Chapter2 Solutions

Introd uction to Thermo-Fluid s System s Design , First Edition. Andr G. McDonald and Hugh L. Magande.
2013 Andr G. McDonald and Hugh L. Magande. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2.1
A design engineer wishes to select an appropriate fan for the following galvanized steel duct
system. Estimate the pressure loss for each branch of the duct system.
Solution:
There are two branches in this duct system: Branches 1-3 and 1-4.
These branches are made up of multiple sections:
Branch 1-3: Sections 1-2 and 2-3.
Branch 1-4: Sections 1-2 and 2-4
Find the pressure loss in each duct section to determine the pressure loss in each branch.
Section 1-2
This section is 50 ft long with a 10-in-diameter. The total flow rate through the section is 400 cfm.
The equivalent length of this section is the sum of the actual length of the section, plus the equivalent
length for the entrance from the large plenum:
L1-2 = Lduct + Le,entrance
From Table A.4, the equivalent length for an abrupt, 90o entrance to the 10-in-diameter circular duct is
found to be 25 ft. So,
L1-2 = 50 ft + 25 ft = 75 ft
From the appropriate friction loss chart for round, straight galvanized steel ducts (Figure A.1), the
pressure loss per 100 ft of duct is 0.09 in. of water. So, the pressure loss in this section is
0.09 in. water

P12
75 ft
100 ft
P1-2 = 0.0675 in. of water

Section 2-3
length for the straight-through tee branch fitting:
L2-3 = Lduct + Le,tee-straight
In Table A.4, the equivalent length for a straight-through tee branch fitting on a 9-in-diameter circular
duct is not given. Therefore, choose the value for the 10-in-diameter duct, which is given as 7 ft (This
will give more conservative numbers for any subsequent calculation). Thus,
L2-3 = 50 ft + 7 ft = 57 ft
From the friction loss chart for round, straight galvanized steel ducts, the pressure loss per 100 ft of
duct is 0.078 in. of water. Therefore, the pressure loss in this section is
0.078 in. water
P23
57 ft
100 ft
P2-3 = 0.0445 in. of water

Section 2-4
lengths for the diverging 45o wye branch fitting, the 45o bend, and the 90o bend:
L2-4 = Lduct + Le,wye + Le,45 deg bend + Le,90 deg bend
Choose the 90o pleated elbow since it has a lower equivalent length and lower losses. The 45o elbow is
also pleated. Note that only 120 cfm of fluid enters section 2-4. Therefore, the wye is a diverging
branch fitting.
The equivalent lengths for this 6-in-diameter circular duct section are: Le,wye = 10 ft; Le,45 deg bend = 5 ft;
Le,90 deg bend = 8 ft
Hence,
L2-4 = 40 ft + 10 ft + 5 ft + 8 ft = 63 ft
From the friction loss chart for round, straight galvanized steel ducts, the pressure loss per 100 ft of
duct is 0.13 in. of water. Therefore, the pressure loss in this section is
0.13 in. water
P24
63 ft
100 ft
P2-4 = 0.0819 in. of water

The total pressure loss in each branch can be determined.
Branch 1-3: P1-3= P1-2 + P2-3 = 0.0675 in. of water + 0.0445 in. of water
P1-3 = 0.112 in. of water
Branch 1-4: P1-4 = P1-2 + P2-4 = 0.0675 in. of water + 0.0819 in. of water
P2-4 = 0.149 in. of water
2.2
The duct system shown is one branch of a complete low-velocity air-distribution system. The
system is a perimeter type located below the finished floor. The diffuser boots are shown,
complete with the pressure losses. Design a round duct system, bearing in mind that a total
pressure of 0.21 in. wg is available at the plenum.
Possible Solution:
Definition
Size the round ducts for the given system. Select a suitable duct material.
Preliminary Specifications and Constraints

i. The working fluid will be air.
ii. This is a low-velocity air-distribution system.
iii. The total pressure available at the plenum is restricted to 0.21 in. wg.
iv. The duct lengths, air flow rates, and pressure losses are constrained, as shown in the drawing.
Detailed Design
Objective
To design a round air duct system. The size and material of the ducts will be determined.
Data Given or Known

i. The length of each duct section is given.
ii. The air flow rates through the three diffusers are given as 80 cfm, 120 cfm, and 100 cfm.
iii. The duct system is connected to an air plenum.
iv. The total pressure available at the plenum is 0.21 in. wg.
v. The pressure losses for the three diffusers are given as 0.05 in. wg., 0.036 in. wg., and 0.04 in. wg.
Assumptions/Limitations/Constraints
i. The maximum air velocity is 1200 fpm. This is required for low-velocity air-distribution systems.
ii. Total friction losses available for the ductwork should be 0.21 in. wg. or less to meet the constraint
at the plenum.
iii. Galvanized steel is typically used to fabricate air duct systems. It will be chosen as the material.
iv. The entrance to the system at the plenum is a Bellmouth entrance. This reduces noise and losses.
v. The 45o elbows are pleated.
Sketch
A sketch of the system is provided to show the labels of each section of the duct system.
Analysis
In this design problem, the total pressure available at the plenum is constrained to 0.21 in. wg. The
designer is required to size the ducts within this constraint. If the plenum is able to move air through
the longest run of ductwork, then it will be able to move air through the side branches.
Determine the pressure loss per 100 ft of duct

The longest branch is the 1-3-5 branch. The total equivalent length of this branch is
Ltotal = LBellmouth + L1 + Ltee,through + L3 + Lwye,through + L5 + 2(L45,elbow).
Note that the equivalent lengths for the tee and the wye are for diverging branch fittings. Table A.4
gives the equivalent lengths for each circular duct fitting. At this point, the diameter of the duct is not
known. Assume that the duct diameter is 8 inches to find the equivalent length of the fittings.
Therefore,
Ltotal = 8 ft + 20 ft + 5 ft + 12 ft + 5 ft + (8 + 8 + 15) ft + 2(6 ft) = 93 ft.
The total pressure available from the plenum is 0.21 in. wg.. For the longest branch of the duct system,
the available pressure is the total pressure from the plenum less the pressure loss at the end of the
longest branch.
Thus, for sizing the ducts,

P
0.21 0.04 in. wg. x 100 ft = 0.18 in. wg. per 100 ft duct 0.2 in. wg. per 100 ft duct
93 ft
will be used.
Size the duct sections

The total volume flow rate of air from the plenum is (80 + 120 + 100) cfm = 300 cfm. The volume
flow rate through the sections of the system are:
Section 1: 300 cfm,
Section 2: 80 cfm,
Section 3: 220 cfm,
Section 4: 120 cfm,
Section 5: 100 cfm.
The chart shown in Figure A.1 can be used to size the duct sections. Apply a pressure loss of 0.2 in.
wg. per 100 ft duct. The duct sizes and velocities are:
Section 1: 8 inches, 850 fpm,
Section 5: 5 inches, 710 fpm.
In all the sections, the duct velocity does not exceed 1200 fpm.
A check should be conducted to ensure that the pressure loss in each of the branches does not exceed
the total pressure available at the plenum. A similar check should be conducted for the longest branch.
With 0.18 in. wg. per 100 ft duct, the pressure drop through the sections of the duct system are:
Section 1: P1
0.18 in. wg.

0.18 in. wg.
x L1 Ltee,through
x 20 5 ft = 0.045 in. wg.,
100 ft
100 ft
Section 2: P2
0.18 in. wg.

0.18 in. wg.
x L2 Ltee,branch Pdiffuser
x 10 27 ft 0.05 in. wg.
100 ft
100 ft
P2 = 0.12 in. wg.,
Section 3: P3
0.18 in. wg.

0.18 in. wg.
x L3 Lwye,through
x 12 5 ft = 0.031 in. wg.,
100 ft
100 ft
Section 4: P4
0.18 in. wg.

0.18 in. wg.
x L4 Lwye,branch Pdiffuser
x 15 13 ft 0.036 in. wg.
100 ft
100 ft
P4 = 0.086 in. wg.,

Section 5: P5
0.18 in. wg.

0.18 in. wg.
x L5 2 L45,elbow Pdiffuser
x 31 12 ft 0.04 in. wg.
100 ft
100 ft
P5 = 0.12 in. wg.,

