 1

And change in momentum of ball m2 is given as:

#

$!

$!

Equation 2

Add equation 1 and equation 2.

(#,
Or

(#,

(#

#)

$$-

$-

$!

$-

$!

$!
$!

As according to 3rd law of motion F+F=0, so above equation become

0

$-

$-

$!

$!

Or
0

($-

$!

($-

$!

Or
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$!

($-

$!

F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics

Here ($$! ) is the total momentum before the collision and ($So this equation show that total momentum is conserved.

$!

) is the total momentum after the collision.

3.8 Elastic and inelastic Collision

Inelastic collision:
Collision in which Kinetic energy of the system is not conserved is called inelastic collision. For example collision of two tennis
balls with each other.

Elastic collision:
Collision in which Kinetic energy of the system remain conserved is called elastic collision. For example when a hard ball bounce
back from hard marble floor.
Note: Momentum and total energy is remained conserved in both inelastic and elastic collisions.

Elastic collision in one dimension:

Consider two smooth, non-rotating balls of masses m1 and m2 moving initially with velocity v1 and v2 respectively in the same
direction. They collide with each other and after collision their velocities changes to v1 and v2 respectively as shown in figure:

By applying law of conservation of momentum:

Total momentum before collision=total momentum after collision
so
($-

$!

($-

$!

Or
$- (

-)

$! (

! )..

(Equation 1)

As the collision is elastic so K.E. is also conserved as:

Total K.E. before collision = Total K.E. after collision
1
$
2 -

1
+ $!
2

1
= $2

, !
-

1
+ $!
2

, !
!

Or
1
($
2 -

($-

1
$
2 -

+ $!

!)

+ $!

!)

= $-

, !
-

+ $!

, !
!

1/2 will be cancelled form both sides so

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, !
-

+ $!

, !
!

F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics

Or
$-

, !
-

, !
!

$!

. (Equation 2)

As we know
-

, !
-

-)(

- ) and

$- (

- )(

$- (

, !
!

- )

( !

! )(

$! ( !

! )(

!)

so equation 2 become:

! )..

(Equation 3)

! )(

!)

Divide equation 3 by equation 1

- )( , )
,

$- (

-)

$! (

$! (

!)

Or
(

-)

! ).

(Equation 4)

Or
(

!)

( - ! ) is relative velocity of first ball relative to the second ball before collision and
relative to second ball after collision.
To find velocity of first ball after collision (

):

From equation 1
$-

$-

$!

$!

Or
$-

$-

$!

$!

! ..

(Equation 5)

From Equation 4
!

$!

- (Equation 6)

Put equation 6 in equation 5

$-

$-

$!

$! -

$-

$!

$!

Or
$-

$! -

2$!

Or
,

- ($-

+ $! ) = ($- $! )

+ 2$!

Divide by ($- + $! )
,

() ')1 )
0 2)1 )

= ()0

This is velocity of first ball after collision.

Now to find velocity of second ball after collision
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!:

!)1

+ ()

0 2)1 )

(Equation 6)

is relative velocity of first ball

F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics

Again from equation 1
$-

$-

, !
-

$!

, !
!

$!

$!

Or
$-

$-

$!

$-

$-

$!

$!

$-

$-

$!

! .

Or

$!

(Equation 7)

Now again from equation 4

-

! .

$- (

(Equation 8)

Put equation 8 in equation 7

$!

$-

!)

$-

+ ($!

$!

Or
$!

$-

$-

$-

$!

$-

!)

Or
$!

$-

2$-

Or
,

! ($-

+ $! ) = 2$-

+ ($! $- )

Divide by ($- + $! )
,

($- + $! )
2$=
($- + $! ) ($- + $! )

($! $- )
($- + $! )

Or
,

!)0
0 2)1 )

= ()

() ')0 )
!
0 2)1 )

+ ()1

(Equation 9)

This is the velocity of second ball after collision.

There are different cases of collision

Case 1:
When $- = $! Equation 6 shows
,

($- $- )
($- + $- )

2$($- + $- )

or
,

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(0)
($- + $- )

2$2$-

F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics

,

And equation 9 shows

,

It means velocities after collision interchange.

Case 2:

When $-

$! and

From equation 6 we see when $move with velocity of first ball.

$! and

0 then

become zero and

become

-.

It means second ball begin to

Case 3:
When light body collide with massive body (m1>>m2):
When m1 is very greater than m2 and v2=0 then first ball will begin to move in opposite direction after collision with its original
velocity and second ball will not move.

Case 4:
Massive body collide with stationary body: (m1>>m2 and v2=0):
Now after collision ,- - and , ! 2 - . It means that first ball will continue to move with its original velocity and second
ball will move with double velocity of first ball.

