35

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 9, NO. 1 JANUARY 1994

PSPICE Simulation of Three-phase

Inverters by Means of Switching Functions
L. Salazar, Member, IEEE, and G. J o ~ s , Member, IEEE

Abstract-Static power converters can be analyzed by means

of widely available circuit simulation software packages such
as PSPICE. However, they are usually modeled as a set of
real switches, which results in long execution times and possible
convergence problems in the case of complex circuits. This paper
proposes macromodels to simulate three-phase power converters
on such packages. The proposed macromodels are based on
converter switching functions rather than actual circuit configuration, and they are suited for steady state and large signal
transient analysis at system level. In this approach, voltage source
inverters (VSI), current source inverters (CSI), and controlled
rectifiers (CR) are simulated as multiport networks avoiding the
physical nonlinear micromodels of the power switches. Computer memory and the run-times required for the simulation are
thereby minimized. Complete examples of VSI, CSI and CR, with
different PWM techniques, are given with specific reference to the
PSPICE software to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed
models.

I. INTRODUCTION

sources are two or three-level switching functions defined by

the PWM technique and the converter mode of operation (i.e.,
inverter or rectifier).
The main objective of this paper is to illustrate how the
functional definition of a switching converter can be used to
model any three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI), current
source inverter (CSI) or PWM controlled rectifier (CR) with its
respective control circuit on PSPICE, allowing higher levels of
analysis and simulation in a low-cost computer environment.
Furthermore, a new classification of the CR is introduced.
This family includes two members: the voltage-controlled
rectifier (VCR), also known as a PWM ac/dc rectifier, and
the current-controlled rectifier (CCR), also described as a
PWM boost rectifier [6]. Detailed examples of VSI, CSI,
VCR, and CCR operation with different PWM schemes are
given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed models
and simulation methods.

HE SPICE circuit simulation program has become an

11. LEVELSOF SIMULATION IN POWER ELECTRONICS
industry standard. The major advantage of using SPICE in
A . Simulation at the Switch and Converter Circuit Levels
power electronics is that, with the same software, a particular
PSPICE micromodels are in common use for simulation
circuit can be designed and analyzed at different system and
subsystem levels, i.e., at the levels of the power switch (de- analysis at the level of the switch circuit, i.e., power switch,
vice), the converter circuit, and converter systems, including driver or snubber circuit, allowing for example to study
feedback control. However, for higher levels of simulation, switching losses. Models to simulate a variety of semiconsimplified models for the switch and the converter must be ductor devices on PSPICE have been proposed [7] and they
implemented, in order to minimize convergence problems and can be adapted, through parameter adjustments, to power
applications. These are physical intrinsic micromodels of the
reduce the run times.
Recent research work in switching power converters has appropriate semiconductor technology, usually available from
demonstrated that the transfer or switching function concept a library of parts provided by various companies. However,
[ 1, 2, 31 is a powerful tool in understanding and optimizing these micromodels are not practical at the converter circuit
the performance of converters such as the voltage source and system levels of simulation for the following reasons:
inverter (VSI), current source inverter (CSI) and controlled
Diodes, bipolar transistors, and switches in general are
PWM rectifier (CR). Furthermore, general functional models
described as non-linear controlled source by means of
for three-phase PWM inverter/rectifier converters have also
functions that contain exponential terms, resulting in
been proposed [3,4]. A functional model produces a dramatic
slow execution times, large amounts of generated data
simplification of the total converter circuit. This approach has
(small time steps are required in the numerical integrabeen shown to be a very useful technique for harmonic analysis
tion process), and occasional convergence problems.
and system simulation of different converter topologies on
Accurate modeling of complex converter circuits may
personal computers (PC) with limited memory and speed [4,
lead to a very large number of devices and components
5, 81. Moreover, it allows a converter to be modeled as a
and the simulation becomes very time consuming. The
multiport circuit that contains only voltage-controlled voltage
same applies when increasing the switching frequency
sources, and current-controlled current sources connected at
and the simulation time interval. The probability of
the input and output ports. The signals controlling these
encountering convergence problems also increases with
the number of comDonents.
Manuscript received January 2, 1991; revised September 29, 1993.
The default parameters a i d the device models in the PSPICE
The authors are with Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
program can be adjusted to reduce the above difficulties. RecConcordia University, Montreal, P.Q., H3G 1M8 Canada.
IEEE Log Number 9214829.
ommended values and guidelines to simulate power converter
0885-8993/94$04.00