For the longest branch:
P1-3-5 = P1 + P3 + P5 = (0.045 + 0.031 + 0.12) in. wg. = 0.196 in. wg. < 0.21 in. wg.
For branch 1-2:
P1-2 = P1 + P2 = (0.045 + 0.12) in. wg. = 0.165 in. wg. < 0.21 in. wg.
For branch 1-3-4:
In this case, all the sections have lower pressure losses than that available from the plenum.
Drawings
The final drawing, showing the duct sizes is presented below.
Conclusions
Round duct sizes have been chosen for this system based on a pressure loss of 0.18 in. wg. per 100 ft
of duct. This is larger than the standard 0.1 in. wg. per 100 ft of duct for small-sized, low-velocity duct
systems. The constraint of 0.21 in. wg. of available pressure at the plenum forced a calculation of an
appropriate pressure loss for the purposes of duct sizing.
The assumption of an 8-inches duct to determine the equivalent lengths of the fittings is valid. In all
cases, the duct sizes were 8 inches or less. This assumption resulted in a more conservative design
since lower equivalent lengths are expected for duct sizes smaller than 8 inches. Absent from the
design are losses due to transitions from larger duct sizes to smaller duct sizes. In all cases, the duct
would be converging (becoming smaller) in the direction of air flow. Compared to other losses in the
system, this loss is very small, with small equivalent lengths on the order of 3 ft, and was ignored.
In branch 1-2 and 1-3-4, the pressure loss is lower than the main branch (branch 1-3-5). To balance the
system, dampers may be installed to control the flow of air through these branches. These dampers
should provide about 0.03 in. wg. of pressure drop.
The following table summarizes the design results.
Duct Section
Duct Size
Duct Velocity
Total Pressure Loss
in.
fpm
in. wg.
850
0.045
600
0.12
820
0.031
620
0.086
710
0.12
2.3
For most building design projects, the architectural trade tends to be the consultant (i.e. the lead
consultant for the project) who hires the mechanical and the electrical trades as sub-consultants
on the project. In most cases, the mechanical engineering sub-consultant has expertise in the
design of ductwork to transport air for the purposes of heating and/or cooling an occupied space.
The following section of a second floor tenant plan of an office building has been given by an
architect.
For the offices shown in the plan (complete with the occupant and work function), the architect
has requested the design of a ductwork system to provide air at 75oF to heat the occupied spaces.
A HVAC engineer has determined the amount of air required to maintain the space temperature,
and they are shown in the following table.
Office Space
Heating Air Requirement
Office 204
310 cfm
Office 205
450 cfm
Office 206
170 cfm
Office 207
500 cfm
However, the engineer missed the fact that ASHRAE Standard 62 requires that 20 cfm per
person of fresh outdoor air must be provided.
a) To ensure an esthetically pleasing finish in the space, the architect has requested the design of
a ductwork system based on round ducts. Due to the fact that most of the occupants of this
section of the floor are managers and/or directors in the complex hierarchy of the clients
company, the architect would like to have a dedicated fan installed with the ductwork for this
section of offices. The fan is to be located on the roof above the offices, and it will be fitted with
a plenum section.
b) Based on the design of the ductwork, specify the minimum operating condition of the fan.
a) Possible Solution:
Detailed Design
Objective
To determine the sizes of round duct in a ductwork system, and show the system layout.
Data Given or Known

i. Office 204 has a length of 18 ft and a width of 10 ft.
ii. The fan is complete with a plenum section.
iii. Air at 75oF is required.
iv. The amount of air, less the fresh air required by code, is provided by the HVAC engineer in tabular
format.
v. 20 cfm per person of fresh outdoor air is required.
i. Limit the friction loss everywhere in the duct system to approximately 0.1 in. wg. per 100 ft of
duct. This is a standard industry guideline.
ii. Limit the air velocity in the ductwork to 1200 fpm. Since this is an office space, a noisy, highvelocity duct system may not be desired. Therefore, a low-velocity duct system will be designed
where the maximum velocity should be 1200 fpm.
iii. Galvanized sheet metal will be used to fabricate the duct since this is typically the material of
choice for these types of applications.
iv. Diffuser boots may be needed for discharge into the office spaces. Assume that the pressure loss
across the diffuser is 0.05 in. wg. Note that this really depends on the selection of the diffuser.
However, from experience, this magnitude of loss was found to be on the high side, for a more
conservative design.
Sketch
The following sketch shows the tentative layout, complete with numbering of the branches.
Analysis
The total flow rates to each of the offices shall be determined to find the duct sizes. Based on the titles
for the offices, it is clear that each office will have a single full-time occupant. Including the
requirement of ASHRAE Standard 62, the total flow rates for the offices are:
Office Space
Total Air Requirement
Office 204
330 cfm
Office 205
470 cfm
Office 206
190 cfm
Office 207
520 cfm
It was assumed that the pressure loss in the ductwork would be on the order of 0.1 in. wg. per 100 ft of
duct. The friction loss chart for round, straight galvanized steel ducts will be consulted to determine the
round duct sizes. For verification, the actual pressure loss per 100 ft of duct and the duct velocity will
be provided to ensure that the design constraints were not violated.
Duct Section
Duct Diameter
Air Velocity
Air Flow
Pressure Loss
in.
fpm
cfm
in. wg./100 ft
1-2
16
1090
1510
0.1
2- Office 204
730
330
0.1
2-3
14
1150
1180
0.13
3- Office 205
10
860
470
0.125
3-4
12
920
710
0.11
4- Office 206
750
190
0.15
4- Office 207
10
980
520
0.15
In all the sections, the pressure loss in the ducts is on the order of 0.1 in. wg. per 100 ft of duct and the
air velocities are less than 1200 fpm.
Drawings
The layout, including the sizes of the ducts, is shown below.
Conclusion
The ductwork system has been designed as specified with round ducts. The velocities in all the duct
sections were less than 1200 fpm. The friction losses were on the order of 0.1 in. wg. per 100 ft of
duct. Some odd duct sizes are present. These may be increased to even numbers, if desired. However,
to balance the systems, dampers may be needed in the branches at the diffusers.
b) Specification of the minimum operating condition of the fan means that the minimum air flow rate
and static pressure at the fan will be provided.
The total air flow rate required for this system is 1510 cfm. Next, determine the total pressure drop in
the longest branch of the duct system.
The longest branch is labelled 1-2-3-4-5-Office 207. Determine the total length (straight duct length,
plus equivalent lengths of fittings) of this branch (LLB).
LLB Lentrance L12 Ltee,thru,2 L23 Ltee,thru,3 L34 Ltee,thru,4 L45 Ltee,branch,5 L5-207
Assumptions will be made regarding the length of the duct sections. These lengths will be based on the
length and width of Office 204, given in the problem statement. Assume that the entrance to the duct
from the plenum is an abrupt 90o entrance. This will ensure that the fan is a bit larger. For duct sizes
larger than 12 in., the Le/D ratio will be used to find the equivalent lengths. Duct contractions typically
produce low losses, and are negligible.
Therefore,
LLB = (40 + 5 + 11 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 8 + 15 + 33 + 14) ft 156 ft.
Hence,
Pduct
0.1 in. wg.

x 156 ft 0.156 in. wg.
100 ft
There is also a pressure loss across the diffuser to Office 207. Thus, the total pressure required at the
fan and plenum is
Pstatic,fan = (0.156 + 0.05) in. wg.
Pstatic,fan = 0.21 in. wg.
Accordingly, the minimum operating condition of the fan is: 1510 cfm at 0.21 in. wg.
Note that including losses due to the duct contractions would have increased the pressure loss to
approximately 0.22 in. wg.
2.4
A draw-through air handling unit (AHU) will be used to supply conditioned air as shown in the
schematic below. Within the AHU assembly, the filter section has a pressure loss of 0.10 in. wg.,
the heating/cooling coil section has a pressure loss of 0.20 in. wg., and the casing has a
miscellaneous loss of 0.05 in. wg. The AHU is a modular unit complete with a fan that can
produce 0.60 in. wg. of total pressure at the required design flows. Design a round ductwork
system, ensuring that the location of and pressure drops across appropriate dampers for balancing
the system is clear for the convenience of the mechanical contractor and the client.
Possible Solution:
Detailed Design
Objective
Data Given or Known

ii. The air flow rates through the diffuser boots are given.
iii. The duct system is connected to an air handling unit (AHU).
iv. The pressure losses in the AHU are given.
iv. The total pressure available from the fan is 0.60 in. wg. for the design flows given.
v. The pressure loss at the diffuser boots are given, with the typical boot equivalent length given as 20
ft.
i. The maximum air velocity will be 1200 fpm. This is typical for low-velocity air-distribution
systems. Low velocities will be chosen to ensure that the available total pressure from the fan is not
exceeded.
ii. Total friction losses available for the ductwork and component losses should be 0.60 in. wg. or less
to meet the constraint at the fan.
v. The elbows are pleated.
Sketch
A sketch of the system has been provided that shows the labels of each section of the duct system.
Another sketch will be provided that clearly shows the locations of the appropriate dampers (if
needed).
Analysis
In this design problem, the total pressure available at the fan is constrained to 0.60 in. wg. The designer
is required to size the ducts within this constraint. If the fan is able to move air through the longest run
of ductwork, then it will be able to move air through the side branches.

The longest branch is the 1-2-3-4-9 branch. The total equivalent length of this branch is
Ltotal = LBellmouth + L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + L9+ 3(L90,elbow) + 4(Lwye,through).
Note that the equivalent lengths for the wye are for diverging branch fittings. Table A.4 gives the
equivalent lengths of the fittings in circular ducts. At this point, the diameter of the duct is not known.
Assume that the duct diameter is 12 inches. This assumption will be used to find the equivalent lengths
of the fittings. 12 inches was chosen because the total flow rate of air is large at 845 cfm.
Therefore, Ltotal = 12 ft + 21 ft + 10 ft + 8 ft + 10 ft + 29 ft + 3(15 ft) + 4(8 ft) = 167 ft.
The total pressure available from the fan is 0.60 in. wg. For the longest branch of the duct system, the
available pressure is the total pressure from the fan less the pressure losses through the diffuser at the
end of the longest branch and the losses in the AHU.
Thus, for sizing the ducts,
P
0.60 0.04 0.10 0.20 0.05 in. wg. x 100 ft

167 ft
P = 0.13 in. wg. per 100 ft duct 0.15 in. wg. per 100 ft duct will be used.

The total volume flow rate of air from the fan is (250 + 120 + 150 + 200 + 125) cfm = 845 cfm. The
volume flow rate through the sections of the main branch are:
Section 1: 845 cfm,
Section 2: 595 cfm,
Section 3: 395 cfm,
Section 4: 275 cfm.
wg. per 100 ft duct. The duct sizes, velocities, and actual pressure drops are:
Section 1: 12 inches, 1100 fpm, 0.15 in. wg./100 ft.,
Section 9: 6 inches, 760 fpm. 0.18 in. wg./100 ft.
the total pressure available at the fan. A similar check should be conducted for the longest branch. The
pressure drop through the sections of the duct system are:
Section 1:
P1
0.15 in. wg.

