Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FOR THE
M008
ELMENDORF
TEARING TESTER
CONTENTS
PAGE
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION
SECTION 2 INSTALLATION
3.5 Calculations
3.6 Reporting
11
12
4.1 Inspection
12
4.2 Levelling
12
13
13
13
14
4.7 Samples
14
15
15
15
5.3 Conditioning
16
5.4 Calibration
16
5.5 Method
16
5.6 Results
17
18
18
18
19
20
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION
The Elmendorf Tearing Tester is based on the APPITA method and conforms
with BRITISH, ISO, SCAN, TAPPI, M&S and other National and International
standards, and is supplied complete with 3 interchangeable pendulums, light,
medium and heavy covering the ranges up to 32000 Millinewtons (mN), sample
cutter, two Tommy bars and Allen key. However, if required the instrument can
be ordered with one, two or three pendulums, and in this event additional
pendulums can be supplied at a later date.
A special pendulum, increasing the capacity up to 64,000 mN for testing heavy
textiles can be supplied, and in such a case also a heavy duty sample cutter.
PENDULUM
TEARING STRENGTH
CAPACITY mN
Light A
Medium B
Heavy C
Extra Heavy D
8000
16000
32000
64000
PENDULUM FACTOR
(SCALE READING x
P)
8
16
32
64
SECTION 2 INSTALLATION
To protect the instrument from damage in transit, it is packed dismantled, the
base stand unit, pendulums and cutter being packed separately.
Unpack the tester, placing the base stand unit on a suitable rigid bench or table.
1. After selecting a pendulum, it should be fitted raised in the upright position,
ensure that when fitting, it clears the pointer stop M and that the clearance
hole through the mounting shaft, fits over the spindle shaft 0. It will be seen
that on the face of the rear bearing assembly, protruding, is a dowel pin,
whilst in the mating face of the mounting shaft is a hole.
2. The dowel pin and the hole should be aligned before finally positioning the
mounting shaft, hard up against the face of the bearing assembly.
3. The friction pointer K can then be fitted to the mounting shaft, merely by
sliding the pointer hub over the shaft, until it locates itself centrally over the
groove around the periphery of the mounting shaft. The black plastic
retaining knob L can now be screwed onto the threaded end of the spindle
0.
4. Level the instrument base by using the two levelling screws E and the spirit
level, ensuring that the first reference line 'B' on the pendulum, to the right of
the scale is aligned with the reference line on the datum block C, which is
affixed to the base of the tester (the levelling screw positioned on the
extreme left of the base facilitates the alignment of the two reference lines).
5. The instrument should now be secured to the bench by bolting down via the
countersunk hole.
6. Ensure that the jaws of the pendulum clamp are closed and raise the
pendulum to its initial operating position, so that it is supported in this
position by the pendulum release lever 'N', at this position the second datum
line 'B' on the pendulum should coincide with the reference line on the datum
block 'C' mounted on the base, and that the pointer stop 'M' is also aligned
with reference lines 'B' and 'C' (the pointer stop 'M' is adjustable).
7. Move the pointer 'K' until its tip is hard against the stop, the tip of the pointer
registering at 1000 on the scale (APPITA, SCAN & BRITISH METHODS).
8. Depress the pendulum release lever 'N' so that the pendulum swings, release the
lever which will then act as a brake, bringing the pendulum to rest. Observe that
the friction pointer 'K' registers zero on the scale, repeating this two or three times
to ensure that the zero reading is constant.
9. If the pointer does not register zero, adjust the pointer friction as indicated in
Section 3. When changing pendulums to test higher or lower strength materials
repeat this procedure.
If instead of tearing in the normal way, the paper of any test sample peels apart so as
to expose a wide band of torn surface, (the effect known as 'skinning') the above
criteria shall be applied to the centre line of the torn band through the sheets.
If the tearing resistance of the material is such, that satisfactory results cannot be
obtained using a test sample made up of 4 sheets, tests may be carried out using a
single sheet, this fact should be clearly stated in the report.
3.5 Calculations
The tester is calibrated in mN:
a=
SxP
n
X=
a
w
Where:
a = Tearing resistance (Millinewtons) mN.