0 1994 IEEE

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 9, NO. 1, JANUARY 1994

36

TABLE I
TYPICAL
PARAMETERS
A N D GUIDELINES
TO SIMULATE
POWERCONVERTER
CIRCUITS
ON PSPICE (10 kW 100 kW)
.MODEL

.OPTIONS

DIODE
BIPOLAR
MOSFET
RELTOL:

D (IS=O.OOl CJ O=O.OOI UF RS=O.OOl)

NPN (BF=1000 RB=O.I CJE=0.001 UF)
NMOS (VTO=3 KP=20 CBD=O.OOI CBS=O.OOl)
values between 0.01 to 0.05
values
~ between
o 1 @ A~
to 1 mA
values between 1 p V to 1 mV

ITL5=O
Notes:
1. The switching signal (PULSE) should he defined with a rise and fall time different from zero.
2. The Mosfet switch execute faster than the bipolar switch and presents less convergence problems.
3. Voltage and current controlled switches run slower than mosfet switches and present convergence
problems.
4. Use of controlled source to replace the non-linear active device and integrated analog circuit.
5. Large resistors must be used in parallel with current sources and inductors.
6. Floating nodes are eliminated by using a large resistor to ground (node 0).
7. R-C circuits are useful to minimize ringing oscillation and convergence problems.
8. Use small resistors in series with voltage sources.

SPICE
VSll

SCH

OFTIONS RELTOL=On5 ABSTOL=IGUAms=n

LIB C WELUB CR
TRAN IMVS zom n m SOUP mc

$"'+,
DM

XJDP
IDP

ZSWDV

X3DN
1DN

5'
1

15

Fig. I . Two switch macromodel with voltage controlled source for a

three-phase converter leg, subcircuit 2SWDV.

circuits on PSPICE [7, 81 are given in Table I. Moreover,

simplified device models using controlled sources have been
proposed to speed up the simulation [8, 9, 101. For example,
a simple model for a two-switch converter with controlled
voltage sources and diodes, shown in Fig. 1, has been used
successfully by the authors [ 101 for simulation at the converter
circuit level. Table I1 presents a comparison of the simulation run-times using this model and the PSPICE transistor
micromodels. Moreover, to evaluate the simulation run-times
with a larger number of such switches (Fig. l), the threephase inverter driven by (1 KHz triangular waveform carrier)
shown in Fig. 2 has been simulated using a sinusoidal PWM
switching pattern with PSPICE running on a 386,20 MHz P C .
The simulation results are shown in Fig. 3 (run time was 12.7
minutes with a step size = 10 ps).

B . Simulation at the System Level

The examples presented in the previous section show that
simplified switch models in PSPICE can be used to fully simulate three-phase rectifier-inverter structures with reasonable
run times on a low cost computer. However, simulation of
multiconverter systems, even with the use of the simplified
switch model, results in large computation times. Therefore,
further simplifications of the converter model are required to
reduce the design cycle.

Fig. 2. A three-phase VSI system with a sinusoidal PWM pattem simulated

in PSPICE by using the switch macromodel shown in Fig. 1 (schematic file
VSI I .SCH).

Simulation at the system level is concerned with the design verification and performance analysis of the converter
as a module, and its interaction with the respective input
source, load or other converter if any, in the complete system.
Accurate models for the converter switch are not required
at this level of simulation. Instead, each converter can be
simulated as a multiport network, wherein the time solution
of the currents and voltages, in the input and output terminal,
constitute the main objectives of the analysis. The transfer
function of this multiport network can be easily simulated on
PSPICE by using controlled sources in the Analog Behavioral
Modeling option (ABM). The models for simulation at the
system level using this approach are presented in the next
section.

