TEMPUS

FEBRUARY
ISSUE 1
2016

Title
Luptur? Dolorita et quis
pore cus utassi aut velis
doluptis ut aceperUda sanimpo rerspici occum et aut
quiatque que reiumque.

GOD WILLS IT!

Luptur? Dolorita et quis pore
cus utassi aut velis doluptis ut
aceperUda sanimpo rerspici
occum et aut quiatque que
lorem ipsum reiumque.

The Third Tittle

RICHARD THE LIONHEART

Luptur? Dolorita et quis pore cus utassi aut velis doluptis ut aceperUda
sanimpo rerspici occum et aut quiatque que lorem ipsum reiumque.Od
maximporat officia pel imet et, te pelit doloreratur,

Luptur? Dolorita et quis pore

cus utassi aut velis doluptis ut
aceperUda sanimpo rerspici
occum et aut quiatque que
lorem ipsum reiumque.

TEMPUS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
B&D

GWI

ACRE

Jaffa

- Bloodshed and
Defeat-

- God Wills It -

- Fourth title -

- The Forth Tittle -

The Battle of the Horns of

Hattin took place on July 3rd
and 4th of 1187 which lead to
the Fall of Jerusalem which
lasted from September 20th
to October 2nd of the same
year. It is said that the bloodshed of Hattin and the defeat
of Jerusalem is what prompted the third crusade.

THe fall of Jerusalem left

European Christians in a state
of confusion and panic. Pope
Gregory VII saw the loss to be
the result of their sins and so
amongst this chaos arose the
call for the third crusade

Em. Hende nectur, et quis at.

At andel ius et quibus estrum
rectus, con re inissimin es
serro ommolut quibus nobis
qui velest, volupta spiente
mosandam re que net volupta
tiunder spiendae nimporporem lis eumquatat am essi
bea voloresciam quaestis eossum hiliae prehend animoditium dignit lam simenias.

Ucipsus, odigenda qui voluptate optas sam rae. Itas que

sapedi sam adi duciis esto
dolor aut re aut dolorit atumquo distibus dolute ne atur re
corum hiciet volupid igenit,
nestota speliquod quistio
volorit ioriore pudam, sa velectotas eium quas endis endi
omniminum acienisquunt
offic temquae consediaspe.

- P AG E 4 -

- P AG E 6 -

- P AG E 1 3 -

- P AG E 1 5 -

2 TEMPUS

Conrad

Letters

Q&A

profile

- The Fifth Tittle -

- The Sixth Tittle -

- The Seventh Tittle -

- The Eighth Tittle -

Tem voluptaspe volupturi

des at atiumen imagnatia pe
nusam, officta temporunt, et
et faciist emperum id esequam ad maiones ad quidio
eaquam qui volesequia aut
quidenihicae omnimil iquamen imporiae. Omnis aut ut
latquiatium idero es de liasit,
quam eum et ommodi ideris
ditis derempe lesten

Ipici sitis que necus et que

mod magnis eatation por
ad quam eic totatem que
poratem nimenis dessimus
pore dolorerione perchiligent volo tetur, omnim il id
molendiHicid qui sequae. Ut
ex et aligent ut et perum veratquaerum ressimo sseditas
aut evendam eaquiatqui te
volo blabo. Git acculli.

Em. Hende nectur, et quis at.

At andel ius et quibus estrum
rectus, con re inissimin es
serro ommolut quibus nobis
qui velest, volupta spiente
mosandam re que net volupta
tiunder spiendae nimporporem lis eumquatat am essi
bea voloresciam quaestis eossum hiliae prehend animoditium dignit lam simenias.

Ucipsus, odigenda qui voluptate optas sam rae. Itas que

sapedi sam adi duciis esto
dolor aut re aut dolorit atumquo distibus dolute ne atur re
corum hiciet volupid igenit,
nestota speliquod quistio
volorit ioriore pudam, sa velectotas eium quas endis endi
omniminum acienisquunt
offic temquae consediaspe.

- P AG E 1 8 -

- P AG E 2 0 -

- P AG E 1 9 -

- P AG E 2 6 TEMPUS

The bloodshed of Hattin

& defeat of Jerusalem
by Jessie Deng

nder the rule of Baldwin IV in Jerusalem,

Baldwin had created a
treaty with Saladin which permitted Christians and Muslims
to commerce. However that was
terminated when Reynald de
Chatillon, the Prince of Antioch
began a bombardment of caravans only after he marched an
army of three hundred to Mecca,
vowing to destroy the tomb of
Mohammed an islamic prophet
(Williams 161). This bombardment would soon be used as
an excuse to attack Christians
by Saladin (al ad-Dn Ysuf
ibn Ayyb). On July 4th, 1187 the
Horns of Hattin had been the location of a truly appalling battle
between the Christian Crusaders
of Guy De Lusignan, the King of
Jerusalem and the Muslim forces of Saladin. As Saladin left the
grounds of Hattin with a victory,
little did he know that he too left
with Jerusalem on his fingertips

4 TEMPUS

(Madden 72). Therefore leading

to the abolishment of the word
by the Holy Leaders in Jerusalem
and the need of signaling Europe
for the need of a third crusade.
Harassment began
shortly after Guy de Lusignan
was appointed King of Jerusalem, who happened to be
after Baldwin V the six year old
king, and two after Baldwin IV.
Guy was subjected to his peers
chanting that he was incompetent, a coward, and afraid.
Ultimately, King Guy De Lusignan had lost his battle against
peer pressure and had gathered
approximately twenty thousand
men, including twelve hundred
heavily armored knights (Madden 74), and set foot towards
Tiberias the capital city of
Galilee where Saladin had began
a six day siege. (Williams 165). On
the morning of July 3rd, 1187 the
summer flare blinded the eyes of
the Crusaders who had departed

from La Safouri. The army split

into three divisions; the senior
knight and commander who
had the most experience on foot
Raymond of Tripoli, with him,
a vanguard of Hospitallers at
the front (Reston 52). King Guy
De Lusignan and the True Cross
were in the centre. Following
him, the baron of the most
acclaimed house in the Latin
Kingdom, Gerard of Ridfort who
supervised the Templars at the
rear alongside of Balian of Ibelin
(Reston 52). Dehydrated from
the scorching heat, the battalion
moved six miles with a steady
clip. As the Crusaders arrived at
the village of Turan, where the
Spring of Cresson was located,
known to be one of the largest
water sources, they had selfishly
devoured the water although it
was poisoned and depleted by
Saladins troops (Phillips 128).
This struck Guy De Lusignan
with a critical decision-to

pursue with a push towards

Tiberias with the midday heat
or to stay in the oasis and get
hydrated. Raymond of Tripoli is
revealed to have said It is better that my city of Tiberias fall,
and my wife and all I possess
be taken by the Saracens, than
that the whole land be lost: for
certes, if you go that way, lost
it is (Lane-Poole 154). Although
Raymond is a highly decorated
soldier, due to arrogance and
pride, Guy allows the Master of
the Temple Gerard of Ridfords
word to convince him to proceed with the advance towards
Tiberias.
To prevent a Frankish
retreat, Saladin swung back by
the thousands thus depriving
the Christians of water. Furthermore, the Frankish army
had suffered harassment from
Saladins horse archers. However, instead of meeting the
enemy, the Crusaders pushed