0.15 in. wg.
x L1 Lbellmouth 2 L90,elbow
x 21 12 2 *15 ft 0.095 in. wg.
100 ft
100 ft
Section 2:
P2
0.19 in. wg.

0.19 in. wg.
x L2 Lwy e,through
x 10 7 ft 0.032 in. wg. ,
100 ft
100 ft
Section 3:
P3
0.15 in. wg.

0.15 in. wg.
x L3 Lwy e,through
x 8 7 ft = 0.023 in. wg.,
100 ft
100 ft
Section 4:
P4
0.15 in. wg.

0.15 in. wg.
x L4 Lwy e,through
x 10 5 ft = 0.023 in. wg.,
100 ft
100 ft
Section 5:
P5
0.13 in. wg.

0.13 in. wg.
x L5 Lwye,branch L45,elbow Pdiffuser
x 17 10 5 ft 0.03 in. wg.
100 ft
100 ft
P5 = 0.072 in. wg.,

Section 6:
P6
0.12 in. wg.

0.12 in. wg.
x L6 Lwy e,branch Pdiffuser
x 22 13 ft 0.05 in. wg. 0.092 in. wg.
100 ft
100 ft
Section 7:
P7
0.15 in. wg.

0.15 in. wg.
x 14 13 ft 0.04 in. wg. 0.081 in. wg.
100 ft
100 ft
Section 8:
P8
0.13 in. wg.

0.13 in. wg.
x 20 10 ft 0.036 in. wg. 0.075 in. wg.
100 ft
100 ft
Section 9:
P9
0.18 in. wg.

0.18 in. wg.
x L9 Lwy e,through L90,elbow Pdiffuser
x 28 4 8 ft 0.04 in. wg.
100 ft
100 ft
P9 = 0.112 in. wg.,

For the longest branch (1-2-3-4-9):
P = PAHU + P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P9
P = (0.25 + 0.095 + 0.032 + 0.023 + 0.023 + 0.112) in. wg. = 0.54 in. wg. < 0.60 in. wg.
For branch 1-6:

P = PAHU + P1 + P6 = (0.25 + 0.095 + 0.092) in. wg. = 0.44 in. wg. < 0.60 in. wg.
For branch 1-2-7:
P1-2-7 = PAHU + P1 + P2 + P7 = (0.25 + 0.095 + 0.032 + 0.081) in. wg. = 0.46 in. wg. < 0.60 in.
wg.
For branch 1-2-3-8:

P1-2-3-8 = PAHU + P1 + P2 + P3 + P8 = (0.25 + 0.095 + 0.032 + 0.023 + 0.075) in. wg. = 0.48
in. wg. < 0.60 in. wg.
For branch 1-2-3-4-5:

P1-2-3-4-5 = PAHU + P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 = (0.25 + 0.095 + 0.032 + 0.023 + 0.023 + 0.072)
in. wg. = 0.50 in. wg. < 0.60 in. wg.
From the above calculations, it is shown that all the sections have lower pressure losses than that
available from the fan.
Dampers with the specified pressure drops are required to balance the system on each section:
Section 6: 0.16 in. wg.
Drawings
The drawing shows the duct sizes and the damper locations.
Conclusions
Round duct sizes have been chosen for this system based on a pressure loss of 0.13 in. wg. per 100 ft
of duct. This is close to the standard 0.1 in. wg. per 100 ft of duct for small-sized, low-velocity duct
systems. The constraint of 0.60 in. wg. of available pressure at the fan forced a calculation of an
The assumption of a 12-inches duct to determine the equivalent lengths of the fittings is valid. In all
since, for the most part, lower equivalent lengths are expected for duct sizes smaller than 12 inches.
Absent from the design are losses due to transitions from larger duct sizes to smaller duct sizes. In all
cases, the duct would be converging (becoming smaller) in the direction of air flow. Compared to other
losses in the system, this loss is very small, with small equivalent lengths on the order of 3 4 ft, and
was ignored.
Duct Section
Duct Size
Duct Velocity
Total Pressure Loss
in.
fpm
in. wg.
12
1100
0.15
10
1100
0.19
900
0.15
850
0.15
610
0.13
710
0.12
750
0.15
610
0.13
760
0.18
2.5
A small-duct high-velocity system is to be developed to distribute conditioned air to a factory.

This type of air distribution system results in smaller duct sizes, and is desired due to space limits
and high construction costs. As a guide, Section 3.11 of the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and
Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Standard 210/240-2005 [10] requires that a cooling product
contain a blower that produces at least 1.2 in. wg. of external static pressure when operating at
the certified air flow rate of 220 to 350 cfm per rated ton of cooling. For high-velocity systems, a
maximum velocity of 5000 fpm has been recommended [11]. Terminal boxes will be introduced
at the duct exit to the space to throttle the air to a low velocity, control the air flow, and reduce
noise. The terminal boxes are usually designed to operate at a minimum pressure loss of about
0.25 to 1.0 in. wg., that is, the branch pressure loss should be on the order of at least 0.25 to 1.0
in. wg. The cooling product is an air-handling unit, capable of producing 5 tons of cooling.
Based on the sketch provided below, design a round duct, high-velocity system to distribute air
in the factory. Will the pressure drops across the terminal boxes be sufficient to balance the
system? Make appropriate recommendations to the client.
Possible Solution:
Definition
Size the round ducts for the given high-velocity system.

ii. This is a high-velocity air-distribution system.
iii. AHRI Standard 210/240-2005 specifies that a high-velocity blower should produce at least 1.2 in.
wg. of external static pressure at 220 to 350 cfm per rated ton of cooling.
iv. The air velocity should not exceed 5000 fpm.
v. The branch pressure losses should be on the order of at least 0.25 to 1.0 in. wg.
vi. The duct lengths, air flow rates, and pressure losses across the terminal boxes are constrained, as
shown in the drawing.
Detailed Design
Objective
Data Given or Known

ii. The air flow rate through the three diffusers is given as 460 cfm, 590 cfm, and 550 cfm.
iii. The duct system is connected to an air handling unit.
iv. The blower should produce at least 1.2 in. wg. of external static pressure at 220 to 350 cfm per
rated ton of cooling.
v. The air handling unit produces 5 tons of cooling.
vi. The pressure losses across the three terminal boxes are given as 0.07 in. wg., 0.056 in. wg., and
0.06 in. wg.
i. Galvanized steel is typically used to fabricate air duct systems. It will be chosen as the material.
ii. The entrance to the system at the air handling unit will be a Bellmouth entrance. This reduces noise
and losses.
iii. The 45o elbows will be pleated.
Sketch
A sketch of the system is provided to show the labeling of each section to be evaluated.
Analysis
Determine the maximum air velocity in the system
According to the problem preamble, the air velocity in the duct cannot exceed 5000 fpm. From Table
2.3 and for high-velocity duct systems, air flow rates between 1000 cfm and 3000 cfm require a
maximum air velocity of 2500 fpm. Even though the volume flow rate in section 5 and the branch
take-offs are lower than 1000 cfm, a maximum velocity of 2500 fpm will be used to size the round
ducts.

The total volume flow rate of air from the air handling unit is (460 + 590 + 550) cfm = 1600 cfm. The
volume flow rates through the sections of the system are:
Section 1: 1600 cfm,
Section 2: 460 cfm,
Section 4: 590 cfm,
Section 5: 550 cfm.
The chart shown in Figure A.1 can be used to size the duct sections. Use the maximum velocity
constraint of 2500 fpm as a guide. The duct sizes, velocities, and pressure losses are:
Section 1: 11 inches, 2500 fpm, 0.8 in. wg. per 100 ft,
Section 5: 7 inches, 2050 fpm, 0.95 in. wg. per 100 ft.
In all the sections, the duct velocity does not exceed 2500 fpm. Higher pressure losses per 100 ft of
duct in the shorter branch sections should facilitate system balancing (to prevent excess air from
flooding branches with low pressure losses or low frictional resistances).
Check the branch pressure losses to confirm minimum requirement for terminal box operation
A check should be conducted to ensure that the pressure loss in each of the branches is at least 0.25 to
1.0 in. wg., as required for operation of the terminal boxes. For a more conservative analysis, the
pressure drop across the terminal boxes themselves will not be included.
Section 1:
P1
0.80 in. wg.

0.80 in. wg.
x L1 Ltee,through
x 20 8 ft 0.224 in. wg. ,
100 ft
100 ft
Section 2:
P2
1.45 in. wg.

1.45 in. wg.
x L2 Ltee,branch
x 10 20 ft 0.435 in. wg. ,
100 ft
100 ft
Section 3:
P3
0.60 in. wg.

0.60 in. wg.
x L3 Lwy e,through
x 12 7 ft 0.114 in. wg. ,
100 ft
100 ft
Section 4:
P4
1.2 in. wg.

1.2 in. wg.
x L4 Lwy e,branch
x 15 13 ft 0.336 in. wg. ,
100 ft
100 ft
Section 5:
P5
0.95 in. wg.

