6.1-Busbar Protection PDF

6.
1 BusBar protection
6.1 BusBar protection
BUSBAR PROTECTION
BUSBAR PROTECTION
Ref : APP14
Ref : APP14
Issue B1
Last Release : October 2010
Issue B1
Last Release : October 2010
Schneider Electric - Jean Marmonier - 20/01/2011
Program
g
Program
g
PART 1 : GENERALITY
PART 1 : GENERALITY
PART 2 : OPERATING PRINCIPLES
PART 2 : OPERATING PRINCIPLES
PART 3 : OTHER SUBSTATION TOPOLOGIES
PART 3 : OTHER SUBSTATION TOPOLOGIES
Advantages / Disadvantages
PART 4 : HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
PART 4 : HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
PRINCIPLE
PRINCIPLE
PART 5 : LOW IMPEDANCE PROTECTION PRINCIPLE
PART 5 : LOW IMPEDANCE PROTECTION PRINCIPLE
PART 6 : FRAME LEAKAGE PROTECTION - PRINCIPLE
PART 6 : FRAME LEAKAGE PROTECTION - PRINCIPLE
PART 7 : BLOCKING SCHEME PROTECTION
PART 7 : BLOCKING SCHEME PROTECTION
PART 8 : OTHER APPLICATIONS
PART 8 : OTHER APPLICATIONS
PART 1 : Generality
PART 1 : Generality
PART 2 : Operating Principle
PART 3 : Other Substation Topologies
PART 4 : High Impedance Differential
p
Protection Principle
p
PART 5 : Low Impedance Protection Principle
PART 6 : F
Frame L
Leakage
k
P
Protection
t ti - Principle
Pi i l
PART 6 : F
Frame L
Leakage
k
P
Protection
t ti - Principle
Pi i l
PART 7 : Blocking Scheme Protection
PART 8 : Other Applications

3
Busbar protection
Busbar protection
Objective :
Clear a fault inside a substation as quickly as
possible
Objective :
Clear a fault inside a substation as quickly as
possible
To Protect :
- The operator and workers
- HV equipment
- Global Network Stability
To Protect :
- The operator and workers
- HV equipment
- Global Network Stability
4
Busbar protection
Busbar protection
Zone protected
by distance protection
Zone protected
by distance protection
XX
XX
21
21
Zone p
protected
By the Transformer
Differential protection
The final protection

method will depend
on the substation
topology and
complexity
XX
87T
Zone p
protected
By the Transformer
Differential protection
Zone protected
By the busbar
protection
X
Zone protected
By the busbar
protection
The final protection

method will depend
on the substation
topology and
complexity
XX
87T
The distance protection will see a busbar fault in

reverse zone ( time delayed )
the transformer differential protection will not see
the busbar fault, except by back-up protection
The distance protection will see a busbar fault in

reverse zone ( time delayed )
the transformer differential protection will not see
the busbar fault, except by back-up protection
5
Busbar protection
B1
Busbar protection
B2
B1
Zone 1
L1
Zone 1
L1
Zone 2
B2
Zone 2
L2
L2
L3
L3
X
L4
L4
L5
L5
X
C
C
6
Differential Protection
When a differential protection is recommended ?
When a differential protection is recommended ?
The grading between overcurrent protections is difficult to guarantee

or impossible
The grading between overcurrent protections is difficult to guarantee

or impossible
The max clearance time is critical for HV equipment or network

stability
Applicable for :
The max clearance time is critical for HV equipment or network

stability
Applicable for :
Generators,
Transformers,
Transformers
Overhead lines,
Underground cables,
busbars,
Motors.
Generators,
Transformers,
Transformers
Overhead lines,
Underground cables,
busbars,
Motors.
7
Busbar Faults Are Usually Permanent
Busbar Faults Are Usually Permanent
Causes of Busbar Faults :
Causes of Busbar Faults :
Falling debris
Falling debris
Insulation failures
Insulation failures
Circuit breaker failures
Circuit breaker failures
Current transformer failures
Current transformer failures
Isolators switchs operated on load or outside their ratings
Isolators switchs operated on load or outside their ratings
Safety earths left connected
Safety earths left connected
Therefore :
Therefore :
Circuit breakers should be tripped and locked out by busbar protection

( l i mustt b
(reclosing
be d
done after
ft installation
i t ll ti check)
h k)
Circuit breakers should be tripped and locked out by busbar protection

( l i mustt b
(reclosing
be d
done after
ft installation
i t ll ti check)
h k)
Busbar Protection must be
Busbar Protection must be
RELIABLE
Failure to trip could cause widespread damage to the substation
Failure to trip could cause widespread damage to the substation
STABLE
False tripping can cause widespread interruption of supplies to

possible p
power system
y
instability
y
customers / p
DISCRIMINATING
DISCRIMINATING
Should
Sh ld ttrip
i th
the minimum
i i
number
b off b
breakers
k
tto clear
l
th
the ffault
lt
FAST
To limit damage and possible power system instability

STABLE
False tripping can cause widespread interruption of supplies to
possible p
power system
y
instability
y
customers / p
Should
Sh ld ttrip
i th
the minimum
i i
number
b off b
breakers
k
tto clear
l
th
the ffault
lt
RELIABLE
FAST
To limit damage and possible power system instability
Protection Methods
Protection Methods
High Impedance
Low Impedance
Medium Impedance with Bias Characteristic (no more used)
High Impedance
Low Impedance
Medium Impedance with Bias Characteristic (no more used)
Frame Leakage Protection (Detection of leakage currents)
Frame Leakage Protection (Detection of leakage currents)
Directional Comparison Protection (Blocking Scheme)
Directional Comparison Protection (Blocking Scheme)
10
10
PART 1 : Generality
PART 1 : Generality
PART 6 : Frame Leakage Protection - Principle
PART 7 : Blocking
g Scheme Protection
PART 7 : Blocking
g Scheme Protection