S = Mean scale reading in the direction tested
P = Pendulum factor, i.e. theoretically the number of sheets torn
simultaneously for which the pendulum scale has been calibrated to give a
direct tearing resistance reading in Millinewtons 8, 16, 32 or 64.
n = Number of sheets torn simultaneously (normally 4);
X = Tear index expressed in millinewton square metres per gram (Nm.m 2/g).
w = Substance in g/m squared determined in accordance with BS. 3432.
To obtain tear strength in g.f divide value in mN by 9.81, dividing tear index in mN.
m3/g by 9.81 will give tear index in gf.m2/g as in Tappi and ASTM methods.
3.6 Reporting
The test report shall make references to the relevant standard, British, ISO, SCAN,
APPITA, TAPPI etc., and include the following:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
The number of replicate tests carried out if this differs from the requirements
stated under test procedure 3.
(e)
(f)
Method used i.e., single tear, and manufacturer and model number
of
instrument.
(g)
(h)
Whether the tear deviated from the correct patch or extensive 'skinning'
occurred.
(i)
(j)
Substance of the paper or any other factor which may assist the interpretation
of the results, may also be recorded.
The friction can then be reset by increasing or decreasing the tension by adjustment
with the Allen key supplied, after slackening off the knurled lock nut 'F' and rotating
the socket screw in the friction spring housing 'D', after which the knurled lock nut
should be tightened. After checking or adjusting the pointer friction, zero adjustment
should be checked.
4.6 Tearing Length
Check that the tearing length is 43mm 0.5mm. If this is not correct, adjust the
position of the initial incision cutter blade.
4.7 Samples
Check the samples from time to time ensuring that the blades are sharp and that it
cuts cleanly.
4.8 Use of Calibration Weights (if supplied)
The calibration weights are used to determine that your machine is set up correctly.
To use, do the following:
Screw the calibration weight into the calibration hole 'G' (ensure that the correct
weight is used - each pendulum type has a different weight).
Raise the pendulum into the upright position, ensuring that it clears the pendulum
release lever 'N', and locks into the upright position.
Set the pointer to zero.
Press the pendulum release lever and let it swing until it comes to rest. Read off the
pointer value on the scale, which should be the same value as that written on the
calibration weight.
If the values do not correspond, refer to sections 4.1 - 4.7 and adjust as necessary.
EQUIPMENT:
1.
2.
Metal ruler.
Avoid fabric within 50mm of selvedges and ensure that no two specimens contain the
same set of warp and weft yarns.
5.3 Conditioning
Condition the test specimens for a minimum of four hours at 65% 2% Relative
Humidity and at a temperature of 20C 2C Carry out the tests in this atmosphere.
5.4 Calibration
The machine must be calibrated in the following manner prior to testing the
specimens:
1. Ensure the machine is level.
2. The pointer must swing freely to zero with minimal resistance.
3. Ensure the knife makes a cut 15mm long by checking on a sample piece of fabric.
5.5 Method
1. Clamp a test specimen in the jaws so that the 80mm side of the specimen with
the trimmed edge is parallel to the base and the 58mm side of the specimen is at
right angles to the base.
2. Make a 15mm cut in the specimen.
4. Depress the pendulum stop thus releasing the pendulum. Allow the pendulum to
swing a full cycle before releasing the stop.
5. Read off the record the position of the pointer on the scale.
6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 inclusive for the four remaining specimens in this manner.
5.6 Results
For Machines Graduated from 0 to 1000
Take the average of the five results, multiply it by 16 and divide this figure by 9.81 to
convert the result to grammes, Report this figure and the direction (warp or weft) in
which the test was made.
For Machines Graduated from 0 to 100
Take the average of the five results and multiply this figure by 16 to give the average
result in grammes. Report this figure and the direction (warp or weft) in which the test
was made.
DESCRIPTION
Friction Pointer with jub. K
Friction Pointer spring D
Knife Blade for initial incision. H
Knife return sprinq 'J'
Pendulum release lever. 'N'
Pointer Stop. 'M'
Pendulum support spindle. 'O'
Ball Bearings (2)
N.B. When ordering spare parts please indicate the model and serial number of
tester
6.2 Symbols used for Diagram
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
E
J