Professional Documents
Culture Documents
14 January 2011
Title slide
TroubleshootingandMaintenance
Copyright 1999-2011 PROCENTEC. All rights reserved.
www.procentec.com
PROCENTEC www.procentec.com
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14 January 2011
Subjects (1)
Introduction
Basic principles
OSI model
Topology
Addressing
Communication relations
Token passing
Baudrates
RS 485 and PROFIBUS DP
The technology of RS 485
Signaling
Cable specification, construction and variants
Topology (cable lengths, spur lines)
DB9 and M12 connector
Termination
Repeaters
Grounding and shielding
External influences on the bus cable
IEC 61000-5-2
Grounding and shielding between cabinets
Distances between high voltage cable
3
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Subjects (2)
Basic principles of data communication technology
Impedance, delays
Attenuation, skin effect
Reflections
Test- and measurement tools
Handheld tools
Oscilloscopes
Busmonitors
Busparameters
PROFIBUS PA
DP/PA couplers and links
Topology
Cable specifications
Terminators and connectors
Parameters and profiles
Strategy of fault finding
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14 January 2011
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Not understanding these topics is not good for the Bus business!
6
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Process Control
analog
D CPU
smart
4..20 mA
D CPU
HART
D CPU
4..20 mA
smart signal
D CPU
digital
digital
D CPU
Fieldbus
0 1 0 1 0
CPU
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OS
Internet
Internet
Programming faults
PROFINET / Ethernet / TCP-IP
Manufacturing
IPC
PLC
RS 485-IS or MBP-IS
RS 485 or FO
PROFIBUS DP
PROFIBUS DP/PA
?
AS-Interface
Faulty address
Instrument removal
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14 January 2011
Bus fault
9
1.0
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Basic principles
Basic principles
11
1.0
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Basic principles
PROFIBUS
DP
PROFIBUS
PA
PROFIsafe
PROFIdrive
Nothing
PA Devices
PROFIsafe
PROFIdrive
Communication
technology
FDL + DP
FDL + DP
FDL + DP
FDL + DP
Transmission
technology
RS 485
MBP-IS
RS 485
RS 485
Market name
Profile
12
2.0
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14 January 2011
Basic principles
MBP--IS
MBP
2-wire CU-cable with the option for
power over the bus and Ex-protection
Coupler
Coupler
13
1.0
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Basic principles
commands
responses
slave
0 1 0 1 0
network
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14 January 2011
Basic principles
Master
This station is permanently responsible for the control of the network. The
station can generate messages, send these to slaves and interpret responses
of slaves.
Examples
p
PLCs
DCS systems
PCs
15
2.0
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Basic principles
Slave
16
2.0
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14 January 2011
Basic principles
Topology
PROFIBUS communicates over a two wire bus structure.
sending
listen,
taking over and
answering
listen
0 1 0 1 0
117
43
5
listen
listen
2.0
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Basic principles
16
32
64
ON
Software
OFF
Hardware
1
Address = 1 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 5
After changing the hardware address, most of the time the device has to be
powered down/up.
18
2.0
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Basic principles
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Basic principles
1..2
Masters (class 1)
3..125
126
127
Broadcast address
20
2.0
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14 January 2011
Basic principles
PC
PLC
DCS
PROFIBUS protocol
21
1.0
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Basic principles
9,6
19,2
45,45
93,75
187,5
500
1500
3000
6000
12000 kbps
Remarks:
The transmission speed determines the maximum cable length and vice versa.
The transmission speed has to be set identically at all the masters on the same bus.
Most slaves detect the baudrate automatically.
Because of economic and technical reasons some products do not support all
transmission speeds.
Some older products do not support 45,45 kbps.