111. CONVERTER
MODELS
A . Transfer Functions
Analytical models for the VSI, CSI, CVR and CCR are
derived by using the transfer function concept for a generalized
converter [ 3 ] .The converter as a non-linear multiport network
has three ports: dc, ac, and control. The dc and ac ports can

37

SALAZAR AND JO6S: PSPlCE SIMULATION OF THREE-PHASE INVERTERS

1.5

0.5

Vfc)

0
0

IV

*)

v v v v v v v v v vv- v

v v v v VI

-0.5

os

I
IomS

5m9

I5ms

2oms

I
os

loms

5ms

Isms

2oms

b)

Fig. 4. Typical switching function (SF); (a) two-level SF (S2); (b)

three-level SF (5'3).
TABLE II

TIMEOF A HALFBRIDGE
DC-DC CONVERTER
USINGDIFFERENT
SWITCHES
PSPICE SIMULATION

SWITCH
Bipolar (*)
Mosfet (8)
Controlled Source

TIME
25.02 sec
17.90 sec
13.24 sec

SPEED FACTOR
1.oo
1.39
1.89

d)
-400

VkY)

os

5na

IOma

l5mS

zoms

Fig. 3. Simulation results for the VSI system shown in Fig. 2. (a) Sinusoidal
PWM generation; (b) two-level switching function
I - (r ) ) . (c) DC-link
capacitor voltage ( I - ( / .1 1 ) ) and VSI input current ( J ( L / / )- I ( C i ) ) .(d)
Line-to-line output voltage ( I - ( . r . y ) ) and line output current ( I ( L 1 ) ) .

(s%.

be inputs or outputs depending on the mode of operation. The

control port consists only of inputs. The transfer function is the
instantaneous relation between the dc input/output and the ac
input/output variables. A general converter has a current and a
voltage transfer function, both defined by the same switching
function applied to the control port.

B. SMYtching Functions
The signals applied to the control input port are two-level
or three-level switching functions (SFs). Examples for both
are shown in Fig. 4. A two-level SF ( s 2 ) is used to generate
the ac output leg voltage in a VSI, or the dc output current
in a CCR. Similarly, a three-level SF ( s 3 ) is used to generate
the ac output line current in a CSI, or the dc output voltage
in a VCR. Thus, these two types of SF can be considered
dual. By using the concept of switching functions, and with
the assumptions of no losses and no parasitic reactive elements
in the converter, the functional representation of various types
of converters is derived, as shown in the next sections.

C. Lbltage Source 1inw.ter (VU) Model

In a VSI, the output voltage is generated by reflecting simultaneously the instantaneous input voltage to the output, and the
instantaneous output line current to the input during intervals
defined by the switching function. These two processes can
be formulated in analytical form by the following equations,

.OPTIONS
RELTOL = 0.01 ITL5 = 0
.TIME
2 p s 100 p s 0 2 p s
values given in Table I
.MODEL
Operating Conditions:
= ohm, L = 200 L l ~ vin
,
=
v
Frequency = 2o k ~ z D~~~
,
cycle = 50%
(*) A dead time of 2 c i s is required

in vectorial form:
Output (ac) : ij,(t) = w i ( t ) . & ( t )
Input (dc) : i i ( t ) = & ( t ) T. &?(t)

(1)
(2)

where G o ( t ) = [ v a ( t )u b ( t ) vc(t)lT is a vector that contains

the instantaneous three-phase output voltages, and i,(t) =
[ i a ( t )ib(t) ic(t)lT is a vector that contains the three instantaneous output line currents. Also, v;(t) and i ; ( k ) are
the instantaneous input voltage and current respectively (dc
quantities), and & ( t ) = [ s a ( t )sb(t) sc(t)lT is a vector that
contains the two-level switching functions for each leg of the
converter.
D . Current Source Inverter (CSI) Model
The CSI transfer functions can be obtained from (1) and (2)
by applying the duality principle. Hence,
Output (ac) :
Input (dc) :

