CAPITULO 1.

TECTNICA DE PLACAS

Instructor:

Prof. Kervin Chunga, Ph.D.

GEOGRAFA DE TERREMOTOS

Distribution of Earthquakes Correlates to Major Physical/Tectonic Features Observe on

Surface of the Globe.
Prof. Kervin Chunga, Ph.D.

TECTONICA DE
PLACA

Teoria de formacin de los continentes

Plate Tectonics

The theory of plate tectonics was first proposed by

Alfred Wegener in 1910. Wegener noticed that the
shorelines of the continents seemed to fit together
like the pieces of a giant jig saw puzzle.
Wegeners theory stated:
1) The continents were once all together in one
place forming a supercontinent, Pangea.
2) The continents broke apart and drifted to their
present locations.
Wegeners theory was not taken seriously
because no one could believe that things as
large as continents could move and because
Wegener could not propose a mechanism
which could explain such motion.

If the continents were once together, we ought to be able to find

similar kinds of rocks in places that were once together but have
since drifted apart.
If we believe that area A and
area B were once together, then
we should find similar rock types
in these two locations even though
today they are thousands of miles
apart.
Rocks are a lot like fingerprints. The mineral content and structure
of rock outcrops often identify them as unique.
Wegener himself investigated this possibility and found that, yes,
he was able to correlate rock types from opposite shorelines.
Correlating rock types is a second piece of evidence.

If we examined rocks from area A and found in them fossils that are
also found in area B but nowhere else, this would be powerful evidence
that these two areas were once together forming a single habitat.

It is important to choose our

fossils carefully. Finding fossils
of organisms that lived all over
the world would mean nothing.
But if we could find the same fossils in areas A and B, fossils that
exist nowhere else because they had a very limited range, then this
is even more powerful evidence that areas A and B were once
together.
Correlating fossils from opposite shores is a third piece of evidence.

Today plate tectonics and continental drift are accepted as facts.

Why? Lets see the evidence!

Por qu se produce la ruptura de la corteza?

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Sea Floor Spreading

If the continents are moving apart then the seas between them must be
getting wider. This is called sea floor spreading. How do we know that
this is true?
First, a series of under-water mountains
called mid-ocean ridges is found throughout
the world. These mountains are
formed as new sea floor (basalt) is created
from magma that wells
up from the mantle below.

ASCENSO DEL MAGMA Y CORRIENTE DE CONVENCCIN

ASCENSO DEL MAGMA PROVOCA ESFUERZO DE TRACCIN EN LA

CORTEZA OCENICA. ESTE ESFUERZO SE DIRECCIONA HACIA EL
ESTE EN EL ECUADOR CONTINENTAL.

Because temperature
increases with depth,
the inside of the earth
is very hot. Rock near
the core is heated and
becomes less dense. It
slowly rises while
cooler rock nearer the
surface is more dense
and sinks.
This forms convection currents just like those in our atmosphere. As these
convection currents in the mantle circulate, they cause the continents above them to
move. What Wegener had no way of knowing is that the force that is driving plate
tectonics is convection currents in the mantle.

Teoria de Movimiento Interno

As new sea floor is added

it pushes the old sea floor
apart.
Proof that this occurs can be
found by looking at the age
of the sea floor itself.

New sea floor is found at the mid ocean ridge where material is
constantly being added. As distance from the ridge in either
direction increases, so does the age of the rock.

Global Distribution of Seismicity

GEOGRAFA DE TERREMOTOS

Depth
Red-Shallow
Green - intermediate
Blue-deepest

2.3 PLACAS TECTNICAS

Types of Plate Boundaries:

Divergent

Convergent

Transform
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25

Subducting Plate

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DISTRIBUCCIN DE HOTSPOTS PUNTOS CALIENTES EN EL PLANETA

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Hot Spot Volcanism

HAWAI

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GALAPAGOS HOTSPOT

Formacin de cordillera submarina de Carnegie

Yacimiento de
Polimetlicos ej., Cobalto,
Niquel

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INTRODUCCIN A
LOS TERREMOTOS

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ONDAS SSMICAS

Dos tipos de ondas

Onda P (compresionales)
Viajan en slido, lquido y gas.
Velocidad en corteza es 6 Km/seg
Velocidad en agua es 1.5 Km/seg
Onda S (corte o cizalla)
Viajan slo en slido.
Velocidad en corteza es 3Km/seg
Movimiento hacia arriba abajo (corte lateral)

Cuando las Ondas P y S alcanzan la superficie se forman:

Rayleigh (movimientos elpticos)
Love (movimientos horizontales y transversales)
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Ondas Superficiales
A) O. Rayleigh vibran desde arriba hacia abajo, provocan
desplazamientos elpticos de las partculas en el plano vertical
contenida la direccin de propagacin.
B) O. Love los desplazamientos son horizontales y transversales al
sentido de la direccin, no se propagan en el agua, daina para los
cimientos.

