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Theory
() dt
0
F(s) = L[f(t)] =
Note: Here we are using small letters for writing the time domain
quantities while capital letters are used for transformed (frequency
domain quantities) quantities.
Eg. i(t) or v(t) is the current or voltage in time domain and I(s) or
V(s) is the current or voltage in Laplace transform(frequency
domain).
Laplace Transform is also defined as a method of transforming
time domain quantities into frequency domain.
() dt
0
=k
L[k] =
dt
k
s
2. Function :
Here, f(t) =
L[ ] =
() dt =
Put st = x, dt =
L[ ] =
dt
0
dx
s
dx
s
1
Laplace Transform
=
L[ ] =
L[ ] =
1
+1
dx
+1
+1
!
for n>0
+1
L[u(t)] =
L[u(t)] =
1.
1.
5. Unit-Impulse Function:
It is defined as,
(t) = 0
t0
and
(t)dt
=1
t=0
2
Theory
Laplace Transform
t est dt
L[ (t)] = 1
6. Unit-Ramp Function:
It is defined as,
r(t) = t
t>0
=0
t<0
Laplace Transform is given as,
st
te dt
0
L[r(t)] =
L[r(t)] =
1
2
st
te dt
8. Sine Function:
We know that sint =
1
2
L[sint] = L
=
L[sint] =
2
1
1
2
1
+
2 + 2
9. Cosine Function:
We know, cost =
1
2
+
3
Theory
Laplace Transform
Theory
L[cost] = L
=
L[cost] =
1
2
1
+
2 + 2
at st
e e dt
0
( )
=
L[ ] =
(sa)t
e
dt
0
= a1
a1 f1 t + a2 f2 t dt
() dt
0 1
= a1F1(s) + a2F2(s)
B) Time Scaling:
1
+ a2
() dt
0 2
Laplace Transform
L[f(at)] =
=
Theory
(/)
()
dt
=
()
0
0
1
(/)
dx
()
0
. dt =
. (+) dt
= F(s+a)
D) Time Shift Theorem:
If L[f(t)] = F(s) then L[f(t-a)] = e-asF(s)
Proof:
L{f(t)} =
L{f(t-a)} =
. dt
. dt
Put t-a = x, dt = dx
When t=a, x=0
t , x
L{f(t-a)} =
. (+) dx = e-as
= e-as
. dx
. dt
= e-asF(s)
E) Initial value theorem:
The initial value of a function f(t) is the value at t = 0
provided f(t) is continuous at t=0.
If it is discontinuous at t=0, the initial value is the limit as
t 0+. The initial value is obtained using
f(0+) = lim0+ () = lim ()
This is called as initial value theorem.
Proof:
5
Laplace Transform
Theory
() + f(0)
lim () = lim
() + f(0)
lim () + f(0)
= 0 + f(0) = f(0)
= lim0 ()
F) Final value Theorem:
It is the value of f(t) as t , given by f() = lim ()
= lim0 (). This is called as Final value theorem.
Proof:
From the time differentiation property
L{f(t)} = sF(s) f(0)
sF(s) = L{f(t)} + f(0) =
() + f(0)
Taking limit as s 0
lim0 0
()
=
()
0
0 0
= ()
0 = f() f(0)
= lim
Laplace Transform
Theory
G) Time-Differentiation Theorem:
It states that,
If L{f(t)} = F(s) then,
L{f(t)} = sF(s) f(0)
L{f(t)} = s2F(s) sf(0) f(0)
In general,
L{f(t)} = sF(s) sn-1f(0) sn-2f(0) sn-3f(0) - f(n-1)(0)