Bibliography

Primary Sources
Adams, Charles Francis. Railroads: Their Origin and Problems. New York: Harper & Row,
1969. Print. This primary source, written by Charles Francis Adams Jr. in 1877, was
republished with an introduction in 1969. Although the majority of Adams's book was
outside of my period of research, I was able to gain insight on problems of corruption and
unfair business practices during and throughout the railroad's early years. However, I did
manage to find a particularly useful quote regarding the percentage of agricultural
exchange railroads facilitated in the 1870s.
Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe route map. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb.
2016.
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Santa_Fe_Route_Map_1891.jpg
>. The ATS map detailing route options in 1891 was used to demonstrate the extent of the
"great enabler" of exploration. People, especially tourists, were free to travel to any of the
stations alone this route.
Baker, Ray Stannard. "Destiny and the Western Railroad." Century 1907: n. pag. Google Books.
Web. 11 Feb. 2016.
<https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=13kAAAAAYAAJ&rdid=book13kAAAAAYAAJ&rdot=1>. Ray Stannard Baker, one of the century's most prominent
journalist, writes about journeying to the west by railroads. This primary source
exemplifies the movement of people, exchange of material, and explorations on the
network of railroads. I used a couple quotes to support my project on exploration and
exchange.

Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West. New
York: Henry Holt, 2001. Google Books. Web. 18 Feb. 2016.
<https://books.google.com/books?id=02nyRlY4rMUC&pg=PA142&lpg=PA142&dq=T>
. I used many primary documents that were included in this book to provide evidence of
encounter between whites and Natives. Particularly intriguing were passages from Native
leaders who appealed to stop railroad construction.
"Buffalo Hunting." The West. Harper's Weekly, 14 Dec. 1867. Web. 17 Feb. 2016.
<http://thewest.harpweek.com/Sections/Buffalo/BuffaloHunting1002.htm>. I used this
article, originally published in an edition of Harper's Weekly, to quote a passage on
hunting bison on railroads. I also used a picture included in the article to emphasize the
extent of encounter with bison and indirectly, Natives.
Chicago Railroad Stock. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2016.
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Chicago,_Burlington_%26_Qui
ncy_Railroad_Stock_Certificate_1887.jpg>. Chosen for its size & digital quality, this
image of a 1887 stock certificate from the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy RR Company
was used to illustrate the section on securities exchange.
Chinese Railroad Workers. Digital image. MHSO. Multicultural History Society, n.d. Web. 31
Jan. 2016.
<http://www.mhso.ca/tiesthatbind/images/chinerail_gallery/profile_of_workers_xl.jpg>.
This photograph of a group of Chinese immigrants working on the railroad was used to
demonstrate the cultures and people that met because of the railroads.
Crofutt, George A. Crofutt's New Overland Tourist and Pacific Coast Guide, Over, the Union,
Central and Southern Pacific Railroads, Their Branches and Connections, by Rail, Water

and Stage. Chicago, IL: Overland Pub., 1878. Babel Hathitrust. Web. 11 Feb. 2016.
<http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081825006;view=1up;seq=8>. This
primary book is a collection of nearly one hundred primary photos and commentary for
the purpose of advertising and encouraging westward exploration. This guide, along with
a few others by Crofutt, was prime supporting evidence of exploration and encounter on
the railroad journeys.
Crofutt, George A. Crofutt's Overland Tours: Consisting of Over Six Thousand Miles of Main
Tours. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1890. Babel Hathitrust. Web. 10 Feb. 2016.
<http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008699036>. This primary source, a tourist
brochure, serves as a prime example of new opportunities railroads offered to explorers
and adventurers looking to journey to the west. I utilized many of the pictures as
supplementary material in my project.
Davis, Theodore R. "The Buffalo Range." Harper's Weekly Jan. 1869: 147-48. Cornell
University. Web. 15 Feb. 2016. <http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/textidx?c=harp;cc=;view=toc;subview=short;idno=harp0038-2>. This article, published in
Harper's Weekly from 1869, tells the adventure of a western traveler. I used it to highlight
encounters between Native Americans and bison.
Depiction of railroad encounter. Digital image. Lindahall.org. Lindahall, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016.
<http://railroad.lindahall.org/siteart/essays/westward.jpg>. This artist depiction of a
western railroad was used to create a sense of encounter, trade, and conflict that
accompanied the railroads.
Dorsey, George A. Indians of the Southwest. Chicago: Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway
System, 1903. Archive.org. Getty Research Institute. Web. 17 Feb. 2016.

<https://archive.org/details/indiansofsouthwe00dors_0>. This primary book about a

railroad agent's travels documents various Native peoples and the traveler's encounters
with them. It was a great source of examples of trade and encounter between the people.
The Far West - Shooting Buffalo on the Line of the Kansas-Pacific Railroad. Digital image.
Library of Congress. N.p., 1871. Web. 15 Feb. 2016.
<https://www.loc.gov/item/2004669992/>. This image from a 1871 edition of Frank
Leslie's illustrated newspaper depicts the mass killing of bison that ensued after the
establishment of the railroads. It was used to illustrate the conflicts that railroads and
Natives had.
First Transcontinental. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2016.
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/69workmen.jpg>. This primary
image of the first transcontinental railroad was used to illustrate the extent of travel and
exploration facilitated.
Glazier, Willard W. Peculiarities of American Cities. Philadelphia: Hubbard Bros., 1886. Google
Books. Web. 12 Feb. 2016.
<https://books.google.com/books?id=KWtX2JrRWecC&pg=PA420&lpg=PA420&dq>.
Captain Glazier, a frontier soldier, recounts his years in the far west as well as his trips to
eastern city. I found one quote about the magnanimity of industrial exchange in his book
as well as various counts of exploration in order to provide evidence.
The Great Railroad Routes. Digital image. Rare Maps. N.p., 1869. Web.
<http://www.raremaps.com/maps/medium/0043dd.jpg>. This antique map was used as a
supplementary image to a primary quote.

