Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by
Cordova, Mark Joseph M.
Gan, Benjamin Franklin
Delos Reyes, Jayson Z.
Mateo, Lawrence Ray
Maupoy, Jhon Paul C.
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Essential checking for our well-being is important in order for us to keep track of
our health status. This study entitled Supplementary Pneumonia Detection via X-ray
Images through MATLAB is designed to providespecialists a more effective and
convenient way of detecting pneumonia.
Based from the data gathered by the researchers, radiologists are having a hard
time on detecting pneumonia accurately due to the lack of proper equipments which leads
to misdiagnosing of disease. With the help of the advancement of computer technology,
medical experts incorporate the use of image processing to deliver concrete results
through chest X-ray. Image processing techniques are widely used in several medical
fields for image enhancement in earlier detection and treatment stages of the
patients.However, the traditional manual procedure of chest X-ray is still not enough to
produce a high accurate result because of image quality illumination.
From the stated facts above, the proponents came up with the idea of incorporating
the used of matrix laboratory (MATLAB). The proposed system is a supplementary
device that will capture chest X-ray films and digitized the image to be transferred to
MATLAB software. It will employ lung segmentation, extraction and selection. The
proposed system will have a constant database stockpiling that will store pictures for
further investigation of the result.
Specific Objective
The proposed system is capable of capturing images from a chest X-ray which
includes buzzer to detect whether the X-ray is properly attached to the hardware and
ready to be captured. The suggested dimension of the input will be 14x7 inches which
will also be used on the testing of the hardware. The system will also make use of
Arduino Uno board with ATMEGA 383 microcontroller that will control and send the
capture images to the computer. The image format that the proposed system will produce
will have an extension of JPEG or JPG format so it will be supported by MATLABs
formats for import and export.
The operating system that will be used in this project shall not be lower than
Windows 7 with an Intel or AMD x86 processor supporting SSE2 instruction set. The
recommended RAM should at least be 2048MB and the Hard Drive space should be 1GB
for MATLAB only and 3 to 4GB free space is needed for MATLAB installation. The
MATLAB version that will be used will not be lower than version 7.10.0.499 (R2010a).
The proposed system is limited only on detecting patterns of pneumonia and does
not include other diseases. If the chest X-ray of the patient does not have any signs of
pneumonia, it will be categorized as healthy or if the system determines other patterns
that is not the same with pneumonia, it will be categorized with other disease.
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is designed to provide a pneumonia detection system via X-ray images
through MATLAB. It will be very beneficial for doctors and lab technicians as it can be
used to diagnose patientswith pneumonia faster and accurately to produce reliable results.
This study is also relevant for students especially for medical students in order for
them to gain more knowledge about pneumonia and also about the field of radiology.
They can used this study as a reference or research material to further investigate the
methods of detecting pneumonia.
The study will also be significant for future researchers who will also attempt to
conduct future study about pneumonia detection as it will serve as a good reference for
the development of their study.
1.6 Definition of Terms
Conventional is based on or in accordance with what is generally done or
believed.
Database is a structured set of data held in a computer, especially one that is
accessible in various ways.
Digitized is to put data (images etc.) into digital form.
Employ is to use something to work; to make use of.
Extraction is the action of taking out something, especially using effort or force.
Image Processing is the analysis and manipulation of a digitized image, especially
in order to improve its quality.
MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) is a multi-paradigm numerical computing
environment and fourth-generation programming language developed by MathWorks.
Misdiagnosis is an incorrect diagnosis due to some medical malpractice and or
errors.
Radiation is the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving
subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles that cause ionization.
Radiologist are medical doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating
diseases and injuries using medical imaging techniques such as x-rays, computed
Chapter 2
Review of Related Works and Literature
2.1 Foreign Literature
2.1.1 HIRA-TAN: A real-time PCR-based System for the Rapid Identification of
Causative Agents in Pneumonia
Takashi Hirama, Shohei Minezaki (2013).HIRA-TAN: A real-time PCR-based system for
the rapid identification of causative agents in pneumonia, Odaiba, Japan.
According to this article written by Mr. Takahashi Hirama and Mr. Shohei
Minezaki, the case of pneumonia is increasing the past centuries and was notably the
main cause of deaths by many. Different medical tests such as antigen tests and paired
antibody titers etc. all failed to know and identify the reason of the causative pathogens of
the disease. According to them, in order to effectively identify the causative pathogens of
pneumonia, a quick identification using the HIRA-TAN system will allow the medical
experts to come up for the selection of solutions for pneumonia.