The Saracen decision of an attack on

the northern wall of
Jerusalem.

further into Saladins trap. As the

nightfall arrived, Saladins army
lurked closer. Arriving at an
extinct volcano with twin peaks
that overlooked the Palestinian
village of Hattin (Horns of Hattin), the Crusaders decided to
set up camp. The next morning,
on July 4th 1187 the Muslims
had decided to set fire to the
sere grass and added scrubs
thus launching a battle. When
it begins, Raymond of Tripoli
cries out who can get through
may go, since the battle is lost
(Reston 55). Taking advantage
of an open gap Saladins army
had made, Raymond of Tripoli
escapes the battle alongside of
Balian of Ibelin to Tiberias. Furthermore, without anything to
do Some men had tried to rush
towards Lake Tiberias for water,
only to be killed off by Saladins
men that were ordered to block
the path of the lake. Some say
that the crusaders were parched
with heat and toil that they got
off their horses and threw themselves down on the scorched
grass in sheer despair. (LanePool 158). And as the Kings tent

falls, it marks a victory for the

Saracens.
Among the prisoners, King Guy De Lusignan was
taken before Saladin apace with
Reynald. Seeing the thirst of his
prisoners, Saladin offered a cup
of water to the king as a sign of
reassurance that he is protected
under the rule of Moslem hospitality (Williams 167). This rule
clearly states that a stranger
who receives drink or food is
protected by the host, therefore
he cannot be executed. Not
knowing the rule, Guy passes
the goblet to Reynald who is not
protected under the Moslem
rule and he greedily drinks from
it. Saladin breaks out in laughter
It was he, not I that gave that
man a drink. (Lane-Pool 158) For
previously, Saladin had sworn
to behead Reynald with his
own hands, and he does so with
satisfaction. Guy, trembling at
the sight is consoled by Saladin
for It is not the custom of kings
to slay kings; but that man has
transgressed all bounds, so what
happened, happened (LanePool 158).

Jerusalem loses its
ability to wage war and its
power to defend itself because
the King is gone (Allen 155) Thus
paving the way for Saladins
conquest of Jerusalem. September 20th, 1187 the Saracens
reached Jerusalem. For five
days, the Moslems had encircled Jerusalem looking for a
weak spot, choosing a northern
section of Jerusalem to attack.
There was a brutal exchange of
arrows and fire followed, both
sides suffered heavy losses.
Soon after, the outer defenses
were breached, the Saracens
had begun to mine the walls.
Balian had requested a meeting
with Saladin where they came
to an agreement. The Moslem
shrines were threatened to be
destroyed and the inhabitants
of Jerusalem who were Moslem
were to be killed before Saladin
could capture it. The sultan had
offered terms; everyone was
to be ransomed within forty
days or to be treated as a slave
(Phillips 133). Men were freed
with ten dinars, women for five,
and children for two. Balian had

agreed to these terms and Jerusalem was officially surrendered

on October 2nd 1187. With this,
Balian had offered thirty thousand dinars for seven thousand
of the poorest citizens and this
was approved (Williams 169).
In addition, those who were
elderly that could not pay the
ransom were freed. Saladin had
conquered Jerusalem.

The fifteen hundred
Christians who were captured
and remained uncompensated
were sold to the highest bidder
in Damascus. It was said that
there were so many slaves being
sold that the price had reached
an all time low (Williams 169.)
In addition, Saladin decides to
reopen Jerusalem to Christian
pilgrims for a fee. Hearing the
news of Jerusalem, Pope Urban
III collapses in the Lateran
Palace and never recovers. It becomes evident that he died due
to the anguish of Jerusalem.

TEMPUS

THE THIRD CRUSADE

GOD WILLS IT!

BY ASHLEY QUIGAO

The Fall of Jerusalem left European

Christians in a state of confusion and
panic. Pope Gregory VII saw the loss to
be the result of their sins and so amongst
this chaos arose the call for a third crusade.

6 TEMPUS

TEMPUS

July 4th 1190, King Richard I of England marches from Vzelay on his stallion.

he crusaders defeat at

journey of hero and villain with

In addition, it is believed that

tians were living a life of sin

Hattin and the fall of

added twists.

Pope Urban III(1185-87), before

whether it was lust, murder,

the Holy city spread like

his death, had actually drafted

adultery, gluttony, and the worst

News of the fall of the

wildfire across eastern Chris-

Holy City reached Western

the Audita tremendi, though

of them all greed, according to

tians, who in desperation sought

Europe in early autumn and

it was estimated to have been

Pope Gregory VIII, the loss of

help from the west, in particular,

opened with an outbreak of rage

drafted during the time of Pope

the Holy City was the result. It

King Henry II of England (1154-

and sorrow. With this emotional

Gregory VIII(1187)s election days

was truly a beautifully craft-

89). Henry, responded to their

turmoil sinking in, this soon

eight days before. Pope Urban III

ed document that imposed a

plea for help but was much too

resulted in many with the desire

supposedly did so upon hearing

seven-year truce throughout

distracted at the home front,

to take up the cross and fight for

the capture of Jerusalem and

Europe to concentrate of the Le-

trying to end a civil war with

Jerusalem. Only ten days after

became overwhelmingly heart-

vant. To emphasize the amount

his two sons. This plea, for help,

word hit the public, Pope Greg-

broken that it drove him to his

of influence the letter had began

was the seed that set the stage

ory VIII(1187) had been already

very own deathbed on October

with the recent events that

for the call of the Third Crusade.

begun to send out the word to

20, 1187. With the Church deeply

happened in Palestine and how

Casting Henrys son Richard,

begin a new crusade. This ap-

sadden by the loss of their be-

these events were the cause of

King Philip of France, and King

peal spread throughout Europe

loved pope, soon was well when

Christian behavior. Thus, the

Frederick Barbarossa of Germa-

in the form a letter, the Audita

Pope Gregory VIII succeeded

letter offered a way for Chris-

ny as the main lead in the quest

Tremendi. The Audita Tremendi

Pope Urban III on October 21

tians to redeem for their sinful

to save the Holy Land. What now

was one of the most influential

ways and ended the letter listing

awaited these men was a classic

documents in crusading history.

(Riley-Smith 137).