Hayden, F. V., J. S. Newberry, and Andrew J. Russell. Sun Pictures of Rocky Mountain Scenery:
With a Description of the Geographical and Geological Features, and Some Account of
the Resources of the Great West. N.p.: n.p., 1870. Digital Library of USU. Utah-State
University. Web. 21 Feb. 2016.
<http://digital.lib.usu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/Special_CDE/id/3186>. Utah State's digital
library provided me with this amazing album of Western scenery that were taken on the
railroads through the transcontinental route of the Union Pacific. I was able to decorate
my website and emphasize the new explorations railroads made possible.
Ice Transportation 19th Century. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 31 Jan. 2016.
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Ice_Harvesting,_Massachusetts,
_early_1850s.jpg>. The image depicts an example of exchange. Ice harvesters in
Massachusetts utilized the railroad to transport their goods to other locations.
Inter-mountain Resorts: Soda Springs, Salt Lake City, Great Shoshone Falls, Yellowstone
National Park, Guyer Hot Springs, Odgen Hot Springs. Salt Lake City: Union Pacific
Railway, 1886. Google Books. Web. 11 Feb. 2016.
<https://books.google.com/books/about/Inter_mountain_Resorts.html?id=mk3zGwAAC
AAJ>. This booklet of resorts and tourism opportunities allowed me provide more
evidence that railroads facilitated a vast quantity of explorations by making it possible for
Americans to travel far and wide.
Kennedy, J. C. G. Preliminary Report on the Eighth Census. Washington: Government Printing
Office, 1862. Archive. Web. <https://archive.org/details/preliminaryrepor00inunit>. This
report from the 19th century ethuses over the general prosperity of railroads, their lines,

and revenues. Utilizing the economic growth and excitement expressed by J. Kennedy, I
was able to use a quote that highlighted economic exchange.
Large Herd of Buffalo Crossing Railroad. Digital image. American Heritage Center Digital
Collection. University of Wyoming American Heritage Center, n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2016.
<http://digitalcollections.uwyo.edu:8180/luna/servlet/detail/uwydbuwy~1~1~102538~15
8042:Large-herd-of-buffalo-crossing-rail>. I used this image to supplement Native
American encounter.
Loading the stock at the railroad. Digital image. Kansas Memory. Scribner's Magazine 1892, n.d.
Web. 11 Feb. 2016. <http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/208444>. This image of the
loading of cattle onto railcars emphasizes the agricultural growth attached to exchange of
product to market exchanges. It was taken from Scribner's Magazine in 1892, making it a
primary source.
Nast, Thomas. "All Hail and Farewell to the Pacific" Digital image. Historic Geography.
Harper's Weekly, n.d. Web.
<https://ejournals.unm.edu/index.php/historicalgeography/article/viewFile/3044/html_11/
5570>. Thomas Nast's comic drawing of a Native American on the tracks of a railroad
represented the detrimental encounter between Natives and railroads. I used the image to
emphasize the new conflicts railroads brought to native people.
Native American leaders. Digital image. City of Mill Valley. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016.
<http://www.cityofmillvalley.org/index.aspx?page=597>. This image of Natives in their
headdress was used to illustrate easterners' romanticized image of Natives.
New Transcontinental Route. Digital image. Library of Congress. N.p., 1883. Web. 11 Feb.
2016. <http://tile.loc.gov/image-

services/jp2.py?data=/service/gmd/gmd370/g3701/g3701p/rr003300.jp2&res=2>. This
map of the transcontinental railroad was used to demonstrate the connections and
exchanges it made possible.
Night Scene at an American Railroad Junction. Digital image. Getty Images. Currier & Ives,
1876. Web. 15 Feb. 2016. <http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/night-sceneat-an-american-railway-junction-lightning-news-photo/566421883>. Currier & Ives's
lithograph depicts a railroad junction full of passenger & freight trains. It was used to
supplement the idea that railroads exchange both people and material across the country.
Nimmo, Joseph. Report on the Internal Commerce of the United States. Washington: Govt. Print.
Off., 1873. Google Books. Web. 12 Feb. 2016.
<https://books.google.com/books?id=MnrNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA539&lpg=PA539&dq
=report+on+the+internal+commerce+of+the+united+states+1873>. This government
report, regarding the years 1871-1873, covers an extensive report on all fifty states in the
U.S. Accordingly, it became a primary supporting book on all aspects related to
economic exchange. I especially used statistics of agricultural and industrial growth to
support my thesis.
North Pacific Railroad. Digital image. North Dakota Studies. NDstudies.gov, n.d. Web. 30 Jan.
2016. <http://ndstudies.gov/sites/default/file/C0857-Northern-Pacific-Railroad1883.png>. This image of the North Pacific Railroad serves as the website's poster or
cover image. It was chosen due to the quality of the digital image as well as a stunning
display of the railroad's celebrated economic and geographic endowments.
O'Sullivan, Timothy. Land in Nevada, 1867. Digital image. Daily Mail. N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/05/25/article-2149899-134A66DC000005DC-

