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Avoidbrittlefractureinpressurevessels
03.01.2011|Khazrai,F.,ChagaleshConsultingEngineers,Tehran,IranHaghighi,H.B.,ChagaleshConsultingEngineers,Tehran,IranKordabadi,H.,ChagaleshConsulting
Engineers,Tehran,Iran

Keypointsidentifyeffectsfromautorefrigerationonsteelvessels
Keywords:[corrosion][metallurgy][welding][reactors][vessels][alloys][steel]
Duringanemergency,equipmentfailureoraplannedmaintenanceevent,hydrocarbonprocessingindustry(HPI)pressurevesselsarenormallydepressurized.Thisaction
maycauseautorefrigerationandlowmetaltemperaturesituationsinwhichthelikelihoodofbrittlefracturemayoccurinsteelvesselsandreactors.Thiscasehistory
describestheresultsfromasimulationregardingautorefrigerationeffectsonHPIreactors.Thestudyalsoincludedinvestigationonbrittlefracturephenomenonand
recommendationsforaproactiveengineeringapproachtomitigatesuchfailures.Keypointshighlightedfromthestudyare:
Althoughtheprocessfluidtemperaturefromautorefrigerationdropsto86C,consideringthevesselsmetalmassheatcapacityandambienttemperature,theshort
termvesselminimummetaltemperaturedoesnotbecomecolderthan28C.Therefore,selectingexpensivematerialofconstructioncanbeavoided.
ComplyingwiththeASMErulesorotherinternationallyrecognizedcodesforminimumrequirementsiscrucialtothestructuralintegrityofapressurevessel.However,
proactiveengineeringpracticesandprecautionspertainingtothedesign,materials,fabrication,nondestructiveexaminationsandoperationarealsorequiredtoensurethat
thevesselsareresistanttobrittlefracture.

Processengineering
Thiscasestudyfocusesonagasfieldproductionfacility,whichusesseveralseparationvesselsandastabilizationunittoobtaindewpointcontrolforthenaturalgas
productsandRvpcontrolledcondensateproducts.Theprocessvesselsoperateasthreephaseseparatorscontainingvapor,lightliquidhydrocarbonsandheavyliquid
phase.ThestudyfocusedonthesimulationanddesignofthreeinterconnectedseparationvesselsV100,V101andV102(Fig.1).

Fig.1.Flowdiagramofthreevesselsforthe
separationprocessofthegasplant.

SinceinaccordancewithAPI521,allprocessequipmentwithoperatingpressurehigherthan18bargmustbedepressurizedincaseofanincidence,thefluidpressure
shouldbereducedto6.9bargandtheblowdownlinesincludingtherestrictedorificeweredesignedbasedondepressurizingto6.9bargwithin15minutes.4Inpractice
duringdepressurizationandblowdownevents,theactualvesselfluidpressuredropsfromoperatingpressure(initialpressure)downtoalmostatmosphericpressure(final
pressure).Thegeneralassumptionsandprocessdesignbasisparametersusedinthesimulationinclude:
Minimumambienttemperatureof13Cistheminimumoutermetalwalltemperatureofthevessels
PVworktermcontributionisdefinedasisentropicexpansionefficiencyandassumedas100%(aconservativeassumption)
Constructionmaterialiscarbonsteel
OtherdesignbasisparametersarelistedinTable1.

Thefirstsimulationwasdonewithoutincludingthevesselsmetalmass.Inotherwords,thecontrolvolumeofdepressurizationstudywaslimitedtothefluidinsidethe

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vessel,andthemetalwalltemperaturewasassumedtobethesameastheinventoryfluidtemperature.Also,thetemperaturedifferencebetweenvaporandliquidwas
assumedtobenegligible.Table2liststhefinalfluidtemperaturesobtainedinthefirstsimulation.
Intheseconddepressurizationsimulation,themetalmassofeachvesselwasincludedinthecontrolvolumeofthemodel.Table3showstheresultsofthesecond
simulationbasedonthemetalmassvalues.AsshowninTable3,thecalculatedinnerwalltemperaturesareconsiderablyhigherthanthecalculatedfluidfinaltemperatures
listedinTable2fromthefirstsimulation.

Thesimulationworkindicatesthatincludingthemetalmassheatcapacityintoevaluationincreasestheaccuracyofestimatedminimummetaltemperatureofthevessels.
Consequently,moreaccuratevesselwalltemperaturesaidcosteffectiveselectionofconstructionmaterialsfortheseparationvessels.