11
Biased Differential Scheme

I2
I1

I2
I1
I1 - I2
Differential
Current
I2
I1
I1 - I2
Differential
Current
HI
I1 - I2
11
I1 - I2
Differential
Current
LI
I1 - I2
I1 - I2
Differential
Current
HI
I1 - I2
LI
I1 - I2
Trip
Trip
no Trip
no Trip
Trip
Trip
no Trip
no Trip
Mean Through I + I
2
1
Current
I2
I1
Mean Through I + I
2
1
Current
12
Mean Through I + I
2
1
Current
Mean Through I + I
2
1
Current
12

Differential
Current

Differential
Current
I1 - I2
I1 - I2
Trip
Trip
no Trip
no Trip
Mean Through
Current
Mean Through
Current
I1 + I2
I1 + I2
13

Differential
Current
13

Differential
Current
I1 - I2
Trip
Trip
no Trip
Differential Current
I1 + I2
Mean Through Current
I1 + I2
2
no Trip
Mean Through
Current
I1 + I2
Differential Current
I1 + I2
Mean Through Current
I1 + I2
2
Differential Current = 2 X Mean Through Current

I1 - I2
Mean Through
Current
I1 + I2
2
Differential Current = 2 X Mean Through Current

14
14
Protective Zone definitions
Protective Zone definitions
Bus Section / Bus Disconnector
Bus Section / Bus Disconnector
BS
BS
Z
Zone
1
Zone 2
Z
Zone
1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
Zone 3
Zone 4
BC1
BC2
F1
F2
F3
BC1
F4
F1
15
No Busbar Protection
F3
F4
15
Advantages
F1
There are fewer faults on busbars than on

other parts of the power system.
No risk of dislocation of system due to
accidental operation of busbar protection.
F2
Drawbacks
F1
F2
Drawbacks
Slow fault clearance.

Busbar faults at F1 and F2 are cleared by
remote
t time
ti
delayed
d l
d protection
t ti on circuits
i it
feeding the faults:
Time Delayed Overcurrent or
Time Delayed Distance Protection (Zone 2)
F2
No Busbar Protection
Advantages
There are fewer faults on busbars than on
other parts of the power system.
No risk of dislocation of system due to
accidental operation of busbar protection.
BC2
Slow fault clearance.

Busbar faults at F1 and F2 are cleared by
remote
t time
ti
delayed
d l
d protection
t ti on circuits
i it
feeding the faults:
Time Delayed Overcurrent or
Time Delayed Distance Protection (Zone 2)
16
16
With Busbar Protection

ZONE
Fast clearance by tripping of all

breakers at the busbars
Fast Tripping but only for the

Cirscuit breakers of the selectied
zone

F1
ZONE 1
ZONE 2
F1
F2
17

1/2
SS
1
SS
2
87BB
Fast Tripping but only for the

Cirscuit breakers of the selectied
zone
F1
ZONE 1
ZONE 2
F1
F2
17

1/2
SS
3
SS
1
SS
2
87BB
87BB
21
ZONE
Fast clearance by tripping of all

breakers at the busbars
SS
3
87BB
21
21
18
21
18
2/2
2/2
21
87BB
87BB
87BB
87BB
21
21
19
Without Busbar Protection
21
19
1/2
1/2
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
20
21
21
21
20
2/2
2/2
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
With Busbar protection
21
21
21
With Busbar protection
87BB
87BB
87BB
87BB
21
21
Without Busbar protection

p
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
Without Busbar protection

p
21
21
21
21
22
21
21
21
22
PART 1 : Generality
PART 1 : Generality


p
p

23
Topology & Architecture of the HV

network and HV subtations
Single breaker - Single bus
23

Single breaker - Single bus
Most basic, simple and

economical bus design
design.
Most basic, simple and

economical bus design
design.
Main use :
- distribution,
- lower transmission voltages
Main use :
- distribution,
- lower transmission voltages
Drawback :
- Lack of flexibility for bus
faults
- maintenance
Drawback :
- Lack of flexibility for bus
faults
- maintenance
Generaly
G
l nott protected
t t d by
b a
busbar protection if one or
two infeeds exist.
Generaly
G
l nott protected
t t d by
b a
busbar protection if one or
two infeeds exist.
24
24

Single
S
g e buses co
connected
ected with
t bus ttie
e

Single
S
g e buses co
connected
ected with
t bus ttie
e
Generally used when a large

number of circuits exist.
Generally used when a large

number of circuits exist.
Main use :
- Distribution networks,
- Industrial substations with or
without co-generation.
Main use :
- Distribution networks,
- Industrial substations with or
without co-generation.
Advantages :
- Flexibility, specially when the
substation is fed by two
separate
t power supplies
li
(generators).
- A bus fault only causes the
loss of half a bar
Advantages :
- Flexibility, specially when the
substation is fed by two
separate
t power supplies
li
(generators).
- A bus fault only causes the
loss of half a bar
25
25
Double breaker - Double bus
2 Busbars ; 2 Circuit Breakers
2 Busbars ; 2 Circuit Breakers
Drawback :
- The line p
protection must be
connected to both CTs.
Advantage :
- Increased operating flexibility,
- Both busbars are independent,
specially from a protection point of
view.
view
- All switch disconectors are normally
closed and no bus couplor is used.
- The loss of one bus dos not affect
th transmitted
the
t
itt d power.
Generally used in HV substations (500