As at this time Chris-

8 TEMPUS

the many privileges crusad-

ers would receive, including a

With that said, Joscius, the

the word and gaining more re-

One individual, in par-

sumptuary claus to further peak

Archbishop of Tyre under the

cruits. That resulted in hundreds

ticular, was entirely moved by

the interest of the public. All Eu-

defence of Conrad of Montfer-

of new recruits as the months

a crusade sermon and decided

ropeans had the right to fight in

rat set sail in late summer to

passed by (Williams 175).

to take arms December 1187.

the war or contribute to the war

Sicily in the search to increase

Hearing that Henry

This man was none other than

by other means. Some of which

the defence in the East from the

favoured his younger son John

the king of Germany Frederick

included purification, fasting,

West. Soon after Joscius, then

more than Richard, caused

I Barbarossa. Frederick was a

prayer and ensuring the amount

sailed to Rome in October, from

him to start a war against his

man of seventy years, tall stat-

of supplies needed in the war

there he went to meet with King

own father. Even managing to

ure with an athletic physique to

effort.Under those circumstanc-

Henry II of England and Philip II

ally with his own brother, they

match and a strong personality

es, the letter was a huge success

of France at Gisors. This meeting

planned a way to overthrow

that complimented him greatly

inspiring people to pick up arms

scheduled to discuss the terms

their father in the hopes he

(Riley-Smith 139). In addition,

and fight for the Holy City in

of a truce between the two

would give up his crown. From

he was an intelligent man who

the name of Christ (Madden 79).

countries. Once in agreement,

there this brought the recent

lived and breathed for military

Henceforth, this letter was an

they both took up the cross,

relationship between England

strategy and was highly adapt-

important step in the devel-

following procedures they had

and France to an all time low.

able in any situation. How far

opment of the crusade, as the

previously done in the Second

Born and raised in France,

his commitment to the move-

papacy was now associating

Crusade. Moreover, the two

Richards strong desire for the

ment was conventional piety,

the success of war directly with

kings decided that each of the

throne was as questionable as

or speculative and associated

the spiritual health of Christiani-

crusading nations would wear

his alleged hatred for England.

with conceptions of the duty

ty(Riley-Smith 137).

a designated colour: the English

Especially after Richard chose to

of emperors to defend Chris-

Europe was now on

White and Flemish green, the

side with the King of France in

tendom, or even influenced

board with the crusade, there

French red etc. The truce was

1189 overall resulting in an open

by the idea of the last Christian

was an overwhelming response

signed on January 21, 1188,

revolt. Sadly the feud came to

emperor who would rule Jeru-

from its participants some

planning to start the expedition

an abrupt stop when Henry II

salem before the advent of the

which were immediate while

by Easter of 1189. Now, together

died on the July 6, directly after

others were stalled. Early on

the issue that faced them was

he made settlement plans for

Anti-Christ(Riley-Smith 139).

Having been in the

after the fall of Hattin, there was

supplies and transportation

the crusades with Philip. A few

Second Crusade, it was easy to

an immediate response from

(Riley-Smith 138).

months then followed and on

see why the immediate reaction

Conrad of Montferrat younger

Meanwhile back over

September 3, Richard was finally

seemed courageous at the time.

brother of William Longsword.

in Europe Henry and Philip had

crowned the King. Months of

Notably Frederick after making

Who arrived in the city of Tyre

just proposed Saladin Tithe. At

delay for the expedition became

land arrangements strategically

and took over the citys defense

the same time, it was a bril-

a reality to the crusaders and

through Europe in Regensburg,

just in time that he saved the

liant idea, this was, in fact, no

protest among the people rose,

he finally was set to march on

city before it could surrender

mere government tax, taking

if they were even going to get

the 11 May 1189 (Williams 176).

its walls to Saladin. Conrad was

about a tenth of an individuals

to fight by early spring. Even

He saw the events in the east as

a known across Europe for his

income. To demonstrate, sure

though Richard had taken up

an economic loss as trade for

bravery and military ability

all individuals of both countries

the cross long before his father

goods and spices were on the

as he had taken his vows as a

were taxed, but anyone who

did, the protest of the people

line. Frederick split his massive,

crusader several years before.

tried to cheat or failed to meet

pushed him to carry out the

well trained, well-equipped

Had Conrad not been there to

the amount were to be excom-

expedition. Finally around

army in two and allowed for

save Tyre one of few remaining

municated from the Church and

November, Richard decided to

one-half to travel by sea across

Palestinian cities under Chris-

cast into exile from the Christian

meet Philip at Vezelay on 1 April

the Mediterranean and the rest

tian rule as he did, winning the

Kingdom. Also, the tax was to

1190. Shorty after the date was

by land through Asia Minor

crusade against Saladin would

paid in the presence of a Tem-

pushed further on to July 1. The

hoping to surpass any damage

have been far more difficult than

plar knight, a priest, the local

gradual interest and the re-

to his army. Though the passage

it already was. With that said,

committee, and a Hospitaller.

sponse Richard and Philip gave

through Asia Minor proved to

though his efforts were imme-

Alongside the success of the

was nowhere in comparison to

be a difficult and unsuccessful

diate, brave, and successful this

tax were the crusading preach-

the immediate response to that

route since the trials of the First

did not stop Saladins mission

ers that continuously traveled

of the German crusaders during

Crusade. Frederick had one

(Madden 78).

throughout Europe spreading

the delay in Europe (Madden 79).

of the largest armies to ever

TEMPUS

God Wills It Continued.

We, however, place the love of God and His honour above our own and above the acquisition of many regions
Richard I of England
death nobody really knows how

defense of Conrad de Montfer-

he ended up in the river. Some

rat. The city of Tyre served as

say it was because he wished to

a stronghold for the Battle of

take a swim on a hot day, ending

Acre, particularly after King Guy

planned envoys Fredericks plan

return all hostages and provide

the Germans with provisions and
transportation across Hellespont.
This was one obstacle that could
not stop Frederick in his quest to
the Holy Land (Madden 81).

with a fatal heart attack, others

Lusignan was released from

seemed to be going accordingly.

By April 25, 1190, the

say that he was pushed or fell

captivity in June 1188 promising

Supplies, crew, and the army

Germans finally arrived in the

from his horse on accident.

Saladin never to take up arms

seemed more than ready to face

Turkish lands. Frederick of

Whatever the reason did not

against him. This vow did not

what awaited them in the Holy

course before he arrived made

matter to the Germans, their

last as it eventually led to the

Land. Sadly not everything goes

sure he was promised safe pas-

great leader was dead in the

battle at Acre (Madden 83).

as planned and Frederick had to

sage through any country on the

most unfortunate way possible.

Meanwhile, Henry

face a few bumps in the road on

journey towards the Jerusalem.

As a result, Frederick the Duke of

died in July and Richard was

his conquest (Madden 80).