252_964x642.jpg>. This image, taken by one of the most famous 19th century
photographer, Timothy O'Sullivan, depicts a railroad settlement in Nevada. This image
was used to highlight the connection of small settlements such as this one to great
industrial cities.
O'Sullivan, Timothy. Little Cottonwood, Utah, in 1873. Digital image. Daily Mail. N.p., n.d.
Web. 11 Feb. 2016. <http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/05/25/article-2149899134A6554000005DC-995_964x679.jpg>. Another image taken by O'Sullivan in 1873
reveals a town formed largely by the coming of a railroad. I used it to illustrate the
movement of people railroads attracted as well as to emphasize an exchange between
geographic locations.
Palmer, Frances. Across the Continent. 1868. Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia.
Philadelphia Museum of Art. Web. 8 Feb. 2016.
<http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/308328.html>. This lithograph,
illustrated by 19th century artist Frances Palmer, demonstrates the new capabilities of
travel and exploration brought on by the transcontinental railroad. It was a perfect
illustration of Americans' new mode of transportation and exploration to lands they had
never seen before.
Park Avenue, 56th St, NY 1905. Digital image. Ephemeral New York. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb.
2016.
<https://ephemeralnewyork.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/parkavenue56thstreet1905.jpg>.
I used this image in a slideshow to demonstrate the vast places railroads linked to. In
particular, I used this picture to demonstrate that a booming city such as NY was still
connected to smaller settlements by the railroads and was able to facilitate exchange.

Penn Oil 1864. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2016.
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Penn_oil_1864.jpg>. This image
from the 19th century was used as a banner image to promote evidence of industry and
manufacturing through railroads.
Railroad Avenue. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2016.
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Seattle_-_Railroad_Avenue__1900.jpg>. This primary image of a railroad in Seattle captures the role of railroads in
facilitating economic exchange, establishing populations, and conceiving towns.
Railroad travelers arriving. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2016.
<http://www.mygrandcanyonpark.com/history-of-the-grand-canyon/#foobox1/0/BlueprintsofGrandCanyon.jpg>. This image of 19th century travelers to the Grand
Canyon arrived by railroad to their destination. I used this as an example of the vast new
territories Americans were able to explore.
Railroads Change. Digital image. Florida Memory. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2016.
<https://www.floridamemory.com/onlineclassroom/railroads/photos/>. I used this source
as a collage of industrial railroads, industries, and such in the 19th century to decorate my
project.
Russell, A.J. The Great West Illustrated. 1869. The New York Public Library. New York Public
Library. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Digital Collections. Web. 10 Feb. 2016.
<http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/great-west-illustrated-in-a-series-ofphotographic-views-across-the-continent#/?tab=about&scroll=36>. The Great West
Illustrated was an invaluable source of images from the first year the Union Pacific
Railroad was built. Photographed in 1869, the collection provided numerous photos of

immense territories, landscapes, and western scenes. It was a great display of the
explorations now made possible through the railroads and echoed the excitement of the
"American adventure."
S, W. "Across the Continent." CPRR. Central Pacific Railroad Museum, 18 June 1869. Web. 10
Jan. 2016. <http://cprr.org/Museum/Newspapers/New_York_Times/1869-06-28.html>.
This document was a primary example of the exchange of people and materials as well as
the travels and explorations made possible by the railroads. W.S.s travels exemplifies the
appeal of traveling by railroad for both recreational exploration and permanent
settlement.It also recorded the new opportunities and networks made possible by the
railroads, all of which relates to the topics of encounter, exchange, and exploration.
Shaffer, Marguerite S. ""See America First": Re-Envisioning Nation and Region through
Western Tourism." Pacific Historical Review 65.4 (1996): 559-81. JSTOR. Web. 11 Feb.
2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640296>. Marguerite Shaffer's journal article
described railroad tactics to engage new pioneers and Americans willing to explore the
west. I was able to learn about specific railroad companies' pamphlets, tourist guides, and
advertisements. I was also led to even more primary sources through Shaffer's citations
and "see mores."
Sheridan, Philip. Annual Report of the General of the Army to the Secretary of War for the Year
1878. Washington: G.P.O., 1878. Google Books. United States War Dept. Web. 18 Feb.
2016.
<https://books.google.com/books?id=kpUdAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=We
+took+a>. Details of General Sheridan's report were used to provide evidence for the
increased encounters between eastern frontiersmen & natives.

Sherman, William T. Annual Report of the General of the Army to the Secretary of War for the
Year 1883. Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1883. Google Books. Web. 18 Feb. 2016.
<https://books.google.com/books?id=W9ZGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=>
. General Sherman's report included a significant amount of detail on railroads and their
involvement with Native Americans. I used a quote from his report to emphasize the
unfortunate encounters between Natives and railroads.
Sights and Scenes in Idaho and Montana for Tourists. Chicago: Knight Leonard, 1892. Library
of Congress. Web. 11 Feb. 2016. <https://archive.org/details/sightsscenesini00unio>.
This 19th century booklet allowed me gain insight on the railroad's role in expanding
explorational opportunities for people. Additionally, the book provided a number of
primary photos and lithographs of the tourism sites in the northwestern states.
Stanley, Henry M. My Early Travels and Adventures in America and Asia. New York: C.
Scribner's Sons, 1895. Archives.org. Google. Web. 18 Feb. 2016.
<https://archive.org/details/myearlytravelsa04stangoog>. Using this document of a
traveler's adventures on the railroad, I was able to quote passages that detailed encounter
with Natives as well as new explorations of land.
Strahorn, Robert E. Montana and Yellowstone National Park. Kansas City: Ramsey, Millet &
Hudson, 1881. Babel Hathitrust. Web. 12 Feb. 2016. This explorative journal by a 19th
century pioneer described "Facts and experiences on the farming, stock raising, mining,
lumbering, and other industries of Montana." Although quite regional, I used a couple
examples regarding agricultural exchanges through the buying and selling of product.
Strahorn, Robert E. To the Rockies and Beyond: A Summer on the Union Pacific Railway and
Branches. Omaha: Omaha Republican Print, 1878. Babel Hathitrust. Web. 10 Feb. 2016.

