Semester III Assgn Business Research Methodology

Assignment 1
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY FOR
MANAGEMENT
DECISIONS
(5599)
MBA Executive
ZAHID NAZIR
Roll # AB523655
Semester: Autumn 2009
ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY,

ISLAMABAD.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR MANAGEMENT DECISIONS
QUESTION 1
Briefly explain each step of Research

Process.
(20)
2
ZAHID NAZIR AB523655
RESEARCH
Research is a process of investigation. An examination of a subject from

different points of view. It’s not just a trip to the library to pick up a stack of
materials, or picking the first five hits from a computer search. Research is a
hunt for the truth. It is getting to know a subject by reading up on it,
reflecting, playing with the ideas, choosing the areas that interest you and
following up on them. Research is the way you educate yourself.
RESEARCH PROCESS
The research process consists of series of steps necessary to effectively

carryout the research and the desired sequencing of these steps. It consists of
closely related activities but these activities overlap continuously rather than
strictly prescribed sequence. Each step will have an influence over the
following steps so the researcher always has to think a few steps ahead.
These steps are not distinct and separate but are interwoven. The researcher
has a difficult task of anticipating the requirements of the subsequent steps,
with each step he takes. His focus is not concentrated only on one single
activity or operation at a particular point of time. However the following
order concerning various steps provides useful procedural guideline
regarding the research process:-
1) Formulating research problem.
2) Choice of research design.
3
3) Determining sources of data.

4) Data collection methods.
5) Determining the sample design and sample size.
6) Organizing and conducting field survey.
7) Processing and analyzing the collected data.
8) Preparing the research report.
Fig: Research Process
1. Formulating Research Problem

The task of formulating or defining a research problem is the step of
greatest importance in the entire research process. The problem to be
investigated must be defined clearly and specifically so that the researcher
can differentiate the relevant data from the unimportant data.
Statement of problem determines the data to be collected, the
characteristics of the data which are relevant relations between the
4
variables that are to be determined, the choice of technique to be used in

these explorations and the final of the report.
The researcher has to remember that a problem well defined is a problem
half-solved. In order to identify the research problem three kinds of
situations (symptoms) should be studied.
a) Overt (open) difficulties:
These difficulties are quite evident, apparent (visible) e.g. Decline in

sales or decline in performance of employees.
b) Latent Difficulties:
They are not so visible and if not checked will soon become evident
e.g. Poor supervision can demotivate the staff and affect performance.
c) Unnoticed Opportunities:
These show potential growth in certain areas.

After identifying two or more problems, the researcher must select one
problem after examining the priorities of the organizations and its
limitations of time and money and expected value of research.
A complete problem definition must specify each of the following:
i. Units of analysis:
These are the individuals or objects whose characteristics are to be
measured. It is necessary that universe is well defined.
ii. Time and Space boundaries:

This explains the time and place of reference to be considered by the
researcher e.g. Studying the buying behavior of consumers during
Eid season for the purchase of wrist watches in Gujarat.
5
iii. Characteristics of interest:

This identifies the focus of problem e.g. Style, color preference, buying
behavior, etc. The researcher must specify the number and type of
characteristics to be measured in his problem e.g. What kind of shoes
is preferred by manager?
iv. Environmental Conditions:

This indicates the uniqueness and generality of the problem. The
problem definition must specify the environment for which the
company wants research results. It should also indicate the possible
changes in the environment, so that results of research do not become
irrelevant.
v. Hypothesis Development:
A hypothesis is a proposition which the researcher wants to verify. The
researcher has to select among the possible hypothesis and test them
empirically with the help of statistical tools in order to make sure that
they are true or false. Properly defined problem will provide direction
to the researcher.
2. Choice of Research Design
A research design gives the methods and procedures for conducting

a particular study. The function of research design is to provide for the
collection of relevant information (evidence), with minimum efforts,
time and money. Broadly speaking, the research design can be grouped
into three categories:
a) Exploratory Research Design
Exploratory research focuses on discovery of ideas and is generally

based on secondary data. It is preliminary investigation with a flexible
6
approach. This is because a researcher may have to change his focus as

a result of new ideas and relationship among the variables.
b) Descriptive Research Design
Descriptive research is undertaken when the researcher has to get

accurate description of a situation or relation between variables. This
design tends to minimize bias and maximize the reliability of the data
collected and analyzed. These are well structured.
c) Causal Research Design
It is undertaken when a researcher wants to find out the cause-effect

relationship between two or more variables. It is based on logical
grounds.
The main criterion of a good research design is that it must enjoy or solve
the research problem.
3. Determining the sources of data

After selection of research design, next step is to determine sources of
data, whether primary data or secondary data should be used.
The researcher should critically evaluate the secondary data or primary
data so as to avoid the possible sources of error. The researcher should
know about the authentic sources of relevant data, their periodicity,
agency publishing data, etc. it is only when the secondary data is not
available or not reliable that the researcher should use primary data.
4. Data Collection Methods
A researcher should keep in mind the following factors while

deciding on the data collection methods. Nature, scope and
7
objectives of research, availability of funds and time and the

precision needed.
In primary data there are broadly two methods available and they
are:
a) Observation Method
This method suggests that data are collected through one’s

observation. If the researcher is a keen observer, with integrity he
would be in a position to observe and record data faithfully and
accurately. While the observational method may be suitable in case
of some studies, several things of interest such as attitudes,
opinions, motivations and other intangible states of mind cannot be
observed. Another aspect of this method is that it is non-reactive as
data are collected unobtrusively without the direct participation of
the respondent. This is a major advantage as the behaviour can be
recorded without relying on reports from the respondents.
b) Survey Method:
Surveys are also used to collect primary data. Survey can be personal,
telephonic and mail. The most commonly used methods in India are
personal and mail survey. The researcher has to choose the kind of
survey to be used for data collection.
Telephonic survey is suitable when very limited and specific
information is needed. Surveys based on personal interview are
suitable when detailed information is to be collected. Sometimes
combinations of two or more methods can also be used. Normally in
survey method, structured questionnaire are prepared in advance to
get the necessary information from the respondents.
Whether it is personal or mail survey, a suitable questionnaire has to
be designed and the questionnaire is pretested for its validity.
8
5. Determining the Sample Design and Sample Size
Another aspect which forms a part of research process is the