22
2.1
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Application layers
23
1.0
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Application layers
IEC 61158
General Purpose
Automation
Factory Automation
Process Automation
PROFIBUS FMS
PROFIBUS DP
PROFIBUS PA
RS 485 / FO
RS 485 / FO
MBP-IS
Speed
Application oriented
Universal
- Large variety of applications
- Multi-master communication
Device
e Profiles
Applica
ation Profiles
At this moment the application layer of the PROFIBUS family consists out of 2 standards
+ profiles:
DP (DP-V0, DP-V1, DP-V2)
PA
24
3.1
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14 January 2011
PROFIBUS DP
PROFIBUS DP
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PROFIBUS DP
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2.3
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PROFIBUS DP
DP master
(class 2)
DP master
(class 1)
PC
PLC
CNC
DP master
(class 1)
PROFIBUS DP
DP slaves
27
1.0
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PROFIBUS DP
28
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PROFIBUS DP
trailer
Output
data
Output data
header
Response Frame
header
Input
data
Input data
immediate
response
DP master
Request Frame
2. x
DP
DPslave
slavenr.1
3
trailer
Per slave:
Max. 244 bytes output data
Max. 244 bytes input data
29
1.1
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PROFIBUS DP
Because of no / illegal /
corrupted replies, 2
retries but eventually
OK (recovery).
3-Retries
unsuccessful.
ns ccessf l
The slave is lost!
Output data
Input data
Output data
Output data - Retry
Output data - Retry
Input data
Output data
Output data - Retry
Output
p data - Retry
y
Output data - Retry
Output data - Next slave
Slave(s)
In this example the
retries of the master
have been set to 3!
ProfiTrace Statistics
- Worst case sequence = 2
- Total retries = 2
ProfiTrace Statistics
- Worst case sequence = 3
- Total retries = 5
ProfiTrace Statistics
- Syncs are incremented
30
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PROFIBUS PA
(part 1)
31
1.0
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14 January 2011
=
PROFIBUS DP/DP-V1
+
Intrinsic safe communication properties
PROFIBUS DP
PROFIBUS PA
33
1.0
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OS
Internet
Internet
Process
Manufacturing
IPC
PLC
RS 485 or FO
PROFIBUS DP
RS 485-IS or MBP-IS
PROFIBUS DP/PA
AS-Interface
34
2.1
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35
1.1
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RS 485
Baudrates from 9.6 kbit/s to 12 Mbit/s
Shielded twisted pair cable
32 devices per segment
Distance: 12 Mbit/s = 100 m; 1.5 Mbit/s = 200 m; < 187.5 kbit/s = 1,000 m
Distance extendable with repeaters
MBP--IS
MBP
Fixed baudrate of 31.25 kbit/s
Intrinsic safety (option) and power over the bus
Shielded twisted pair cable
Distance up to 1,900 m per segment dep. on Ex-class and power consumption
10-32
10 32 devices per segment
segment, dep
dep. on Ex
Ex-class
class and power consumption
Fiber optics
Baudrates from 9.6 kbit/s up to 12 Mbit/s
Monomode, Multimode, plastic or PCS/HCS fibers are available
Distance extendable with repeaters up to 100 km
36
1.0
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Design specifications
What are the critical points when designing RS 485 segments?
Spur lines
Cable length
Shielding &
Grounding
Powered
Termination
Max. 32 devices
37
2.2
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Device
TTL/
CMOS
TTL/
CMOS
Device
T
Maximum 32
devices.
TTL/
CMOS
+5V
+5V
390E
i
B
R = 30k..200k
C < 35pF
390E
+/-U
220E
220E
A
390E
GND
5. Termination on the
end of the cable.
1. Sending data by means 4. The differential voltage should 2. The receivers read the
of current and polarity
be +/-200mV or more. In reality current flow by input
change.
in the range 4 to 5V.
impedance (Z).
390E
GND
6. Pull-up/down resistors
are essential for the basic
current.
38
1.1
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14 January 2011
RS 485 Signals
Line A (2,x
(2 x Volt)
Differential Voltage
B A (4
(4,x
x Volt)
39
1.0
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Acceptable signals
((Good communication))
Partial noise interference
(Good communication)
Heavy noise interference
(Communication errors)
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14 January 2011
Topology
3. When the baudrate is 1500 kbps or higher,
minimum 1 meter cable between 2 devices.