0.95 in. wg.
x L5 2 L45,elbow
x 31 12 ft 0.409 in. wg.
100 ft
100 ft

P1-3-5 = P1 + P3 + P5 = (0.224 + 0.114 + 0.409) in. wg. = 0.747 in. wg. > 0.25 in. wg.
For branch 1-2:

P1-2 = P1 + P2 = (0.224 + 0.435) in. wg. = 0.659 in. wg. > 0.25 in. wg.
For branch 1-3-4:
P1-3-4 = P1 + P3 + P4 = (0.224 + 0.114 + 0.336) in. wg. = 0.674 in. wg. > 0.25 in. wg.
In this case, all the branch sections have pressure losses that are greater than 0.25 in. wg., which is
required for operation of the terminal boxes.
Pressure drops across the terminal boxes

Based on these calculations of branch pressure losses, without the pressure drops across the terminal
boxes, it may be necessary to select different terminal boxes that will produce larger pressure losses in
branches 1-2 and 1-3-4. The pressure drop across the terminal box in the longest branch will be held at
0.06 in. wg. Therefore, the total pressure loss in the longest branch is
P1-3-5,total = (0.747 + 0.06) in. wg. = 0.807 in. wg.
The pressure drops required across the other terminal boxes are
Pbox2 = P1-3-5,total - P1-2 = (0.807 0.659) in. wg. = 0.15 in. wg.
Pbox4 = P1-3-5,total - P1-3-4 = (0.807 0.674) in. wg. = 0.13 in. wg.
Given that 1600 cfm will be delivered by the blower on the 5 ton air handling unit, 320 cfm per ton
will be required. Based on AHRI Standard 210/240-2005 at least 1.2 in. wg. of external static pressure
should be provided by the blower. This will be sufficient to meet the pressure loss requirement (0.81
in. wg.) of the longest branch and the rest of the system. In addition, at 1.2 in. wg. of external static
pressure, the blower will not be greatly over-sized for this application.
Drawings
The final drawing, showing the duct sizes is presented below. The pressure drops across the terminal
boxes have also been modified to reflect the results of the analysis.
Conclusions
Round duct sizes have been chosen for this high-velocity system based on a maximum air velocity of
2500 fpm. Decisions were made throughout the analysis to ensure that this constraint was not violated.
system, the pressure drop across the terminal boxes was increased. Effort was taken to size the branch
ducts such that the pressure loss per 100 ft of duct was larger than the main branch. This helped to
reduce the pressure drop requirement across the terminal boxes. However, caution was taken to avoid
under-sizing the ducts, which would have produced high velocities in excess of the 2500 fpm design
constraint. Absent are the losses when the duct converges to smaller diameters. These losses are small
compared to the others and were ignored.
Given that the blower is slightly oversized for this application, the client may consider installing
dampers in the branches to control air flow and increase the duct pressure losses. This also presents
another viable alternative to increasing the size and pressure drop across the terminal boxes. The
pressure drops could remain the same (as given in the original problem), and appropriate balancing
dampers could be installed. The final decision would depend on the preference of the client, cost, and
space requirements.
Duct Section
Duct Size
Duct Velocity
Total Pressure Loss
in.
fpm
in. wg.
11
2500
0.80
2500
1.45
10
2050
0.60
2250
1.20
2050
0.95
2.6
The National Research Council has decided to pursue research in the area of spray-dried
agglomeration of nano-sized powder particles to produce micron-sized powder particles. Safety
and health regulations permit only a limited amount of these particles to escape into the ambient
air of the space. To that end, the Council has contracted the services of Alliance Engineering
Corp. to design a high-velocity duct system for a Farr Gold Series 10 dust collector. The dust
collector will draw 4000 cfm of air in an effort to eliminate any powder particles from the space.
The air will be drawn through a hood and filter system, as shown. High efficiency, open-pleat
style cartridge filters with flame-retardant media and average pressure loss of 2.7 in. w.g. were
used. A commercial shop environment will be provided by the Council, in which the maximum
duct velocity can be on the order of 2500 to 6000 fpm. Size and specify the round ductwork
between the hood and the duct collector. The layout, accessories, and fittings that are chosen
should be such that losses are kept at a minimum. Specify an appropriate fan.
Further Information: Given that this is an industrial application, the designer may consider
specification of a utility or industrial centrifugal fan.
Possible Solution:
Definition
Size the round duct for a dust collector system.

ii. This is a high-velocity air duct system.

iii. The air velocity should be between 2500 to 6000 fpm.
iv. The equipment dimensions and maximum air flow rate are constrained, as shown in the sketch.
Detailed Design
Objective
To design a round air duct. The size and material of the duct will be determined. The layout,
accessories, and fittings that are chosen should be such that losses are kept at a minimum.
Data Given or Known

i. The dimensions of equipment and distances between equipment are given.
ii. The maximum air flow rate is 4000 cfm.
iii. The air pressure loss across the filters is 2.7 in. w.g.
ii. The entrance to the system at the hood will be a Bellmouth entrance. The exit to the dust collector
will also be a Bellmouth shape. This reduces noise and losses.
iii. Any 90o elbows will be 5-piece, with R/D = 1.5. Pleated or mitered with vanes will be avoided to
prevent accumulation of powder particles in the duct.
Sketch
A sketch of the system is not required here for this analysis. The final drawing will show the final duct
layout and size.
Analysis
According to the problem statement, the maximum air flow rate in the duct will be 4000 cfm. From
Table 2.3 and for high-velocity duct systems, an air flow rate 4000 cfm will require a maximum air
velocity of 3000 fpm. This will be the velocity constraint in this design.
Size the duct

The total volume flow rate of air and the maximum velocity will be used to guide the sizing of the
duct. The chart shown in Figure A.1 will be used to size the duct. The duct size, air velocity, and
pressure loss are:
16 inches, 2810 fpm, 0.6 in. wg. per 100 ft, respectively.
In this case, the duct velocity does not exceed 3000 fpm.
Determine the pressure losses in the duct system

The total pressure loss in the duct system will be required to specify the requirements of the dust
collector fan. Therefore,
P Pfilter
0.60 in. wg.

x Lstraight Lentrance L90o bend Lexit
100 ft
P Pfilter
L o
0.60 in. wg.

L
L
x Lstraight D entrance D 90 bend D exit .
100 ft
D
D
The length of straight duct is approximately,

Lstraight = 50 in. + 24 in. + 20 ft = 27 ft.
Table A.4 presents the equivalent lengths of the fittings for round ducts.
Thus,
P 2.7 in. w.g.
0.60 in. wg.

x27 ft 1.33 ft 12 1.33 ft 12 1.33 ft 12
100 ft
P 3.2 in. wg.
In this case, the fan should be able to move 4000 cfm of air and provide an external static
pressure of 3.2 in. wg.
A Greenheck single-width industrial centrifugal belt drive fan will be selected for this application. The
specifications are shown in the catalog sheet. The fan should provide at least 4000 cfm of air over at
least 3.2 in. w.g. of external static pressure. From the performance curves for the Greenheck 15 BISW
fan, a 2830 rpm speed and a 4.83 hp motor is selected.
Source: Greenheck Fan, Corp. (Reprinted with permission)
Drawings
The final drawing, showing the duct size is presented below.
Conclusions
A round duct has been chosen for this high-velocity system based on a maximum air velocity of 3000
fpm. Decisions were made throughout the analysis to ensure that this constraint was not violated and
that the system losses were kept low.
Throughout the design, it was decided to avoid the use of any fittings that produced abrupt changes in
the duct or flow pattern. This will prevent the accumulation of powder particles in the duct, which may
be difficult to clean or pose a risk of explosion.
In this application, the fan was slightly oversized.
2.7
Refer to Problem 2.2 and redesign the system with rectangular ducts.
Possible Solution:
Definition
Size the rectangular ducts for the given system. Select a suitable duct material.

ii. This is a low-velocity air-distribution system.
iii. The total pressure available at the plenum is restricted to 0.21 in. wg.
iv. The duct lengths, air flow rates, and pressure losses are constrained, as shown in the drawing.
Detailed Design
Objective
To design a rectangular air duct system. The size and material of the ducts will be determined.
Data Given or Known

ii. The air flow rate through the three diffusers is given as 80 cfm, 120 cfm, and 100 cfm.
iii. The duct system is connected to an air plenum.
iv. The total pressure available at the plenum is 0.21 in. wg.
v. The pressure loss at the three diffusers are given as 0.05 in. wg., 0.036 in. wg., and 0.04 in. wg.
i. The maximum air velocity will be 1200 fpm. This is required for low-velocity air-distribution
systems.
ii. Total friction losses available for the ductwork should be 0.21 in. wg. or less to meet the constraint
at the plenum.
v. The 45o elbows are pleated.
Sketch
A sketch of the system will be provided to show the labeling of each section of the duct system.
Analysis
In this design problem, the total pressure available at the plenum is constrained to 0.21 in. wg. The
designer is required to size the ducts within this constraint. If the plenum is able to move air through
the longest run of ductwork, then it will be able to move air through the side branches.

The longest branch is the 1-3-5 branch. The total equivalent length of this branch is
Ltotal = LBellmouth + L1 + Ltee,through + L3 + Lwye,through + L5 + 2(L45,elbow).
Note that the equivalent lengths for the tee and the wye are for diverging branch fittings. Table A.4
gives the equivalent lengths of the fittings in circular ducts. At this point, the diameter of the duct is
not known. Assume that the duct diameter is 8 inches to find the equivalents of the fittings.
Therefore,
Ltotal = 8 ft + 20 ft + 5 ft + 12 ft + 5 ft + (8 + 8 + 15) ft + 2(6 ft) = 93 ft.
The total pressure available from the plenum is 0.21 in. wg. For the longest branch of the duct system,
the available pressure is the total pressure from the plenum less the pressure loss at the end of the
longest branch.
Therefore, for sizing the ducts,

P
0.21 0.04 in. wg. x 100 ft = 0.18 in. wg. per 100 ft duct 0.2 in. wg. per 100 ft duct
93 ft
will be used.
Size the duct sections as circular ducts

The total volume flow rate of air from the plenum is (80 + 120 + 100) cfm = 300 cfm. The volume
flow rate through the sections of the system are:
Section 1: 300 cfm,
Section 2: 80 cfm,
Section 3: 220 cfm,
Section 4: 120 cfm,
Section 5: 100 cfm.
wg. per 100 ft duct. The duct sizes and velocities are:
Section 5: 5 inches, 710 fpm.
the total pressure available at the plenum. A similar check should be conducted for the longest branch.
With 0.18 in. wg. per 100 ft duct, the pressure drop through the sections of the duct system are:
Section 1: P1
0.18 in. wg.