kV)
Double breaker - Double bus
Generally used in HV substations (500

kV)
Advantage :
- Increased operating flexibility,
- Both busbars are independent,
specially from a protection point of
view.
view
- All switch disconectors are normally
closed and no bus couplor is used.
- The loss of one bus dos not affect
th transmitted
the
t
itt d power.
Drawback :
- The line p
protection must be
connected to both CTs.
26
26
Main and transfer buses with single

breaker

breaker
Main
Main
Reserve / Transfer
By-pass
Isolator
Reserve / Transfer
By-pass
Isolator
By-pass
Isolator
27

breaker
27

breaker
Main
Main
Reserve
T
Transfer
f
By-pass
Isolator
Reserve
Transfer
CB
Transfer
CB
T
Transfer
f
Be carefull to the CT ocation on the Bus Transfer, in order to

clearly defined the protected zone
Transfer
CB
Transfer
CB
Be carefull to the CT ocation on the Bus Transfer, in order to

clearly defined the protected zone
28
28
Breaker and a half bus arrangement
Breaker and a half bus arrangement
Widely used for larger multicircuit and higher voltage systems
Widely used for larger multicircuit and higher voltage systems
Advantage :
- High flexibility
flexibility,
- Line faults trip two circuit breakers but does not cause loss of
services of other lines and busbars.
Advantage :
- High flexibility
flexibility,
- Line faults trip two circuit breakers but does not cause loss of
services of other lines and busbars.
87
87
Zone to
protect
separately
Zone to
protect
separately
87
87
29
Other Busbar Topologies
Other Busbar Topologies

Common for Higher voltages (US)
No busbar
OHL FEEDER
Drawback :
- If the ring is opened, a fault on a line
y separate
p
the other lines and the
may
bus.
OHL FEEDER
Advantage :
- One circuit breaker for two lines,
- No busbar is required (not
applicable) as the bus protection is
already performed by the line
protection themselves.
- The ring can be opened without loss
of power.
Advantage :
- One circuit breaker for two lines,
- No busbar is required (not
applicable) as the bus protection is
already performed by the line
protection themselves.
- The ring can be opened without loss
of power.
Ring Bus
Ring Bus
Common for Higher voltages (US)
No busbar
29
Drawback :
- If the ring is opened, a fault on a line
y separate
p
the other lines and the
may
bus.
TRANSF. FEEDER
30
TRANSF. FEEDER
30
Mesh Busbar
F1
Mesh Busbar
F3
F1
F3
T1
T3
T1
T3
T4
T2
T4
T2
F4
F2
F4
31
Mesh Busbar Protection

87
R1
F1
F2
31
Mesh Busbar Protection

F3
87
R1
87
R3
F1
F3
87
R3
T1
T3
T1
T3
T4
T2
T4
T2
87
R4
87
R2
F4
87
R4
F2
87
R2
F4
32
F2
32
Importance of CT Location
and Number
Importance of CT Location
and Number
33
Effect of CT location on the global

P t ti Performance
Protection
P f
33
Effect of CT location on the global

P t ti Performance
Protection
P f
Bus
Bus
Feeder
Protection
Feeder
Protection
Bus
Protection
Bus
Protection
CT Overlap
Feeder
Protection
51
Feeder
Protection
Bus
Protection
Bus
Protection
All CTs on Bus side
CT Overlap
Feeder
Feeder
Protection
Bus
Protection
51
All CT
CTs on liline side
id
51
Feeder
Protection
Bus
Protection
51
All CT
CTs on liline side
id
All CTs on Bus side
Feeder
34
34
PART 1 : Generality
PART 1 : Generality

p g

p g
35
Single Bus Substation
35
P1
S1
P1
S1
P1
S1
P1
S1
P1
S1
P1
S1
P2
S2
P2
S2
P2
S2
P2
S2
P2
S2
P2
S2
36
36
37
37
38
38
39
Double Bus Substation
39
40
40

Bus A
Bus A
Bus B
Bus B
P1 S1
P1 S1
P2 S2
P2 S2
P1
S1
P1
S1
P1
S1
P2 S2
P1
S1
P1
S1
P1
S1
P2 S2
P2
S2
P2
S2
P2
S2
P1 S1
P2
S2
P2
S2
P2
S2
P1 S1
a
b
Current
41
a
b

Bus A
Bus B
41
Bus A
a
b
Current
Bus B
Current
42
a
b
Current
42

Bus A
Bus A
Bus B
Bus B
Current
a
b
43

Bus A
Bus B
43
Bus A
a
b
Current
a
b
Bus B
Current
44
a
b
Current
44

Bus A
Bus A
Bus B
Bus B
Current
a
b
45

Bus A
Bus B
45
Bus A
a
b
Current
a
b
Bus B
Current
46
a
b
Current
46

Bus A
Bus A
Bus B
Bus B
Tripping a
b
a
Current b
Tripping a
b
a
Current b
47
Interposing CTs are not acceptable
Interposing CTs are not acceptable
Main CT must be identical

Current
C
t switching
it hi via
i auxilliary
illi
relay
l iis nott acceptable.
t bl
Requirement of number of position contact (Disconnector switch) is
high
47
Main CT must be identical