;,(t) = i ; ( t ) . i 3 ( t )
v ; ( t ) = 60(t)T. .+3(t)

(3)
(4)

where i 3 ( t ) is a vector that contains the three-level switching

function for each line of the converter.
E . Voltage Controlled Rectifrer (VCR) Model

The transfer functions are derived from (3) and (4) by

applying the inversion principle. Thus, the output becomes

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 9, NO, I , JANUARY 1994

38

ii(t)

H . Switching Function Implementation

il(t) = ia(t)*SZa(t)
iZ(1) = ib(t)*SZb(t)
i3(t) = ic(l)*SZc(I)

The PWM subcircuits control modules designed to generate

the switching functions are: 3PWM for the sinusoidal PWM
method, CPH for the hysteresis control method, and SHES7 for
a PWM switching pattern method that eliminates harmonics 5
and 7. The PSPICE input file for each of these is presented
in Appendix 11. The sinusoidal and hysteresis control methods
require a comparator circuit to generate the switching function. The macromodel for a comparator (subcircuit CPNF) is
implemented by means of a voltage source E, representing the
output of a differential amplifier with a clamped output. This
non-linear amplifier is defined as a lookup table (TABLE) as
follows:

el(t) = va(t)*S3a(t)
eZ(t) = vb(t)*S3b(t)
e3(1) = vc(t)*S3c(t)

ea@)= vi(t)*SZa(t)
eqt) = vi(t)*S2b(t)
ec(1) = vi(t)*S2C(l)

ia(t) = ii(t)*S3a(t)
ib(t) = ii(t)*S3b(t)
ic(t) = ii(t)*S3c(t)

CSI

VSl

E034 TABLE{G*(V(l) - V ( 2 ) ) )= (-1; -10)(1, 10)

The ideal amplifier has a high gain G(G > 10 K) and the
input to the table is the difference between V(1) and V(2).
The output is interpolated for inputs between -1 and 1, and
clamped to (-10, 10) when the range of the table is exceeded.
The hysteresis comparator (subcircuit CPH) is designed by
adding positive feedback to the comparator CPNF with another
controlled source (EVH) applied through a capacitor:

il(t) = ia(t)*SZa(t)
12(t) = Ib(t)*SZb(t)
a ( t ) = lC(t)*S2C(t)

e2(t) = vb(I)*S3b(t)
e3(t) = vc(t)*S3c(t)

ea@) = vi(t)*SZa(t)
eqt) = vl(t)*S2b(t)
=(I) = VI(t)*S2C(t)

ia(t) = io(l)*S3a(t)
ib(t) = io(t)*S3b(t)

ic(t) = io(t)*S3c(t)

CERR 1620.001 UF

CCR

VCR

VH 50{ VHYST}

Fig. 5. Proposed macromodels of three-phase converters

RVH 5010
XCPN 16260 CPNF

an input, and the input becomes an output. Hence,

Input (ac) :
Output (dc) :

i z ( t )= i o ( t ). i 3 ( t )
v o ( t ) C,(t)' . i 3 ( t )
1

(5)
(6)

where ; ( t ) and G l ( t ) are vectors that contain the three-phase

instantaneous input current and voltage respectively.

F . Current Controlled Rectifier (CCR) Model

The transfer functions for a CCR can be obtained by
applying the duality principle to ( 5 ) and (6), or the inversion
principle to (1) and (2). Hence,
Input (ac) : ~ ~ =
( 6,(t)'
t )
Output (dc) : io(t) =

. i&t)
.&(t)

(7)
(8)

The respective circuit macromodels derived from (1) to (8) for

the three-phase VSI's, CSI's, VCR's, and CCR's in terms of
the controlled voltage and current sources are shown in Fig. S .