<http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081819702;view=1up;seq=9>. This
primary recollection on "saunterings in the popular health, pleasure, and hunting resorts
of Nebraska, Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Montana and Idaho the
Trans-Missouri region" was a great primary source that developed all the ideas of
exchange, exploration, and encounter. The traveler and writer experiences a variety of
new environments, describes first-hand accounts of exchange, and recollects his
encounters with the many people he met.
Taylor, Benjamin F. Between the Gates. Chicago: S.C. Griggs, 1878. CPRR. Central Pacific
Museum. Web. 20 Feb. 2016.
<http://www.cprr.org/Museum/Between_the_Gates/index.html>. Benjamin Taylor's
account of his travels on the Central Pacific Railroad were recorded within this primary
source. Taylor's experience and encounter with much of the western environment was
used to high light the explorational capabilities of the RR.
Thayer, William M. Marvels of the New West. Norwich, CT: Henry Bill Pub., 1887. Web. 12
Feb. 2016. <http://www.kancoll.org/books/thayer/t_hazards.htm#m586>. Thayer's "Vivid
Portrayal of the Stupendous Marvels in the Vast Wonderland West of the Missouri River"
was immensely helpful in providing primary evidence of exploration and exchange. One
particular section on cattle and livestock provided numerous statistics on the number of
livestock transported from the region, helping me provide evidence for economic
exchange.
Unloading Bison at Ravalli, Montana for "Bison Range" Digital image. Railroads of Montana.
Railroads of Montana and the Pacific Northwest, 1910. Web. 15 Feb. 2016.
<http://www.railroads-of-montana.com/Ravalli%20Bison%20Unloading.jpg>. This

image depicts a couple of men loading buffalo hides on to the Northern Pacific Railroad.
It was used to demonstrate the encounter between bison and railroads.
Vivian, H. Hussey. Notes of a Tour in America. From August 7th to November 17th, 1877.
London: E. Stanford, 1878. Archives.org. University of Illinois. Web. 20 Feb. 2016.
<https://archive.org/details/notesoftouriname00vivi>. This book of travel notes was just
one of the many sources used to emphasize the many new experiences and places people
were able to partake in because of the railroad. I used a quote from this source that
described the a passage through the Rocky Mountains.
Waud, Alfred. Working on the Railroad. 1875. Newberry Institute of Museum & Library
Services. Harper's Weekly. N.p.: n.p., 1875. 577. Newberry Library. Web. 15 Feb. 2016.
The Newberry Library's archives featured a gallery on working on the railroads. It
contained a series of images of railroad workers as well as encounters with Indians and
was used to provide primary artwork to support my thesis.
Webb, William E. Buffalo Land: An Authentic Account of the Discoveries, Adventures, and
Mishaps of a Scientific and Sporting Party in the Wild West. Philadelphia: Geo. Maclean,
1874. University of Michigan Library. Web. The western tales of William Webb was
quoted to describe the explorations and encounters many Americans undertook on the
railroad. Webb's encounter with a Native was quoted to support the railroad's ability to
bring whites into contact with Natives.
Wilson, James, Francis Brewer, J.H. Millard, and Daniel Cuadwick. "Report of the Government
Directors of the Union Pacific Railroad." CPRR. Central Pacific Railroad Museum, 30
June 1877. Web. 10 Jan. 2016.
<http://cprr.org/Museum/Reports/pictures/capture_00017.htm>. This primary source

from 1877 was greatly helpful in providing original statistics of the Union Pacific
Railroad. Utilizing those statistics, I was able to provide better evidence to support the
extent of the railroads in transporting and exchanging people as well as material.
Wolmar, Christian. The Great Railroad Revolution: The History of Trains in America. New
York: Public Affairs, 2012. Google Books. Web. 17 Feb. 2016.
<https://books.google.com/books?id=O9QiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA202&lpg=PA202&dq>.
Wolmar's book on the history of railroads provided me with an encompassing outlook on
everything from Native American encounters, to train robberies, and souvenirs at train
stations. This secondary source helped me provide evidence of encounters with danger,
Natives, and exchanges.