Current
C
t switching
it hi via
i auxilliary
illi
relay
l iis nott acceptable.
t bl
Requirement of number of position contact (Disconnector switch) is
high
48
48
No auxiliary contact must be used

for current switching
g
No auxiliary contact must be used

for current switching
g
Supplementary delay on current switching

Reliabiliby
Supplementary delay on current switching

Reliabiliby
Auxiliary relays must be designed

so that :
Auxiliary relays must be designed

so that :
They get closed before

the bus disconnector is closed
get open
p after
Theyy g
the bus disconnection is open
They get closed before

the bus disconnector is closed
yg
get open
p after
They
the bus disconnection is open
49
Check Zone Supervision
Bus B
Bus B
Trip Bus A
Trip Bus B
Bus A
Trip Bus A
Bus A
Zone A
Zone B
Trip Bus B
49
Zone A
Zone B
50
50
Bus B
Bus B
Currentt
C
switching
failure
Trip Bus B
Bus A
Trip Bus A
Bus A
Currentt
C
switching
failure
Zone A
Zone B
Zone A
Zone B
False
Tripping
False
Tripping
51
51
Bus B
Bus B
Trip Bus A
Trip Bus B
Bus A
Trip Bus A
Bus A
Zone A
Zone B
Zone A
Zone B
Check
Zone
Check
Zone
52
Trip Bus B
Trip Bus B
Trip Bus A
52
Bus B
Bus B
Trip Bus A
Trip Bus B
Bus A
Trip Bus A
Bus A
Zone A
Zone B
Zone A
Zone B
53
53
Bus B
Bus B
Trip Bus A
Trip Bus B
Bus A
Trip Bus A
Bus A
Check
Zone
Trip Bus B
Trip Bus B
Check
Zone
54
54
Protection Sensitivity
Protection Sensitivity
55
Stability for External Faults

RCT
2RL
2RL
ZM
Stability for External Faults

RCT
RCT
ZM
2RL
2RL
ZM
RCT
RCT
ZM
RCT
2RL
2RL
M
55
2RL
M
RCT
56
2RL
RCT
56
External Fault with CT Saturation

RCT
2RL
2RL
ZM
RCT
RCT
ZM=0
2RL
ZM=0
CT Saturation
2RL
M
RCT
2RL
TC satur

RCT
2RL
2RL
57
RCT
RCT
2RL
RCT
RS
ZM=0
ZM
Stabilizing Resistance
ZM=0
Stabilizing Resistance
RCT
RCT
2RL
2RL
M
2RL
M
RCT
Saturated CT
2RL
RS
ZM
RCT
TC satur
57
RCT
Unwanted
Tripping
RCT
CT Saturation
2RL
2RL
ZM
Unwanted
Tripping
RCT
2RL
2RL
RCT
Saturated CT
58
58
Impact of CT Saturation - Remind
High
Increase
High
Increase
of IM
VS
of IM
VS
Knee point
Voltage
Knee point
Voltage
Above Knee Point Voltage :
Small increase
Small increase
IM increase highly
of IM
=> Zm
zero
Above Knee Point Voltage :

IM increase highly
of IM
can be considered equal to
=> Zm
zero
IM
IM
59

RC
2R
2R
RC
RS
ZM
59
VS
ZM
can be considered equal to
RC
2R
2R
RC
RS
ZM
VS
ZM
IM
IM
Before saturation
RC
2R
2R
RC
RS
ZM
Before saturation
VS
ZM=0
RC
2R
VS
ZM=0
During saturation
IM
RC
RS
ZM
During saturation
2R
IM
60
60
Stability for Internal Fault

RCT
2RL
2RL
Stability for Internal Fault

RCT
RCT
2RL
RS
ZM
RCT
ZM
RCT
2RL
RCT
2RL
2RL
2RL
M
Vset
Vset
61
Insulation requirements
2RL
2RL
61
RCT
RCT
2RL
ZM
RCT
ZM
RCT
ZM
RCT
2RL
RCT
2RL
2RL
M
=> Very High Risk of Over Voltages

across Protection Terminals
=> Very High Risk of Over Voltages

across Protection Terminals
Vset
RCT
RS
2RL
2RL
RS
ZM
ZM
RCT
RCT
RCT
RS
ZM
2RL
Vset
62
62
RCT
2RL
2RL
RCT
RCT
2RL
RS
A non linear resistance can be

g
required to limit the voltage
across terminals (Secondary
circuit withstand voltage)
RCT
2RL
ZM
ZM
A non linear resistance can be

g
required to limit the voltage
across terminals (Secondary
circuit withstand voltage)
RCT
2RL
RCT
2RL
63
2RL
saturation
2RL
63
Internal Fault with CT
RCT
RCT
2RL
saturation
ZM=0
RCT
ZM=0
To avoid a non-tripping of the protection:
The relay must have fast detection and tripping

CTs must be designed to avoid saturation for internal faults
RCT
ZM
To avoid a non-tripping of the protection:
The relay must have fast detection and tripping

CTs must be designed to avoid saturation for internal faults
RCT
ZM = 0
2RL
M
RS
2RL
2RL
RS
ZM
RCT
Vset
RCT
ZM
Vset
Internal Fault with CT
RCT
RS
ZM
2RL
2RL
(TC short-circuited" )
Vset
2RL
M
RCT
64
ZM = 0
(TC short-circuited" )
Vset
2RL
RCT
64
CT Wiring Supervision
Requirements
CT Wiring Supervision
Requirements
65
CT Wiring Supervision (2)
65
CT Wiring Supervision (2)
I1
CT1
V
Super
vision
relay
l
RST
I1
I2
R
ZM2
ZM3
I3
CT1
I4
ZM4
Super
vision
relay
l
RR
RST
I2
R
ZM2
ZM3
RR
I1
Voltage measured by supervision relay

V 1 (R // Z M2 // Z M3 // Z M4 )
Voltage measured by supervision relay

V 1 (R // Z M2 // Z M3 // Z M4 )
If supervision relay setting VSP
If supervision relay setting VSP
Out - of - balance current to operate the supervision relay
Out - of - balance current to operate the supervision relay
VSP
V
V
V
SP SP SP
R
Z M2
Z M3
Z M3
Alarm is Generally time delayed (3 sec.

sec typ.)
typ )
I4
ZM4
I1
I3
VSP
V
V
V
SP SP SP
R
Z M2
Z M3
Z M3
Alarm is Generally time delayed (3 sec.

sec typ.)
typ )
66
66
Differential Relay Circuit
A
B
C
N
Differential Relay Circuit

Zone bus wires
95X
95X
Bus wire short contacts
95X
Supervision relay
95
Stabilising resistors
v
87
Metrosil
resistors
87
v
87
67
High Impedance Protection

Synthesis
v
87
87
67
High Impedance Protection

Synthesis
Stability is entirely due to a stabilising resistor in the circuit..