1. Cable to next device. Spurs have to be
as short as possible.
Maximum 32 devices
Master
Slave
power
power
Slave
Slave
Slave
Slave
Slave
power
power
power
power
power
41
2.1
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30 pF
30 p
pF
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14 January 2011
43
1.1
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9.6
19.2
45.45
93.75
187.5
500
1500
3000
6000
12000
Segment length
( )
(m)
1200
1200
1200
1200
1000
400
200
100
100
100
Segment length
(feet)
3940
3940
3940
3940
3280
1310
656
328
328
328
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Spurs
Cable
T-splice or
junction box
2.2
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14 January 2011
70 cm
47
1.0
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Cable specifications
Standard PROFIBUS DP cables must comply to the following specifications:
Parameter
Value
Wires
2 (twisted)
System specification
Impedance
System specification
Capacity
30 pF/m
Low
Loop resistance
110 Ohm/km
Low
Wire diameter
0.64 mm
g
High?
Wire area
0.32 mm2
High?
Shielding resistance
9.5 Ohm/km
Low
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14 January 2011
TXD-N
TXD-P
1
2
green
red
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Cable types
All kinds of cables are available for areas in which the standard PROFIBUS
cable cannot be used.
Robust cable
Food cable
Ground cable
Trailing cable
Festoon cable
Fire and heat cable
Flexible cable
Shipboard cable
Hybrid cable
Rodent protection cable
Flexible cable
Trailing cable
Festoon cable
Hybrid cable
Food cable
Robust cable
Shipboard cable
FRNC cable
50
2.0
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14 January 2011
Connectors
Connector
s
The connector technology is NOT defined.
Manufacturers determine the implementation of the connector.
connector
The PROFIBUS standard describes some recommended
implementations: DB9 and M12.
If a manufacturer selects a connector which is described in the
standard, then it has to be implemented according to the standard.
51
1.0
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52
2.2
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14 January 2011
Signal
Description
Shield <NOT USED ANYMORE>
M24
B-Line
CNTR-P
DGND
Digital ground
VP
P24
A Line
A-Line
CNTR-N
(10)
Shield
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T = on
T = off
Shield
Cable
Insulation
The left plug has the termination ON, the second channel can not be used. The right plug has the
termination OFF.
54
1.3
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14 January 2011
Master
Slave
Slave
Slave
Slave
Slave
Slave
Slave
Slave
Slave
2. Branch is disconnected!
Master
Slave
Slave
Slave
2.0
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14 January 2011
57
2.0
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Terminator
Instrument with
2 connectors
(male and female)
58
1.1
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14 January 2011
Ref. point
5
4
Pin no.
Signal
VP
Function
Data line minus (A-line)
RxD/TxD-N
DGND
RxD/TxD-P
Shield
Thread
Shield
Ground
Data ground
Data line plus (B-line)
59
2.0
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14 January 2011
Ferrules
Ferrules are NOT mandatory.
Choose ferrules that are suited for data communication.
For example: galvanised copper. Do NOT use aluminium!
Make sure you use the correct ferrule size.
OK
Not OK
Make sure the
wires are pressed
in deep enough.
61
1.0
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Terminattion - Structure
Termina
The bus is terminated on both ends with terminating resistors.
5 Volt
390 Ohm
B
220 Ohm
A
390 Ohm
GND
62
1.2
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14 January 2011
Termination - Application
First station
Last station
VP (6)
VP (6)
390
390
B line
B (3)
220
B (3)
220
A line
A (8)
A (8)
390
390
DG (5)
DG (5)
Or
active termination
Station 2
Or
active termination
Station 3
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14 January 2011
Active Termination
Master
Power
Power
Last
Slave
Slave
Slave
Slave
Power
Power
Last
Sl
Slave
Slave
Slave
Slave
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Termination - Example
The use of active termination for higher
reliability and simplification of
maintenance activities.
- 5 segments end in this cabinet.