3.9 Force due to Water flow:

Flowing water exerts a force on objects. Suppose water strikes a wall with velocity v and comes to rest v=0. Now the change in
velocity is:
Change in velocity=final velocity intial velocity
Change in velocity = 0 v
Change in velocity = -v
From second law of motion force is equal to time rate of change of momentum or
4=

5 7"8 97 $:$87 ;$
9$8

Or
4=

$( )

This is the force exerted by wall on the water, so according to 3rd law of motion force exerted by water on the wall is equal but
opposite to this force. So force by water is given as:
4 = <

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==

F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics

9.10 Momentum and explosive forces:

Momentum in all type of explosive remains constant. For example when a bomb explodes into pieces the vector sum of total
momentum of these pieces is equal to momentum of falling bomb.
Consider when a bullet of mass m fired from a gun of mass M with velocity v then gun will bounce back with velocity v. Because
momentum before firing was zero so after firing momentum will also be zero as:
mv = momentum of bullet
Mv = momentum of gun
As total momentum is still zero so
$

>

Or
$
>

So the momentum of gun is equal to momentum of bullet, as mass of gun is very large than bullet so velocity of gun is very less
than velocity of bullet.

3.11 Rocket Propulsion

Rocket moves according to law of conservation of momentum and 3rd law of motion. In rocket gas is expelled downward of
rocket with a high momentum and according to law of conservation of momentum rocket will move with same momentum in
opposite direction (upward). As the mass of rocket is continuously decreasing due to decrease in fuel mass so the velocity of
rocket is continuously increasing.
Rocket has solid or liquid hydrogen and oxygen as fuel a rocket burns almost 1000kgs-1 fuel and eject it at speed of 4000ms-1. A
rockets 80% mass is due to its fuel.
Let m be the mass of gas ejected per second with velocity v relative to rocket then
Change in momentum per second of ejected gases= mv
As change in momentum per second is known as force. So
F

mA (Equation 1)

This force is acting on the fuel that is ejected from rocket. According to 3rd law the same force will apply on rocket of mass M
but in upward direction. This upward force is known as Thrust. So
BC;D = # = > . (Equation 2)
Compare equation 1 and 2
> = mA
Or
=

mA
>

So is the mass of rocket M decrease the acceleration of rocket will increase.

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F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics

3.12 Projectile Motion:

Projectile motion is two dimensional motion under action of gravity.
For example motion of football when a player kick it is a projectile motion.
Suppose a ball leaves a hand of thrower and follow the path as shown in figure:

Now the ball is moving in both horizontal and vertical axis. The velocity on horizontal axis is vx and velocity at vertical axis is vy .
Both the motions are independent of each other so we can use equations of motion to solve this motion. Ball moves horizontal
with constant velocity vx so the total distance on horizontal axis is given as:
E

The vertical motion is under the action of gravity so it will change with time. Hence intial velocity is zero
So
" !
!

We can resolve this motion into vertical and horizontal motions as:

So horizontal velocity vx is
F

cos K. (Equation 1)

And vertical velocity is given as viy is given as:

L

sin K. (Equation 2)

And final velocity at vertical axis is:

L

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sin K

"

F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics

gt shows that vertical motion is decreasing.
Magnitude of total velocity is given as:
N

And angle of resultant velocity is given as:

L

tan K

Maximum Height of Projectile:

It is the maximum vertical distance travelled by body. At maximum height vfy=0
According to equation of motion
2

Now S is the maximum height denoted by H and a is acceleration of gravity denoted by -g and vfy=0. So above equation
become
2"Q =

Or
L

Q=

2"

Put value of viy from equation 2.

!

Q=

sin! K
2"

Time of flight:
It is time taken by body to hit back the same vertical level. Here total vertical distance is Zero.
As from equation of motion:

Here S=0 (total vertical distance) and a=-g. so our equation become:
0=

1
"
2

Or
1
sin K = "
2
Or
2

sin K
=
"

This is the time of flight.

Range of projectile:
The total horizontal distance covered by body is known as range of projectile. It is given as:
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F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics

R 7"8

Put value of t and vix

R

cos K

sin K
"

Or
R=

(2 sin K cos K)
"

As 2 sin K cos K = sin 2K so

R=

sin 2K
"

When angel is 45 then Range is maximum.

Application to ballistic Missiles:

Unpowered and unguided missile is called ballistic missile and path followed by it is called ballistic trajectory.
Ballistic flight is a flight in which projectile is given an initial push and then it moves freely due to inertia under the action of
gravity.
Its trajectory is parabolic, and it is only use for short range targets.

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