It is a simple,
simple reliable and circulating current scheme
The CTs must have the same ratio & must be of high
accuracy (low magnetizing current) - class X
The
Th CT knee
k
point
i voltage
l
needs
d to b
be relatively
l i l hi
high
h
The magnetising current can desensitise the scheme
The scheme can be very fast
Isolator contacts are needed to switch the full CT secondary
current between the zones.
There are risks to open the secondary side of CTs
Extending the scheme is quite simple (if CTs not too old)
Metrosil and Buswire supervision is required
Maintenance
M i t
rules
l are strict
ti t
Supervision relay
Stabilising resistors
v
87
Bus wire short contacts
95X
95
Zone bus wires
95X
95X
Metrosil
resistors
A
B
C
N
Stability is entirely due to a stabilising resistor in the circuit..

It is a simple,
simple reliable and circulating current scheme
The CTs must have the same ratio & must be of high
accuracy (low magnetizing current) - class X
The
Th CT knee
k
point
i voltage
l
needs
d to b
be relatively
l i l hi
high
h
The magnetising current can desensitise the scheme
The scheme can be very fast
Isolator contacts are needed to switch the full CT secondary
current between the zones.
There are risks to open the secondary side of CTs
Extending the scheme is quite simple (if CTs not too old)
Metrosil and Buswire supervision is required
Maintenance
M i t
rules
l are strict
ti t
68
68
One Breaker and a Half

Substation
Requirements for the Tee zone
One Breaker and a Half

Substation
Requirements for the Tee zone
69
One and Half Circuit Breaker

Systems
Bus A
P1
S1
S1
P1
S2
P2
P2
S2

Systems
Bus
B
P2
P1
S2
S1
69
Bus A
P1
S1
S1
P1
S2
P2
P2
S2
Bus
B
P2
P1
S2
S1
Use of one additional

Protection
Use of one additional

Protection
High Impedance
Differential relay
Low Impedance
Differential relay (3
winding transformer
relay)
High Impedance
Differential relay
Low Impedance
Differential relay (3
winding transformer
relay)
70
70

Systems
Bus A

Systems
Bus
B
Bus A
71

Systems
Bus A
Bus
B
71

Systems
Bus
B
Bus A
72
Bus
B
72

Systems
Bus A

Systems
Bus
B
Bus A
73

Systems
Bus A
Bus
B
73

Systems
Bus
B
Bus A
74
Bus
B
74

Systems

Systems
Bus A
Bus
B
Bus A
75

Systems
Bus
B
75

Systems
Bus A
Bus
B
Bus A
Bus
B
P1
P2
P2
P1
P1
P2
P2
P1
S1
S2
S2
S1
S1
S2
S2
S1
P1
P2
P2
P1
P1
P2
P2
P1
S1
S2
S2
S1
S1
S2
S2
S1
76
76
PART 1 : Generality
PART 1 : Generality
PART 2 : O
Operating
ti Principle
Pi i l
PART 2 : O
Operating
ti Principle
Pi i l

Ad
Advantages
t
/ Disadvantages
Di d
t

Ad
Advantages
t
/ Disadvantages
Di d
t
PART 4 : High Impedance Differential Protection

Pi i l
Principle

Pi i l
Principle
PART 5 : Low Impedance Protection

Principle
PART 5 : Low Impedance Protection

Principle
PART 6 : F
Frame Leakage
L k
P
Protection
t ti - Principle
Pi i l
PART 6 : F
Frame Leakage
L k
P
Protection
t ti - Principle
Pi i l

77
GENERAL SCHEME
GENERAL SCHEME
BB1a
BB1b
Peripheral
Unit
Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral

Unit
Unit
Unit
Peripheral Units
Optical Fibres
BB1a
BB1b
Peripheral
Unit
Unit
Centralle
77
Peripheral
Unit
Peripheral
Unit
Optical Fibres
Peripheral
Unit
Peripheral
Unit
Peripheral Units
78
Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral

Unit
Unit
Unit
Peripheral Units
Optical Fibres
Peripheral
Unit
Unit
Centralle
Peripheral
Unit
Optical Fibres
Peripheral
Unit
Peripheral
Unit
Peripheral Units
78
Bias Characteristic Principle
Bias Characteristic Principle
idiff (t)
idiff (t)
Tripping
pp g Area
i1
X
X
i3
Tripping
pp g Area
i2
in
ID>2
IS
ID>1
Blocking Area
i1
X
i3
i2
in
ID>2
IS
ID>1
Blocking Area
ibias (t)
Differentail Current: idiffnoeud (t) = i1 + i2 + i3 + + in

Operating
p
gQ
Quantity:
y idiff ((t)=
) |i| diffnoeud ((t)|
)| = | in|
Bias Quantity:
ibias(t) = |i1|+ |i2|+ | i3| + + |in| = |in|
Differentail Current: idiffnoeud (t) = i1 + i2 + i3 + + in

Operating
p
gQ
Quantity:
y idiff ((t)=
) |i| diffnoeud ((t)|
)| = | in|
Bias Quantity:
ibias(t) = |i1|+ |i2|+ | i3| + + |in| = |in|
79
INTEGRATED FUNCTIONS
79
INTEGRATED FUNCTIONS
Peripheral Units Objective
Local Current Acquisition

Local Signal Processing (magnitude, angle, saturation detection )
Local Back-up Protections (Max I)
Local Current Acquisition