0.18 in. wg.
x L1 Ltee,through
x 20 5 ft = 0.045 in. wg.,
100 ft
100 ft
Section 2: P2
0.18 in. wg.

0.18 in. wg.
x L2 Ltee,branch Pdiffuser
x 10 27 ft 0.05 in. wg.
100 ft
100 ft
P2 = 0.12 in. wg.,
Section 3: P3
0.18 in. wg.

0.18 in. wg.
x L3 Lwye,through
x 12 5 ft = 0.031 in. wg.,
100 ft
100 ft
Section 4: P4
0.18 in. wg.

0.18 in. wg.
x 15 13 ft 0.036 in. wg.
100 ft
100 ft
P4 = 0.086 in. wg.,

Section 5: P5
0.18 in. wg.

0.18 in. wg.
x L5 2 L45,elbow Pdiffuser
x 31 12 ft 0.04 in. wg.
100 ft
100 ft
P5 = 0.12 in. wg.,

For branch 1-2:
P1-2 = P1 + P2 = (0.045 + 0.12) in. wg. = 0.165 in. wg. < 0.21 in. wg.
For branch 1-3-4:
In this case, all the sections have lower pressure losses than that available from the plenum.
Size the duct sections as rectangular ducts

The equal friction and capacity chart (Table A.3) will be used to select an appropriate rectangular duct
equivalent for the circular ducts. The aspect ratio will be 4 or lower.
Therefore,
Section 1: 8 in. x 7 in. (aspect ratio: 1.14),
Section 5: 6 in. x 6 in. (aspect ratio: 1.00).
The smallest size available from Table A.3 is 6 in. x 6 in. This is gives an equivalent diameter of 6.6
in. At this diameter, the pressure loss will be lower than the design equivalent diameters of 5 in. and 6
in., resulting in a system pressure loss. The increase in material is small. This should be acceptable
from a cost and installation perspective.
Drawings
The final drawing, showing the duct sizes is presented below.
Conclusions
Rectangular duct sizes have been chosen for this system based on a pressure loss of 0.18 in. wg. per
100 ft of duct. This is larger than the standard 0.1 in. wg. per 100 ft of duct for small-sized, lowvelocity duct systems. The constraint of 0.21 in. wg. of available pressure at the plenum forced a
calculation of an appropriate pressure loss for the purposes of duct sizing.
The assumption of an 8-inches duct to determine the equivalent lengths of the fittings is valid. In all
since lower equivalent lengths are expected for duct sizes smaller than 8 inches. Absent from the
design are losses due to transitions from larger duct sizes to smaller duct sizes. In all cases, the duct
would be converging (becoming smaller) in the direction of air flow. Compared to other losses in the
system, this loss is very small, with small equivalent lengths on the order of 3 ft, and was ignored.
While the aspect ratios of the ducts are close to 1, installers in the field would likely install an 8 in. x 8
in. duct in Section 1 and a 7 in. x 7 in. duct in Section 3. This would result in marginal increase in duct
material, while producing a duct aspect ratio of 1 and lower pressure drops.
system, dampers may be installed to control the flow of air through these branches. These dampers
should provide about 0.03 in. wg. of pressure drop.
Duct Section
Duct Size
Duct Velocity
Total Pressure Loss
in.
fpm
in. wg.
8x7
850
0.045
6x6
600
0.12
7x6
820
0.031
6x6
620
0.086
6x6
710
0.12
2.8
Refer to Problem 2.4 and redesign the system with rectangular ducts. Specify a fan from a
manufacturers catalog.
Proposed Solution:
Detailed Design
Objective
To design a rectangular air duct system and select a fan. The size and material of the ducts will be
determined.
Data Given or Known

ii. The air flow rate through the diffusers boots is given.
iii. The duct system is connected to an air handling unit (AHU).
iv. The pressure losses in the AHU are given.
iv. The total pressure available from the fan is 0.60 in. wg. for the design flows given.
v. The pressure loss at the diffuser boots are given, with the typical boot equivalent length given as 20
ft.
i. The maximum air velocity will be 1200 fpm. This is typical for low-velocity air-distribution
systems. Low velocities will be chosen to ensure that the available total pressure from the fan is not
exceeded.
ii. Total friction losses available for the ductwork and component losses should be 0.60 in. wg. or less
to meet the constraint at the fan.
v. The elbows are pleated.
Sketch
A sketch of the system has been provided that shows the labels of each section of the duct system.
Another sketch will be provided that clearly shows the locations of the appropriate dampers (if
needed).
Analysis
In this design problem, the total pressure available at the fan is constrained to 0.60 in. wg. The designer
is required to size the ducts within this constraint. If the fan is able to move air through the longest run
of ductwork, then it will be able to move air through the side branches.

The longest branch is the 1-2-3-4-9 branch. The total equivalent length of this branch is
Ltotal = LBellmouth + L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + L9+ 3(L90,elbow) + 4(Lwye,through).
Note that the equivalent lengths for the wye are for diverging branch fittings. Table A.4 gives the
equivalent lengths of the fittings in circular ducts. At this point, the diameter of the duct is not known.
Assume that the duct diameter is 12 inches to find the equivalent lengths of the fittings. 12 inches was
chosen since the total flow rate of air is large at 845 cfm.
Therefore, Ltotal = 12 ft + 21 ft + 10 ft + 8 ft + 10 ft + 29 ft + 3(15 ft) + 4(8 ft) = 167 ft.
The total pressure available from the fan is 0.60 in. wg. For the longest branch of the duct system, the
available pressure is the total pressure from the plenum less the pressure losses through the diffuser at
the end of the longest branch and the losses in the AHU.
Hence, for sizing the ducts,
P
0.60 0.04 0.10 0.20 0.05 in. wg. x 100 ft

167 ft
P = 0.13 in. wg. per 100 ft duct 0.15 in. wg. per 100 ft duct will be used.
Size the duct sections as circular ducts

The total volume flow rate of air from the fan is (250 + 120 + 150 + 200 + 125) cfm = 845 cfm. The
volume flow rate through the sections of the main branch are:
Section 1: 845 cfm,

Section 2: 595 cfm,
Section 3: 395 cfm,
Section 4: 275 cfm.
wg. per 100 ft duct. The duct sizes, velocities, and actual pressure drops are:
Section 9: 6 inches, 760 fpm. 0.18 in. wg./100 ft.
the total pressure available at the fan. A similar check should be conducted for the longest branch. The
pressure drop through the sections of the duct system are:
Section 1:
P1
0.15 in. wg.

0.15 in. wg.
x L1 Lbellmouth 2 L90,elbow
x 21 12 2 *15 ft 0.095 in. wg.
100 ft
100 ft
Section 2:
P2
0.19 in. wg.

0.19 in. wg.
x L2 Lwy e,through
x 10 7 ft 0.032 in. wg. ,
100 ft
100 ft
Section 3:
P3
0.15 in. wg.

0.15 in. wg.
x L3 Lwy e,through
x 8 7 ft = 0.023 in. wg.,
100 ft
100 ft
Section 4:
P4
0.15 in. wg.

0.15 in. wg.
x L4 Lwy e,through
x 10 5 ft = 0.023 in. wg.,
100 ft
100 ft
Section 5:
P5
0.13 in. wg.

0.13 in. wg.
x L5 Lwye,branch L45,elbow Pdiffuser
x 17 10 5 ft 0.03 in. wg.
100 ft
100 ft
P5 = 0.072 in. wg.,

Section 6:
P6
0.12 in. wg.

0.12 in. wg.
x 22 13 ft 0.05 in. wg. 0.092 in. wg.
100 ft
100 ft
Section 7:
P7
0.15 in. wg.

0.15 in. wg.
x 14 13 ft 0.04 in. wg. 0.081 in. wg.
100 ft
100 ft
Section 8:
P8
0.13 in. wg.

0.13 in. wg.
x 20 10 ft 0.036 in. wg. 0.075 in. wg.
100 ft
100 ft
Section 9:
P9
0.18 in. wg.