Secondary Sources
The American Experience: Transcontinental Railroad. Prod. Henry Hampton and Stephen
Mitzmeyer. PBS, n.d. PBS. PBS. Web. 10 Feb. 2016.
<http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/tcrr/>. This lengthy film on the
transcontinental railroad was used to gather general facts on the railroads. It helped me
focus and build specific evidence on my topic. Additionally, its variety of historians and
commentators provided great quotes for my project.
"Background Essay on Iron Horses and Indians HERB: Resources for Teachers." American
Social History Project/Center for Media & Learning. HERB: Resources for Teachers,
n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2016. <http://herb.ashp.cuny.edu/items/show/1914>. This secondary
source provided a summary of conflicting interests between Natives and railroads. I used
this quote in particular: "The farmers, ranchers, soldiers, and buffalo hunters, together

with businessmen who came to develop the West's mineral and lumber resources, spelled
destruction for the Great Plains Indians and their way of life."
Barna, Carl. "Steel Rails and Iron Horses." Science and Children 33.3 (1995): 33-40. JSTOR.
Web. 03 Feb. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/43168867?ref=searchgateway:2b9ad4eb1c5fad2e55dced0967e8ef33>. This magazine offered a great array of
general information that helped me confirm my facts as well as my interpretations from
primary sources. Barna's article also provided a couple of quotes relating to the railroad's
geographic reach and influence.
Brinkley, Alan. American History: A Survey. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995. Print. I used this
secondary source as a general guide on western development and also as a basis of
checking facts. However, Brinkley's survey also contained a brief but concise over view
on the topic of the railroad's effects on American history and greatly helped me narrow
down areas and topics to research. Additionally, his wide array of primary photos and
statistical graphs were helpful in supporting my project.
Britton, Wray. "Tables and Graphs." Conjugate Duality and the Exponential Fourier Spectrum
Lecture Notes in Statistics (1983): 63-90. Northwestern Edu. Northwestern University.
Web. 12 Feb. 2016. <http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~jmokyr/Graphs-andTables.PDF>. A chart of leading industries in the late 19th century and early 20th century
was cited to demonstrate correlation between industrial output and railroad exchange.
"Building the First Transcontinental Railroad." Digital Public Library of America. N.p., n.d.
Web. 15 Feb. 2016. <http://dp.la/exhibitions/exhibits/show/transcontinentalrailroad/human-impact/native-americans>. The Library's short article on Native
Americans and railroads emphasized the railway's role in disrupting Native

socioeconomic lives by bringing new settlers and decimating bison. In addition to

supporting evidence of encounter between Natives and railroads, I was able to cite a few
pictures.
California Tourism Collection. N.d. CSU Oviatt Library, California. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag.
CSUN Oviatt Library. Web. 10 Feb. 2016. This collection of late 19th century and early
20th century tourism advertisements was used to illustrate the extensive advertisements
railroads helped facilitated.
Campbell, Ballard C. "Understanding Economic Change in the Gilded Age." OAH Magazine of
History 13.4, The Gilded Age (1999): 16-20. JSTOR. Web. 03 Feb. 2016.
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/25163305?ref=searchgateway:68a785db819df06b1979e97103ebccc0>. Ballard's analysis of the nation's
economic transition during the Gilded Age offered great insight on the role and
relationship of railroads in regards to the economy. I was able to more clearly connect the
railroad's role in markets and moving goods as well as its place in connecting millions of
Americans and immigrants.
Chandler, Alfred D. The Railroads, the Nation's First Big Business: Sources and Readings. New
York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1965. Print. This secondary source was an invaluable
source of economic data. Chandler's composition of primary sources and statistics
provided invaluable evidence of economic impact and exchange. Many of his charts were
used in my project to demonstrate railroad exchange in the form of freight, passenger,
and even mail cars; in passenger and freight service, and in total revenue records.
Additionally, Chandler provided citations to link me with a number of primary historical

records in the U.S. Census & Bureaus. Utilizing the data, I was able to support the
impressive network of exchange railroads facilitated.
Cochran, John S. "Economic Importance of Early Transcontinental Railroads: Pacific
Northwest." Oregon Historical Quarterly 71.1 (1970): 26-98. JSTOR. Web. 10 Jan. 2016.
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/20613148?ref=searchgateway:b4e1d5e03bcbcbaf18ce9badce6360de>. This journal contributed a lot of insight
and elaboration of the economic exchange facilitated by the railroads. Although the focus
was regional and specific, it gave me a broad sense of the local impact of the railroads.
The source detailed the impact of population bursts, markets, and economic growth
which is pivotal to my studies.
"Cultural Impact of the Transcontinental Railroad." LindaHall. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2016.
<http://railroad.lindahall.org/essays/cultural-impacts.html>. Using this source, I was able
to expand my understanding of the cultural conflicts that occurred because of the
railroads. The number of workers, immigrants, and others involved in the railroads fed
both cultural encounter and exchange. I used a great quote from this source in my project:
"The close attachment to the railroads meant a constant stream of transient residents and a
mixing of ethnic groups under the banner of the railroad."
"Emptying the Great Plains." Vienna University, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016.
<https://www.univie.ac.at/Anglistik/easyrider/data/emptying_the_great_plains.htm>.
This essay sponsored by the Department of English & American Studies at Vienna
University discusses encounters between railroads and bison that inevitably led to conflict
with Natives. I also retrieved an image from this source to illustrate encounter between
Indians.

"The First Transcontinental Railroad." The First Transcontinental Railroad. N.p., n.d. Web. 15
Feb. 2016. <http://www.tcrr.com/>. This secondary source offered a variety of images
depicting Native Americans and railroads. Along with the pictures were descriptions of
the struggles between whites and Natives after the extension of railroads deep in Native
territory. Using this information, I was able to provide more evidence of violent
encounters between Natives.
Fogel, Robert William. "A Quantitative Approach to the Study of Railroads in American
Economic Growth: A Report of Some Preliminary Findings." The Journal of Economic
History 22.2 (1962): 163-97. JSTOR. Web. 07 Feb. 2016.
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2114353?ref=searchgateway:4befa8fda2b6ceec24a002a1d583974f>. This secondary source was used to
emphasized the railroad's impact on America's economy. Fogel's statements--such as
"The railroad emerges as...the sine qua non of American economic growth, the prime
force behind the westward movement of agriculture, the rise of the corporation..."--was
used in my project to reinforce the notion of railroads and their economic networks.
Fogel, Robert William. Railroads and American Growth: Essays in Econometric History.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1964. Print. This secondary source compiled many graphs,
charts, and economic data regarding the railroads and their roles in the American
economy. I found this source to be immensely useful in arranging a series of statistics
regarding the movement of agricultural products. Using that data, I was able to support
the extent of agricultural exchange facilitated by the railroads. I used one of the charts
listed to compare shipments from 1870 to 1890 to note the direct correlation of
agricultural exchange to railroad growth.