66
1.0
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14 January 2011
1.0
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Second station
VP (6)
VP (6)
390
B (3)
220
A (8)
B line
A line
390
390
B (3)
220
A (8)
390
DG (5)
DG (5)
68
1.0
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14 January 2011
Repeaters
Repeaters are network components to enlarge the cable length and to increase the
number of stations (more than 32).
Max. 1200 m
Max. 31 stations
Max. 29 stations
Max. 1200 m
Max. 31 stations
Max. 31 stations
T
Max. 1200 m
Max. 1200 m
69
3.0
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Max. 31 stations
Max. 29 stations
Max. 1200m
Max. 31 stations
Max. 31 stations
Max. 1200m
Max. 1200m
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14 January 2011
Repeaters - Structure
Segment 1
Segment 1
Segment 1
Isolation
3. Termination can be activated
when the bus ends/starts at the
p
repeater.
Segment 2
Segment 2
71
2.0
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14 January 2011
73
2.0
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DP backbone
Wiring problems
do not spread to
other spur lines.
74
1.0
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14 January 2011
Testing
For testing it is recommended to set the baudrate to the lowest possible speed
(9,6 kbps). Most networks operate correctly on this speed even when they
have installation, cabling and termination faults. You can now check your
connections
ti
and
d addressing.
dd
i
Low Baudrate
Low % of Overall Bit Transmission Time
High Baudrate
High % of Overall Bit Transmission Time
75
2.0
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76
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14 January 2011
Aarding en afscherming
77
1.1
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EMI
Receiver
Sender
Currents
78
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14 January 2011
Electromagnetic injection:
Magnetic fields caused by high currents in nearby cables.
High Current
Interference source
e.g. Power cable
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Pickup
80
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14 January 2011
High Voltage
Interference source
e g Power cable
e.g.
Rs
Rs
Rs
Pickup
k passes to ground
d
Pickup
Rs = Shield resistance
81
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82
3.1
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14 January 2011
ground rail
Slave
ground rail
PROFIBUS cable
ground rail
PROFIBUS cable
Ground cable
83
1.0
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84
2.0
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14 January 2011
85
1.0
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Policy of separation
Power line
As close as possible!
Ground potential
86
2.0
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14 January 2011
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10 cm
Cable
category
II
10 cm
Cable
category
III
50 cm
50 cm
Cable
category
IV
50 cm
The air gaps are based on air space. In case of grounded metal plates, the distances can
be reduced.
Cables of different categories may cross each other.
88
2.0
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14 January 2011
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Compressed air
cables
Power cables
Example: 230 V
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14 January 2011
B di
Bonding
Cat I
Channel lid
Cat II
Cat III
Bonding
Channel
Bonding
91
1.0
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Summary
(isolation of problems)
(removing/adding devices)
(safety)
(isolation of problems)
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Summary
93
1.0
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94
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14 January 2011
B i principles
Basic
i i l off
transmission technology
95
1.0
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R/2
R/2
R = /km
/k (real
( l value)
l )
G = S/km (real value)
In DC situations every cable complies to this specification.
Losses and cable resistance can easily be determined.
96
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14 January 2011
R
G
L
C
= /km
= S/km
= H/km
= F/km
L/2
L/2
R/2
j L R
j C G
I
Impedance
d
= AC resistance
i t
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Losses
U1
U 2 U 1e
Rl GlZ
2Z
2
U 2 U 1e
U2
Rl
2Z
if G = 0 S
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14 January 2011
F (MHz)
1
100
10.000
(um)
68
6.8
0.68
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U1
U2
Rt
With PROFIBUS:
Transmission
speed in kbit/s
Segment length
in m
9.6
19.2
45.45
93.75
187.5
500
1200 1200
1200
1200
1000
400
200
100
100
100
100
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14 January 2011
Propagation delays
Because of the inductance and capacitance, the cable is subject to propagation
time. On typical twisted-pair cables this is:
With most PROFIBUS cables this is:
4.2 ns per meter or
420 ns per 100 m or
0.84 us per 200 m or
4.2 us per km
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Reflections
A physical characteristic of objects which have speed is that they reflect whenever
they are blocked in their path.