At last Frederick I set
out from Regensburg on the 11
May 1189, to the Holy Land.
Traveling with his son, a majority
of German nobles, and a massive
crusading army, everything was
perfectly aligned in the quest to
save the Holy Land. Upon his
arrival in the Byzantine Empire,
he was surprised to see all the
markets closed and no apparent
preparation for his arrival. On top
of that, his men were being harassed and some even were taken
hostage by the Byzantine empire.
Angered, Frederick sent a letter
warning Isaac that if he did not
cease his actions, Frederick would
attack the Byzantine territories.
Isaac responded to Fredericks
letter calling a negotiation so long
as Frederick relieve himself of
his imperial title. Sadly, Isaac
quickly changed his mind refusing
to help upon as he still was in
alliance with Saladin. Consequently, Frederick had his army
captured Adrianople, the capital of
Thrace in February 1190. The loss
of the city, quickly changed Isaacs
mind to finally surrender the city,

In this case, he was promised

Serbia who was with Frederick

crowned a few months later

safe passage through Turkish

on the crusade tried his best to

that the matter between the two

land by Kilij Arslan II the sultan

lead the distraught army to the

countries was settled. Having

though this promise proved to

Holy Land but was unsuccessful.

almost run both countries to

be worthless. A planned attack

For this reason, the most men

the point of bankruptcy due to

from the Turkish proved to be

sailed home while a few stayed

Saladin Tithe, drove Richard to

only a stop gate. With Iconium

to continue their quest under

sell almost anything he could.

captured and the crusaders

the command of Duke Frederick.

It was not until a year, later on,

victorious, this left Kilij with

As supplies depleted rapidly this

July 4, that both Kings actually

no choice but to surrender and

left the remaining German army

set sail and left Vezelay. Philip

promised safe passage once

vulnerable to the Turkish troops

agreed to leave with Richard,

again. Taking the chance over

that followed the army to kill of

so long as all the conquests of

the captured city, the Germans

stragglers (Madden 82).

the crusade would be shared

replenished themselves before

When news of Fred-

between them. Instead of the

setting out across the coastal

ericks death arrived in Europe

regular land route, they planned

plains of the Mediterranean

many people saddened and

they agreed it was best to travel

(Riley-Smith 139-140).

disappointed at his attempt.

by sea. Philip then sailed to

Once Frederick arrived

With help from the West now

Genoa to resupply and prepare

at the River of Sale in Cilia,

gone, and the fact that Richard

for his arrival in Tyre. While

tragedy struck the German cru-

and Philip are still on the way.

Richard marched down south to

saders. According to the many

All hope of saving Jerusalem at

Marseilles to await his own fleet.

documented events, Frederick

this pointed looked upon the

Unfortunately, Richards fleet

drowned in the river on 10 June

remaining Christian strong-

came much later than expected

while on horseback. Though

holds. One of which was the city

as they docked in Portugal to

with the many variations of his

of Tyre which was under the

fight Muslims. Irritated, Richard

leave Europe at the time of the

crusades. With a promised passage through Hungary, Serbia,
and the Greeks sent by pre-

10 TEMPUS

decided to hire his own small

was released from his marriage

patched his own defence troops

to Tyre refusing to help the cru-

fleet and sailed to Sicily where

to Alice. Now, Richard was to

to stop Richards advances.

saders in by any means possible.

he heard his crusading fleet was

marry Berengaria the daugh-

Richard did not hesitate and im-

Along that Philip soon retired

staying for the winter to meet

ter of king Navarre, chose by

mediately planned and executed

back to France, finished with the

up with them (Riley-smith 140).

Everything had changed

Richards mother Queen Eleanor

a charge on the Cypriots. Isaac

crusading adventure (Madden

of Aquitaine in the hopes to

was found three days later in

89).

drastically when Richard arrived

stabilize their relationship with

the forest, there to discuss and

The task at hand was now left

in the Norman kingdom of Sicily.

Spain (Williams 178).

negotiate terms. So, Isaac to pay

for Richard to complete in

As William II, the King of Sicily

Soon after Philip and

restitution for all confiscated

the Holy Land. Though Sala-

who was also Richards brother

his army was to set sail to Arce

goods, had to send 500 of his

din had control over much of the

in law had died and the throne

on March 30, 1191. Before they

own men to the Holy Land and

countryside, Richard had enough

was then taken by Tancred of

could set sail, Eleanor arrived in

pay a hefty penalty fee. With

control seaside. All his supplies

Lecce the illegitimate cousin.

Messina with Berengaria, there

little to no effort, Richard swiftly

and men came to a vessel under

Richards saw Tancred as an

Richard spent the next few days

captured the entire Island, final-

his control. This did not help as

opportunity to help the crusade

off to get married and cele-

ly in May 1191 Isaac surrendered

Jerusalem was farther inland

and wanted to get money out

brate for a small while. After the

the island. On the condition that

than near the closest port and to

of him. This thought drastically

festivities had finished, Richard

Isaac not be placed in an iron

march inland would they would

changed the moment Richard

finally set sail, accompanied by

chain, Richard agreed to this

need a secure port. With that

heard that his sister Joan was

his sister Joan and his newly

and had Isaac in silver chains.

said, Richard then proceeded to

thrown into prison by Tancred,

wed wife to Acre (Madden 86).

The capture of Cyprus turned

march south to Jaffa the closest

and succeeded to take hold

It was not until tragedy

out to be useful to the crusad-

port near Jerusalem. Upon his

of all her possessions and her

struck that Richard and his

ers, as it provided provisions

journey, he was accompanied by

royal dowry. Angered Richard

strict organised fleet in a

and happened to be very close

Saladins fleet in hope to rear-

then went on to launch a highly

giant storm on the journey to-

to the coast of Palestine. Cyprus

range his well-organized army.

successful attack on Messina.

wards Acre. As a result, 25 of

would remain the main source

Richard was smart, he was not

Tancred fearful of his own life,

his ships including the ship that

of supplies throughout the Third

the one to make mistakes.In fact,

he then negotiated with Richard

held his wife, sister and all the

Crusade, ultimately aiding the

Richard had his fleet in tightly

into sparing his life and return-

treasure accumulated for the

crusaders in their fight against

controlled columns organizing

ing Messina, so long as Tancred

Holy Land were said to be lost in

Saladin (Riley-Smith 142).

them according to rank, skill,

returned his sister, her posses-

the storm. As a result many had

Philip

and importance. More impor-

sion, and paid for her dowry.

survived and wrecked upon the

docked in Acre a year later

tantly, Richard sought mainly to

To ensure peace was present

shores of Cyprus though a large

in 1191 Shortly after Philip de-

ensure the safety of his men. The

Tancred then offered forty thou-

handful had drowned. Cyprus at

cided that he wanted to return to

concern Richard had for his men

sand in gold to help aide in the

the time was still under the rule

France. Reason in being pushed

was returned to him with loyal-

crusade effort (Madden 85-6).

of Isaac Comnenus the Byzantine

to his limits being constantly

ty, no matter how badly Saladins

With another obsta-

Richard

and

emperor who thought highly

compared to Richard. There was

troops harassed Richards men,

cle out of the way was well for

of himself as the true emperor

also talk that Philip was planning

then did not break (Madden 89-

Richard. It was around winter

of Constantinople. When Isaac

to make his move against Eng-

in Sicily that when Philip heard

heard the news of ships that

land in the absence of Richard.

90).