0.18 in. wg.
x L9 Lwy e,through L90,elbow Pdiffuser
x 28 4 8 ft 0.04 in. wg.
100 ft
100 ft
P9 = 0.112 in. wg.,

For the longest branch (1-2-3-4-9):
P = PAHU + P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P9
P = (0.25 + 0.095 + 0.032 + 0.023 + 0.023 + 0.112) in. wg. = 0.54 in. wg. < 0.60 in. wg.
For branch 1-6:

P = PAHU + P1 + P6 = (0.25 + 0.095 + 0.092) in. wg. = 0.44 in. wg. < 0.60 in. wg.
For branch 1-2-7:
P1-2-7 = PAHU + P1 + P2 + P7 = (0.25 + 0.095 + 0.032 + 0.081) in. wg. = 0.46 in. wg. < 0.60 in.
wg.
For branch 1-2-3-8:

P1-2-3-8 = PAHU + P1 + P2 + P3 + P8 = (0.25 + 0.095 + 0.032 + 0.023 + 0.075) in. wg. = 0.48
in. wg. < 0.60 in. wg.
For branch 1-2-3-4-5:

P1-2-3-4-5 = PAHU + P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 = (0.25 + 0.095 + 0.032 + 0.023 + 0.023 + 0.072)
in. wg. = 0.50 in. wg. < 0.60 in. wg.
In this case, all the sections have lower pressure losses than that available from the fan.
Dampers with the specified pressure drops are required to balance the system on each section:
Size the duct sections as rectangular ducts

The equal friction and capacity chart (Figure A.1) will be used to select an appropriate rectangular duct
equivalent for the circular ducts. The aspect ratio will be 4 or lower.
So,
Section 9: 6 in. x 6 in. (aspect ratio: 1.00).
Drawings
The drawing shows the duct sizes and the damper locations.
Fan selection
The AHU should include a fan that is capable of moving 845 cfm of air and provide at least 0.60 in.
w.g. of external static pressure. A Greenheck single-width industrial centrifugal belt drive fan will be
selected for this application. The specifications are shown in the following catalog sheet. From the
performance curves for the Greenheck 9 BISW fan, a 2212 rpm speed and a 0.29 hp motor is
selected. This fan will be able to provide 0.75 in. w.g. of external static pressure.
Conclusions
Rectangular duct sizes have been chosen for this system based on a pressure loss of 0.13 in. wg. per
100 ft of duct. This is close to the standard 0.1 in. wg. per 100 ft of duct for small-sized, low-velocity
duct systems. The constraint of 0.60 in. wg. of available pressure at the fan forced a calculation of an
The fan selected will be able to deliver a maximum of 850 cfm at 0.75 in. w.g. of external static
pressure, which meets the requirements of the designed system.
The assumption of a 12-inches duct to determine the equivalent lengths of the fittings is valid. In all
since, for the most part, lower equivalent lengths are expected for duct sizes smaller than 12 inches.
Absent from the design are losses due to transitions from larger duct sizes to smaller duct sizes. In all
cases, the duct would be converging (becoming smaller) in the direction of air flow. Compared to other
losses in the system, this loss is very small, with small equivalent lengths on the order of 3 4 ft, and
was ignored.
Duct Section
Duct Size
Duct Velocity
Total Pressure Loss
in.
fpm
in. wg.
11 x 11
1100
0.15
9x9
1100
0.19
8x8
900
0.15
8x7
850
0.15
6x6
610
0.13
8x7
710
0.12
7x6
750
0.15
6x6
610
0.13
6x6
760
0.18
2.9
Hot combustion gases from a large burner are being considered to heat cold water in a heat
exchanger. To facilitate operation and maintenance of the two units, they have been separated
and installed individually. The client failed to provide specific information regarding the heat
exchanger and conduct verification of the presence of electronics and electrical boards on the
unit. As per the 2006 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 31, Section 4.3.6,
oil-burning equipment must be installed so that a minimum 3 ft separation is maintained from
any electrical panel-board. The design strategy will be to connect a duct to the burner and route it
to the bottom of the heat exchanger. It is expected that 25,000 lb/hr of corrosive combustion
gases at 600oF will be transported through the duct after combustion with a low air/fuel ratio.
The duct will be routed through the concrete slab of the floor in a trench to provide insulation,
support, and protection. Design and layout a low-velocity rectangular duct system.
Further Information: For the system designed, the maximum length of straight duct will depend
on the fact that the burner blower cannot provide more than 0.35 in. wg. of pressure.
Possible Solution:
Definition
Design a rectangular duct system to transport hot combustion gases between a burner and a heat
exchanger.

i. The working fluid will be combustion gases.
ii. This is a low-velocity duct system.
iii. NFPA Standard 31, Section 4.3.6 require a minimum 3 ft separation between the burner and the
heat exchanger.
iv. The duct should be routed through the concrete slab of the floor.
v.
The burner blower cannot provide more than 0.35 in. wg. of pressure.
Detailed Design
Objective
To size a rectangular duct. The material of the duct will be selected. The layout, accessories, and
fittings will be chosen.
Data Given or Known

i. The flow rate of the combustion gases will be 25,000 lb/hr.
ii. The temperature of the combustion gases will be 600oF.
iii. The duct will be connected to the bottom of the heat exchanger.
i. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) will be selected as the duct material, given the corrosive nature of
the combustion gases. Another alternative may be to use stainless steel. This may be expensive,
especially to install. Stainless steel duct lined with a Halar coating is also an option.
ii. The entrance and exit to the duct will be a Bellmouth shaped. This will reduce noise and losses.
iii. Any 90o elbows will be mitered with turning vanes. In that case, high-temperature filters should be
placed in the burner to ensure that ash particulates do not enter and accumulate in the duct.
iv. Let the gas velocity in the duct be no more than 2200 fpm. For industrial applications, the
maximum velocity for low-velocity ducts should be 1300 to 2200 fpm.
v. Assume that the combustion gases have the same properties as air since the air/fuel ratio is low.
vi. The duct will be connected close to the top of the burner to ensure that the hot, rising gases will
enter the duct.
Sketch
Below is a sketch of the system. The final drawing will show the final duct layout and size.
Analysis
Determine the flow rate of the gases
The flow rate of the gases, coupled with the maximum velocity will be needed to size the duct.
Therefore, from the mass flow rate,
m
25,000 lb/hr
1 hr
V
x
11,132 cfm .
3
0.03743 lb/ft
60 min
The properties are those of air at 600oF.
Size the round duct

The total volume flow rate of air and the maximum velocity will be used to guide the sizing of the
duct. The chart shown in Figure A.1 will be used to size the duct. The duct size, air velocity, and
pressure loss are:
30 inches, 2200 fpm, and 0.18 in. wg. per 100 ft, respectively.
In this case, the duct velocity does not exceed 2200 fpm.
Determine the size of an equivalent rectangular duct

With the circular duct size known, a rectangular duct with equivalent friction and capacity will be
selected from Table A.3. The dimensions will be chosen so that the aspect ratio will be 4 or less.
Choose: 32 in. x 24 in.

In this case, the aspect ratio is 1.3 and the equivalent circular duct diameter is 30.1 in.
Determine the length of duct

The total pressure available from the blower will be used to specify the total length of duct. With the
total length known, the layout of the system can be fully presented. Hence, based on the sketch,
0.18 in. wg.

x Lstraight Lentrance 4 L90o bend Lexit
100 ft
L o
0.18 in. wg.

L
L
x Lstraight D entrance 4 D 90 bend D exit .
100 ft
D
D
D
Table A.4 presents the equivalent lengths of the fittings in round ducts.
Therefore,
0.35 in. wg.
0.18 in. wg.

x Lstraight 2.5 ft 12 42.5 ft 10 2.5 ft 12
100 ft
Lstraight 34 ft .
The length of straight duct cannot exceed 34 ft. For this design, restrict the duct length to 30 ft.
Drawings
The final drawing, showing the duct size and length is presented below. Note that the total length of
straight duct is 30 ft.
Note that since the dimensions of the duct are on the order of 24 to 32 inches, two pieces of 4 ft
sections of duct were allocated for attachment to the burner and heat exchanger to facilitate
installation.
Conclusions
A rectangular duct has been chosen for the transport of hot corrosive gases from a burner to a heat
exchanger.
An analysis was conducted to determine the maximum length of duct required, while avoiding adverse
impact on the performance of the burner blower in terms of its ability to produce sufficient pressure to
move the gases through the duct. The final lengths of the duct sections in the drawing will need to be
confirmed during the installation stage of the project, especially when additional information regarding
the dimensions of the burner and heat exchanger are known.
2.10 Refer to Problem 2.5. The client has decided to upgrade the factory space that is serviced by the
small-duct high velocity system such that it will be classified as a clean room space for use in
fabrication of microelectronic devices. To that end, the client wishes to replace the existing
terminal boxes with replaceable terminal ceiling filter modules based on HEPA or ultra-low
penetration air (ULPA) technology. Specify and select an appropriate fan from a manufacturers
catalog for this application. Details on the recommendation of filter modules should be provided
for review by the client. Specify dampers, where required, to balance the air flow in the system.
Most manufacturers may provide static pressure loss data for clean, new filters. Static pressure
loss increases as the particulate matter accumulates on the filter over time. What impact will this
have on operation of the fan? Will it stall? Comment.
Possible Solution: (Note that the analysis for Problem 2.5 is included here)
Definition
Specify and select an appropriate fan and terminal filter modules for the given high-velocity system.

ii. This is a high-velocity air-distribution system.
iii. AHRI Standard 210/240-2005 specifies a blower that produces at least 1.2 in. wg. of external static
pressure at 220 to 350 cfm per rated ton of cooling.
iv. The air velocity should not exceed 5000 fpm.
v. The duct lengths, air flow rates, and pressure losses across the terminal boxes are constrained, as
shown in the drawing.
vi. The space will be a clean room for use in fabrication of microelectronic devices.
vii. Terminal ceiling filter modules based on HEPA or ultra-low penetration air (ULPA) technology
should be used.
Detailed Design
Objective
To design a round air duct system and select an appropriate fan and filter modules.
Data Given or Known

ii. The air flow rates through the three diffusers are given as 460 cfm, 590 cfm, and 550 cfm.
iii. The duct system is connected to an air handling unit.
iv. The blower should produce at least 1.2 in. wg. of external static pressure when 220 to 350 cfm per
rated ton of cooling will be produced.
v. The air handling unit produces 5 tons of cooling.
ii. The entrance to the system at the air handling unit will be a Bellmouth entrance. This reduces noise
and losses.
iii. The 45o elbows will be pleated.
iv. The maximum pressure loss across the filters will occur when they are blocked by particles.
Sketch
A sketch of the system is provided to show the labeling of each section of the duct system. Since the
pressure drops across the terminal filter modules are not yet known, they are not specified in the
subsequent drawing.
Analysis
According to the preamble of Problem 2.5, the air velocity in the duct cannot exceed 5000 fpm. From
Table 2.3 and for high-velocity duct systems, air flow rates between 1000 cfm and 3000 cfm require a
maximum air velocity of 2500 fpm. Even though the volume flow rate in section 5 and the branch
take-offs are lower than 1000 cfm, a maximum velocity of 2500 fpm will be used to size the round
ducts.