This characteristic can also be found in transmission lines. Solutions for the
termination of reflections is the use of terminating resistors.
Rt
Rt
Rt = Zo
102
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14 January 2011
,L=100m
Rt=Zo
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Acceptable signal
1 V idle level because
of powered
termination
104
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14 January 2011
,L=100m
t1
t2
Start
t3
t4
t6
End
t5
t7
Start
End
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Detected glitch
g
g
in the signalling
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14 January 2011
107
2.0
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Fault toptop-5
1) Termination.
2) Power lines.
3) Cabling rules.
4) Configuration faults.
5) Damaged or not-certified interfaces.
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14 January 2011
Handheld tools
Siemens BT200
ComSoft Nettest II
Functions:
Wire breaks/short circuits
Voltage or shielding faults
Localizing faults
Measuring cable lengths
Termination detection
List of slaves
Logging
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ProfiCaptain
PROCENTEC
USB
110
4.0
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14 January 2011
Oscilloscopes
3rd: Difficult
4th: Small,
Fast and Easy
2nd: Expensive
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Busmonitors / Analyzers
ProfiTrace 2 - PROCENTEC
Bus check - Softing
PBScope - T+H
IT-Monitor - ITM / ComSoft / TMG-itec
Amprolyzer
USB
Active network!
Functions
Live List
Messages
Device diagnosis
Cycle times
Logging
112
6.0
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14 January 2011
Tap Connector
Oscilloscope
ProfiCore
0 cm
10 cm
20 cm
113
2.0
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14 January 2011
Passive cable
Running installation
Not possible
ProfiTrace
Double address
Not possible
ProfiTrace
Wrong address
BT200
ProfiTrace
No termination
Oscilloscope
Oscilloscope
BT200
Device diagnostics
Not possible
Oscilloscope
EMC problems
Oscilloscope
Oscilloscope
1 Meter rule
Not possible
Oscilloscope
Configuration faults
Not possible
ProfiTrace
115
1.0
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118
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Busparameters
Busparameters
119
3.0
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Busparameters
Introduction Busparameters
Busparameters are settings that define the timing behavior on the bus.
By means of a config tool the busparameters are set at every master.
The most p
part of the busparameters
p
have to be the same on all masters.
Modern config tools set the busparameters automatically.
120
1.2
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14 January 2011
Busparameters
Standard Busparameters
Busparameters have to be set at every master (automatically or by the user):
TS
Master address
(0 to 126)
Baudrate
(10 possibilities)
TSL
Slot Time
min TSDR
max TSDR
TQUI
Quiet Time
TSET
Setup Time
TTR
1 to 100
HSA
2 to 126
Maximum Retries
0 to 8
121
3.0
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Busparameters
122
2.1
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Busparameters
123
2.0
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Busparameters
124
2.0
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Busparameters
125
2.0
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Busparameters
126
2.0
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14 January 2011
Busparameters
Master
Slave
Tid1
Request
Tqui
Request
minTSDR (11..x Tbit)
Tslot
Response
maxTSDR (60..800
(60 800 Tbit)
Response
Tid1
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Busparameters
128
2.1
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14 January 2011
Busparameters
129
1.0
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Busparameters
130
2.0
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14 January 2011
Busparameters
9.6 k
19.2 k
45.45 k
93.75 k
187.5 k
500 k
1.5 M
3M
6M
12 M
100
100
640
100
100
200
300
400
600
1000
60
60
400
60
60
100
150
250
450
800
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
95
16
G
Gap
factor
f t
10
10
10
10
10
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
T SL [bit times]
HSA
Max_Retry_Limit
131
1.2
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Busparameters
Watchdog
The watchdog is a supervision time which is set/calculated in the configuration
tool of the master. The watchdog will be transferred to all configured slaves.
Within the watchdog time, the master has to contact the slave. If this is not the
case, the slave leaves the Data Exchange state.
When the watchdog is calculated by the configuration tool, the value is in most
cases 6x the worst case cycle time.
Range: 10 ms .. 650 s.