Mechanicalengineering
AllthreeseparationvesselsweredesignedusingASMECodeSectionVIII,Division2.Table4liststhedesigndatafortheseparationvessles.5

MDMTofvessels.
Theminimumdesignmetaltemperature(MDMT)ofavesselistheminimummetaltemperatureinwhichthevesselcansustainitsfulldesignpressurewithouthavingtobe
impacttested.Whenthevesseloperatesatpressureslessthanitsfulldesignpressure,concessionsonMDMTareallowedbasedonASMESectionVIII.Table5liststhe
resultofMDMTcalculationsforthisstudysvesselsbasedonASME,SectionVIII,Div.2.
Minimumallowabletemperature(MAT),asdefinedinAPI579,isthelowest(coldest)permissiblemetaltemperatureforagivenmaterialandthicknessbasedonits
resistancetobrittlefracture.Itmaybeasingletemperatureoranenvelopeofallowableoperatingtemperaturesasafunctionofpressure.6TheMATisderivedfrom
mechanicaldesigninformationandmaterialspecification.MATatdesignpressureisMDMT.
Lowestmetaltemperature(LMT).LMTasdefinedandusedinthisarticleisthelowestmetaltemperatureduetotheoperatingconditionandminimumambient
temperature.TheLMTmaybeasingletemperatureatanoperatingpressureoranenvelopeoftemperaturesandcoincidentpressures.Actually,theLMT,inthiscase,is
derivedfromthecalculatedinnerwalltemperatureduetothecontainedprocessfluidtemperatureandalsotheminimumambienttemperature.TheLMTsofthevessels
coincidentwithfinalpressures(afterdepressurizationandblowdown)areshowninTable6.

AsshowninFigs.24andTable6,theLMTsforallofthevesselsatthefinalpressureaswellasothercoincidentpressuresareonthesafesidebasedontherulesand
designphilosophyofASMESectionVIIIDiv.II.Althoughthecoderequirementshavebeensatisfied,furtherconsiderationsandprecautionsarerequiredtoensurethe
designandconstructionofthevesselsareresistantagainstbrittlefracture.Severalkeyfactorsincombinationcancontributetobrittlefractureofsteelvesselsaproactive
engineeringapproachisrecommended.

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Fig.2.LMTcurveforvessel,V100,during
depressurizationevent.

Fig.3.LMTcurveforvessel,V101,during
depressurizationevent.

Fig.4.LMTcurveforvessel,V102,during
depressurizationevent.

Brittlefracturephenomena
Themajorconcernforlowtemperaturevesselsisbrittlefracturephenomenon,whichcanbeacauseforvesselfailure.Manymetalsloosetheirductilityandtoughnessthey
becomesusceptibletobrittlefractureasthemetaltemperaturedecreases.Atnormalorhighertemperatures,awarningisnormallygivenbyplasticdeformation(bulging,
stretchingorleaking)assignsofpotentialvesselfailure.However,underlowtemperatureconditions,nosuchwarningsofplasticdeformationaregiven.Unfortunately,an
abruptfracturecancauseacatastrophicevent.
Onlymaterialsthathavebeenimpacttestedtoensuremetaltoughnessatoraboveaspecifiedmetaltemperatureshouldbeused.However,certainparagraphsintheASME
PressureVesselCodeapplyingtolowtemperaturevesselsindicatewhenimpacttestingmaynotberequiredforapressurevesselcomponentmaterial(impacttest
exemptions).Ingeneral,fourmainfactors,incombination,cancausebrittlefractureofsteelvessels.Thesefactorsarerepresentedintheformofbrittlefracturesquareas
showninFig.5.Thefactorsthatcontributetothebrittlefractureofcarbonorlowalloysteelpressurevesselsarereviewedbrieflyhere:

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Fig.5.Brittlefracturesquareaffectingcarbon
andlowalloysteelsatlowtemperatures.

Lowtemperature.
Ametaldependingonitstoughnesspropertyhasatransitiontemperaturerangewithinwhichitisinasemibrittlecondition(ductiletobrittletransition).Withinthis
range,anotchorcrackmaycausebrittlefracture(notchbrittleness).Abovethetransitionrange(warmer),brittlefracturewillnothappenevenifanotchexists.Belowthe
transitionrange(colder),brittlefracturecanhappeneventhoughnonotchesorcracksmayexist.3Althoughthetransitionfromductiletobrittlefractureactuallyoccurs
overatemperaturerange,apointwithinthisrangeisselectedasthetransitiontemperaturetodelineatetheboundariesofductileandbrittlezones.Oneofthewaysto
determinethistemperatureisbyperformingmanyimpacttestsontheconstructionmaterial.