sampling plan. When a researcher has decided to carryout a field
survey, he has to decide whether it is to be a census or sample
survey. In almost all cases, a sample survey is undertaken on
account of its advantages over a census survey.
When a decision in favour of a sample survey has been taken, it is
necessary to have specific definition of the population from which
sample is to be drawn, before deciding the type of sample design.
He has to make choice between probability sampling and non-
probability sampling. The type of sample design chosen will
depend on its suitability and availability of the requisite sample
frame.
There are two approaches regarding sample size:
1) The choice of practical approach.
2) The statistical approach.
The size of sample will depend on the degree of precision required and
also on the cost consideration. The proper selection of sample design
and sample size will reduce the possibility errors.
6. Organizing and conducting field survey
Having prepared the questionnaire and selected the sample design and
sample size, the next step is to organize and conduct field survey.
Interviewing and the supervision of fieldwork are the two steps of
conducting survey.
The task of interviewing seems to be simple but in reality it is one of
the most difficult tasks in research because respondent are generally
9
hesitant in giving information. Supervision of fieldwork is also

important to ensure proper and in time completion of survey.
7. Processing and analyzing the collected data
After the completion of field survey and receiving questionnaire, the

next task is to aggregate the data in a meaningful manner. The
number of tables is prepared to bring out the main characteristics
of the data. In order to derive meaningful results from the statistical
tables, the researcher may use the following steps.
To calculate relevant measures of central tendency, highlighting the

major aspect of data.
To cross tabulate the data to ascertain some useful relationships.

.
To calculate the correlation coefficient and undertake a regression
analysis between the variables.
To undertake the multi variable analysis.
8. Preparing the Research Report
Once the data have been tabulated, interpreted has to prepare a report
including the findings of his research study and his recommendations.
The report should have objectivity, clarity in presentation of ideas, use
of charts and diagrams, etc. the layout of report should be as follows:
I. The Preliminary Pages:
This includes title and dates, acknowledgement and foreword.
10
II. The Main Text:

This should have introduction, summary of findings, main report
body and conclusion.
III. The End Matter
This includes appendixes, bibliography and index.
References:
www.crlsresearchguide.org
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research
www.suffolk.edu/files/SawLib_Tutorials
##################
11
QUESTION 2
What are the different types of Research,
Explain in detail?
(20)
12
TYPES OF RESEARCH
On the basis of the fundamental objectives of the research, we can classify

research into two types:
1. Exploratory Research
2. Conclusive Research
1. Exploratory Research
Exploratory research is conducted to clarify ambiguous problems.
Management may have discovered general problems, but research is needed
to gain better understanding of the dimensions of the problems. Exploratory
studies provide information to use in analyzing a situation, but uncovering
conclusive evidence to determine a particular course of action is not the
purpose of exploratory research. Usually, exploratory research is conducted
with the expectation that subsequent research will be required to provide
conclusive evidence, It is a serious mistake to rush into detailed surveys
before less expensive and more readily available sources of information have
been exhausted.
In an organization considering a program to help employees with childcare
needs, for example, exploratory research with a small number of employees
who have children might determine that many of them have spouses who
also work and that these employees have positive reactions to the possibility
of an on-site child-care program. In such a case exploratory research helps to
crystallize a problem and identify information needs for future research.
13
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH METHODS

The quickest and the cheapest way to formulate a hypothesis in exploratory
research is by using any of the four methods:
Literature search
Experience survey
Focus group
Analysis of selected cases
Literature Search
This refers to "referring to a literature to develop a new hypothesis". The
literature referred are - trade journals, professional journals, market research
finding publications, statistical publications etc Example: Suppose a problem
is "Why are sales down?" This can quickly be analyzed with the help of
published data which should indicate "whether the problem is an "industry
problem" or a "firm problem". Three possibilities exist to formulate the
hypothesis.
1. The company's market share has declined but industry's figures are
normal.
2. The industry is declining and hence the company's market share is
also declining.
3. The industry's share is going up but the company's share is
declining.
If we accept the situation that our company's sales are down despite the
market showing an upward trend, then we need to analyse the marketing
mix variables.
Example 1: A TV manufacturing company feels that its market share is
declining whereas the overall television industry is doing very well.
Example 2: Due to a trade embargo imposed by a country, textiles exports
are down and hence sales of a company making garment for exports is on the
decline. The above information may be used to pinpoint the reason for
declining sales.
14
Experience Survey
In experience surveys, it is desirable to talk to persons who are well informed
in the area being investigated. These people may be company executives or
persons outside the organization. Here, no questionnaire is required. The
approach adopted in an experience survey should be highly unstructured, so
that the respondent can give divergent views. Since the idea of using
experience survey is to undertake problem formulation, and not conclusion,
probability sample need not be used. Those who cannot speak freely should
be excluded from the sample.
Example 1:
1) A group of housewives may be approached for their choice for a
"ready to cook product".
2) A publisher might want to find out the reason for poor circulation of
newspaper introduced recently. He might meet (a) Newspaper sellers
(b) Public reading room (c) General public (d) Business community;
etc. These are experienced persons whose knowledge researcher can
use.
Focus Group
Another widely used technique in exploratory research is the focus group. In
a focus group, a small number of individuals are brought together to study
and talk about some topic of interest. The discussion is co-ordinated by a
moderator. The group usually is of 8-12 persons. While selecting these
persons, care has to be taken to see that they should have a common
background and have similar experiences in buying. This is required because
there should not be a conflict among the group members on the common
issues that are being discussed. During the discussion, future buying
attitudes, present buying opinion etc., are gathered.
Most of the companies conducting the focus groups, first screen the
candidates to determine who will compose the particular group. Firms also
take care to avoid groups, in which some of the participants have their
friends and relatives, because this leads to a biased discussion. Normally, a
15
number of such groups are constituted and the final conclusion of various
groups are taken for formulating the hypothesis. Therefore, a key factor in
focus group is to have similar groups. Normally there are 4-5 groups. Some of
them may even have 6-8 groups. The guiding criteria is to see whether the
latter groups are generating additional ideas or repeating the same with
respect to the subject under study. When this shows a diminishing return
from the group, the discussions stopped. The typical focus group lasts for 1-
30 hours to 2 hours. The moderator under the focus group has a key role. His
job is to guide the group to proceed in the right direction.
Analysis of selected cases