132
2.0
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Busparameters
Cycle time
Watchdog
133
1.1
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134
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PROFIBUS PA
135
3.0
www.procentec.com
PROFIBUS PA
RS 485
Baudrates from 9,6 kbit/s to 12 Mbit/s
Shielded twisted pair cable
32 devices per segment
Distance: 12 Mbit/s = 100 m; 1,5 Mbit/s = 200 m; < 187,5 kbit/s = 1.000 m
Distance extendable with repeaters
MBP--IS
MBP
Fixed baudrate of 31,25 kbit/s
Intrinsic safety (option) and power over the bus
Shielded twisted pair cable
Distance up to 1.900 m per segment dep. on Ex-class and power consumption
10-32
10 32 devices per segment
segment, dep
dep. on Ex
Ex-class
class and power consumption
Fiber optics
Baudrates from 9,6 kbit/s up to 12 Mbit/s
Monomode, Multimode, plastic or PCS/HCS fibers are available
Distance extendable with repeaters up to 100 km
136
2.0
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14 January 2011
PROFIBUS PA
PROFIBUS PA
MBP-IS
RS 485
DP/PA coupler
Asynchronous
NRZ coding
Synchronous
Manchester coding
1 character = 11 bits
(8 user bits + 1 start + 1 stop + 1 parity)
1 character = 8 bits
Variable baudrates
137
2.2
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PROFIBUS PA
=
PROFIBUS DP/DP-V1
+
Intrinsic safe communication properties
PROFIBUS DP
PROFIBUS PA
138
1.0
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14 January 2011
PROFIBUS PA
MBP Signaling
The instrument power supply (2-wire)
is generated by the DP/PA coupler. It
is normally between 12 to 24 V with a
current of 90 to 400 mA, dependant
on the Ex zone.
Fig. 1 DC measurement
Fig. 2 AC measurement
139
2.3
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PROFIBUS PA
MBP Signaling
T ra n s m it le ve l c h a ra c te ris tic s
O u tp u t le ve l (p e a k -to -p e a k )
M a xim u m p o s itive a n d n e g a tive
a m p litu d e d iffe re n c e (s ig n a lin g b ia s)
M a xim u m o u tp u t le ve l;
o p e n c irc u it (p e a k -to -p e a k )
L im its
0 .7 5 V to 1 V
50 m V
35 V
L im its
In p u t im p e d a n c e , m e a s u re d o ve r
th e fre q u e n c y ra n g e 0 .2 5 f r to 1 .2 5 f r
3 k
S e n sitivity; m in . p e a k -to -p e a k s ig n a l
re q u ire d to b e a c ce p te d
150 m V
75 m V
140
1.0
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14 January 2011
PROFIBUS PA
DP/PA couplers
and links
141
1.0
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PROFIBUS PA
1
PROFIBUS DP
PROFIBUS PA
142
1.1
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14 January 2011
PROFIBUS PA
DP baudrate:
DP connector:
DP termination:
PA connector:
PA termination:
45,45 kbps
DB9
No
Screw
Switchable
(Non-Ex only)
Standard
PA current:
PA voltage:
400 mA
19 V
[EEx ib] II C
PA current:
PA voltage:
110 mA
12,5 V
[EEx ia] II C
PA current:
PA voltage:
90 mA
12,5 V
143
2.3
www.procentec.com
PROFIBUS PA
DP baudrate:
DP connector:
DP termination:
93,75 kbps
Screws
Yes
PA connector:
PA termination:
Screws
Integrated
Standard
PA current:
PA voltage:
400 mA
25 V
[EEx ia] II C
PA current:
PA voltage:
100 mA
13 V
144
3.1
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14 January 2011
PROFIBUS PA
DP/PA links
links
145
www.procentec.com
PROFIBUS PA
PROFIBUS DP
PROFIBUS PA
Link
Coupler
9,6 kbit/s to
12 Mbit/s
DP
SLAVE
DP
MASTER
31,25 kbit/s
45,45 kbit/s
146
2.0
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14 January 2011
PROFIBUS PA
DP
SLAVE
slave 12
5 I bytes
DP
MASTER
slave 15
5 I bytes
slave 12
slave 15
5 bytes
5 bytes
slave 10
I
10 bytes
5 bytes
5 bytes
147
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PROFIBUS PA
Standard Siemens
segment coupler Ex and Non-Ex
Gateway, DP slave, PA master
DP baudrate:
Gateway is DP slave:
Number of bytes:
Field instruments:
3.0
www.procentec.com
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14 January 2011
PROFIBUS PA
up to 12 Mbit/s
PROFIBUS DP
DP/PA link
PROFIBUS PA
15,5 ms
15,5 ms
15,5 ms
149
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PROFIBUS PA
PROFIBUS DP
Link
3
Link
PROFIBUS PA
PROFIBUS PA
www.procentec.com
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14 January 2011
PROFIBUS PA
DB-9 (Female)
A
B
On the backplane, the 45,45 kbps side is available on the bottom 2 pins. When a DB9
connecter is attached it can directly be connected with an analyzer (RS 485).