G. PSPICE Implementation
Using the ABM option in PSPICE, the implementation of
the converter macromodels shown in Fig. 5 (see Appendix 11)
can be done directly. In this option the controlling function of
the controlled Fource, E and G, can be defined as a mathematical expression in standard notation using the keyword VALUE.
The mathematical expression can contain the variable TIME
and any mixture of voltages and current. The standard SPICE
polynomial function operator (POLY) can also be employed.
However. the syntax for specifying the polynomial is quite
difficult to use. Also, many other transfer functions are not
well represented by polynomials.

EVH 31 VALUE = {V(5,0)*V(6,0)*0.05}

The hysteresis band is defined by the voltage source VH
and it can be modified with the keyword PARAMS: VHYST
= (value).
The subcircuit 3PWM uses three comparators (subcircuits
XCP1, XCP2, XCP3) and a three-phase sinusoidal reference
( E l , E2, E3). The amplitude (modulation index) and the
frequency of this sinusoidal reference are modified externally
with two dc sources (or regulator error signals).
IV. SIMULATION
ENVIRONMENT
The PSPICE software, with the ABM option, version 4.03,
running on a 386, 20 MHz PC, has been used to validate
the proposed macro-models. The schematic capture program
ORCAD, version 3.22 [ 1 11 is employed as an effective frontend to PSPICE. It allows modification of all parameters and
components values directly on the circuit schematic. The
macromodels for the converter and PWM switching function
generators are implemented as subcircuit modules and stored
in a separate library (CIR.LIB). Symbols for each subcircuit
have been implemented by using ORCAD. The symbols are
stored in a schematic dedicated library file (SCH.LIB). The
symbols are listed in Appendix I, and the respective subcircuits
list are presented in Appendix 11. The ORCAD program
generates the input netlist for PSPICE from the schematic
circuit diagram files. The programs are linked by means of
a batch file. The PSPICE post-processor PROBE is used as
a calculator, harmonic analyzer and for waveform display.
The overall system is a very flexible, low cost and complete

39

+
Fig. 8. Example 3, input file CSI2.SCH.

Fig. 6. Example 1 , input file VSIZSCH.

SPICE
vsw SCH
OPnoNS RELTOL-0 05 lTL5=0 ABSTot=IuA
LIB c \pEL\LIB CIR
?RAN lous Zomsoms IOurulC

PROBE

2mh ic- 34.28 c 1 m K-48.26

2mh ic -115.4 U5OM ic = -125.9
2mh ic= 81.14 C 3 M ( M k = 190.8

Fig. 9. Example 4, input file VCR2.SCH

Fig. 7 . Example 2, input file VSIH2.SCH

simulated laboratory for analysis and design of three-phase

power converters.

v.

.LIBC\PEL\LIB.cIR

APPLICATION
EXAMPLES
AND SIMULATION RESULTS

In order to establish the effectiveness of the proposed

models and simulation methods, the performance of standard
three-phase converter systems (VSI, CSI, VCR, CCR) operating with different PWM control methods is evaluated. The
respective input schematic diagrams for PSPICE are shown in
Figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as they would appear on the screen
of a PC computer with the ORCAD software. Resistances
are incorporated in the circuits to account for the losses.
Notice that the only non-linear physical elements used in the
simulation are the diodes in the front-end three-phase rectifier
of the VSI and CSI systems. Moreover, by using a functional
definition for a rectifier in terms of absolute value, the threephase rectifier in the example 2 and 3 has been replaced with
one equivalent voltage source E defined as follows

c
I l l

MSIR

3HYs PARMI:

Fig. 10. Example 5, input file CCR2.SCH.

The same applies to VCR and CCR for discontinuous current

analysis in the dc output terminal. The three-phase rectifier
could also have been replaced by ideal voltage and current
sources,respectively, as a first approximation.