Analysing a selected case sometimes gives an insight into the problem which
is being researched. Case histories of companies which have undergone a
similar situation may be available. These case studies are well suited to carry
out exploratory research. However, the result of investigation of case
histories arc always considered suggestive, rather than conclusive. In case of
preference to "ready to eat food", many case histories may be available in the
form of previous studies made by competitors. We must carefully examine
the already published case studies with regard to other variables such as
price, advertisement, changes in the taste, etc.
2. Conclusive Research
Exploratory research gives rise to several hypothesis which will have to be
tested for drawing definite conclusion. These conclusions when tested for
validity lay the structure for decision making. Conclusive research is used for
this purposed of testing the hypotheses generated by exploratory research.
Conclusive research can be classified as either descriptive or experimental.
Descriptive Research
Descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the current
status of the phenomena to describe "what exists" with respect to variables
16
or conditions in a situation. The methods involved range from the survey

which describes the status quo, the correlation study which investigates the
relationship between variables, to developmental studies which seek to
determine changes over time.
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH METHODS

Case Studies
Detailed analysis of a single (or limited number) of people or events. Case
studies are usually interesting because of the unusualness of the case .The
major problem with case studies is the problem of objectivity. The person
who is presenting the case usually has some theoretical orientation. It is
acceptable for a theoretical orientation to affect one’s interpretation of
events. In a case study the theoretical orientation can also lead to the
selection of the facts to include in the case. It is not surprising that case
studies often seem to provide very compelling evidence for a theory.
Case studies can therefore assist psychology by illustrating how a theory
could be applied to a person or events and by assisting with the development
of hypotheses for more systematic testing.
Observational Research
Accounts of the natural behavior of individuals or groups in some setting.
Unless the observation is unobtrusive, there may be some subject reactivity
to being observed. This often decreases with time, a process called
habituation. Observers cannot usually observe all behaviors all of the time.
They may use a behavioral checklist and may also use time sampling or event
sampling procedures. It is important to assess observer bias by the use of
interobserver reliability. Observational research may also pose ethical
problems. These can arise when the behaviors being observed are not public
behaviors and when the observer joins a group in order to observe the
members’ behavior – participant observation.
17
Survey Research
Structured questions to assess peoples beliefs, attitudes, and self-reports of
behavior. If the researcher wishes to generalize the responses to a
population, it is important to have a representative sample. Surveys that rely
on self-selection (respond if you are interested) produce non-generalizable
results. Surveys also provide information for co relational research. One can
correlate responses to some questions (often demographic questions) with
responses to other questions (often attitudes or reports of behavior). Survey
question must be clear and unambiguous. Even if the questions are
unambiguous and non-leading, people may display a social desirability bias
and give positive or socially acceptable and desirable answers. Survey
methods include: (1) the interview or face-to-face method which is generally
viewed as the best method for obtaining a high rate of responses but is also
very costly; (2) phone surveys, which are less expensive but have a higher
non-response rate (which has probably increased with caller ID); and (3)
written or mail surveys, which are least expensive but have a very high non-
response rate. Follow-up messages can help increase the response rate.
Archival Research
Analysis of pre-existing data or records. Archival research often involves
content analysis, a qualitative analysis of material. For example, one would
use content analysis to determine whether there had been an increase in the
frequency with which women and minorities were mentioned in US history
books between 1920 and 2000. Some archival research is quasi-experimental.
Experimental Research
Science revolves around experiments, and learning the best way of
conducting an experiment is crucial to obtaining useful and valid results.
When scientists speak of experiments, in the strictest sense of the word, they
mean a true experiment, where the scientist controls all of the factors and
18
conditions. Real world observations, and case studies, should be referred to

as observational research, rather than experiments. For example, observing
animals in the wild is not a true experiment, because it does not isolate and
manipulate an independent variable.
With an experiment, the researcher is trying to learn something new about
the world, an explanation of ‘why’ something happens. The experiment must
maintain internal and external validity, or the results will be useless.
References:
Zikmund G. William, “Business Research Methods,” Cengage

Learning India Private Limited, Eight Indian Reprints,
2009.
Kothari C R, “Research Methodology Methods and
Techniques,” New Age International (P) Ltd Publishers.
Prof. Murthy S N, “Business Research Methods”.
Dr.Bhojanna U, “Business Research Methodology”.
##################
19
QUESTION 3
a). Explain the concept of hypotheses,
propositions and assumptions.
b). What are the elements of research

problem? Keeping in view all these
elements, Formulate any management
related research problem and develop a
hypotheses for that problem.
(20)
20
HYPOTHESIS
A hypothesis is a proposition - a tentative assumption which a researcher

wants to test for its logical or empirical consequences. Hypotheses are more
useful when stated in precise and clearly defined terms. It may be mentioned
that though a hypothesis is useful it is not always necessary, especially in
case of exploratory researches. However, in a problem - oriented research, it
is necessary to formulate a hypothesis or hypotheses. In such researches,
hypotheses are generally concerned with the causes of a certain
phenomenon or a relationship between two or more variables under
investigation.
Hypotheses, though important, are not essential for a study. A perfectly valid
study can be conducted without constructing a single hypothesis. There are
however many definitions of a hypothesis but for the purpose of this
assignment the following definitions can be given;
… a conjectural statement of the relationship between two or
more variables (Kerlin 1986).
… a tentative assumption or preliminary statement about the

relationship between two or more things that needs to be
examined(Welman et al 2005)
… tentative statement about something, the validity of which is