151
2.2
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PROFIBUS PA
DP/PA link
from Pepperl+Fuchs
152
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PROFIBUS PA
Transparant
gateway
(redundant
option)
Power-Link Ex
(segment coupler)
DP baudrate:
Gateway is DP slave:
Number of bytes:
Field instruments:
Standard
PA current:
g
PA voltage:
400 mA
24 V
[EEx ia] II C
PA current:
PA voltage:
100 mA
12,8 V
Power-Link Non-Ex
(segment coupler)
3.1
www.procentec.com
PROFIBUS PA
1
PROFIBUS DP
PROFIBUS PA
www.procentec.com
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PROFIBUS PA
Topology of MBPMBP-IS
Star- and bus constructions can be realized.
DCS/PLC
PROFIBUS DP
Junction Box
DP/PA-Link
Segment
24 V
PROFIBUS PA
155
www.procentec.com
PROFIBUS PA
Zone 0
Eex ia IIC
Zone 1
Eex ib IIB
Zone 2
Non EX
Voltage
g
13,5
, V
13,5
, V
24 V
Maximum power
1,8 W
4,2 W
12 W
110 mA
250 mA
500 mA
1.000 m
1.900 m
1.900 m
30 m
30 m
120 m
Number of stations
10
20
32
These are the maximum allowable values! DP/PA couplers could have specifications of less quality.
156
2.0
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14 January 2011
PROFIBUS PA
25 to 32
M i
Maximum
1m
M i
Maximum
1m
19 to 24
30 m
30 m
15 to 18
30 m
60 m
13 to 14
30 m
90 m
1 to 12
30 m
120 m
1.0
www.procentec.com
PROFIBUS PA
Type B
Type C
Type D
Cable design
Twisted pair,
shielded
Multiple twisted
pairs total
pairs,
shielded
Multiple twisted
pairs not
pairs,
shielded
Maximum conductor
cross section (nominal)
0,8 mm
(AWG 18)
0,32 mm
(AWG 22)
0,13 mm
(AWG 26)
1,25 mm
(AWG 16)
Loop resistance
(direct current)
44 Ohm/km
112 Ohm/km
264 Ohm/km
40 Ohm/km
**
8 dB/km
**
**
8 dB/km
**
1.7 usec/km
**
**
**
90%
1.900 m
**
1.200 m
400 m
200 m
** Not specified
158
2.0
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14 January 2011
PROFIBUS PA
R =100 Ohm
C =1 F
PROFIBUS DP
R =100 Ohm
PROFIBUS PA
C =1 F
159
1.0
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PROFIBUS PA
300m
R =100 Ohm
Junction
Box
10m
30m
C =1 F
20m
160
2.0
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PROFIBUS PA
www.procentec.com
PROFIBUS PA
162
www.procentec.com
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PROFIBUS PA
M12 connector
Instrument side
163
1.0
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Strategy of troubleshooting
164
www.procentec.com
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Application level
Invalid data (calibration or bug)
Device diagnostics (I/O problems)
165
www.procentec.com
1) Analyzer
most important!