Loading.
Thetypeandlevelofmechanical/thermalloadingwillaffectthevesselssusceptibilitytobrittlefracture.Dynamicloadingassociatedwithcyclicmechanical/thermalor
impactloading,asopposedtoquasistaticloading,isabrittlefracturecontributingfactor.Furthermore,shockchillingeffects,definedasrapiddecreasesinequipment
temperatures,canbeacauseforbrittlefracture.6Basedonthestresslevelsapplied(inaquasistaticloading),componentmaterial,effectivethicknessandminimummetal
temperature,ASMESectionVIII,Divisions1and2presentcriteriaforvesselcomponentmaterialimpacttestrequirementsand/orexemptions.

Susceptiblesteel.
Susceptibilityofsteelsdependsonseveralparameterssuchaspoortoughness,materialflaws(cracksandnotches),corrosionvulnerability,largethickness,etc.:
Steelcomposition.Steelswithlowercarboncontent(C)areproventohavehighertoughnessatlowertemperatures.Also,phosphorous(P)presentinsteelsdecreases
thetransitiontemperatureofsteelandimprovesweldability.Ingeneral,steeltransitiontemperatureisafunctionofcarboncontentpercentplus20timesthepercentageof
phosphorous.Furthermore,addingnickeltosteelcanincreasesteeltoughnessanddecreaseitstransitiontemperature.Stainlesssteel304with8%nickelcanresistimpact
loadsat320F.Furthermore,sufficientlylowcarbonequivalentscontributetotheweldabilityofthematerial(reducinghardnessandcoldcrackingsusceptibility)and,
thus,makingmetalcrackfreegirthwelds.4Selectingtheappropriateweldingmaterialalsoisadeterminingfactortoensureacrackfreeweld.3
Steelstructure.Acorrelationwasdevelopedbetweensteelstructure(microstructureandgrainsize)andfracturetoughnessbynumerousfracturetoughnesstestsat
differentlowtemperatures.Basedonthiscorrelation,steelswithcoarsegrainedmicrostructureshavelowertoughnessatlowtemperaturesascomparedtosteelswiththe
finegrainedmicrostructure.Duringan1999incidencewithahighdensitypolyethylene(HDPE)reactor,abrittlefractureoccurredatatemperatureof12Cina24in.
flangeofASTMA105materialthathadacoarsegrainmicrostructure(ASTMgrainsizenumber5to6ferritepearlitemicrostructure).1a
Hydrogencracks(hydrogeninducedcracksorsocalledflakes).Whenhydrogenatomsdiffuseintothemetalduringmaterialmanufacturingoperationssuchas
forming,forgingandweldingorwhenhydrogenisintroducedtothemetalthroughagalvanicorhydrogensulfide(H2S)corrosionprocess,themetalispronetohydrogen
cracks.
Therearevarioustechniquestopreventhydrogencracks,includingappropriateheattreatmentsorslowcoolingafterforging,inwhichthehydrogenwithinthemetal
diffusesout.Inthecaseofwelding,usuallypreheatingandpostheatingareappliedtodiffuseoutthehydrogenandtopreventanycracksandbrittleness.
Environmentalstressfracture.SteelsexposedtocorrosivefluidssuchaswetH2S,moistairorseawaterarepronetoprematurefractureundertensilestresses,
considerablybelowtheirfracturetoughnessthreshold.Suitablesteelmaterialsshouldbeusedwhenexposuretocorrosivefluidsispossible.

Crack/stressrisers.
Steelvesselswiththickerwallshaveagreaterprobabilitypotentialforbrittlefractureduetothelargerthermalgradientacrossthewallthickness.Thickermetalwallscan
resultindifferentialexpansionofmaterialacrossthewallthicknessandcouldpossiblyleadtoacrackoccurrenceandeventuallybrittlefracture.
Stressraiserssuchassharporabrupttransitionsorchangesofsections,cornersornotches(asmaybefoundinwelddefects)asaresultofdesignorfabrication
processesareallstressrisers,whichcancausestressintensification.Theweakpointsarepronetobrittlefracturewhenothersusceptibleconditionsexist.