Richards refusal to marry his

wrecked on his island he wasted

Though Philip dismissed these

and Philips response to the

sister Alice. According to Rich-

no time in looting all the treas-

ideas, but subsequently events

Third Crusade, though they

ard, he did not want to marry

ure and capturing all survivors.

soon proved otherwise. Before

were different, the intent was all

Alice as she had an affair with

Joan and Berengaria, who were

Philip could leave he and Rich-

the same. Jerusalem was their

Richards father Henry during

aboard the Royal ship, were

ard had to settle the feud be-

mission and God was their rea-

her stay in England as a teen,

captured by Cypriots and were

tween Guy and Conrad over the

son to begin the Third Crusade.

he even had documented

claim to the throne of Jerusalem.

A battle between two Kings over

proof of the incident. Philip

placed in prison (Madden 87).

Richard was outraged

After a long court hearing, it was

one city with value to benefit

then regarded the documented

upon his arrival in Cyprus, that

decided that Guy was to be king

both. Ending with the fall of a

proof as true and demanded

he demanded Isaac to hand over

for as long as he lived and Con-

great king and the rise of a new

financial restitution instead. So,

all that he had stolen and all the

rad would succeed him. From

legend in the next chapter.

Richard agreed and paid Philip

crusader captures. Isaac refused

that point on Conrad returned

about 10,000 silver marks and

Richards demand and dis-

Richards, Fredericks

TEMPUS

11

12 TEMPUS

-ACREBy Tom Tang

Haccus, tenda vendandam

nem ent quis esernam eum
que comnissinus eic to estinum fugia quid et, aut quam
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none volori necullabo.
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Sinciam ad millias aspercil

iunt, toressit alitibu saecum,

ulparibus.
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ut quunt optatempore lit es
autectae vel ipicita quibus
mosam vid qui totae etur?
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dolute porro omnia sintibusani ditae sum, odis mos
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sit ipsame il id quatemp eritiatur? Qui sitat.
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officia epudisto quam, volu-

ment ex et assumqui utenecto que pro qui sequis prectur,

con re platur, ut diandit, et
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que nist quaspicienis evenis
sent laboria sunte voluptium
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quam quid quunt.
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quam quid modi de nim adi
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aturitatium quam hil idunt,

sinctio. Nam que quiamusda
sant minctio nsequis suntus
undam ut int.
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aut occus expliatusti natecti
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verem num quamus maio. Itat
velecto recerna musapicid
ma vendit quam aut et rescius anditio nsendi ullaciusa
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Oditiat urenihi ctotaspe volupta nati invenem vendunt
omniet as as expliquae aut ut
rem. Mi, ommolum, omnitiorum harum quistincto commole ndebit dus dolupicia
nitibust laborios eum, omni
blaboris ut optusci miligenim
TEMPUS

13

in event.
Obitiis endae voluptis maxim
et et latur, tem hitia aut quodi
blant.
Ro consequam eaquia comnimp elendipid quatium rehendendus nobisquis quatempores est por santi consernam
iste sandae vidigenis pratet,
offictus dolesequi odi sus.
Eniet descil eat. As remporenes dent.
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nis moluptamust omnimpo restrum aut magnimus
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conseque exped eum ipietusam, odis et ese quatibeatem eos pliquae quam et
entetur? Nequia aliquatest
qui res as dit, cus, nus nonem
asint plam fuga. Ellaccatqui
test, aligenis qui sinimpo
riberit laborem facesequam,
ut et et latquiam ipsam unti
re aut eos denim dolorum
illaci ipsae eum, ilias utem
hilibus aerfero dolorepta
dolorpo ribustemod eos aut
exped minis que nis enda
qui rem. Idelesto eicturisqui
blatioresti tem sam, cones
de nimodit et rem es aut
et hicillam aut veriae nobit, tores minullu ptatus et
omnimin cienimilitat la dollit
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qui alibusdaepro testibus
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id et omniendi cone poresti
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andae volupti re labor secus
aut reperro restota quodign
ihillamus, sunt, is entia
susamus andiatibea quassima
quasimolor as videm restrum enem re corit aligent,
14 TEMPUS

ommolor alia custiore dolor

serrore sequiatusdam faces
quos dem laborernat ius.
Occusam autaquis modi dus
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doluptam, test offic to quas
et plam que eumquas piendamus iligniatia volorio quis
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dit, corat.
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nate ligenditamus re nullaudam ipsus.
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quatis doluptate videl most
quid quam voluptasit molenih
icieniet ea consention pa
conse sunt rerit, solo blacepelicab ius.
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oreium idit, quam nonsect
otatiorecum facestis non num
quatem is is sunt lacepere
non reperfe rspicitatur sunt,
que natia idi archilluptam
labo. Acerspe ritatem quatur
aut vel iderae prat restio tem
ium et fuga. Evendunt eos
nobit quos doloribus, quis
dolum re enisciendias dolo
et offictem etur sum et et
porposae cor as quat.
Ferro millati di con pror
moditaeprore ma nonempores ex eumendu cietur
solorep erepre nullam et ma
voluptaqui ni alibea volupta dolupta porpore modiae
qui volupta di cuptaturia
doluptas doluptatet deliqui
ut enderiatquis es pra nem
rehenecusdae prepudictem
et que conse sedic to ditibus
secus coreium eosa dempor aspere nus debit verum
iur, con ea quid que rerunt
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qui cones alitet rehendae

nonsernat quodipsus rese
nem nissinusamus nonessu
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sinum quo volorem as sint
quia volor sint.
Genis nosanda eceribus magni venis endunt, ut porest,
occatet faccus as autaeris sa
vollorro dolore eventem quas
modi dolupta dolores eictem
earum fuga. Nem atius, quia
qui aut vendeni mpostis
tiostion eossit harchillatem
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eossequos essequia corat.
Harum corro ipsam, sime
rest explit qui cor aruptiore,
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aute nonemped que preperc
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magnat volorum fuga. Nam,
que dit erovidissi tem. Nequid
ut volorrum facepeditium
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um faccat idelent, con resciet

apelitas volest lant doles sitiis
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pa volutaqui dolutatissit qui
bere, tem re, ut et doluptatis aut earum vellamus nitio
quam in nullaborum ipsamus, que dolorem quamendis
quam ipsamentia dolloriorum
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ab imporpo saniet, cumquis
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quas de volorest, officiendis
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consequae nobissita voluptaquam quis eost resectet rent doluptate voloreiur
magnimo luptatque volorer
rumqui optincidel incit, nima
voloreheni nonsero et aut aut
liquass imosapis que vera