Local Signal Processing (magnitude, angle, saturation detection )
Local Back-up Protections (Max I)
Central Unit objective
Automatic Adaptation
p
of zone number
Differential Calculation Element for each zone
Differential Calculation Element Check Zone
Communication management CU <
<-->
> PU
Circuitry Fault Control for each Differential Element
ibias (t)
Automatic Adaptation
p
of zone number
Differential Calculation Element for each zone
Differential Calculation Element Check Zone
Communication management CU <
<-->
> PU
Circuitry Fault Control for each Differential Element
80
80
OTHER INTEGRATED FUNCTIONS
OTHER INTEGRATED FUNCTIONS
Pole Discrepency Supervision, for circuit breakers and bus

disconnectors
CT Supervision
S
i i
Inter-Tripping management in case of Internal Bus Fault
Circuit Breaker Failure : ReTrip order (stage 1) or Zone Tripping
(stage 2)
Pole Discrepency Supervision, for circuit breakers and bus

disconnectors
CT Supervision
S
i i
Inter-Tripping management in case of Internal Bus Fault
Circuit Breaker Failure : ReTrip order (stage 1) or Zone Tripping
(stage 2)
Circuit Breaker Failure Definition of zones to be tripped

Maintenance modes management (per zone differential blocking)
Circuit Breaker Failure Definition of zones to be tripped

Maintenance modes management (per zone differential blocking)
81
Current Circuitry Fault Supervision
Current Circuitry Fault Supervision
Under ideal operating conditions

idiff = 0
Under ideal operating conditions

idiff = 0
Under normal operating conditions

idiff 0
Under normal operating conditions

idiff 0
=> use of a circuitry fault alarm threshold so that :

1.2 x idiff (normal operation) (ID>1)) 0.8 x Ifeeder (min
(min. load)
=> use of a circuitry fault alarm threshold so that :

1.2 x idiff (normal operation) (ID>1)) 0.8 x Ifeeder (min
(min. load)
=> Affected zone blocking (option depending on manufacturer)
=> Affected zone blocking (option depending on manufacturer)
82
81
82
The Check Zone Element does not take into account the status
g
to bus A or B))
of busbar disconnections ((assignment
The Check Zone Element does not take into account the status
g
to bus A or B))
of busbar disconnections ((assignment
Total Idiff = Sum of current node idiff

idiff(t) CZ = idiff = ( i)
Total Idiff = Sum of current node idiff

idiff(t) CZ = idiff = ( i)
Under pole discrepency condition on a circuit breaker or a bus

disconnector the differential current in the check zone remains
disconnector,
nil, preventing any maloperation of the busbar protection,
Under pole discrepency condition on a circuit breaker or a bus

disconnector the differential current in the check zone remains
disconnector,
nil, preventing any maloperation of the busbar protection,
=> A trip will be issued only if the differential current measured

by
y the check zone has reached the tripping
pp g threshold.
=> A trip will be issued only if the differential current measured

byy the check zone has reached the tripping
pp g threshold.
83
Tripping Threshold Conditions
Tripping Threshold Conditions
No Blocking due to Circuitry Fault
No Blocking due to Circuitry Fault
Differential Current detected by the Check Zone Element
Differential Current detected by the Check Zone Element
Differential Current above the Tripping Threshold,

generaly set so that :
Differential Current above the Tripping Threshold,

generaly set so that :
1,2 x I_highest loaded feeder (ID>2) 0.8 x I Min. shortshort-
1,2 x I_highest loaded feeder (ID>2) 0.8 x I Min. shortshort-
Circuit
Circuit
Fault point inside the Characteristic Operating Area
83
Fault point inside the Characteristic Operating Area
84
84
Use of only 1 CT on the Bus Coupler
Use of only 1 CT on the Bus Coupler
Pole Discrepency on the bus coupler Circuit Breaker :
Pole Discrepency on the bus coupler Circuit Breaker :
Zone 1
BB1
Zone 2
BB2
ILOAD across CB
CB.
Zone 1
BB1
EN
EN
IdiffZ2 = + ILOAD
IdiffZ1= 0
Peripheral
Unit
IdiffZ2 = + ILOAD
IdiffZ1= 0
CB CLOSED
but given
Status is OPEN
Peripheral
Unit
CB CLOSED
but given
Status is OPEN
Central
Unit
Peripheral
Unit
Peripheral
Unit
Zone 2
BB2
ILOAD across CB
CB.
Central
Unit
Check zone
Idiff = idiff = idiffZ1+ idiffEN1 + idiffZ2 =0
Peripheral
Unit
Peripheral
Unit
Peripheral
Unit
The protection remainS stable
Peripheral
Unit
Check zone
Idiff = idiff = idiffZ1+ idiffEN1 + idiffZ2 =0
Peripheral
Unit
Peripheral
Unit
The protection remainS stable

85
85
Use of 2 CTs on the Bus Coupler
Use of 2 CTs on the Bus Coupler
Bus Coupler CB closed and fault on the Bus coupler
Bus Coupler CB closed and fault on the Bus coupler
Zone 1
BB1
IdiffZ3 = IFault
VZ
IdiffZ1= 0
Zone 2
BB2
Zone 1
IdiffZ2 = 0
Peripheral
Unit
Check zone
Idiff = idiff = idiffZ1+ idiffZ3 + idiffZ2 =iFault
IdiffZ2 = 0
Central
Unit
Peripheral
Unit
Peripheral
Unit
In case of Fault on the Bus Coupler, the relay will generally trip
both zones, BUT, a two stage trip is possible depending on :
Peripheral
Unit
Peripheral
Unit
Check zone
Idiff = idiff = idiffZ1+ idiffZ3 + idiffZ2 =iFault
Peripheral
Unit
Peripheral
Unit
In case of Fault on the Bus Coupler, the relay will generally trip
both zones, BUT, a two stage trip is possible depending on :
The fault current level

level,
The required max clearance time (stability criteria)
Zone 2
BB2
Peripher.
Unit
Peripher.
Unit
Central
Unit
Peripheral
Unit
IdiffZ3 = IFault
VZ
IdiffZ1= 0
Peripher.
Unit
Peripher.
Unit
BB1
The fault current level

level,
The required max clearance time (stability criteria)
86
86
Dead Zone
Dead Zone
Feeders CB open : Fauklt between CT and CB
Feeders CB open : Fauklt between CT and CB
idiff
idiff
Trip
EN
EN
ID>2
IS
ID>1
Restrain
No zone trip but intertrip to the remote end