Proactiveengineering
Basedonthebrieftechnicalinformationgivenhere,severalproactivemeasurescanensureresistanceofcarbonorlowalloysteelvesselsagainstbrittlefractureunder
quasistaticloading:
Designpressurevessels,ifjustifiable,byanalysisinaccordancewiththeASMESectionVIII,Div2part5,orotherinternationallyrecognizedcodesthatresultinlower
wallthicknesses.
Ordervesselmaterialsfromreliableandcapablemanufacturers.Keyvesselcomponentsstillrequireattentiontoproperheattreatment,avoidinghydrogencracks,quality
control,etc.
Specifyfinegrainsteelmaterialswithappropriatespecificationsandrequireproductiontestsforplate/piece(fromthesameheat)ifanimpacttestisnotrequested.
Ensurethatthesteelwithfinegrainmicrostructure/toughnessissupplieddonotrelyjustonthematerialcertificates.Also,conductimpacttestsontestpiecestoverify
requiredtoughness.
Takebenefitoftherecommendationscontainedinthedocumentindicatedinreference1fororderingpipeflangesmadeinforgedsteelcomplyingwithASTMA105.
Askthematerialmanufacturerforeffectiveconstruction/fabricationmethodssuchasvacuumdegassingtopreventhydrogencrackformationinthemetalandrequire
stringentnondestructiveexaminationsandqualitycontrol.
Donondestructivetesting(NDT)toidentifycracksorrejectmaterialswithdetectablecracks.

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Eliminatestressrisers,atthedesignandfabricationstages
Verifyfullpenetrationweldswithadequatetoughnessusingappropriateweldingmaterial/processesandrequireweldprocedurequalificationandproductionweldtest
specimensforboththeweldandheataffectedzoneforeachweldprocess.c
Conductpropervesselpostweldheattreatment(PWHT),preferablyinafurnaceinonepiecewheneverpractical,andexamineheataffectedzonehardnesstoensurethe
beneficialeffectsoftheperformedPWHT.d
PerformthevesselhydrostatictestinaccordancewiththerulesoftheASMESectionVIIICodeorotherinternationallyrecognizedcodes.b
Applycontrolofoperationproactively,wheneverpractical,(e.g.,afteradepressurizingtoensurethatthevesselmetaltemperatureissufficientlywarmpriortore
pressurization).
Aproactiveengineeringprogram,asenvisionedinFig.6,canincorporatethelistedmeasuresduringvesselsdesign,procurementandconstructionstages.HP

Fig.6.Proactiveengineeringprogramin
designingandmanufacturingvesselstoavoid
brittlefracturefromautorefrigeration.

NOTES
aResearchwasconductedbytheBelgianInstituteforWeldingTechniquesonpipeflangesmadeinforgedsteelcomplyingwithASTMA105.InJune2002,thestudy

producedaseriesofrecommendationsfornewflangesaswellasflangesalreadyinservice.1
bThebeneficialeffectofahydrostatictestisthatcracklikeflawslocatedinthecomponentarebluntedresultinginanincreaseinbrittlefractureresistance.6
cRequiringfullpenetrationwouldminimizeanyhighlylocalizedstresses(especiallyatCategoryCandDjoints)thatcanhavedeleteriouseffectonthevesselsabilityto

resistbrittlefracture.2
dCarbonequivalentintermsofweldingisarateofweldabilityrelatedtodifferentalloyingelementsincludingcarbon,manganese,chromium,molybdenum,vanadium,

nickelandcarboncontent,whichaffecthardnessofthesteelbeingwelded.
eFracturetoughnessisanimportantpropertyofanymaterialforvirtuallyalldesignapplicationsitindicatestheabilityofamaterialcontainingacracktoresistfracture.
fProperPWHTreducesresidualstresses,improvestheresistanceofthehardheataffectedzonetoenvironmentalcracking,andimprovesthetoughness.

LITERATURECITED
1 RecommendationsforpipeflangesmadeinforgedsteelcomplyingwithASTMA105,July2002,ChemicalRisksDirectorate,TechnicalInspectorate,Administration

ofLaborSafety,FederalMinistryofEmploymentandLabor.
2Rao,K.R.,CompanionguidetotheASMEBoiler&PressureVesselCode.
3Brownwell,L.E.andE.H.Young,ProcessEquipmentDesign.
4PressurerelievingandDepressuringSystems,ANSI/APISTANDARD521,FifthEdition,January2007.
5 2007ASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode,SectionVIII,Division2,AlternativeRulesforConstructionofPressureVessels.
6FitnessForService,API5791/ASMEFFS1,June5,2007,Part3.