usually unknown (Black and Champion 1976).
21
… a proposition that is stated in a testable form and that predicts

a particular relationship between two (or more) variables. In
other words, if we think that a relationship exists, we first state it
as a hypothesis and then test the hypothesis in the field (Bailey
1978).
Thus from the given definitions it can be deduced that a hypothesis is a

premade statement of the results of an investigation indicating the
relationship between two or more variables that awaits verification.
Functions of a Hypothesis
Hypotheses are important for bringing clarity, specifity and focus to a
research study. A hypothesis does so by exposing; the specific aspects of a
research problem, important data to a study, focus and finally may enable
the researcher to add to the formulation of theory. Hypotheses may only add
to the formulation of theory after they have been proven to be true.
Characteristics of a Hypothesis
There are four major aspects of a hypothesis. Firstly a hypothesis should be
simple, specific and conceptually clear. Secondly, it should be capable of
verification. Thirdly, it should be related to the existing body of knowledge
and lastly it should be operationalisable thus expressible in terms that can be
measured.
Types of Hypothesis
Broadly, there are two categories of hypothesis namely, the research
hypothesis and the alternate hypothesis. The research hypothesis is the basis
of an investigation and is usually indicated by H1.The alternate hypothesis
22
there to explicitly specify the relationship that will be considered true if in

case the research hypothesis proves to be wrong.
##################
b)
RESEARCH PROBLEM
Introduction
The research problem is often argued as the heart of the research process,
without which no research process can take place. In formulating the
problem the variables must be eminent and easily identifiable while a
hypothesis should accompany each research problem. Once a research
problem is clearly defined, it should be translated into a research hypothesis
that states; a relationship between two or more variables in one (or more)
population(s).Thus the assignment will reflect on the linkage of the research
problem, research hypothesis and the existing variables.
Firstly, the research problem will be explored, its importance, sources of the
research problem, considerations as well as steps to be followed when
formulating a research problem. Secondly, identification of variables will be
discussed using the three common types of variables and the four prominent
23
scales of measurement. Lastly, the definition, functions, characteristics,

types and errors in testing hypothesis will be discussed.
RESEARCH PROBLEM
Research problem refers to some difficulties which a researcher experiences
in the context of both a theoretical or practical situation and wants to obtain
a solution for the same, usually it is said that a research problem does exist if
the following condition are met with:
There must be an individual (or a group or an organization), let us call
it I, to whom the problem can be attributed. The individual or the
organization, as the case may be, occupies an environment, say ‘N’,
which is defined by the values of uncontrolled variables, Y1.
There must be at least two courses of actions, say C1 and C2, to be
pursued. A course of action is defined by one or more values of the
controlled variables. For example, the number of items purchased at a
specified time is said to be one of action.
There must be at least two possible outcomes, say O1 and O2, of the
course of action, of which one should be preferable to other. In other
words, this means there must be at least one outcome that the
researcher wants, i.e., an objective.
The courses of action available must provide some chance; otherwise
the choice would not matter. Thus, if p(Oj\I,C1,N)≠P(O1\I,C2,N). In
simple words, we can say that the choices must have unequal
efficiencies for the desired outcomes.
24
Over and above these conditions, the individual or organization can said to
have the problem only if ‘I’ does not know what course of action is best, i.e.,
‘I’, must be in doubt about the solution. Thus, an individual or a group of
persons can be said to have a problem which can be technically described as
research problem, if they (individual or group), having one or more
described out comes, are confronted with two or more courses of action that
that have some but not equal efficiency for the described objective(s) and are
in doubt about which course of action is best.
COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

Identification of the components is very much essential for formulation of
problem, once we identify the components than formulation of the problem
will become much easier. The following are the components of research
problem which helps in formulating and solving the research problem.
i. There must be an individual or a group which has some difficulty or
the problem.
ii. There must be some objectives to be attained at. If one wants nothing
one cannot have a problem.
iii. There must be alternative means (or the course of action) for obtaining
the objectives one wishes to attain. This means there must be at least
two means available to a researcher for if he has no choice of means,
he cannot have problem.
iv. There must remain some doubt in the mind of researcher with regard
to the selection of alternatives. This means the research must answer
25
the question concerning the relative efficiency of the possible

alternatives.
v. There must be some environments to which the difficulty pertains.
Thus a research problem is one which requires a researcher to find out

the best solution for the given problem, i.e., to find out by which course
of action the objective can be attained optimally in the context of a given
environment. There are several factors which may result in making the
problem complicated. For instance, the environment may change
affecting the efficiencies of the course of action or values of the
outcomes; the number of alternative courses of action may be very large;
persons not involved in making the decision may be affected by it and
react to it favorably or unfavorably, and similar other factors. All such
elements (or at least the important ones) may be thought of in context of
a research problem.
FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

Formulation of the problem means defining the problem precisely. In other
words, a problem well defined is half solved. In operations research, we say
that formulation of problem is often more essential than its solution because
when the problem is formulated, an appropriate techniques can be applied
to generate alternative solutions. Choosing the best alternative is the best
decision under the given circumstances.
Steps involved in defining research problem are:
i. Statement of the problem in a general way.
26
ii. Understanding the nature of the problem.

iii. Surveying the available literature.
iv. Developing the idea through discussions.
v. Rephrasing the research problem into a working proposition.
Once the problem has been selected, the same has to be
understood thoroughly and then the same has to be reframed into
meaningful terms from an analytical point of view. The best way is to
discuss the problem with friends or colleagues or with those who have the
knowledge of it. Both parties, the researcher and/or the concerned manager
and customer, must agree on the specific nature of the research problem.
Ideally, both the parties must ascertain the priorities of the issues involved,
scope or potential benefits, cost as well as the time required to conduct the
study. Researcher must specify the exact issues being examined and the
underlying logic in setting the priorities. Moreover, the research must
define the boundaries of the population covered in the proposal.
In essence, a proper formulation of the research problem starting
with objectives would enable a researcher to go ahead in the proper
direction. Finally, it may be noted that problem formulation would have
focus on what sort of decision issues are tackled. In other words, it gives a
clear idea of research itself.
SIMPLE STEPS TO SOLVE THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Whenever the problem arises than we have to search for the solution,
searching of solution can be done in different ways but if at all we consider
better way of solving the problems than we can easily solve the research
27
problem, the following steps will make easier for the researcher to solve the
problem much more quickly,
i. Identify what is KNOWN.
ii. Identify what is UNKNOWN.
iii. Do the KNOWNS tell us anything about the UNKNOWNS? (Make a
list).
iv. COMBINE the KNOWNS with UNKOWNS to see if there is a “new”
and important research question that is worth a doctorate.
v. Identify its parts and wholes.
vi. Trace its history and changes.
vii. Identify its categories and characteristics.
viii. Determine its value [to you as well].
ix. Review and rearrange your answers.
ORIGINS OF THE PROBLEM