Fogg, Howard. Train travel and exploration. Digital image. WallCoo. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan.
2016.
<http://www.wallcoo.net/paint/art_train_journeys_Howard%20Fogg/wallpapers/1024x76
8/Curecanti_Needle.jpg>. This digital image of a train was used as a banner to
characterized the explorational component of railroads in which thousands of people
utilized to travel.
Grant, H. Roger. Railroads and the American People. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2012. Print.
Roger Grant's book brought me a plethora of primary sources in order to effectively
illustrate the railroad's lasting impact on Americans. The sources detailed people's travels,
experiences, and feelings and synthesized them to support the lasting impact railroads
have had on America. Additionally, it detailed the communities that flourished, the extent
of the exchange of people, and primary evidence.
"The Impact of the Transcontinental Railroad." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2016.
<http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/tcrr-impact/>.
This source provided a many instances of evidence for me to support my topic on cultural
exchange, geographic connections, and encounters with Native Americans. The article
discussed instances of the railroad's facilitation of eastern and western transportation,
cultural movement, interstate commerce, and the it brought Native Americans.
"Interview with Carlos Schwantes." Telephone interview. 19 Feb. 2016. My interview with Mr.
Carlos Schwantes offered a great deal of evidence of the railroad's connection to
exploration, exchange, and encounter. Much of the interview involved discussing cases of
exchange in the railroad; one particularly helpful insight was Mr. Schwantes's description
of the network facilitating a "national market" because it became a vehicle of exchange

between states, stations, and territories. Other concrete examples of exploration I was
able to draw from this interview was the role of railroads in promoting western
exploration through publicity. I was given many examples of railroads becoming a
"vehicle" of exploration, bringing tourists out, exposing national parks, and exposing the
national scenery. Mr. Schwantes's insight allowed me to provide many short quotes in my
project that demonstrated railroads' ability to be a vehicle of exploration and exchange.
"Interview with Richard White." Telephone interview. 23 Feb. 2016. Mr. Richard White's
answers to very specific questions pertaining to all three themes of exploration, exchange,
and encounter were immensely insightful to my research. My question regarding Native
American encounters reinforced & provided more evidence for both negative and positive
contact between whites and Indians. Mr. White specified that positive exchanges and
encounters between whites & Indians occurred on trains, stations, shows, and other
places; this information was purposeful towards demonstrating forms of encounters that
the railroad were directly responsible for. My interview with Mr. White also revealed and
reinforced the idea that railroads were an important vehicle for significantly increasing
exploration and tourism. In his own words, I quoted Mr. White's opinion that "much of
western tourism was impossible before the railroads;" this was key to providing instances
of exploration by railway. Perhaps one of the most interesting part of the interview dealt
with the impact of railroads & economic exchange. Mr. White spoke of two scenarios:
railroads as a beneficial network and railroads as a failed network.
Jenks, Leland H. "Railroads as an Economic Force in American Development." The Journal of
Economic History 4.1 (1944): 1-20. JSTOR. Web. 10 Jan. 2016.
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2113700?ref=search-

gateway:cdeb58015670eca994ef90896d25a88a>. Leland Jenk's article compares and

analyzes the components or causes that contributed to the railroad's prominence. He
considers factors such as consolidation, transportation services, entrepreneurship, and
economic structure. Most useful to me was the list of statistics on tons of freight per year
Jenk included within his article; this information was used to support my thesis of the
exchange of material facilitated by the railroads.
King, Gilbert. "Where the Buffalo No Longer Roamed." Smithsonian. Smithsonian Magazine,
n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2016. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/where-the-buffalo-nolonger-roamed-3067904/?no-ist>. This magazine article described many conflicting
interests of railroads and Indians. The source provided me with primary images of buffalo
hunts as well as passages on the Indian wars.
Laws, Bill. Fifty Railroads That Changed the Course of History. Richmond Hill, Ont.: Firefly,
2013. Print. This book, which provided the general importance of fifty railroads and their
effects, was used as a source of verification. This source offered much insight on the
magnitude and various functions of the railroad.
Map of Railroads, 1880. Digital image. Humboldt.edu. N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://users.humboldt.edu/ogayle/Hist%20111%20Images/RR1880.jpg>. Used as a
supporting picture, this map of the extensive railroad network served to demonstrate the
vast exchanges of people and material that occurred during the 19th century.
Map of Santa Fe route in 1885. Digital image. SDRM. Pacific Southwest Railway Museum, n.d.
Web. 22 Feb. 2016. <http://sdrm.info/history/timeline/sf-map.gif>. This map of the
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe transcontinental was used to illustrate the new states &
western territories opened.