The identification of pneumonia using the HIRA-TAN system really helps the
medical experts in various ways such as for the selection of antibiotics, a quick scans and
in producing accurate results.
children who has weak immune system. This type of infection quickly spreads in the lung
area of the body. To diagnose pneumonia, medical experts uses the power of image
processing technology like the chest X-ray. Using the chest X-ray images, the doctors can
effectively identify pneumonia by looking at the pattern in the chest X-ray result from the
patients. Because of its effectiveness in identifying difficult illnesses, chest X-ray was
then used to detect several diseases not only pneumonia.
The researchers also added that using feature extractions like WPT, WFT and
DWT can also be used in detecting the disease. This method according to them produces
more accurate result than the rest of the known methods of pneumonia detection.
disease. To distinguish pneumonia from other illnesses of the patient, medical experts
make use of the chest CT scan or by the use of other tests that also make use of image
processing techniques.
The author also stated that chest X-ray is a very helpful test for identifying
pneumonia when it comes to difficult scenarios during diagnosis. Chest X-ray helps in
exposing pneumonia patterns to be able to identify clearly by medical experts.
create the most effective algorithm for pneumonia symptoms detection, the developer
combined all the patterns that were acquired during the development phase.
Furthermore, during the software testing and debugging the developer make use
of the candy software as a simulator for the cellular neural networks in detecting
pneumonia symptoms. The software was tested using the 23 amounts of chest X-rays
samples with grayscales which is an indication of symptoms of pneumonia.
According to the research done by the experts in the said area, when the children
develops pneumonia, some parents do not take them to hospitals because of various
reasons, this is due to financial problems and the lack of knowledge.
In conclusion, a stable and good connection to medical institutes is significant in
order to prevent pneumonia earlier.
However, despite of the success of the trial, the researchers stated that there are
still works to be done.
2.2.5 Respiratory Viruses from Hospitalized Children with Severe Pneumonia in the
Philippines
Hazel B. Galang (2012). Respiratory Viruses from Hospitalized Children with Severe
Pneumonia in the Philippines, Tacloban City, Philippines.
In this article, the study of the researcher revolves around investigating respiratory
viruses from hospitalized children with severe pneumonia. According to this article, over
the past 20 years, pneumonia is still the main cause of deaths by young patients. It was
because the symptoms from pneumonia cases remains undefined by experts due to the
lack of proper equipment until now.
In Eastern Visayas Regional Medical Center in Tacloban City is the place where
this study is conducted. The researcher has a target population of 819 patients who were
involved in this study. The goal of this study is to be able to identify the nature of
pneumonia by investigating the patients who have a symptoms of pneumonia. To begin
the research process, the researcher uses samples which is composed of children with
ages 9 days to 15 years old who were transferred into the Pediatrics Department. These
children are positive with severe pneumonia viruses and are voluntarily enrolled
themselves to be part of the research being conducted by the researcher.
After the admission of the patients, the researcher performed the polymerase reaction by
using some blood samples. The detection of these respiratory viruses and bacteria helps
the researcher to identify the severity stages of the symptoms of pneumonia from patients
who are infected by pneumonia viruses.
According to the researcher, pneumonia viruses and symptoms are very common
to the young adults in the Philippines. So, a quick and effective pneumonia detection
system is very necessary to aid the patients.
2.3 Foreign Studies
2.3.1 Computer-Aided Tuberculosis Detection in Chest Radiographs: A Survey
NyeinNaing, Htike, Khan, Shafie (2014).Computer-Aided Tuberculosis Detection in
Chest Radiographs: A Survey, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
In this study, the researchers conducted a study about the investigation of a PC
supported conclusion framework for computerized examination of mid-section x-beam
for recognizable proof of pneumonic tuberculosis. The study stresses to give the
progressions of tuberculosis order from x-beam pictures, for example preprocessing.
The principal goal of the picture preprocessing is not just to enhance the nature of
the picture additionally to lessen the undesired segment from the foundation of the
pictures. The vast majority of pre-handling strategy connected the force estimation of
neighborhood pixel for getting the brilliance power estimation of the information
pictures.
2.3.2 Towards the Detection of Abnormal Chest Radiographs the Way Radiologists Do It
Alzubaidi, Patel, Panchanathan, Black (2010). Towards the detection of abnormal chest
radiographs the way radiologists do it,Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
mid-section, and bronchoscope are all considered. In real life use, conclusion taking into
account the flow of accessible information and clinical tests and experiments.