Origins of the problems are nothing but how the problem creates while research,
this can also be the sources, how the problem is created. The following are the
various origins of the problem which is created while research,
a) PRIMARY DATA
Generally the researcher always depends on the primary data which he
has collected or else he will be depending on the others collected data.
So if at all there is an error in the primary data, or else the data
misrepresents the facts their arises the problem, then the further
process of the research may not serve the objective. If at all the data
28
taken from the source is inappropriate then their creates a problem

and this may consider as the origin of the problem.
b) FORMULATIG OF THE PROBLEM

Even there is a good primary data there is a chance of problem where
the problem may arises while formulating the problem itself.
Formulation of the problem means defining the problem precisely. In
other words, a problem well defined is half solved. In operations
research, we say that formulation of problem is often more essential
than its solution because when the problem is formulated, an
appropriate techniques can be applied to generate alternative
solutions. If at all the formulation itself has some o wrong information
and if wrong procedures are implicated to solve the problem then
arises the new problem, so this will be origin of new problem which
may arise in solving the problem. So necessary actions is required to
take while formulating the problem so that their won’t be chance of
origin of new problem.
c) SAMPLES SELECTED FOR RESEARCH

Whenever the researcher wants to conduct the research he has to
select certain samples for his study, it might be the area, sex, age,
income level, etc, if at all researcher fails to identify which sample has
to be taken for his research then the purpose never be served.
Identifying and selecting of the sample according to the objective is
very much essential if at all it is not considered then problem will
29
definitely arises, that will be the origin for the problem so it is very
much essential to identify and select the sample so as origin of
problem can be avoided.
d) RESEARCH DESIGN
Research Design is a framework or blueprint for conducting the
research project. It specifies the details of the procedures necessary for
obtaining the information needed to structure or solve research
problem. Sometimes it happens that while solving the problem we will
get some complications where we fail to identify the problems in
research design this is the main problem where identification of the
problem in research design will always depend on how you define the
problem. If the problem is defined wrongly then the solution will be
wrong only. This is how problem is originated in research design.
Problems are meant to happen but solving that is important. We may

take necessary actions to avoid the origin of problem which may arise
during the research. Solving should be like that where it should not
create a new problem so that solving becomes much more
complicated.
So solving in smarter way is very much essential to avoid the further
complications in solving the problem
30
References:
Zikmund G. William, “Business Research Methods,” Cengage

Learning India Private Limited, Eight Indian Reprints,
2009.
Kothari C R, “Research Methodology Methods and
Techniques,” New Age International (P) Ltd Publishers.
Prof. Murthy S N, “Business Research Methods”.
Dr.Bhojanna U, “Business Research Methodology”.
##################
31
QUESTION 4
a). Differentiate between Qualitative and
Quantitative Analysis.
b). What are the methods of collecting

primary data?
(20)
32
a)
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
Virtually all market research can be broken out into two categories:
quantitative and qualitative. While studies often combine the two,
understanding how to use them will ensure you get the most out of your
market research spend.
As the term suggests, Quantitative Research relies primarily on the

collection and analysis of numerical information. Qualitative Research, in
contrast, focuses on smaller samplings with a richer depth of data drawn
from interviews, discussion groups, or careful studies of relevant source
materials, such as books, articles, videos and existing research.
Quantitative Research
Overview and Advantages
The primary aim of quantitative research is to collect, count, measure, and
assess the meaning behind specific variables—and ultimately, devise
statistical explanations for what the researchers have learned. Quantitative
researchers gather information from a much larger number of representative
individuals than their qualitative counterparts, spending less time with each
individual.
Quantitative researchers typically begin with more clarity behind the

questions they want asked – and want answers to. Their approach is based
on numbers and pure data and relies heavily on scientific methods rather
33
than intuition, personal observation or subjective judgment. Performed

properly, quantitative research yields results that are objective and
statistically valid.
When to Use Quantitative Research Methods

As a rule, quantitative research is the method of choice when the object is to
measure and analyze concepts, trends, product consumption, product usage,
and other variables with mathematical precision. Examples include:
Measuring awareness and usage of a product, service or brand across a

large audience.
Statistically validating a hypothesis—e.g. female doctors are
significantly more likely to prescribe anti-depressant medication than
male doctors.
Measuring and segmenting the market for a specific product and
opportunities for a new product or service.
Evaluating preferences for ads, concepts, packaging, and
communications.
Testing market preferences.
Comparing the desirability—and likely demand—for a product
concept within a target market.
Qualitative Research
Overview and Advantages
The purpose of qualitative research is to create a robust, detailed description
of behavioral patterns, consumer trends, market needs, and human
motivations. If quantitative research seeks to confirm an existing hypothesis,
qualitative research seeks to collect information that may support the
creation of a hypothesis or invalidate an existing theory.
34
Toward that end, researchers focus on a smaller number of people and spend
more time with them, eliciting their thoughts and opinions rather than
statistical data or yes-or-no answers. The researcher’s observations,
subjective interpretations, interpersonal skills and interview techniques thus
figure critically in the process, and in the quality and relevance of data
collected.
When to Use Qualitative Research Methods

A qualitative approach often makes most sense in the early stages of a
research project, in an effort to rebrand a product or service, or when the
goal is to extract information from consumers about the deeply rooted
motivations behind why they make particular choices. In particular, it is a
useful tool for:
Understanding how usage of one product or service can be

contextualized into a person’s broader lifestyle and belief system.
Gauging what the choices they make say about a certain person, or
group of people.
Identifying unmet needs in your target market.
Generating ideas on how to improve an existing product, brand or
service.
Quantitative versus Qualitative: How to Decide?