2) Electrical measurement
3) Visual inspection
166
www.procentec.com
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14 January 2011
Indicators (LEDs)
Most devices have indicators, which clarify the status of the device. This is very
important for the users, especially maintenance personnel. With 3 indicators a
lot of situations can be cleared (ON, BF, SF).
ON
BF
SF
Fault condition
Everything OK
No communication
X/O
Configuration not OK
(blinking)
Remarks:
Most PA instruments do not have LEDs due to power consumption and Ex
restrictions.
167
www.procentec.com
Everything OK
Only ON is
lit up.
168
www.procentec.com
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14 January 2011
No communication
BF and ON
are lit up.
www.procentec.com
BF is blinking.
www.procentec.com
85
14 January 2011
Configuration not OK
SF, BF and
ON are lit up.
www.procentec.com
Analyzer
The most important tool for fault finding is an Analyzer!
This is a PC application
pp
which extracts
messages from the bus and saves it in
a database.
The technician can analyze the
messages and come to a conclusion
about the status of the instruments.
www.procentec.com
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Infrastructure
Old generation brand X
173
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www.procentec.com
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175
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176
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14 January 2011
Parameters
Configuration
Diagnostics
Data exchange
2.1
www.procentec.com
SSAP
DSAP
---
---
Data exchange
Check Config
62 (3E)
62 (3E)
Set Parameters
62 (3E)
61 (3D)
Get Diagnostics
62 (3E)
60 (3C)
Get Config
62 (3E)
59 (3B)
62 (3E)
58 (3A)
Read Outputs
62 (3E)
57 (39)
Read Inputs
62 (3E)
56 (38)
62 (3E)
55 (37)
Master-Master Commands
54 (36)
54 (36)
178
2.0
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14 January 2011
Service
| request data
|
|1. Diagnostics |
|
|
| send data ack
ack. |
|
|
|
|
| send data ack. |
|
|
|3. Configuration |
| request data
|
|
|
|
|
| request data
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| request data
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| request data
|
|
|
SRD_HIGH
DL
token
SRD
SRD_HIGH
HIGH
OK
fdl_status
SRD_HIGH
OK
token
SRD_HIGH
DL
token
SRD_HIGH
DL
fdl_status
token
SRD_HIGH
DL
fdl_status
token
SRD_HIGH
DL
Sd
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
Adr
SD2
SD2
SD4
SD2
SC
SD1
SD2
SC
SD4
SD2
SD2
SD4
SD2
SD2
SD1
SD4
SD2
SD2
SD1
SD4
SD2
SD2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
01
01
01
01
->
<->
->
>
01 ->
01 ->
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
->
->
<->
->
<->
->
->
<->
->
->
<-
Sap
Fc
Len
(hex)
(hex)
22 | 3E -> 3C | 6D |
22 | 3E <- 3C | 08 | 016
01 |
|
|
22 | 3E ->
> 3D | 5D | 017
|
|
|
00 |
| 49 |
22 | 3E -> 3E | 7D | 002
|
|
|
01 |
|
|
22 | 3E -> 3C | 5D |
22 | 3E <- 3C | 08 | 016
01 |
|
|
22 | () -> () | 7D | 004
22 | () <- () | 08 | 004
02 |
| 49 |
01 |
|
|
22 | () -> () | 7D | 004
22 | () <- () | 08 | 004
03 |
| 49 |
01 |
|
|
22 | () -> () | 7D | 004
22 | () <- () | 08 | 004
Data
(hex)
|
| 02 05 00 FF A4 00 0A
|
| B8 14 01 0B A4 00 00
|
| 2. Parameters
| 13 23
|
| 4. Diagnostics
|
| 00 0C 00 01 A4 00 0A
|
| 00 44 67 33
| 8A 08 FF DD
|
|
| 00 44 67 33
| 8A 08 FF DD
|
| 5. Data exchange
| 00 44 67 33
| 8A 08 FF DD
179
1.2
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The End
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181
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182
91
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183
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www.procentec.com
184
92