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Sismgrafo Horizontal y Vertical

Prof. Kervin Chunga, Ph.D.

33

Sismograma

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Calculating magnitude
on the Richter scale:
(1) Find P-S and hence
distance

(2) measure the

amplitude of the largest
wave
(3) use the graph to get
m
Prof. Kervin Chunga, Ph.D.

35

2.5 Locating the source of earthquakes

Locating the epicenter of an earthquake

A circle with a radius equal to the distance to the

epicenter is drawn around each station
The point where all three circles intersect is the
earthquake epicenter

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2.5 Locating the source of earthquakes

Locating the epicenter of an earthquake

A circle with a radius equal to the

distance to the epicenter is drawn
around each station
The point where all three circles
intersect is the earthquake
epicenter

Prof. Kervin Chunga, Ph.D.

37

2.5 Locating the source of earthquakes

Locating the epicenter of an earthquake

A circle with a radius equal to the

distance to the epicenter is drawn
around each station
The point where all three circles
intersect is the earthquake
epicenter

Prof. Kervin Chunga, Ph.D.

38

2.5 Locating the source of earthquakes

Locating the epicenter of an earthquake

A circle with a radius equal to the

distance to the epicenter is drawn
around each station
The point where all three circles
intersect is the earthquake
epicenter

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Localizacin de un terremoto
El punto en el cual la energa se libera, al interno de la tierra, se llama
HIPOCENTRO, su proyeccin a la superficie se llama el EPICENTRO.

HIPOCENTRO
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MEDICIN DE UN
TERREMOTO
INTENSIDAD
MACROSSMICA

MAGNITUD

ACELERACIN PGA

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2.4 ESCALA DE MAGNITUD E INTENSIDAD

MACROSSMICA

Two measurements that describe the size of an earthquake are

Intensity a measure of the degree of earthquake

shaking at a given locale based on the amount of
damage
Magnitude estimates the amount of energy released
at the source of the earthquake

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Measuring the size of earthquakes

Magnitude scales

Richter magnitude - concept introduced by Charles

Richter in 1935
Richter scale
Based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded
Accounts for the decrease in wave amplitude with increased
distance

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Magnitud (M)
Diversas escalas de Magnitud:
Para terremotos a 600 Km de distancia del sismografo se mide la amplitud de las ondas superficiales
Ms (Surface Magnitude)

Los terremotos profundos tiende a producir menos ondas superficiales, por lo tanto la mdida de
Ms tendera a sub-estimar la grandeza del terremoto: se miden por lo tanto la amplitud de algunas Body
Waves (frequencia di 1 Hz) mb (Body Wave Magnitude)
Ms grande es un terremoto ms baja es la frecuencia de la onda con una amplitud mayor. Muchos
sismografos pierden sensibilidad por las frecuencias muy bajas, subestimando la Magnitud de los
terremotos ms fuertes.
Se usa una Magnitud (Mw) dicha Moment Magnitude y que ha sido derivada de una ecuacin
emprica de un orden de grandeza denominada Momento Sismico (Mo).

Mw = 2/3 Log Mo 10,7

Momento ssmico (Mo)

Antes de la rotura a lo largo del plano de falla,
la fuerza de corte que actual desde ambos lados
ejercitan un Momento (Fuerza x Brazos, o
tambin F x 2b).

El Strain o Deformacin es d/2b

Mo = F . 2b
F = m . A . d/2b

Mo = m . A . d

donde m = Modulo di Bulk

Regidez (N/m2)
Dato m el Momento Ssmico
es obtenido unicamente
por parmetros espaciales

Momento ssmico (Mo)

Mo = m . A . d

Intensidad
Una escala que mide la fuerza de un terremoto en base a la
evaluacin de los efectos que est produce a las personas, a
las construcciones y el terreno.
Datos macrossmicos: referible al rea en el cual el ssmo ha sido sentido.

Escala MCS (Mercalli Cancani Sieberg)

Escala MSK (Medvedev, Spoheuer, Karnik)
Escala ESI-2007 (Environment Seismic Intensity)

Intensidad
Se designa un grado de
Intensidad
(indicado en
nmeros
romanos)
a
cualquier localidad y se trazan
lneas lmites (ISOSISMAS)
entre varias zonas en el que el
sisma ha sido sentido con
igual intensidad.

The shortcomings of earlier

scales Why Intensity should be
evaluated using ground effects
Figure 3: Seismic landscapes in the Apennines.

Schematic block-diagram of two Quaternary

intermountain basins associated with M 6 (A)

and M 7 (B) normal faulting earthquakes; the

picture illustrates the typical seismo-tectonic,

sedimentary, and paleoseismological features due

to the repetition of the coseismic ground effects
over a geological time interval. Typical values of
surface faulting parameters (rupture length, rupture
width, rupture area, vertical displacement) are
shown. After Serva et al., 2002, modified.