The decision on what type of research should be made solely based on your
current needs. If you’re looking for depth of insights and new ideas,
qualitative research is often the right choice; when you are seeking to
quantify and validate, more often than not quantitative research is the right
option.
35
To summarize, qualitative research is generally used as an exploratory tool-

to uncover thoughts, generate ideas and form hypotheses. Quantitative
methods can subsequently be applied to test and validate those early
findings.
In deciding which to use, achieving a complete picture will require the use of
both approaches. A market research company can help you determine your
specific needs, and how you can get the best results from both approaches.
##################
36
b)
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
The task of data collection begins after a research problem has been defined
and research design plan has been made.
Two types of data:
1. Primary data
2. Secondary data
COLLECTION OF PRIMARY DATA
The collection of primary data for business research is of paramount

importance to assist management in making decisions. Generally,
information regarding large number of characteristics are necessary to
analyze any problem pertaining to management. For instance, a study
relating to employment in rural areas require data on income, wages, types
of crops and land holdings. The collection of primary data thus requires a
great deal of deliberation and expertise. Depending upon the nature of
information required, the following methods of collecting primary data are
available.
1. Observation Method
2. Questionnaires Method
3. Interview Method
37
1. OBSERVATION METHOD
Observation becomes a scientific tool and the method of data collection for
the researcher when it serves a formulated research purpose is systematically
planned and recorded and is subjected to checks and controls on validity
and reliability.
Under the observation method the information is sought by way of

investigators own direct observation without asking from respondent
Example
In a study relating to consumer behavior the investigator instead of asking
the brand of wristwatch used by the respondent may himself look for the
watch.
Types of Observation
Direct Observation
Observing some actual event, or action and noting its details
Indirect Observation
Event has been done but just sec traces of an action or event. Traces mean
the remaining of that event.
Structured Observation
When observations is focused on one item / aspect of action or event, then
it known as structured Observation
Unstructured Observation
When Observation is focused on multi items/ aspects of the action. & Event
or when you are observing each and every thing then it is known as
unstructured observation.
38
Advantages Disadvantages
1. The method eliminates 1. Its s an expensive method
subjective bias
2. The information obtained under 2. The information provided by this
this method relates to what is method is very limited.
current happening it is not
complicated either by past 3. Sometimes unforeseen factors may
behavior or future intentions and interfere with the observational task.
attitudes.
3. This method is independent of 4. The fact that some people are rarely
respondent willingness to accessible to direct observation
respondents as such is relatively creates obstacle for this method to
less demanded of active co- collect data effectively.
operation on the part of the
respondents as happens to be the
case in interview or the
questionnaire method.
4. This method is particularly
suitable in studies, which deal
with subjects who are not capable
giving verbal reports of their
feeling for one reason or the
other.
2. QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
This method of data collection is quite popular, particularly in case of big
enquiries. A questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed in a
definite order on a form. The questionnaire is mailed to respondents who are
expected to read & understand the questions & write down the reply in the
space meant for the purpose in the questionnaire itself.
39
Types of Questionnaires
Self-Administered Questionnaires:
The data are collected by enumerator through self- administered
questionnaire. The enumerator is a qualified and well trained person in
the field of data collection who also guides the respondent how to answer
the given questions while filling the questionnaires. However, it is a costly
method of data collection and also needs trained and qualified staff.
Surveys conducted by the C.B.R. during the “Documentation of Economy”
in the year 2000 are a typical example of use of self administered
questionnaire in data collection.
Mail Questionnaires:
Some times questionnaires are delivered by postal service or a courier
service. Mail questionnaires are typically cost effective than personal
interviews. In the mail questionnaires, respondent can take more time to
collect facts, talk with others, or consider reply. Its drawback is non
response and less return.
E-Mail Questionnaires:
It is the time of information technology. Use of electronic media is easy,
cheaper and fastest mode of communication. In this type of information
method a questionnaire is sent to a number of persons through mail and
response is also obtained via E-Mail.
1. Low cost even when the universe 1. Low rate of return of the duly filled
is large &is widely spread. in questionnaires.
2. It is free from bias of interviewer. 2. Only educated &cooperating
3. Respondents have adequate time respondents can be used.
to give well thought out answers. 3. No control over the questionnaire
4. Large samples can be made use of once it is sent.
& thus the results can be made 4. This method is slowest of all.
more reliable.
40
3. INTERVIEW METHOD
Interview method of collecting data involves presentation of oral-verbal
stimuli & reply in same.
It can be used through:-
PERSONAL INTERVIEW
TELEPHONE INTERVIEW
Personal Interview
An interviewer asking questions generally face-to-face to other persons
conducts personal interview. This sort of interview may be in the form of
direct personal investigation or it may be an indirect oral investigation. This
method is particularly suitable for intensive investigations.
1. More information and that too in 1. It can be quite expensive method,
greater depth can be obtained. especially when large and
2. Interviewer can overcome any widespread geographical sample is
resistance, if any, of the taken.
respondents; this interview can 2. Possibility of bias of interviewer and
be made to yield an almost respondent is maximum.
perfect sample of he population. 3. Certain respondents such as
3. There is greater flexibility as important officials cannot be
questions can be restructured as approachable under this method.
when needed, especially in the 4. It is time-consuming especially
unstructured interviews. when sample is large and re-calls o
4. Observation method can respondents are to be made.
supplement verbal recording of 5. Sometimes the presence of he
answers. interview can over-stimulate he
5. Personal information can be respondent and he may give
obtained easily in this method. imaginary answers to make the
6. Sample control can be interview interesting.
maintained, as non-response 6. Under the interview method the
generally remains low. organization required for selection,
7. Unlike mailed questionnaire, the training and supervising the field-
41
interviewer can usually control staff is more complex with