The total volume flow rate of air from the air handling unit is (460 + 590 + 550) cfm = 1600 cfm. The
volume flow rates through the sections of the system are:
Section 2: 460 cfm,
Section 4: 590 cfm,
Section 5: 550 cfm.
The chart shown in Figure A.1 can be used to size the duct sections. Use the maximum velocity
constraint of 2500 fpm as a guide. The duct sizes, velocities, and pressure losses are:
Section 5: 7 inches, 2050 fpm, 0.95 in. wg. per 100 ft.
In all the sections, the duct velocity does not exceed 2500 fpm. Higher pressure losses per 100 ft of
duct in the shorter branch sections should facilitate system balancing (to prevent excess air from
flooding branches with low pressure losses or low frictional resistances). For a factory-type setting
(similar to a testing laboratory), the design criteria for noise should be NC 45 55. For circular ducts, a
maximum velocity of 2600 fpm will produce NC 35 for an occupied space. Given that all the velocities
in the duct are less than 2600, it is expected that the noise levels will be lower than the NC 45 55
criterion.
Select the terminal filter modules

Flanders Filters is one manufacturer of replaceable terminal HEPA/ULPA filter modules that can be
specified for this application. An excerpt of their catalog is shown below. For this application, and
given that the flow rates are greater than 440 cfm, the 48 in. long x 24 in. wide module will be chosen.
It is expected that the velocity across the filters will be between 70 and 110 fpm (see catalog sheets),
which will serve to avoid filter damage. Given that specifications on the type of solid particulates were
not provided, a conservative approach will be to choose a filter capable of removing 99.9995% of
particles with sizes of 0.12 microns and larger. This choice will result in larger pressure drops across
the filters. Thus, choose filter model number PF-GS591-2448. Given that the flow rates through the
filter modules in the longest run of duct is 550 cfm, the static pressure loss will be taken to be 0.65 in.
w.g.
It is expected that the static pressure loss will increase as the particulate matter accumulates on the
filter over time. For these filters, standard construction allows the modules to be operated at a pressure
drop of 2.0 in. w.g. This is larger than the pressure drop of the clean filters at 0.65 in. w.g. (see catalog
sheets). This suggests that as particulate matter accumulates on the filters, the pressure drop may be as
high as 2.0 in. w.g. This will have an impact on the fan and the air flow rates that it will draw.
Source: Flanders, Corp. (Reprinted with permission)
Check the branch pressure losses for fan sizing and balancing
A check should be conducted of the pressure loss in each of the branches.
Section 1:
P1
0.80 in. wg.

0.80 in. wg.
x L1 Ltee,through
x 20 8 ft 0.224 in. wg. ,
100 ft
100 ft
Section 2:
P2
1.45 in. wg.

1.45 in. wg.
x L2 Ltee,branch
x 10 20 ft 0.435 in. wg. ,
100 ft
100 ft
Section 3:
P3
0.60 in. wg.

0.60 in. wg.
x L3 Lwy e,through
x 12 7 ft 0.114 in. wg. ,
100 ft
100 ft
Section 4:
P4
1.2 in. wg.

1.2 in. wg.
x L4 Lwy e,branch
x 15 13 ft 0.336 in. wg. ,
100 ft
100 ft
Section 5:
P5
0.95 in. wg.

0.95 in. wg.
x L5 2 L45,elbow
x 31 12 ft 0.409 in. wg.
100 ft
100 ft

P1-3-5 = P1 + P3 + P5 + Pfilter = (0.224 + 0.114 + 0.409 + 0.65) in. wg. = 1.40 in. wg.
For branch 1-2:
P1-2 = P1 + P2 + Pfilter = (0.224 + 0.435 + 0.65) in. wg. = 1.31 in. wg.
For branch 1-3-4:
P1-3-4 = P1 + P3 + P4 + Pfilter = (0.224 + 0.114 + 0.336 + 0.65) in. wg. = 1.32 in. wg.
In this case, the minimum pressure loss requirement for operation of the terminal boxes is no longer
applicable because the boxes have been replaced with terminal filter modules. Since the longest branch
will require 1.40 in. w.g. of external static pressure loss, a new fan will be needed (Example 2.5
required a fan to produce 1.2 in. w.g. of external static pressure). Also, this larger value of static
pressure satisfies the requirements of AHRI Standard 210/240-2005.
Damper sizes
In order to balance the system, dampers will be needed in branches 1-2 and 1-3-4 since the pressure
losses in those branches are less than 1.40 in. w.g.
Therefore, the pressure drops across the dampers are
For branch 1-2: 0.09 in. w.g.
For branch 1-3-4: 0.08 in. w.g.
Fan selection
The AHU includes a fan that is capable of moving 1600 cfm of air and provide 1.40 in. w.g. of external
static pressure. A Greenheck single-width industrial centrifugal belt drive fan will be selected for this
application. The specifications are shown in the catalog sheet. From the performance curves for the
Greenheck 10 BISW fan, a 3118 rpm speed and a 0.98 hp motor is selected. This fan will be able
to provide 1.50 in. w.g. of external static pressure.
If the filter module has collected particulates such that the pressure drop is 2.0 in. w.g., the fan will be
required to provide 2.75 in. w.g. of external static pressure. In that case, the fan will only be able to
provide approximately 1100 cfm of air at the same motor horsepower. Though the flow rate would be
lower, the operation of the fan would be well outside the stalling region and far from the free delivery
point.
Drawings
The final drawing, showing the duct sizes is presented below. The pressure drops across the terminal
boxes have also been modified to reflect the results of the analysis.
Conclusions
Round duct sizes have been chosen for this high-velocity system based on a maximum air velocity of
2500 fpm. Decisions were made throughout the analysis to ensure that this constraint was not violated.
system, dampers were installed. It should be noted that dampers are also available with the terminal
filter modules. However, since they are included with all the modules, they will not contribute to
decreasing the static pressure difference between the branches. Therefore, the additional dampers will
be required in branches 1-2 and 1-3-4. Effort was taken to size the branch ducts such that the pressure
loss per 100 ft of duct was larger than the main branch. Absent are the losses when the duct converges
to smaller diameters. These losses are small compared to the others and were ignored.
The effect of including the filter modules based on HEPA or ultra-low penetration air (ULPA)
technology to meet the clients requirements was an increase in the size of the fan required for this
application.
2.11 A researcher at a local university has decided to install new equipment in a laboratory booth that
will be used to fabricate fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for the construction industry
on a pilot scale. The production process will produce gases (volatile organic compounds, VOCs)
and non-flammable small-particle contaminants (carbon fiber particles) that will need to be
exhausted. The researcher has engaged a mechanical engineer to design and layout a circular
duct exhaust system, complete with a fan and other accessories such as dampers and filters. The
researcher is also an engineer and has requested the use of HEPA filters to protect the fan from
particle damage and to avoid their discharge to the open external ambient, a sidewall mounted
exhaust fan, and a damper at the inlet to the fan. The elevation plan, complete with the
equipment, has been provided by the researcher. Four 10 in. diameter openings in the top of the
booth were provided to allow installation of ductwork. The client will supply 4 exhaust hoods
(dimensions: 5 ft long by 3 ft wide opening) for connection to the ductwork system, and as such,
selection of the hoods is outside the scope of this problem. The tentative location of the exhaust
fan has also been specified by the client in the drawing. Design the required system by referring
to the client-supplied drawing of the elevation plan and through consultation with the
International Building Code, the International Mechanical Code and NFPA Standard 704. Most
manufacturers may provide static pressure loss data for clean, new filters. Static pressure loss
increases as the particulate matter accumulates on the filter over time. What impact will this have
on operation of the fan? Will it stall? Comment.
Possible Solution:
Definition
Design a circular duct exhaust system, complete with a fan, filter, and damper, for a booth in a
laboratory.