Map of transcontinentals. Digital image. Family Search. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2016.
<https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/First_Transcontinental_Railroad>. I used this
general map of all the transcontinentals to communicate a clear picture of what states and
territories main railroads reached. The map was vital in demonstrating new places
Americans were free to travel & explore.
Maps Showing the Progressive Development of U.S. Railroads. Digital image. CPRR. Central
Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum, n.d. Web.
<http://www.cprr.org/Museum/RR_Development.html#1L>. This collection of maps
showing railroad development from 1860 to 1890 was used to support the idea of a
"railroad network." I used it to explain the vast reach of exchange the railroads facilitated
and their ability to move just about anything anywhere.
Martin, Albro. Railroads Triumphant: The Growth, Rejection, and Rebirth of a Vital American
Force. New York: Oxford UP, 1992. Print. This secondary source, composed by Albro
Martin, was a dual compilation of both primary references and analysis. I generally used
this source to gather information on the agricultural exchange on the railroads: wheat,
corn, cotton, livestock, ect. Using the statistics, I was able to support the aspect of
economic exchange railroads were responsible. Additionally, I was able to quote Martin's
words on the general importance of the railroads in regards to industrial output as well as
geographic connections.
Ogburn, Charlton. Railroads: The Great American Adventure. Washington: Society, 1977. Print.
Ogburn's book provided a number of primary experiences on the railroads. Particularly
useful was his description of exploration and adventure on the railroads; his insight,
combined with a variety of first-hand accounts, allowed me to carefully support and

understand my thesis. Additionally, Ogburn provided a number of examples for the

exchange of people and economic materials.
Orsi, Richard J. "Railroads in the History of California and the Far West: An Introduction."
California History 70.1, Railroads in California and the Far West (1991): 2-11. JSTOR.
Web. 10 Jan. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/25158549?ref=searchgateway:08208db6b34c13e97cb1c63f64c5fa92>. Using this secondary source, I was able
to support my thesis with this quote: "...California and far-western railroads did indeed
open up wilderness to new farms, mines, and lumbering enterprises, give birth to
networks of new towns and cities, modernize life, and generate countless jobs...(2)." This
radical change to American history would not of occurred without the exchange of people
and material on the railroad.
Pacific Railroads. Digital image. Xroads. University of Virginia, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2016.
<http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/peattie/ep.nov.jtw.intro.html>. I used this map of the
three main transcontinental lines to demonstrate the new extent of travel and exploration
possible.
Railroad Map 1860. Digital image. Humboldt Education. Humboldt State University, n.d. Web. 8
Feb. 2016. <http://users.humboldt.edu/ogayle/hist110/Railroads1.png>. This map, used in
correlation with a map of railroads in 1890, was used to contrast the new geographic
reach of Americans.
"Railroads and the Making of Modern America." Railroads and the Making of Modern America.
N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2016. <http://railroads.unl.edu/topics/passengers.php>. This
database connected me to a variety of secondary and primary sources that documented
the impact of the railroads. Most instrumental was its section on "Tourism and Mobility,"

which allowed me to examine a list of sources dedicated to the movement and

exploration of people.
Railroads in 1900. Digital image. Tech Liberation. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2016.
<http://cloudfront-assets.techliberation.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Railroads-in1900.jpg>. This map of railroads in 1900 was used to illustrate Americans' new ability to
travel beyond their usual border. In being able to reach new destinations, they were also
able to explore them.
"Rise of Industrial America: The American West, 1865-1900." Library of Congress. Library of
Congress, n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2016.
<http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentation
s/timeline/riseind/west/>. Using this reliable source, I was able to collectively compare
various facts of the railroads in order to gauge its validity. This source synthesized the
expansion of the American frontier in west, the rise of industrial America, and the role of
railroads. It also connected me to many more primary sources detailing the movement of
thousands of Americans into the west once the opportunity was made possible by the iron
horse.
Runte, Alfred. "Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad." California History
70.1, Railroads in California and the Far West (1991): 62-75. JSTOR. Web. 10 Feb. 2016.
Alfred Runte's scholarly journal provided me with an in-depth analysis of early railroad
tourism. In addition to giving me more insight on the railroad's impact in tourism and
exploration, I found a few primary photos from the article that were used under the
exploration theme.

Schwantes, Carlos A. The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History. Lincoln: U of Nebraska,

1989. Google Books. Web. 11 Feb. 2016.
<https://books.google.com/books?id=JImlIbueaXcC&pg=PA245&lpg=>. This secondary
source allowed me to connect the exchange of people and their movements to the west
due to the railroads. Additionally, it helped me connect tourism and exploration to the
area.
Schwantes, Carlos A. "Tourists in Wonderland: Early Railroad Tourism in the Pacific
Northwest." Columbia Magazine 7.4 (1993): n. pag. Washington History. Web. 10 Feb.
2016. <http://www.washingtonhistory.org/files/library/tourists-in-wonderland.pdf>.
Schwantes's scholarly article on 19th century tourism encompassed major railroad efforts
in advocating and drawing potential explorers and pioneers. This source was especially
helpful in explaining certain railroad companies' brochures, popular attractions, and new
destinations.
Shaffer, Marguerite S. ""See America First": Re-Envisioning Nation and Region through
Western Tourism." Pacific Historical Review 65.4 (1996): 559-81. JSTOR. Web. 11 Feb.
2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640296>. Marguerite Shaffer's journal article
described railroad tactics to engage new pioneers and Americans willing to explore the
west. I was able to learn about specific railroad companies' pamphlets, tourist guides, and
advertisements. I was also led to even more primary sources through Shaffer's citations
and "see mores."
Stilgoe, John R. Metropolitan Corridor: Railroads and the American Scene. New Haven: Yale
UP, 1983. Print. John Stilgoe's book, an analysis of the impact railroads exerted in
America from 1880-1920, was one of the most comprehensive sources I've consulted in