E 46 VALUE = { [ ABS(V(1)

V(2))

A . Example 1: Rectifier-VSI with Sinusoidal PWM

+ ABS(V(2)

V(3))

V(1))IPl

In this example, a 1 kHz sinusoidal PWM modulator (SUBCIRCUIT 3PWM) is employed to generate a three-phase,
two-level switching function. The modulation index and the
frequency are varied by changing the values of the voltage
sources Vm (magnitude) and Vf (frequency). The schematic
input file is shown in Fig. 6. Table I11 compares the run times

ABS(V(3)

where V(1). V(2). V ( 3 )are the phase voltages. This source is

defined as subcircuit REC in Appendix 11. One diode is still
used to account for the unidirectional current in the dc bus.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 9, NO. I,JANUARY 1994

40

350

200

600,

.. . .

os

400,

5ms

loznS

..

2omS

15ms

400

I
os

5mS

l5ms

(b)

(b)

Fig. 13. Simulation results for Example 3 (see Fig. 8).

Simulation results for Example 1 (see Fig. 6).

Fig. 1 I .

l
b

300 I

0
I

u l u u u u u u u u l

U U

400

(I(Li)-l(Ci))*2
I

200

200

0
-100

os

I
5ms

l h

I5ms

2oms

os

Sms

(b)
Fig. 12. Simulation results for Example 2 (see Fig. 7).

for the VSI systems shown in Figs. 2 and 6. The first result is
for the simulation of the VSI with the simplified switch model
shown in Fig. 1, and the second corresponds to the proposed
converter macromodel of Fig. 5 (a). Notice that an important
reduction in the run time is achieved by using the converter
macromodels. The time step can also be increased to speed up
the simulation. Moreover, Fig. 11 displays input and output
waveforms, and confirms that the converter macromodel gives
the same results as those shown in Fig. 3.

B . Esample 2 : Rectifier-VSI with Hysteresis

The schematic input file for this example is shown in Fig. 7.
A current feedback loop and hysteresis control with a sinusoidal reference (SUBCIRCUIT 3HYS) is used in this example
to generate sinusoidal currents at the output terminal of the
inverter. The amplitude of the reference and the frequency are
modified on the schematic diagram by changing the value of
the voltage sources VA and VF. The range of the hysteresis
band is modified by using the statement PARAMS: on the
schematic diagram. In the input file, the three-phase rectifier

lomS

l5ms

2oms

(b)

Fig. 14. Simulation results for Example 4 (see Fig. 9).

TABLE I11
SIMULATION
TIMEOF A THREEPHASE VsI BY
ON PSPICE
USING THE PROPOSED MODELS

Model
Controlled Source
Fig. I , Fig. 2
Converter Model
Fig. 5(a), Fig. 6

.TIME Statement
100 ps 20 ms 100 p s

1 p s 20 ms 10 ps

761.10 s

436.38 s

240.79 s

59.54 s

and the VSI are now incorporated as subcircuits (REC, VSI).

Fig. 12 shows the results obtained with the proposed methods.

C . Example 3: Rectifier-CSI with Selective

Harmonic Elimination Technique

In this example, the control module SHE57 is used to control

a CSI. This module generates a three-phase, three-level PWM
switching function that eliminates the 5th and 7th harmonics
in the output current of the inverter. The schematic input file
for PSPICE is illustrated in Fig. 8, and Fig. 13 shows the
simulation results.

41

SALAZAR AND JObS: PSPICE SIMULATION OF THREE-PHASE INVERTERS

200,

These models are also valid when simulating the behavior of

converter systems with feedback control loops.

APPENDIX I
SCHEMATIC
LIBRARY
FILEUSEDIN ORCAD

450

(PEL.LIB)

U
XPWM 3PWM

(b)

Fig. 15.

Simulation results for Example 5 (see Fig. IO).

D . E.\-aniple 4 : VCR MVth Selective Husmonic

Eliniiriatiori Technique
The modulation technique (SUBCIRCUIT SHE57) of Example 3 is utilized here to minimize harmonics in the input
line current of a VCR system. The schematic input file for this
example is shown in Fig. 9. The simulation results are shown
in Fig. 14.