which persons will answer the formidable problems.
questions. 7. Interviewing at times may introduce
8. The interviewer can catch the systematic errors.
respondent off-guard and thus 8. Interview presupposes a proper
record the spontaneous rapport with respondents for free
reactions. and frank responses, which is not
9. The language of the interview can always possible.
be changed according to the
education level of the
respondent.
10. The interviewer can collect
supplementary information
about respondent's personal
characteristics and environment,
which helps while interpreting,
results.
Telephonic Interviews
This method of collecting information consists contacting information

consists contacting respondents on telephone itself. It is not a very widely
used method, but plays important role in industrial surveys in developed
regions.
1. It is more flexible in comparison 1. Little time is given to respondents to
to mail method. answer, as these types of interviews
2. It is faster in obtaining do not last for more than 5 minutes.
information than other methods.
3. It is cheaper compared to 2. Survey is restricted to people who
personal interviews; here the cost have telephones.
per response is very low.
4. Recall is easy; callbacks are 3. Cost plays a major part in extensive
economic and simple. geographical coverage.
5. There is higher rate of response
than mailing method 4. It is not suitable for interviews
42
6. Replies can be recorded without having comprehensive answers to

causing embarrassment to various questions.
respondents.
7. Interviewer can explain 5. Some extent of interviewer's bias
requirements more easily. exists.
8. Access can be gained to
respondents who otherwise 6. Questions have to be short and
cannot be contacted for one probes are difficult to handle.
reason to other.
9. No field staff is required.
10. Wider distribution of sample is
possible.
References:
www.brent.tvu.ac.uk/dissguide
www.blurtit.com
www.knowthis.com
##################
43
QUESTION 5
Explain Secondary Data Analysis in

detail?
(20)
44
SECONDARY DATA
The secondary data are those which have been collected by someone
else and which have already been passed through statistical process.
Secondary data has already been gathered or published for some other
purpose. Ordinarily, it is faster to collect and less expensive than primary
data. Sources of secondary data include internal (those inside the
organization) and external (those outside the organization.) Ideally,
secondary data is available from the organization's Marketing Information
System (MkIS). Data that has not been organized in a MkIS may be available
from the organization’s files and reports. Also, secondary data is available
from libraries, trade associations, government agencies, and the Internet. All
sources of secondary data should be exhausted before collecting primary
data.
Researcher must be careful in using secondary data. He must think for a

while because it is just possible that the secondary data may be unsuitable or
may be inadequate in the context of a problem which the researcher wants
to study. It is observed that it is never safe to take published statistics at
their face value without knowing their meaning and limitation.
Before using secondary data following characteristics must be kept in mind.

Reliability of data: Finding out such things about the said data can test the
reliability
45
Who collected the data

What were the sources of data
Were they collected by using proper method
At what time were they collected
Was there any bias of the complier
What level f accuracy was desired
Was it achieved?
Suitability of data: The data that are suitable for one enquiry may not
necessarily be found in another enquiry. Hence if the available data are
found to be suitable, they should not be used by the researcher .in the
context, the researcher must be very carefully scrutinize the definition of
various units and terms of collection used at the time of collecting the data
from the primary source originally. Similarly the object scope and nature of a
original enquiry must also be studied .If the researcher finds differences the
data will remain unsuitable for the present enquiry and should be used.
Adequacy of the data: If the level of accuracy achieved in data found

inadequate for the purpose of the present enquiry, they will be considered as
inadequate and should not be used by the researcher. The data will also be
considered inadequate, if they are related to an area which may be either
narrower or wider than the area of the present enquiry.
46
NATURE OF SECONDARY DATA SOURCES

Secondary data are existing data generated for a problem other than the one
at hand. Secondary data consists of information that already exists
somewhere, having been collected for another purpose.
Secondary data can usually be obtained more quickly and at a lower cost
than primary data. Also, secondary sources sometimes can provide data and
individual company cannot collect on its own – information that either is not
directly available or would be too expensive to collect.
Secondary data can also present problems. The needed information may not
exist – researchers can rarely obtain all the data they need from secondary
sources. Even when data can be found, they might not be very usable.
The researcher must evaluate secondary information carefully to make

certain it is relevant, accurate, current and impartial. Secondary data can
provide a good starting point for research and often can help to define
problems and research objectives. In most cases, however the company must
also collect primary data.
Sources of secondary data include internal (those inside the organization)

and external (those outside the organization.)
1. Internal Data Sources
Internal secondary data are existing data generated by the firm – for
example, accounting reports and reports of previous research projects.
Internal secondary data provide valuable performance evaluation
47
information and serve as a foundation for future research efforts. The main
advantages of internal secondary data are their accessibility and low costs
and the ease with which they can be incorporated into most research
projects.
2. External Data Sources
External secondary data are data generated by a source other than the firm. Major
types include:
Periodicals
One of the first places to look for secondary data is a library. Periodicals
(magazines, journals, and newspapers) are materials that are published at
regular intervals (monthly, quarterly, daily, etc.). They contain current
information, which point the way to trends that can translate into marketing
opportunities.
Government Data
Government data is available in inexpensive publications issued by local,

state, national, or international governments. Most of it is in computer form
and ready for further analysis. It is often used in estimating the size of
markets. In fact, most topics can be found in government documents.
Government data is generally considered to be reliable and includes laws,
regulations, statistics, consumer information, and much more.
Many researchers find it more practical to start with summary publications.