JAFFA
By Alex Skonieczy
Ihit quatus ratat rem con cus.
Name porum verorernati
asitemquiate optas rempost
re odit ea volores equiam
quis esti am explaut quuntem
olorporem voluptur?
Otatur aut aut a qui cullupta
audignam alicipsus consed
minciis est, sectend igenis
istiumque vellaut as ulparum
etus pe sectotaerum rest inisciis dolore volenisci comnia
suntem quunt ea nonsequissin eturibe rspicius dolut et
faccus cum ea none volum
fuga. Im re, evendig enimusda vollecu sdamus.
Nullam que pello es dolescipsam recaten imporum et,
idit es perrumquam essite
doluptaturio doloriam vendanduci blantotas aceprorem
eumet qui volore, totatem
adit rem ipit et quatate vid
quam, suntoreptat aut et
audis resequis int que aut
di unt, eturionsequi dolupis
quissime re quam evelest, niti
dolorepedi vendio. Riandic
tet offictur re nit volupta tiisque volum cus, quiat ratem
acipsume vero in ex elenimporum simporem andem
num qui corempo ritatium
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autentur?
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et aruptatur? Maio dis sim
evenihi liquation plibus aut
qui tem lic te conecatis am,
te sunt, tet mincia autestemo
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lorepel laboreped ere comnimuscia et hitaspe nonet

venecta tibusap erepedi

orpore, nulparc iduciandae
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conet velisci atiorem qui
corum non corerum es sum
ipsus, sollorposam eatur mint
vellabore, arist veruntion
ratus aces dem eatem fuga.
Nem dolorum faceatur, to
min conse et omnim vellam
debis reriorit reriam qui
blaborias magnam fugitae
labore exera pratur aceptiusamet qui occus, occus.
Secerferum eum volor ma
volor atur re sed que soleserum, nonsedi qui aria il entur
adipsam, optaestore dolorrovitas essitiores et dolorporio
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ut exped quiatem qui conem
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accus.
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ibernatiaes aut placcus eos id
que et, vel evelitaqui odignimus eatiant as explabo. Nam,
torerumquiam consedi diatus
sum nis nam, omnia con cum
et optaturio consequis eum
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ipicimo diantis es doluptam
vendit alibea verum fugia

excepro vident debis qui cus,

sequatum eum quibusanim
cus vere cullam cus, sitatem
voluptatus.
Natumque dolupta at aut
platent.
Et es venihic tem. Fugit,
solorestrum quunt offic tector re nes et quuntur?
Cit eiusa doluptaero to quo
officid ellupti scillabora
int abores etusam, untiae
recullab ipid mostota tecepel
loreria qui berro odit, sam,
volum es utatur?
Puda nonsequae optasped mo
molupta turias veliquo inus
et harunt que nobit a voloreium laccabo raepudam im
aut volore volorum est estius
sint qui omniminulla volorit, solorestis conet quidebit
eaturib earcidelite dollendem est, coruptatus, omnim
sapiet offictatibus cullene
volorat emodici utaturerum
fuga. Tem quatur, ariossi ut
quibus asped ut rerionse-

qui quodit, autem que non

consed quis sant vellabore
nam, tem nobitibusant unt
aut dollupta pellanda ipidere
icatusame nisque sitatquia
volorporpor aut duciant
debisciis alit aciae volendae
lab isciatur ma nimpor alit
peria volorat rerror aditatem
dit int, quam inctur sit que
sed min nobisciet omnimped
maxim enimi, cus, utecullest,
que di omniendae dent adita
dest, ilit lam quibus doleniae
des eius dus simet qui nima
iundit omnietur? Qui dolut
occum et quias plam qui
quatior ehenihit, unti tem
quid ut fuga. Itaqui blabo. Ut
lacearum doluptatius simus
ea dolest, nus experfe ressed
magnati scipid eossectore,
conem. Expliquatur, venet
ex et ea porro ipiducia est,
sitibusdante nusamusdae
molorro iusdant, omnimpo
remquos tionserrupta conecae struptiam explandis re,
TEMPUS

15

videl ipit at.

Genduntios ab il il molori
consequae cuptibus, voluptaeste dolorecearum inusae
simagname nis dempos dit,
non coriat eat eat voluptur?
Sed elitatu rissimp orporeria
cum ad quam adi que aut
dolupta et reptate verum am
is estio eossit omnit eossitati
optas simodissunt rem. Nam
doluptas ut libus as mo to volorae et am fugia volecabore
moluptio voloritint ommolor
eprovid ucimini musdam que
es dit, conempost re nonsequae poratureprem hiligendam quam qui vitius, aciis
culpa esequo dolore nos aut
eum alist a demqui quaerciatem natiis id etumetures et
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parum etur, to es aute rem il
eossi quunturessi dendae nos
cus coratum endunt veni sus
et rem eum con nisqui ut ut
ea non et et ut magnimet as
16 TEMPUS

molupta dolorat ecuptat facil

magnimo lorite mi, sitiam,
con plitiae pedit quatum re
dunto volest harum quiatus
expe laborem. Ut latusciet
fuga. Ut hit exceptatatia con
est, quis sequias eum accus di
cum doluptat velentia sandae.
Itatquosapit dolupta quatem
sequi dunt as in eum ad qui
sum qui voluptas preptasit
quam ea volest, nobis aut doluptium quo exces quate pa
assi apid quistios aute nossim
aliquat quodign ihicaeceaque
con pa prae pero odi dollaut
eum sae. Nam quaerum ea et
velit alit, si ut que re coneceaquod esedis ipsanda cor
sum quae. Ilit ipici ipsam, nos
aut magnis nim quist molum
ipis molut alissim facerep erisqui duciis re sitatis volupie
ntiatiaest, velenescil et labo.
Offici re num quunt.
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estem faccull uptatur aut
untiorem qui unt.
Itate sam qui od qui aliquam
id quia aut maion core veles
ent laborro vidunt exeri
omnimil maio. Nempore rumquodiatur ad es dit, consentur?
Empos molupturita vellecabore niasperum reperspiet
reperum iust, optaqui aut
hilit dolupit, sitatustrum estruptatur maiosti berias quias
rem quam quo omniat.
Pudigen danimintiam as
molorum volupta sam ligeniscia andignamusda porenempos remquidus, officip
saerore estrume aut et es es
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il ex ex estio. Tur aditessim
ad ut omniscipsam et perrore
pediati officae. Ro il millautatae non eos aribusape nus
sedit accabor emporit aut

acestiat fugias incit experat

iorepe es corio. Magni optur
as vit ut moloreiur simetus
animus.
Am volo occum verro derunte
solore ommolorit, atque
cullace rspit, quiatur sed es
illorpori duntem qui utem
vollaut parum nem dolut liti
officaturem eum nis essequi
odisimi ligentum etur, venihicitet ut lautem que vollacepe
non estiunt.
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mporrov iducipi endersp
electium, nimpore pratemp
oriatur maximolorem qui
acium dolorepre reria del
illat ea perum quo offictur, ex
et, cum de sit aut quaturiae
nobit imilique modicim volest
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nulpari aeptatur, tem qui remolup taquiate net fugitaes et
magnis eaquae deliqui unto
quo quaerum, odit es doloremporit ipidebis diasintur si
nonem. Nequo modicto quis
sunt, si tem es pro dolum
raerfer eperior ibuscia sperum que quam quiatur aut in
et ut et aliciet audaesed quo
is erferum hitat ipide perferionse apicae re volorum
num alicid undis nonsequat
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aut porate inus atur restiossitin es andiscit volupta
volorestius dit magnatem aut
labore velesequia nonsequidus ipidemp erores aliquat
ecaborpore quam sus et idunt
mi, sapid millore lat ommolor
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qui bea consedi ctorerias
deliqua epellore, soloreperum eum resci repeligenis ea
volorest, ut lam quunti officid

TEMPUS

17

Hired to Kill: The Third Crusade

Edition
by Ashley Quigao

he death of Conrad of
Montferrat shocked the
crusader world on the 28
April 1192. Assassinated by two
members of a notorious Muslim
cult group called the Assassins, killed in cold blood in the
streets of Jerusalem (Parissien
20). What shocked people the
most was who sent them and
why? Looking at the recent
events that have taken place
Conrad had just one the title of
the King of Jerusalem against
Guy de Lusignan. The deal was
Conrad was to rule for as long
as he lived and Guy was to
succeed him. It was shortly after
Conrad was killed, anyone who
had contact with Conrad now
looked to be a suspect. As there
was Guy de Lusignan, Isabella
the heir to Jerusalem, some
of his relatives and some even
suspected Saladin himself hired
the help.