During emergency unit tests, basically sick patients frequently experience midsection registered tomography filtering to help in analysis. Past medical tests had shown
the ability of proposed electronic nose to recognizepatients who were in danger of
pneumonia ventilating-related stuffs and the capacity of the proposed electronic nose to
distinguish respiratory pathogens in vitro 89. According to this study, it is was assumed
that the proposed electronic nose is failed to detectbreathed out unpredictable atoms from
patients breaths.
2.3.4 Detection of Pneumonia using Free-Text Radiology Reports in the Bio Sense
System
Asatryan A. (2010). Detection of Pneumonia using Free-Text Radiology Reports in the
Bio Sense System, Science Applications International Corporation, USA.
The study is about the development of the real-time disease detection system
using the electronic data sources. According to the study, the cases of patients who are
positive with symptoms of pneumonia are getting bigger and alarming each year. A rapid
pneumonia detection system is needed in order to provide radiologists a faster way to
diagnosis and detect the symptoms of pneumonia. The proposed study aims to develop a
system that can be used to send text radiology reports to medical experts for quicker
detection of pneumonia.
In order to test the reliability of the proposed system, the researcher tested the
program using the electronic radiology to send text reports. A computer algorithm was
used that searches for selected programmed keywords.
study is to develop a system that can be used to detect paddy diseases such as the Paddy
Blast, Brown Spot, and Narrow Brown Disease. The study focuses on the image
processing techniques used in enhancing image qualitiesand the techniques of neural
networks to identify the paddy disease.
The system development methodology used by the researchers during the image
processing includes pre-processing, segmentation and classification. The researchers put
the paddy samples through the RGB till proceeding to the binary conversion. After
having identified all the paddy samples as normal or with patterns of paddy disease, the
segmented paddy disease sample then converted by the researchers into binary data. In
order to recognize the paddy diseases with passing accuracy rates, employing neural
technique is necessary.
Chapter 3
Research Methodology
3.1 Overview
The proposed system is designed to provide radiologists a supplementary
pneumonia detection system via X-ray images through MATLAB. The system aims to
help specialists to produce accurate results in detecting pneumonia.
The graphical user interface of the proposed system is composed of six buttons:
the Scan Image button, Start Processing button, View Test Result button, Reset button,
Help button and the Exit button.
The ideal set up of the proposed system will be discussed in the succeeding parts
of this chapter.
3.2 Conceptual Framework
INPUT
X-ray scan image
MATLAB capture image
LED-light indicator
PROCESS
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
OUTPUT
Result with diagnosis
LCD display
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 presents the conceptual framework of the proposed system. The figure
shows the input-process-output of the project. The system input includes the user and the
patients chest X-ray that will be employed into the machine. In the process stage, is
where the captured image will be processed by MATLAB to perform image
enhancement. The system output is where the result will be display in the graphical user
interface of the system that has the option to store image into the database that can be
used for future reference.
3.3 Block Diagram
Chest X-ray
Image
(Digitized
Image)
MATLAB
(Image
Processing)
Segmentation
Extraction
Selection
Processed
Image
(Result)
Figure 3.3.1 shows the functional block diagram of the supplementary pneumonia
detection system via X-ray images through MATLAB. The figure shows the principal
functions of the systems which are represented by the blocks. According to this diagram,
the chest X-ray will be digitized and will be placed into the MATLAB machine. The
chest X-ray will then undergo image processing to be able to scan the X-ray image
thoroughly by performing image segmentation, extraction and selection.
CAPTURE IMAGE
FEATURE
FEATURE
FEATURE
EXTRACTION
SEECTION
FIND
MATCH
CLASSIFICATION
Y
WITH OTER DESEASE
PNEUMONIA
HEALTHY?
Y N
DISPLAY POSSIBLE
POSITIVE OF
DISPLAY
DISPLAYOF
PNEUMONIA
POSSIBLE OF OTHER
HEALTHY
ILLNESS
YN
END
Figure 3.5.1 shows the software diagram of the proposed system. First, digitized
chest X-ray image will be uploaded to the system and prepares for processing. Next, preprocessing stage will be performed wherein the image will undergo with image
enhancement. After the pre-processing stage, the image will undergo with lung
segmentation. Then, the segmented lungs will undergo to feature selection wherein target
areas in the lungs will be selected. After feature selection, it will undergo to feature
classification to determine if the targeted areas in the lungs are classified as healthy,
positive with pneumonia, positive of pneumonia with other disease, and positive of other
illness. Once feature classification is done, the output will be displayed in the graphical
user interface of the system.