Leads to more detailed documents on a topic can be found in the footnotes.
Statistics are valuable in research because they can provide data for making
comparisons and determining historical trends.
48
Private Research Organizations
Many private research organizations, advertising agencies, newspapers and

magazines regularly compile and published data. Also, some information is
available as a service to customers for clients of advertising agencies or
buyers of advertising space or time. Most trade associations compile data
from and for their members. Some also publish magazines that focus on
important topics in the industry. The Yellow Pages can be a big help in
estimating how much competition there is in certain lines of business and
where it is located.
Internet Search Engines
Of course using an Internet search engine can expand a search. Since there is
no organization in charge of the Internet, no single comprehensive source or
index tells you what information is on the Internet or how to find it. People
search the Internet using a variety of resource discovery tools called search
engines, such as AltaVista, Yahoo, and HotBot. They are Web sites in and of
themselves, accessible through browsers, where you can search for other
sites that contain specific keywords. You simply type in the topic, or several
key words about what you are looking for, and the search engine will provide
Web sites that have information related to that topic. For example, you will
get a list of sites by keying in one or more words that best describes what
you want.
USES OF SECONDAY DATA SOURCES

Secondary data is used in case of the following cases:
When data is required in less time.

When data or information is required in less cost.
When it is not possible to collect data from direct (primary sources).
49
SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS
The term “secondary data” refers to data that were collected for other
studies. For the first researcher they are primary data, but for the second
researcher, they are secondary data.
There are enormous amounts of data that are collected every day by
government agencies, universities, private organizations, non-profits, think
tanks, public opinion polls and students. Some examples includes the
Population Census Organization, the Federal Bureau of Statistics and the
Provincial Departments of Industries, Higher Education Commission etc.
In order to use secondary data for research you need to
1. Locate the data

2. Evaluate the data
3. Verify the data
1. Locating the Data
Secondary data can be located by using printed indices, such as the

Statistics Index or the Statistical Reference Index available at most
libraries. There are also online database of secondary data in some
countries.
2. Evaluate the Data
Evaluating the secondary data is similar to doing a critique of a published

research report. Everything about the original project that produced the
50
data should be scrutinized to ensure that the project had high validity
and reliability, such as:
1. Theoretical or conceptual model used.

2. Variables and hypotheses posited.
3. Operational definitions of variables and measures employed.
4. The population, sample frame, sampling design, and sample
obtained.
5. The data collection strategy and response rate obtained.
6. Quality control measures employed.
7. Data coding, data entry and data analysis procedures.
8. Factors which could have affected the study, such as current
events.
3. Verify the Data
If the data seems valid and reliable, you need to make sure that you have
an accurate copy of the data, especially if you obtained it through an
electronic medium. This includes verifying that you:
1. Have proper documentation.

2. Have the correct number of observations or cases.
3. Have the correct number of variables.
4. Have the correct coding scheme.
5. Can reproduce the original summary statistics.
Advantages of Secondary Data Disadvantages of Secondary Data

1. It is unobtrusive research. 1. Secondary data are only as good as
2. It can be less expensive than the research that produced them.
gathering the data all over again. 2. Must assume what the author(s)
3. It may allow the researcher to meant by the terms they used.
cover a wider geographic or 3. There may be sub culture references,
temporal range. jargon, or idiomatic expressions.
4. It can allow for larger scale 4. Data may be neither valid nor
studies on a small budget. reliable.
51
5. It does not exhaust people’s good 5. Instruments or data collection

will by re-collecting readily methods may have changed over
available data. time.
6. Data may have been modified by the
researcher already.
7. Poor documentation of the
secondary data set.
8. Electronic format incompatibilities.
9. Limited access to the data e.g. on-
site only.
10. Confidentiality considerations that
lessen its usefulness.
11. Substantial purchase or loan cost.
References:
www.mindstool123.com
www.enwikipedia.com
Research Methodology for Management Decision
##################
52

Semester III Assgn Business Research Methodology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Semester III Assgn Business Research Methodology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Assignment 1

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY,

Briefly explain each step of Research

Research is a process of investigation. An examination of a subject from

The research process consists of series of steps necessary to effectively

3) Determining sources of data.

Fig: Research Process

1. Formulating Research Problem

variables that are to be determined, the choice of technique to be used in

These difficulties are quite evident, apparent (visible) e.g. Decline in

These show potential growth in certain areas.

ii. Time and Space boundaries:

iii. Characteristics of interest:

iv. Environmental Conditions:

2. Choice of Research Design

A research design gives the methods and procedures for conducting

Exploratory research focuses on discovery of ideas and is generally

approach. This is because a researcher may have to change his focus as

b) Descriptive Research Design

Descriptive research is undertaken when the researcher has to get

c) Causal Research Design

It is undertaken when a researcher wants to find out the cause-effect

3. Determining the sources of data

4. Data Collection Methods

A researcher should keep in mind the following factors while

objectives of research, availability of funds and time and the

This method suggests that data are collected through one’s

5. Determining the Sample Design and Sample Size

Another aspect which forms a part of research process is the

6. Organizing and conducting field survey

hesitant in giving information. Supervision of fieldwork is also

7. Processing and analyzing the collected data

After the completion of field survey and receiving questionnaire, the

To calculate relevant measures of central tendency, highlighting the

To cross tabulate the data to ascertain some useful relationships.

To undertake the multi variable analysis.

8. Preparing the Research Report

II. The Main Text:

On the basis of the fundamental objectives of the research, we can classify

EXPLORATORY RESEARCH METHODS

Analysis of selected cases

or conditions in a situation. The methods involved range from the survey

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH METHODS

conditions. Real world observations, and case studies, should be referred to

Zikmund G. William, “Business Research Methods,” Cengage

b). What are the elements of research

A hypothesis is a proposition - a tentative assumption which a researcher

… a tentative assumption or preliminary statement about the

… tentative statement about something, the validity of which is

… a proposition that is stated in a testable form and that predicts

Thus from the given definitions it can be deduced that a hypothesis is a

there to explicitly specify the relationship that will be considered true if in

scales of measurement. Lastly, the definition, functions, characteristics,

COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

the question concerning the relative efficiency of the possible

Thus a research problem is one which requires a researcher to find out

FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

ii. Understanding the nature of the problem.

SIMPLE STEPS TO SOLVE THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

ORIGINS OF THE PROBLEM

taken from the source is inappropriate then their creates a problem

b) FORMULATIG OF THE PROBLEM

c) SAMPLES SELECTED FOR RESEARCH