Conrad de Montferrat
son of Duke William V Marquess
of Montferrat (1115-1191) was
a man of great bravery and
strength. In addition he was
well known and well connected
around Europe, he was noted
as handsome, he was a trained
diplomat, and most of all he
became a highly skilled military commander. He gained
such knowledge after defeating
Emperor Fredericks army at
Camerino in 1179. Conrad going
great lengths to save what
was left Tyre, one of the few
remaining cities under Christian
control. Following in his fathers
footsteps to Jerusalem to join
the crusade that was established
earlier on to stop the rise in
the Seljuks attacks on the Holy
City. Conrad arrived in Palestine
only to discover the crushing
defeat that took hold in Hattin.
Distraught upon hearing that
the King of Jerusalem, Guy de

18 TEMPUS

Lusignan and his own father

were held as prisoners by Saladin, then sparked a new mission.
After the city of Acre fallen to
Saladins men, the city of Tyre
was yet to be lost. Fearing the
loss of another Christian city
Conrad sailed up the coast to
the city of Tyre in the hope to
save it (Parissien 21).

Arriving on 14 July
1187 unexpectedly, he managed
to convince the people of Tyre
to stop their negotiations with
Saladin. Then taking control
over the citys defenses managed to slow Saladins constant
attacks by land and sea. Though
supposedly at the negotiations
for the return of Conrads father,
Conrad proved to Saladin he was
not to messed with by aiming
a crossbow at his own fathers
head. He did so by the words his
father told him which was never
to falter even when threatened,
using the excuse that his fathers
death would not be in vain as
he is old and has already lived a
full life. Surprisingly it worked
out well as Saladin did return
Conrads father back to him
(Parissien 21). This, then resulted
in Conrad, with his exceptional

background in northern Italy

to unite the various forces towards one cause against Saladin
(Nicolle 10). Finally on July 14,
1187 Conrad launched an attack
on the Seljuks and was successful in pushing back Saladins
troops inland and overall saving
Tyre (Parissien 22).

Conrad de Montferrat
was seen as a courageous and
hopeful man during the beginning of the Third Crusade. A year
after Tyre was saved, King Guy
de Lusignan and many other
captives were finally released in
June 1188, after swearing never
to take up arms against Saladin.
Sadly, Guy broke those vows and
upon his return to France was
convinced to join the crusade.
Traveling to Tyre with a small
fleet, he arrived in only to be
given the welcome that was
expected from Conrad. Supposedly, Guy wanted to control the
city but Conrad refused as he
had recently saved it. Not only
that, but even denied to call
him the King of Jerusalem and
forced him and his fleet to camp
outside the city for months
bruising Guys ego. As more
European crusaders arrived in

Tyre they were confused at the

sight of Guy against Conrad. This
all changed drastically upon the
arrival of the Kings of England
and France, as Guy made sure
the two kings saw Guy as a king
himself and the defender of his
Kingdom (Madden 82).

In 1189, Guy de
Lusignan was given the Pisan
crusader fleet at his disposal
which he immediately took
advantage of by marching to
Acre. There he set up a camp on
the hill of Toren to plan while he
sent the Pisan fleet to the shore
to block off the port. This plan
did not seem useful by military
standard as Saladins army easily
outnumbered Guys. Notably,
as the crusaders gathered in
Tyre his gave plenty of time for
Saladin to fortify the city and its
garrison, he even tried to bring
more troop in but were stopped
by the Christians encampment
(Madden 83).

Guys persistent
drive to conquer Acre, was
seen as useless in the military
standpoint, but was actually a
politically genius move, which
granted him the title of the
Crusade King. As a result many

of the new arrivals in Tyre immediately left to join Guy. This

became a repeated cycle, which
rapidly grew Guys army by the
month. It was only in September
1189 that Conrad decided to join
Guy in the mission to conquer
Acre in fear of losing his good
reputation. Soon to follow Conrad then accepted Guy as the
rightful King of Jerusalem. Time
began to surpass both fighting sides, with the crusaders
constantly growing in size and
those in Acre left to starve with
the depletion of food and no
port support (Madden 83).

The tables soon turned
on Guy as his wife Queen Sibylla
along with his two daughter had
died from a sudden outbreak.
Guys claim to the throne was
put into question now that his
wife was gone, and Sibyllas
only daughter Isabella, the
daughter of Amalric was now
the heir to the throne. Isabelle
was married to Humphrey of
Toron a kind man who she loved
dearly. When there is a young
woman with claim to a powerful
kingdom, arises some questionable men and their actions.In
this case Conrad saw Isabella as
a great political oppurtunity. As
a result Conrad, managed to get
Isabellas marriage annulled and
he himself then married her in
November 24, 1190. Even against
her will, the fact that they were
in close blood relationship, and

the fact that Conrad was already

married to a Byzantine princess
did not stop him. In the end
Conrad now had claimed the
throne to Jerusalem and with
that put Acre on hold till the
arrival of the kings of England
and France (Madden 84).

It was when the arrived a council was to be called
for the rights of the King of
Jerusalem. Richard favoured
Guys cause reason being unknown, whereas the majority of
the council including King Philip
of France sided with Conrad.
The choice was not clear so an
uneasy compromise was soon
formed where Guy held the
title and Conrad was to govern
the cities of Sidon, Beirut and
Tyre (Parissien 22). As the year
followed there was talk of who
was more likely to command the
siege of Acre. Richard and Conrad both came from exceptional
military experience and were
regarded as the most likely candidates. In 1191 when a dispute
over the hold over few Seljuk
hostages resulted in the death of
the hostages. In fear for his own
life, Conrad sailed back to Tyre
(Parissien 22).

As the year then passed
and Saladin made no further
advances as the rapid turmoil
within his enemies walls were
already breaking them apart. It
was surprising to Saladin in 1192,
when Conrad came directly to

him to negotiate. Introducing

the idea of a treaty between
the two to advise a plan against
Richard. On the flip side it was
apparent that Saladin was trying to negotiate with Richard
himself. Supposedly asking
that Richards sister Joan be
married to Saladins brother as
a alliance. Though immense talk
of alliances and treaties with
Saladin came to an abrupt stop
as many nobles wanted to settle
the feud for power over Jerusalem.. A vote was then called into
place, Richards support to Guy
sadly did not help him and his
cause. So in April 1192 the title
for King of Jerusalem was given
to Conrad. For the compensation of Guys loss, Richard gave
Cyprus to Guy to rule for as long
as he lived, till his death in 1194
(Parissien 22).