87
Typical Tripping Scheme

Peripheral Unit
idiff(t) > k2 . ibias (t )
Local confirmation I>BB

or IN>BB*
CZ
idiff(t) > [IDCZ>2 ]

I 0 in more than 1 feeder
No CT saturation detected
Local confirmation
or V0>*
V<
Zone
&
CZ
Peripheral Unit
idiff(t) > k2 . ibias (t )
Local confirmation I>BB

or IN>BB*
idiff(t) > kCZ . ibias CZ(t )

idiff(t) > [IDCZ>2 ]
I 0 in more than 1 feeder
Local
L
l signal
i
l processing
i
No CT saturation detected
No broken sec.y CT detected
Central Unit (87 BB)
idiff(t) > [ID>2 ]
3 &
4
87
Typical Tripping Scheme
Central Unit (87 BB)
ibias
Fixe current threshold or

Current linked to the zone differential current, to avoid any pole
discrepency problem on the CB status
idiff(t) > kCZ . ibias CZ(t )
Restrain
The relay detects the fault b y using a current criteria
No zone trip but intertrip to the remote end
ID>2
IS
ID>1
ibias
Fixe current threshold or

Current linked to the zone differential current, to avoid any pole
discrepency problem on the CB status
idiff(t) > [ID>2 ]
Idiff EN = I Dfaut
Ibias EN = I Dfaut
Idiff EN = 0
Ibi
Ibias EN = 0
The relay detects the fault b y using a current criteria
Zone
EN
EN
Idiff EN = I Dfaut
Ibias EN = I Dfaut
Idiff EN = 0
Ibi EN = 0
Ibias
Trip
1
2
Local confirmation
or V0>*
V<
&
3 &
4
L
Local
l signal
i
l processing
i
No broken sec.y CT detected
88
88
Low Impedance Protection Synthesis
Low Impedance Protection Synthesis
Stability
S bili iis entirely
i l d
due to the
h bi
bias characteristic
h
i i off the
h
scheme. Metrosils and Stabilizing resistors are not required,
Stability
S bili iis entirely
i l d
due to the
h bi
bias characteristic
h
i i off the
h
scheme. Metrosils and Stabilizing resistors are not required,
CTs can have different ratios
CTs can have different ratios
Scheme bias characteristic can cater for lesser accuracy

CTs (class 5P), instead of Class X CTs,
Scheme bias characteristic can cater for lesser accuracy

CTs (class 5P), instead of Class X CTs,
CTs with moderate knee point voltages can be used

used, because the relay
can manage the saturation effects,
CTs with moderate knee point voltages can be used

used, because the relay
can manage the saturation effects,
CTs can be shared with other protection, due to low burden,
CTs can be shared with other protection, due to low burden,
Number of // circuits does not affect he primary operating

current
Number of // circuits does not affect he primary operating

current
Fast
ast Tripping
pp g ttime
e ((Decision
ec s o bet
between
ee 3 to 5 ms)
s)
Fast
ast Tripping
pp g ttime
e ((Decision
ec s o bet
between
ee 3 to 5 ms)
s)
Isolator contact are not needed to switch heavy currents,
Isolator contact are not needed to switch heavy currents,
Extending the scheme is simple,
Extending the scheme is simple,
Self supervision and breaker fail protection is easier to

integrate,
Self supervision and breaker fail protection is easier to

integrate,
89
PART 1 : Generality
PART 1 : Generality
PART 2 : O
Operating
ti Principle
Pi i l
PART 2 : O
Operating
ti Principle
Pi i l

Ad
Advantages
t
/ Disadvantages
Di d
t

Ad
Advantages
t
/ Disadvantages
Di d
t

Pi i l
Principle

Pi i l
Principle
PART 6 : Frame Leakage Protection

Principle
PART 6 : Frame Leakage Protection

Principle
90
89
90
Frame Leakage Busbar Protection
Principle and Limitations
Principle and Limitations
Limited to Medium Voltage BusBar applications

Can detect only earth faults
Means that the fault current betwwen circuit breaker cells and earth
must be measured :
Limited to Medium Voltage BusBar applications

Can detect only earth faults
Means that the fault current betwwen circuit breaker cells and earth
must be measured :
=> Switchgear must be insulated from earth (by standing on concrete

plinth),
li th)
=> Only one single earth conductor allowed on switchgear,
=> All cable glands must be insulated from the cells earth,
=> Only
O l one single
i l phase
h
CT iis used,
d b
between
t
earth
th conductor
d t and
d an
instantaneous overcurrent relay.
=> Switchgear must be insulated from earth (by standing on concrete

plinth),
li th)
=> Only one single earth conductor allowed on switchgear,
=> All cable glands must be insulated from the cells earth,
=> Only
O l one single
i l phase
h
CT iis used,
d b
between
t
earth
th conductor
d t and
d an
instantaneous overcurrent relay.
In case of several sections (with couplers), Switchgear sections must

be insulated.
In case of several sections (with couplers), Switchgear sections must

be insulated.
91
91
>I
>I
Insulation
Insulation
92
92
>I
>I
93
93
>I
>I
94
94
>I
>I
>I
95
>I
95
Confirmation by Transformer Neutral protection
False Operation
because induced
loop
False Operation
because induced
loop
>I
>I
(Insulation
Fault)
(Insulation
Fault)
>I
Tripping is confirmed by the

relay, to avoid false trip
>I
96
Tripping is confirmed by the

relay, to avoid false trip
96
>I
>I
>I
>I
97
>I
>I
>I
97
>I
98
98
Blocking Scheme Busbar Protection

