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Lesson 7 Energetics Checklist

1.Laws of conservation of energy -> Energy cannot be create or


destroy.
-> Toal amount of energy og a system and its surroundings remains
constant.
2.-Heat change under constant volume = change in internal energy
-Heat change under constant pressure = enthalpy change
3. Exothermic reaction is a reaction that gives out heat (surrounding
temp. )
Endothermic reaction is a reaction that takes in heat (surrounding
temp . )
4. Exothermic-> release heat; delta H = -ve (negative sign)
(1) Combustion
(3) Acid-Alkali neutralization
and water

(2) Precipitation
(3)reaction between quicklime

(5) Bond formation


Endothermic-> takes in heat; delta H = +ve (positive sign)
(1)Cracking

(2)Thermal decomposition

(3)Reaction between NH4Cl and hydrated Ba(OH)2


(4)Reaction between NH4NO3 and Water
(5)Bond breaking
5. Standard enthalpy change -> Conditions
temp.=298k/25oC Pressure=1atmConcentration=1MNormal physical
state
6. Definition
- Standard enthalpy change of combustion of a substance is the
enthalpy change which one mole of substance is completely burnt in
oxygen under standard condition.
i.e. C12H22O11 + 12 O2 12 CO2 + 11 H2O

- Standard enthalpy change of neutralization of a substance is the

enthalpy change which one mole of water is formed form neutralization


between an acid and alkali under standard condition.
i.e. NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

- Standard enthalpy change of solution of a substance is the enthalpy


change which one of substance is dissolved in a sufficiently large
amount of solvent under standard condition.
i.e. NaCl + (aq) Na+ + Cl- Standard enthalpy change of formation of a substance is the enthalpy
change which one mole of substance is formed in the standard physical
state under standard condition.
i.e. 2 H2 + O2 2 H2O
7. Calculation [ delta H = mc delta T / n ]

8. Hesss Law
The overall enthalpy change of a chemical reaction is the same
regardless of the route by which the reaction takes place.
9. Chemical reaction rate
a. Extremely fast i.e. 2H2 + O2 2H2O
b. Rapidly -- i.e. Ag+ + Cl- AgCl
c. At a moderate speedi.e. Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
d. Slowly i.e. 4Fe + 3O2 + 2nH2O 2Fe2O3.nH2O
10. Average rate of reaction = Total change in amount of product (or
reactant) / total time taken
11. Effective Collision Reactant particles are moving at different
speeds only a small fraction of collisions is successful in forming

products. Those collisions resulting in a chemical reaction are call


effective collisions.
12. Quenching
a)+ice-water(cooling)
needed)

b) H+ added

c) removing the catalyst (if it is

13. Reaction rate (k) directly proportional to (no. of effective collisions /


time taken)

14. Example of answering question


As CO2 is formed as the only gaseous product, we can carry out the
reaction in a closed system. The increase pressure inside the apparatus
at different times can be monitored by using a pressure sensor
connected.
15. Measurement
Concentration
CH3COOH+NaOH
CH3COONa+CH3OH

Quench
ed

Gas volume
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2

Ongoing

Gas pressure
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2

Ongoing

Mass
CaCO3 +2HCl CaCl2+CO2+H2O

Ongoing

Color Intensity
2MnO4-+5C2O42-+16H+
(60oC)2Mn2++8H2O+10CO2

Ongoing

-Measure the
change in
concentration by
titration
-Measure the
change in volume
of H2 gas with a
gas syringe
-Measure the
change of
pressure of the
system with a
pressure senor
Measure the
change in mass
of reaction
mixture with
electronic
balance
-Measure the
change in color
intensity of
reaction with
colorimeter

n/a

n/a

Transmittance of light
S2O3-+2H+ SO2+H2O+S

Ongoing

Measure the time


taken for the
blot out of the
cross using stop
watch

n/a

16. Avogadros law:


Equal volume of all gases of the same temp. and pressure contain the
same no. of molecule(no. of mole). (no. of mole = volume/24 dm3 )
17. Explanation of effect of concentration/pressure/temp on reaction
rate
(a) Concentration/pressure: pressure increase->volume decrease>[reactant] increase
-> effective collision increase -> rate increase
(b) Temperature: temp. increase -> average K.E. increase -> speed of
particles increase -> effective collisions increase -> rate increase
(c) Surface area of solid reactants: surface increase-> chance to
collide-> effective collision increase-> rate increase
(d) Catalyst: positive catalyst : rate increase ; negative catalyst : rate
decrease
=> give an alternative energy routs or profile
e.g. 2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2 (MnO2 +ve catalyst; H+ -ve catalyst)
18. Equilibrium can only be established in a closed system.
rate of forward reaction = rate of backward reaction
At equilibrium, [P] and [R] remain unchanged : No observable
change
19. Kc equilibrium constant
-> a ratio with a constant value at a given temperature.
Homogeneous equilibrium All the reactants and products are in the
same phrase.
Heterogeneous equilibrium Two or more phases are present.
20. Irreversible reactions: chemical reactions proceeding in one
direction only.
4 Fe + 3 O2 + 2n H2O 2 Fe2O3 . n H2O

Reversible reactions: chemical reaction proceeding in either


direction depending on the condition.
CaCO3 CaO + CO2

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