Theauthors

FaramarzKhazraihasworkedasamechanicalengineerforover30yearsintheareasofpiping,staticequipmentandmachinery.In1986,hejoined
ChagaleshConsultingEngineers,Tehran,Iran,andsupervisedmechanicalengineeringactivitiesofseveralhydrocarbonprocessingprojects.Currently,he
isthemachinerydepartmenthead.HegraduatedfromtheSharifUniversityofTechnologywithBSdegreeinmechanicalengineeringin1972.

HamedBasirHaghighiisamechanicalengineerspecializingintheareaofstaticequipmentengineering.Hehasparticipatedinvarioushydrocarbon

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Avoidbrittlefractureinpressurevessels|HydrocarbonProcessing|March2011
processingprojectsatChagaleshConsultingEngineerssince2001.Currently,heisthestaticequipmentprojectspecialtyleaderandalsoproject
engineeringmanager.Hisfieldsofspecializationaredetaildesignofstaticequipment,compositematerialselectionandfiniteelementmethod.He
graduatedfromAzadUniversityofTehranwithBSandMSdegreesinmechanicalengineering.

HojatKordabadi,asaprocessengineer,hasparticipatedinthedesignofvariousprocessplantspertainingtothehydrocarbonprocessingindustry.He
joinedChagaleshConsultingEngineersin2007andhasworkedintheprocessengineeringdepartmentasaprojectspecialtyleader.Heistheauthorof
threetechnicalpaperpublishedintheChemicalEngineeringJournal(April2005,December2007,September2008).HeholdsaBSdegreeinchemical
engineeringfromAmirKabirUniversityandaM.S.degreeinchemicalengineeringfromShirazUniversity,Shiraz,Iran.

Abtin
01.21.2016

GoodArticlethanksforsharingtheknowledge.
Ithink,inFig6,LMT>MATiscorrect,sincebothofthemarenegativenumbers.
Abtin

AntoinetteRenouf
02.21.2015

DearFaramarz
IainandIaresogladtohearthatyouhaveasuccessfulcareerinengineering.Youwerealwaysagoodstudent.Perhapsyoucouldemailme
forapersonalchat?

Robert
09.20.2014

WearetryingtoidentifyifitispossibletoconvertaSstampedpressurevesselwhichisNBregisteredforaapplicationinwhichitwouldbe
usedforhydrocarbonprocessing(conversiontoaseparator)
thevesselsinquestionarenewunitsandareratedforhightemperatureapplications.IstheiranythingintheCodethatpreventsSstamped
vesselsfrombeingusedforhydrocarbonapplicationspecifically.DoestheASMESStampmeetorexceedtheASMEUstamporarethey
bothdesignedforseparateapplication?

Mounir
05.01.2013

referringtothearticle,myunderstandingisthatordinarycarbonsteelisstillrecommendedforlowtemperatureserviceof28C.ineeda
confirmation.

FlowTechEquipments
04.12.2013

Ihaveregisteredmycompanyprofileinyourcompanyonlyinthenearpast.Butresultsareveryfruitfulandproductive.Thankstoyour
greatservice.
MycompanySitehttp://www.flowtechequipments.com

04.15.2011

AsoneoftheauthorsofthisarticleIwouldliketomentionthatthearticleactuallydoesnotclaimA105isasuitablematerialforlow
temperatureapplication.ASTMstandardstatesthatA105istobeusedforambienttemperatureandhigher,butitdoesnotindicatewhich
ambienttemperatureonourearth.ASfaraslowtemperatureisconcernedIbelievethearticleisquitemoreconservativethanASMEsection
8orASTMA105.Readingthereference1(literaturecited)ofthearticleishighlyrecommended.
FaramarzKhazrai
Iappreciatethecomments.