>II
>II
>II
>II
>II
BUSBAR
PROTECTION
LOGIC
>II
99

>II
>II
>II
>II
>II
>II
>II
>II
>II
BUSBAR
PROTECTION
LOGIC
99
BUSBAR
PROTECTION
LOGIC
>II
100
>II
>II
>II
>II
BUSBAR
PROTECTION
LOGIC
100

>II
>II
>II
>II
>II
BUSBAR
PROTECTION
LOGIC
>II
101
>II
>II
>II
>II
BUSBAR
PROTECTION
LOGIC
PART 1 : Generality
PART 1 : Generality




102
101
102
Busbar Blocking Protection
Busbar Blocking Protection
Fault at F1
Fault at F1
Tripping of the Feeder Relay Only

Blocking of the Incommer Relay
Tripping of the Feeder Relay Only

Blocking of the Incommer Relay
Incomer
Fault at F2
O/C Relay
BLOCK
Fault at F2
No Blocking of the Incomer Relay

Time Delayed tripping of the
Incomer
and Fault Clearance
IF2
O/C Relay
Incomer
O/C Relay
BLOCK
No Blocking of the Incomer Relay

Time Delayed tripping of the
Incomer
and Fault Clearance
IF2
O/C Relay
O/C Relay
O/C Relay
O/C Relay
IF1
O/C Relay
O/C Relay
O/C Relay
IF1
103
PART 1 : Generality
PART 1 : Generality




104
103
104
Bus Protection - other application
Other Application commonly used for Oil & Gas
Other Application commonly used for Oil & Gas
Use of a Partial BusBar relay

The 51 Relay is limited
to the load current of each
half section
Use of a Partial BusBar relay

The 51 Relay is limited
to the load current of each
half section
I_pilote=I_incomer-I_coupler
I_pilote=I_incomer-I_coupler
Same scheme than previously
Same scheme than previously
Advantage
Advantage
Protection of BB1 even

if TA is in maintenance
Protection of BB1 even

if TA is in maintenance
105
105
Protection by Transformer Differential Relay
Protection by Transformer Differential Relay
Can be used in case of 4 feeders max

No Bus Coupler or Bus Disconnector
Can be used in case of 4 feeders max

No Bus Coupler or Bus Disconnector
87T
87T
106
106

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6.

6.1 BusBar protection

Schneider Electric - Jean Marmonier - 20/01/2011

Schneider Electric - Jean Marmonier - 20/01/2011

PART 2 : OPERATING PRINCIPLES

PART 2 : OPERATING PRINCIPLES

PART 3 : OTHER SUBSTATION TOPOLOGIES

PART 3 : OTHER SUBSTATION TOPOLOGIES

PART 4 : HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

PART 4 : HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

PART 5 : LOW IMPEDANCE PROTECTION PRINCIPLE

PART 5 : LOW IMPEDANCE PROTECTION PRINCIPLE

PART 6 : FRAME LEAKAGE PROTECTION - PRINCIPLE

PART 6 : FRAME LEAKAGE PROTECTION - PRINCIPLE

PART 7 : BLOCKING SCHEME PROTECTION

PART 7 : BLOCKING SCHEME PROTECTION

PART 8 : OTHER APPLICATIONS

PART 8 : OTHER APPLICATIONS

Schneider Electric - Jean Marmonier - 20/01/2011

Schneider Electric - Jean Marmonier - 20/01/2011

PART 2 : Operating Principle

PART 2 : Operating Principle

PART 3 : Other Substation Topologies

PART 3 : Other Substation Topologies

PART 4 : High Impedance Differential

PART 4 : High Impedance Differential

PART 5 : Low Impedance Protection Principle

PART 5 : Low Impedance Protection Principle

PART 7 : Blocking Scheme Protection

PART 7 : Blocking Scheme Protection

PART 8 : Other Applications

PART 8 : Other Applications

Schneider Electric - Jean Marmonier - 20/01/2011

Schneider Electric - Jean Marmonier - 20/01/2011

Schneider Electric - Jean Marmonier - 20/01/2011

The final protection

The final protection

The distance protection will see a busbar fault in

The distance protection will see a busbar fault in

Schneider Electric - Jean Marmonier - 20/01/2011

Schneider Electric - Jean Marmonier - 20/01/2011

Schneider Electric - Jean Marmonier - 20/01/2011

When a differential protection is recommended ?

When a differential protection is recommended ?

The grading between overcurrent protections is difficult to guarantee

The grading between overcurrent protections is difficult to guarantee

The max clearance time is critical for HV equipment or network

The max clearance time is critical for HV equipment or network

Schneider Electric - Jean Marmonier - 20/01/2011

Busbar Faults Are Usually Permanent

Busbar Faults Are Usually Permanent

Causes of Busbar Faults :

Causes of Busbar Faults :

Circuit breaker failures

Circuit breaker failures

Current transformer failures

Current transformer failures

Isolators switchs operated on load or outside their ratings

Isolators switchs operated on load or outside their ratings

Safety earths left connected

Safety earths left connected

Circuit breakers should be tripped and locked out by busbar protection