FLOWCHART
START
CAPTURE IMAGE
PROCESSED IMAGE
RESULT
(The Output)
END
through a scanner to digitize the input image. The digitized chest X-ray image will now
be imported into the system and store the digitized X-ray image to start processing.
3.6 Test Procedures
Step 1: The proponents will place the x-ray film on the Illuminator
Step 2: The camera will take a picture of the x-ray film
Step 3: The proponent will check whether the image is received by the
database
Step 4: The proponent will check the output that will be shown by the GUI
Step 5: The output will serve as the input on the proposed projects output
Step 6: Repeat Steps 1 to 5 until the number of trials are reached
3.7 Ideal Setup
(a)
(b)
Figure 3.7.1 shows how the prototype will work and how it will function during
the operations. x-ray films will be placed on the illuminator and then an image capturing
device will be present at which its output will be placed directly to the software device
and perform the algorithms necessary to analyze the image for further investigation.
3.8 Hardware Components
Figure 3.8.1 shows the Arduino Uno Board that will be used by the proposed
system. It is a microcontroller board based on the Atmels ATMEGA328 microcontroller.
It is the latest in a series of USB (Universal Serial Bus) Arduino board. It has 16MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, a reset button, 6
analogs inputs and 14 digital input/output pins of which 6 pin can be used as PWM
Figure 3.8.2 shows the microcontroller unit that will be used on the proposed
system. The microcontroller unit consists of 4K/8K bytes of in-system programmable
flash with read-while-write capabilities, 256/412 bytes EEPROM along with the
512/1K/2K bytes of SRAM. It has 23 general purpose input/output, 32 general working
registers, 3 flexible timer/counters with compare models, internal and external interrupts
and a serial program USART. It has a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, an SPI serial
port, a 6-channel 10 bit ADC, a programmable watch-dog timer with an internal oscillator
and 5 software-selectable power saving mode.
Figure 3.8.3 shows the presentation of USB to serial bridge controller PL2303
which will be used by the proponent that can operate as a bridge between one USB port
and one standard RS232 serial port. It comprises of 9 ports input signal, 5 ports output
signal, 9 power/ground connection and 5 ports bi-directional signals.
Figure 3.8.4 represents an N-channel MOSFET transistor that will be used by the
proponents.
A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is a flat, as shown in figure 10, thin display
device consisting of any number of pixels aligned in front of a reflector or source of light.
The group will be using a Philips 2 by 16 LCD to be able to display if the patient has
possible pneumonia or possible of other illness which were displayed on the LCD.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
,v
is
defined as,
v=
Pa(1Pa)
n
Where:
Pa = percent agreement
n= Required number of subjects
that exceeds the desired value. Since the smaller the number of subjects
the better, the optimal subject is given by,
n=
1
E2
Where:
E= Desired error margin
n=400 sample
PaPe
1Pe
Where:
k = Cohens Kappa value
Pa , and the
concurring are found as in chi-squared test, by row total times column divided by
grand total.
Generally, a Kappa has a range of 0 to 1.00 values, with larger
values indicating better reliability. Benchmarking the result is essential for
communicating the results reliability. And also provides guidelines to assist
practitioners with the use of agreement statistics. Landis and Koch ( 1977)
proposed an extend agreement that can be qualified as Poor , Slight, Fair,
Moderate, Substantial, and Almost Perfect depending on the magnitude of
Kappa. A kappa value of 40% to 60% indicates a moderate agreement level, 60%
to 80%, and 80% to 100% indicates substantial and almost perfect agreement
levels respectively.
Sample no.
...
400
Rater 1
Rater 2
Table 1 Sample data for identifying the agreement between doctor's output and proposed project's
output
p = pneumonia
h = healthy
po = pneumonia with other disease
o = other disease
Rater 1
Rater 2
Row Totals
po
p
h
po
o
Column Total
Table 2 Contingency table for the proposed output
Table 2 represents the rating of each 400 samples that has been
arranged and will be tallied to this contingency table. Agreements between the two raters
will be set in one of the diagonal cells. Differences between raters will be set in one of the
off-diagonal cells. Next is by computing the row totals which sum across the values on
the same row and column totals which is sum across the values on the same column of
the observed frequencies.