Conrad now the
officially the King of Jerusalem
wasted no time to prepare for
the coronation. While out with
a friend, the Bishop of Beauvais,
Conrad was attacked by members of the Assassins. Stabbing
him twice on his side and his
back. Luckily one of his guards
managed to subdue one of the
attackers but ended up killing
the other one. The man was
then brought into question (torture), to give up the person who
hired them. They claimed that
King Richard himself hired men
from the Assassins to kill Conrad. Richards was then captured
and imprisoned by Leopold V of
Austria. Accusing him of murder, there was even supported
prooth from the leader of the
Assassins, Rashid al-Din in the
form a letter. But the letter was
then proved to been forged in
order to frame Richard. Richard
asked the Assassins to plead him
innocent but unfortunately they
did just the opposite by giving
Leopold the letter (Parissien
23).It was later decided that
Leopold then gave Richard over
to the Holy Roman Emperor
Henry VI who requested a large
ransom for Richards release.
Richard was finally released in
February of 1194 (Parissien 23)

The most likely suspects according to historians
looked to be Leopold V of Austria and emperor Henry VI who
were both cousins of Conrad.
They believe this was an act of

revenge having been humiliated

by Conrad earlier on in the crusade (Riley-Smith 146). Moreover
King Philip of France was even
suspected after supposedly been
ridiculed by Conrad. Though
these idea were dismissed as
Philips motive did not fit the
crime. Looking back to Conrads
cousin Henry VI, his motive
seemed unlikely but suspicious.
Henry VI was related to Conrad,
his cousin, his motive looked to
be out of jealously or hatred for
Conrad. These motives would
did not add up accordingly
to Henrys profile. It was later
proven there was no documented proof otherwise besides
some that accuse him. Henry after the death of Conrad immediately succeeded Conrads place
as he was by nature the most
suited for the position. He was a
respectable and unmarried man
who never claimed the actual
title of King for himself. With
Richards permission, Henry was
to be wed to Isabella and they
ruled Jerusalem until Henrys
death in 1197 (Riley-Smith 146).
Overall Henry looks to be more
innocent than that of guilty as of
today.

This still does not
answer the true question of
who called the assassination of
Conrad. Historians believed it to
have been anyone during this
time period, some suggesting
to have actually been Saladin.
There was talk that Saladin met
with the leader of the Assassins
and offered to pay a hefty fine
for the head of Conrad and or
Richard, supposedly (Madden
93). Though these allegations
were seen to be rumored and
there was no actual proof of
these events. Historians are
still baffled by these events and
the characters within them to
this day. There were too many
possible suspects eligible for
this crime that makes it almost
impossible to pinpoint the
source. Whoever desired the
death of Conrad, successful as
he was remains a mystery to
historians to this day. As a result
the question remains the same
who killed Conrad?

TEMPUS

19

-LETTERS TO THE
EDITORDear Editor,
Times have been difficult for us crusaders traveling to Jerusalem
under the command of Frederick Barbarossa. Being far away from
our families and loved ones make it harder to take steps towards
the Holy Land. But our faith comes first beyond anything, me along
with a few friends were inspired by Pope Urbans letter calling for
a third crusade. As a sinner, we did not hesitate the opportunity to
visit the birthplace of our faith and save it from the Muslims. No
matter the cost, Jesus Christ gave up his life to save ours and we
as his people will do the same. The Muslims have no idea who they
are messing with, I can not wait to deliver the Holy Land back to
its rightful people.

Or so I have thought. Yesterday while out praying, I
thought occured to me, the Ten Commandments tell us not kill,
Jesus himself told us to love our enemies as we love ourselves.
Theses doubts I have been feeling, cause me to wonder if I am
loosing my faith. The pope himself called us Christians to fight for
the city of God, no matter the cost. If I back out now and head
home, what will become of my faith? Am I doing the right thing?
Should I carry out my duty as a crusader or follow my instincts and
go home? I hope to hear from you soon, wish us the best and may
God bless you.
ADAM MERYS
GERMAN CRUSADER
Dear Editor,
This is my favourite thing to read while on the loo
Very big Fan

20 TEMPUS

Dear Editor,
My name is James Goodwin, but the men at the convent call me
Brother Jimmy. I recently have read the Audita Tremendi and
I have to say it was beautiful. One of the best written letters I
have ever had the privilege to read. A few brothers and myself
have decided to leave the convent and travel to small towns to
spread the word. Hopefully, they will hear the call from God as I
have to help heed the mission to save the Holy Land. Christians
need to know they can atone for their sinful ways by going on
this crusade. A chance to travel to the Holy Land and deliver its
people, there they can receive their forgiveness and return to
their homes as new men. Men blessed and chosen by God to do
his will and fulfill Acts 1:8. Surely any Christian who hears the
call of God will drop their humanly duties and follow the path
towards enlightenment. May God bless us as he has done for
generations of faithful Christians in times of distress.

James Goodwin
Preferably, Brother Jimmy.
England

INSIDE THE WORLD OF SALADIN

-THE INTERVIEWIpici sitis que necus et que mod magnis eatation por ad quam eic totatem que poratem nimenis
dessimus pore lorem ipsum interview about this guy in particular replace.

TEMPUS

21

RICHARD THE LIONHEART

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quibus exceatur, conseque dolupitia corrumet
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acepreium qui re nobis
22 TEMPUS

eum quam enisquodio.

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TEMPUS

23

EDITORIAL
Ipici sitis que necus et que mod magnis eatation por ad quam eic totatem que poratem
dessimus pore dolorerione perchiligent volo
tetur, omnim il id molendiHicid qui sequae.
Ut ex et aligent.
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sequis aut archili taessit asimint, quat. Tem. Nim et pro
comnihillest aut quae. Obitionsed quia quat ratur autem
que se ma verum est aut fuga.
Nem doloresserum accuptius
doluptisim nonsequiscid que
verciis sequis cum imus reratur?
Musandit perro minihic ipsam, qui beraepro dolora qui
ape consenist, suntem enduciae praepre provid molorei
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facil ipsa iur? Lorum qui voluptatatus poratat.
Rovidite verspicient velenimus eum vellesc iumqui doluptat accab inveles accusan
dessinum is molent, il et ilign24 TEMPUS

imagnis et, qui rem con es dolorporiat.

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rectus, con re inissimin es
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qui velest, volupta spiente
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Bibliography
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2001. Print.
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Online Sources
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York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1996. 216. World History in Context. Web. 16 Jan. 2016.
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Richard I of England Quotes. Iz Quotes. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. <http://izquotes.com/author/richard-i-of-eng
land>.

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