X3H 3HYS

E . E-vaniple 5: CCR Mith Hystesesis Control

This example simulates the performance of a CCR that provides near unity input power factor, and almost sinusoidal
input line currents by using the same hysteresis control module
(3HYS) as in Example 2. The schematic input file is shown
in Fig. IO. The simulation results are shown in Fig. 15.

F . Perforniaizce Analysis
Different circuit parameters have been computed for the
previous examples from the data generated in the simulation by
using the post-processor (PROBE). These parameters include
the average, rms and peak values, the harmonic contents,
distortion factor and power factor. These values were checked
against the results obtained with exact modeling of the converter system and with experimental set-ups. Close agreement
was found, confirming the validity of the macromodels proposed in this paper.
VI. CONCLUSION

In order to optimize the run times and the amount of memory required, and to reduce convergence problems in computer
simulations of three-phase converter circuits using SPICE,
appropriate modeling must be used. This includes the physical
micromodel at the switch level, the switch macromodel at
the single converter level, and the converter macromodel at
the system level. In this paper macromodels which simulate
standard three-phase VSI's. CSI's, VCRs and CCR's at the
system level have been proposed and evaluated for use on
the PSPICE simulation package. These models greatly reduce
the computational times without affecting the accuracy of
the results obtained for converter input and output variables.

SUBCIRCUITS

APPENDIX I1
LIBRARY
USED IN PSPICE (LIB.CIR)

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 9, NO. I , JANUARY 1994

REFERENCES
[ I ] P Wood. Theot? of Suijching Power Converter, New York Van
Nomand-Reinhold, 198l
[Z] P D Ziogas. Synthesis of optimum gain functions for static power
converters, IEEE Trans Itid A p p ( , vol IA-19, pp. 401408, May/June
1983.
[3] E. P Wiechmann, P. D Ziogas and V. R. Stefanovic, Generalized
functional model for three phase PWM inverter/rectifier converters,
Cotif Rec IEEE /AS 86, pp. 9 8 4 9 9 3 , 1986.
141 P. D Ziogas, E P. Wiechman and V. R. Stefanovic, A computer aided
analysis and design approach for static voltage \ource inverters,/EEE
Tiatis I d Appl , vol IA-21, pp. 1234-1240, Sept./Oct. 1985
[5] D Vincenti, M Boost, P D. Ziogas dnd R. V Patel, A novel simulation
progrdm for power electronics equipment, Can J Elecr Comp Eng ,
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B. T. Odi: J. C. Salmon, J. W. Dixon and A. B. Kulkami, A threephase controlled current PWM converter with leading power factor,
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PSPICE Manual, CA: MicroSim Corp.
V. Bello, Computer-modelling the pulse with modulated (PWM) inverter, Pou<ercon7. Mar. 24-27, 1980.
B. Epler. Spice2 application notes for dependent sources, IEEE
Circ,rtit.rDevices Mag.. pp. 3 4 4 4 , Sept. 1987.
L. D. Salazar, P. D. Ziogas and D. Vincenti, Simple models for spice
assist power electronics circuit simulation on PCs, Conf. Rec. /AS 88,
pp. 1063-1068, 1988.
ORCAD/SDT 111 Addendum, Hillsboro, OR: ORCAD Systems Corp.

Lautaro D. Salazar (S86-M91) received the B S

degree in electrical engineering from Concepcidn
University, Concepci6n, Chile, in 1980.
He specialized in switch-mode power supply design, simulation and control method during the
Ph.D. program in Concordia UniverWy, Montredl,
Quebec, Cdndda

G. Joos (M79-SM89) received the M.Eng. and

Ph.D. degrees from Mc Gill University, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada, in 1974 and 1987, respectively.
Since 1988, he has been with the Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering of Concordia
University, Montreal, where he is involved in teaching and research in the areas of power converters
and electrical drives. From 1975 to 1978, he was
a design engineer with Brown Boveri Canada, and
from 1978 to 1988, a professor at the Ecole de
Technologie Supbrieure, in Montreal.