my project. Stilgoe's book provided me with invaluable information regarding all three
themes: exchange, exploration, and encounter. His insight on the extent of peoples'
movements as well as the impact of economic exchange helped me support my project
greatly. Equally important was the various descriptions of exploration pertaining to
geographic scenery and tourism; finally, Stilgoe included information on Native
American encounter as well as other conflicts on the railroads. Most of all, Stilgoe's book
directed me to a plethora of primary sources to analyze. I have chosen a number of quotes
from this source.
Tayler, Arthur. Illustrated History of North American Railroads: From 1830 to the Present Day.
Edison, NJ: Chartwell, 1996. Print. As another source of fact verification, this source
especially provided numerous primary illustrations, facts, and importance of prominent
railroads in America.
Taylor, George Rogers. The Transportation Revolution. New York: Rinehart, 1951. Babel Hathi
Trust. Web. 24 Feb. 2016.
<http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015014391216;view=2up;seq=8;size=150>.
George Taylor's study of economic growth provided an intertwining analysis of economic
exchange in regards to transportation. Using this source, I was able to digitalize a chart
variable exchanges between regions of the country that were increased due to the
railroads.
Tisdale, Shelby J. "Railroads, Tourism, and Native Americans in the Greater Southwest."
Journal of the Southwest 38.4, Southwestern Indian Art Markets (1996): 433-62. JSTOR.
Web. 10 Jan. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/40170048?ref=searchgateway:4d7e2742d13604332afd996a06dc4aa9>. I found this source to be a generally

excellent source of evidence for the exchange, encounter, and exploration proliferated by
railroads between whites in the east and Natives in the southwest. Although the topic is
very regionally concentrated, it was very helpful in offering me new insights on the
cultural encounter and physical exploration of the west. Additionally, it informed me of
another type of economic exchange on the railroads: tourist goods.
"The Transcontinental Railroad." National Archives and Records Administration. National
Archives and Records Administration, n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2016.
<http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/treasures_of_congress/text/page15_text.html>. This
source was primarily used as a reliable basis of confirming information. As it is a
government-sponsored source, it also offered information on the extent of federal grants
to railroads.
"United States Indian Policy." RB Hayes. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2016.
<http://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/content/files/hayes_historical_journal/usindianpolicyhhj.
htm>. This source explains the federal government's policy of dealing with Native
Americans. Although it is not a primary topic in my research, this source gives me new
insight on the often unfortunate encounters between whites and Natives due to the
former's increased mobility thanks to railroads.
West, Elliot. "American Indians and the Transcontinental Railroad." Gilder Lehrman. N.p., n.d.
Web. 16 Feb. 2016. <https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/developmentwest/essays/american-indians-and-transcontinental-railroad>. Elliot West's essay on
Native conflicts with the railroad greatly helped me provide instances of encounters with
bison and the gradual eradication of Indian culture.

White, Richard. "Information, Markets, and Corruption: Transcontinental Railroads in the Gilded
Age." The Journal of American History 90.1 (2003): 19-43. JSTOR. Web. 03 Feb. 2016.
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/3659790?ref=searchgateway:ad806b4a03f086cca060242c353d64c8>. Richard White's scholarly journal
offered a new insight on the role of industrial railroad leaders and their fiscal tendencies.
For example, he discussed their not-so-honest financial dealings. Most importantly,
White's article gave me supporting evidence of the railroad's economic exchange in the
form of stock and securities trade. His descriptions of the frenzied stock market that
emerged from railroads helped me support my thesis.
White, Richard. Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America. New
York: Norton, 2011. Print. This extensive analysis of both the benefits and consequences
of the railroads provided me with evidence and examples of economic exchange. It also
provided me with new perceptions of railroads as ill-conceived mistakes. I was able to
pull many quotes from this book to emphasize my general thesis of the railroad as being a
vast network. One of the most helpful chapters in this book discussed the popularity of
western travels, amazement, and the "western sublime."
White, Richard. "Transcontinental Railroads: Compressing Time and Space." Gilder Lehrman.
Gilder Lehrman, n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2016. <https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-byera/development-west/essays/transcontinental-railroads-compressing-time-and-space>. In
White's essay, I found one of the most encapsulating quotes on the importance of
exchanges by railroad: "...Farmers transformed vast grasslands into corn and wheat.
Industrial towns grew up around mines and consumed vast swaths of timber. None of this
could have happened in the way it did or with the speed it did without the railroads

carrying buffalo hides, cattle, corn, and wheat to market." Additionally, this source
discussed Americans' new interest in traveling & exploring nature.
White, Richard. "Transcontinental Railroads: Compressing Time and Space." Transcontinental
Railroads: Compressing Time and Space. Gilder Lehrman, n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2016.
Richard White's short article on the transportation of people and material on railroads was
used to emphasize the movement of people to the west, the opening of markets, and the
exchange that emerged out of the two. People traveled back and forth, materials were
exchanged from the providers to the markets, and a burst of exploration emerged due to
the railroad.
Wiatrowski, Claude A. Railroads Across North America: An Illustrated History. St. Paul, MN:
MBI Pub. / Voyageur, 2007. Print. This source was used as to verify certain facts on the
topic of railroads. Because it contained the general historical background and importance
several railroad companies, Railroads Across North America was a great source to
confirm and compare facts with.