04.12.2011
Iwouldbepleasedtosummarizemyunderstandingfrom"ASMEVIIIDivision2"forthiscaseinparagraphbelow:
Asexplainedinsection3.11.2.7,"VesselsorcomponentsmaybeoperatedattemperaturescolderthantheMDMTstampedonthename
plate",butnotlowerthan104Candunderspecificconditions.Actually,MDMTisafunctionof"DesignLoad"whichincludespressure
andseveralotheritems.AsIseeit,thedecreasingtheDesignLoad,theMDMTreduces.
IagreethatreviewthedynamicofDesignLoadwouldbeovercollaboratedasageneralprocedurealso,someconsiderationsinDesign
Philosophy(i.g.Repressurizing)donotallowpressuredsystemstobeoperatedbelowMDMTstampedonthenameplate.Indeed,this
paperisareviewforamoresophisticatedmaterialselectionthatisapplicableinspecialcasessuchasBrownfieldprojects.
HKordabadi

04.09.2011

04.06.2011

AsoneoftheauthorsofthisarticleIwouldliketomentionthatthearticleactuallydoesnotclaimA105isasuitablematerialforlow
temperatureapplication.ASTMstandardstatesthatA105istobeusedforambienttemperatureandhigher,butitdoesnotindicatewhich
ambienttemperatureonourearth.AsfaraslowtemperatureapplicationisconcernedIbelievethearticle(inproactiveengineeringpart)is
quitemoreconservativethanASMESection8codeorASTMA105.Readingthereference1(literaturecited)ofthearticleishighly
recommended.
RegardingthecommentsofD.M.Barnyonthisarticle,thoughtheASTMstandarddirectlyindicatesA105specificationcoversambientand
highertemperatureserviceinpressuresystem,theambienttemperatureofmanyfacilitiesduringwintertimemayreachaslowas30oCor
lower.ASTMdoesnotindicatewhichambienttemperature.

concise,clearandtothepoint
04.06.2011
Goodarticleforamechanicalengineerlikeme...tounderstandwhattheprocessiscooking

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03.25.2011

03.21.2011

03.21.2011

Avoidbrittlefractureinpressurevessels|HydrocarbonProcessing|March2011
Gentlemen:
ThedefinitionofMDMTgiveninthearticleisnotwiththeASMECodedefinition.
Otherwiseveryinterestingarticle,thankyou!
Regards,
OlegA.Barsky,P.E.
Ihadafreetimetoreadthecontentofthisarticleanddecidedtowritefollowingcomments:
1HowtheauthorscanclaimthatA105isasuitablematerialforlowtemperatureapplications?IbringtheirattentiontotheASTMstandard
whereitdirectlyindicateA105canbeonlyusedforambientorabovetemperatureandnotlowtemperature.
2TheauthorshavespecifiedsomeconditionsforusingA105in"proactiveengineeringpart".Ishouldnoteifwearetouseamaterialwith
theseconditionsthenwesurelyusealowtemperatureoneandnotasimplecarbonsteel!
3Idonotknowiftheauthorshaveseentheimpacttestresultsfortheordinarycarbonsteelmaterialsinthelaboratory?Theresultsshow
theabsorbedenergyofbetween37Jforthetemperatureintherangeof5to10degree.Therefore,IamreallyindoubtifwecanuseA105
orequivalentmaterialforlowtemperatureapplications.
ThankyouandIremainwith:
KindRegards,
D.M.Barny
Ihadafreetimetoreadthecontentofthisarticleanddecidedtowritefollowingcomments:
1HowtheauthorscanclaimthatA105isasuitablematerialforlowtemperatureapplications?IbringtheirattentiontotheASTMstandard
whereitdirectlyindicateA105canbeonlyusedforambientorabovetemperatureandnotlowtemperature.
2TheauthorshavespecifiedsomeconditionsforusingA105in"proactiveengineeringpart".Ishouldnoteifwearetouseamaterialwith
theseconditionsthenwesurelyusealowtemperatureoneandnotasimplecarbonsteel!
3Idonotknowiftheauthorshaveseentheimpacttestresultsfortheordinarycarbonsteelmaterialsinthelaboratory?Theresultsshow
theabsorbedenergyofbetween37Jforthetemperatureintherangeof5to10degree.Therefore,IamreallyindoubtifwecanuseA105
orequivalentmaterialforlowtemperatureapplications.
ThankyouandIremainwith:
KindRegards,
D.M.Barny
thanksmrbassirhaghighi,hamed

03.08.2011

PleasereadourTermandConditionsandPrivacyPolicybeforeusingthesite.Allmaterialsubjecttostrictlyenforcedcopyrightlaws.
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