i. The working fluid will be air that is contaminated with VOCs and non-flammable small-particle
contaminants.
ii. A HEPA filter and a damper must be installed.
iii. The fan must be a sidewall mounted fan.
iv. Constraints on the dimensions of the space and booth were provided by the client.
v. The design should be constrained by the requirements of the International Building Code, the
International Mechanical Code, and NFPA Standard 704.
Detailed Design
Objective
To size a circular air duct. The size and material of the duct will be determined. An exhaust fan will be
selected. The layout, accessories, and fittings that are chosen should be such that losses are kept at a
minimum.
Data Given or Known

i. The dimensions of equipment and the space are given.
ii. Four 10 in. diameter openings in the roof of the booth are provided to facilitate the installation of
the ductwork.
iii. The client will supply 4 exhaust hoods.
i. Galvanized steel is typically used to fabricate air and exhaust duct systems. In this case, it will be
chosen as the material since excessive amounts of water will likely not be present in the exhaust
gases to induce corrosion.
ii. The total friction losses available for the ductwork should be about 0.1 in. of water per 100 ft of
ductwork, as per industry standard. In this case, the fan will be sized after the ductwork system has
been designed.
iii. The entrance to the system at the hood will be a Bellmouth entrance. The exit to the dust collector
will also be a Bellmouth shape. This reduces noise and losses.
iv. Any 90o elbows will be 5-piece, with R/D = 1.5. Pleated or mitered elbows with vanes will be
avoided to prevent accumulation of powder particles in the duct.
v. Assume that this problem falls in an industrial setting.
vi. For non-flammable exhaust materials, the codes do not provide much guidance regarding gas flow
velocity in the ducts. Based on experience with NFPA Standard 96 for commercial cooking
exhaust systems, the gas velocity should be at least 500 fpm. In order to maintain a low-noise, lowvibration ductwork system, the gas velocity should not exceed 2200 fpm in the main duct and 1800
fpm in the branch duct. Therefore, a target maximum velocity of 1800 fpm will be chosen for the
duct system for a conservative design approach.
Sketch
A sketch of the system is shown below. Note that each section of the duct has been labeled. The final
drawing will show the final layout and duct sizes.
Analysis
Determine flow rates in the duct system
It can be inferred from the problem preamble that the researcher will likely generate most of the
VOCs and particulate contaminants during operation of the system. It is possible that vapors may also
be generated even when the system is not operating. Section 502.10.1 of the International Mechanical
Code requires that for hazardous production materials, at least 6 complete air changes per hour (ACH)
be provided for an exhausted enclosure similar to the booth in this problem. An air change is a
complete change of the total volume of air in a space.
Therefore, the minimum volume flow rate of exhaust that needs to be removed is
6 air changes
6 air changes
1 hour
Vmin
x space volume
x 50 ft 8 ft 7 ft x
280 cfm .
1 hour
1 hour
60 min
To give the client some flexibility, the amount of air that is exhausted will be increased. The system
will be designed such that each hood will be able to meet the minimum requirement of the code.
Consequently, the requirement will be met in the most conservative case when only one hood is
operational. Thus, 1120 cfm of exhaust gas will be removed from the booth enclosure.
Size the circular duct

The flow rate through each section of the ductwork system can be calculated. It was assumed that the
pressure loss in the system will be guided by a value of 0.1 in. wg. per 100 ft of ductwork and the
target maximum velocity will be 1800 fpm. Note that since the designer will size and select a fan as a
part of this problem solution, this industry standard will be used. The approximate diameter of the
circular ducts will be found by using the flow rates, pressure losses, and the appropriate friction loss
chart for round, straight galvanized steel ducts (Figure A.1).
Hence,
Section a-b: 280 cfm, 9 in. diameter, 630 fpm, 0.08 in. w.g. per 100 ft (typical of 4)
Section b-c: 560 cfm, 11 in. diameter, 830 fpm, 0.11 in. w.g. per 100 ft.
Section c-d: 840 cfm, 12 in. diameter, 1100 fpm, 0.15 in. w.g. per 100 ft.
Section d-e: 1120 cfm, 14 in. diameter, 1000 fpm, 0.12 in. w.g. per 100 ft.
Note that the velocities of the exhaust gas in each section of the ductwork system are less than 1800
fpm, as required for a low-velocity, low-noise, low-vibration duct system.
Choose a HEPA filter

The client has requested that a HEPA filter be installed in the system. The Camfil Farr Filtra 2000
Absolute filter will be selected. An excerpt from the catalog is shown. Given that the total volume flow
rate is 1120 cfm, and in an effort to keep the system static pressure loss low, the FA 1563-03-01 filter
will be chosen. It will withstand a maximum of 1500 cfm and produce a pressure loss of 0.5 in. w.g.
Since the pressure drop across the filter will increase as particulates accumulate, the external static
pressure requirement of the fan will be increased. For this filter, it is recommended that the filter be
changed when the initial pressure (0.5 in. w.g.) doubles. Therefore, the static pressure drop across the
filter could be as high as 1.0 in. w.g. This will have an impact on the operation of the fan.
Source: Camfil Farr (Reprinted with permission)
Determine the pressure losses in the duct system to size the exhaust fan
The total pressure loss in the duct system will be required to specify the requirements of the dust
collector fan. The pressure loss in the longest run of duct will be used to size the fan. In this case, the
longest run of duct is branch a-b-c-d-e. The pressure loss in the duct varies between 0.08 and 0.15 in.
w.g. per 100 ft of duct. It would be acceptable to use a pressure loss of 0.15 in. w.g. per 100 ft of duct
to determine the static pressure loss in all the duct sections. This would yield a more conservative
estimate of the pressure loss and fan size. It would also be acceptable to use the pressure loss for each
section and the length of straight duct for each section to determine the pressure loss. Therefore,
P Pfilter
0.15 in. wg.

x Lstraight Lhood L90o bend Ltee, converge
100 ft
P Pfilter
L o
Ltee,converge
0.15 in. wg.
L
.
x Lstraight D hood D 90 bend D
100 ft
D
D
D
It should be noted that as the diameter of the duct changes the equivalent lengths of the fittings will
also change and will be different. Also, the tees will be through and converging as noted from the
sketch provided by the client. Also from the sketch, the length of straight duct is approximately Lstraight
= 40 ft + 22 ft + 15 ft + 12 ft = 89 ft.
Table A.4 presents the equivalent lengths of the fittings in round ducts. Thus,
P 0.5 in. w.g.
0.15 in. wg.

x 89 ft 0.75 ft 12 0.75 ft 1.2 ft 1.2 ft 12 30.75 ft 12
100 ft
P 0.75 in. wg.
In this case, the fan should be able to move 1120 cfm of air and provide an external static
pressure of 0.75 in. wg.
A Greenheck centrifugal sidewall exhaust fan with direct drive will be selected for this application. It
will come complete with a damper. The specifications are shown in the catalog sheet. From the
performance curves for the Greenheck CW-141HP-A sidewall direct drive fan, a 1725 rpm speed
and a hp motor is selected. This fan will be able to draw 1178 cfm of exhaust gas at 0.75 in. w.g.
of external static pressure.
If the filter module has collected particulates such that the pressure drop is 1.0 in. w.g., the fan will be
required to provide 1.25 in. w.g. of external static pressure. In that case, the fan will only be able to
draw 999 cfm of exhaust gas. Though the flow rate would be lower, the operation of the fan would be
well outside the stalling region and far from the free delivery point. For the selected forward-curved
fan, the stalling region is approximately between 0 and 420 cfm (30% of 1394 cfm). The shape of the
fan curve suggests that operating the fan at around 2.0 in. w.g. and 0 to 500 cfm would produce
stalling, and should be avoided.
Drawings
The final drawing, showing the duct sizes and layout, is presented below. Note that the vertical section
of duct is 24 in. from the wall to provide sufficient space for curvature of the 5-piece 90o bend at the
connection to the fan. The clearance needs to be at least 21 in. (R = 1.5 x D = 1.5 x 14 in.) for
installation of the 5-piece 90o bend.
Conclusions
The exhaust system has been sized, taking into consideration the appropriate codes and standards.
Galvanized steel will be used to fabricate the exhaust system based on circular ducts. The air velocities
in each section of the duct are less than 1800 fpm, which will maintain a low-velocity, low-noise, lowvibration duct system. The pressure drops through the ductwork, fittings, filter, and components were
used to size and select a fan from a manufacturers catalog.
The exhaust outlet to the fan will be rectangular. Therefore, it will be necessary to transition from the
rectangular exhaust outlet on the fan to the circular duct.
Care should be taken to ensure that the filter does not accumulate excess particulate material to avoid
excessive pressure loss (i.e., pressure loss higher than 1.0 in. w.g.). A maintenance program will be
required to ensure frequent filter changes. Thus, maintaining the integrity of the system.

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Introd uction to Thermo-Fluid s System s Design , First Edition. Andr G. McDonald and Hugh L. Magande.

0.09 in. water

P1-2 = 0.0675 in. of water

P2-3 = 0.0445 in. of water

P2-4 = 0.0819 in. of water

Preliminary Specifications and Constraints

Data Given or Known

Determine the pressure loss per 100 ft of duct

Thus, for sizing the ducts,

Size the duct sections

0.18 in. wg.

0.18 in. wg.

P2 = 0.12 in. wg.,

0.18 in. wg.

0.18 in. wg.

P4 = 0.086 in. wg.,

0.18 in. wg.

P5 = 0.12 in. wg.,

The following table summarizes the design results.

Total Pressure Loss

Heating Air Requirement

Data Given or Known

Total Air Requirement

0.1 in. wg.

Data Given or Known

Determine the pressure loss per 100 ft of duct

0.60 0.04 0.10 0.20 0.05 in. wg. x 100 ft

Size the duct sections

0.15 in. wg.

0.19 in. wg.

0.15 in. wg.

0.15 in. wg.

0.13 in. wg.

P5 = 0.072 in. wg.,

0.12 in. wg.

0.15 in. wg.

0.13 in. wg.

0.18 in. wg.

P9 = 0.112 in. wg.,

For branch 1-6:

For branch 1-2-3-8:

For branch 1-2-3-4-5:

The following table summarizes the design results.

Total Pressure Loss

A small-duct high-velocity system is to be developed to distribute conditioned air to a factory.

Preliminary Specifications and Constraints

Data Given or Known

Size the duct sections

0.80 in. wg.

1.45 in. wg.

0.60 in. wg.

1.2 in. wg.

0.95 in. wg.

For the longest branch:

For branch 1-2:

Pressure drops across the terminal boxes

The following table summarizes the design results.

Total Pressure Loss

Preliminary Specifications and Constraints

ii. This is a high-velocity air duct system.

Data Given or Known

Size the duct

Determine the pressure losses in the duct system

0.60 in. wg.