EFECTOS COSSMICOS
GEOLGICOS CAUSADOS POR
TERREMOTO

Prof. Kervin Chunga, Ph.D.

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Terremotos y Riesgo Ssmico

del Ecuador

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Geodinmica y Tectnica del Ecuador

Placa de Nazca Placa Sudamericana Bloque Nor-Andino

El Ecuador ocupa una posicin

particular desde el punto de vista de la
tectnica de placas (Graindorge et al.,
2004; Harpp et al., 2005; Hey, 1977;
Kanamori, 1982; Londsdale, 1978;
Pennington, 1981; Sellars et al., 2003,
2005), por cuanto comprende: (1) el
punto caliente de las Galpagos, (2) la
adyacente dorsal ocenica o centro di
divergencia que separa las placas de
Cocos y Nazca, (3) una zona de
subduccin de corteza ocenica a travs
de la cual, la placa de Nazca se subduce
debajo
del
margen
continental
constituido por la placa Sudamericana y
del Bloque Nor-Andino, y (4) una franja
de deformacin continental conocida
como Sistema Mayor Dextral, SMD
(Figura 2).

3. Geodinmica y Tectnica del Ecuador

Placa de Nazca Placa Sudamericana Bloque Nor-Andino

Modificado desde Spiking et al., 2001).

(modifi cado por

Costa et al., 2006).

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Fuente: Chunga, 2010

Modificado de Lebrat & Megard, 1985

REGISTROS DE TERREMOTOS SON AUSENTES

Registros sismos
M>6
EN EL SIGLO XVI Y XVII (ie. Wolf, 1872). PRIMER
TERREMOTO DOCUMENTADO EN GUAYAQUIL
11.06.1787 (VII<Io<VIII).

Registros Tsunamis

5a. Construccin de Modelos

Sismotectnicos

En total, para el
Ecuador
continental, han
sido documentados
128 terremotos
crostales desde
1541-1998.

Elaboracin de un catlogo
HOMOGENEO de terremotos
crostales

Catlogos de
terremotos crostales:
(1) NEIC, (2)
CERESIS, (3) IGEPN

2. Fallas activas y Fallas capaces (Eqs)

compilacin de informacin histrica para Ecuador
HACE 213 AOS
DESCRIPCION DAOS
EN TERRENO

Sismicidad y ambiente
tectnico en Ecuador.
Izquierda, distribucin
espacial de sismos
instrumentales con
4M8.8. Derecha,
cinemtica y tipo de
fallas capaces
cartografiada en el
territorio (Chunga et al.,
2010).

2. Fallas activas y Fallas capaces (Eqs)

compilacin de informacin histrica para Ecuador
HACE 213 AOS
DESCRIPCION DAOS
EN TERRENO

NO EXISTE UNA CLASIFICACION DESDE UN

PUNTO DE VISTA DE LA PELIGROSIDAD SISMICA:
Sismicidad y ambiente
(1) FALLAS DE REPTACIN mm / 500 aos
tectnico en Ecuador.
(2) FALLAS ACTIVAS cm / 500 aos
Izquierda, distribucin
espacial de(2<Mw<4,5)
sismos
(3) con
FALLAS CAPACES metros / 500 aos
instrumentales
4M8.8. Derecha,
(M>6)

cinemtica y tipo de
fallas capaces
cartografiada en el
territorio (Chunga et al.,
2010).

Catlogo de fallas capaces

Catlogo de fallas capaces (IGEPN)

220 segmentos
de fallas

Informacin de fallas han sido seleccionadas de datos de parmetros

estructurales proporcionados por Baldock (1984), Chunga et al. (2005, 2009),
Dumont et al. (2005, 2006), Deniaud et al. (1999), Ego et al. (1996), Eguez et
al. (2003), LRG (1986), Segovia & Alvarado (2009), Tibaldi et al. (2007),
Winter et al. (1989a, 1989b, 1993), y Witt et al. (2005)

134 segmentos
de fallas
Para una regin interplaca como Ecuador se sugiere
considerar una falla como CPAZ, y por lo tanto
potencial fuente ssmica de fuertes terremotos, si la
dislocacin del terreno supericial sono recurrentes en los
ltimos 30.000 aos, y/o si fuertes eventos histricos o
instrumentales (Mw > 6.0, I > VIII) han sido asociados
con la estructura identificada.

DATABASE DE FALLAS

Ref. (Slip Type): tipo di faglia, (N) faglia normale, (I) faglia inversa e di sovrascorrimento, (SSR): faglia trascorrente destro,
(SSL) faglia trascorrente sinistro, (ND) faglia non ben definita. (H) distanza ipocentrale. (MD): massimo dislocamento
stimato. Livello daffidabilita: I: certa, II: dedotta, III: ipotetica [Chunga 2010].

Anlisis de regresin lineal propuesta por Well & Coppersmith (1994) y aplicada a las fallas
capaces del Ecuador

Longitud de la Falla
Km
1000

Mximo desplazamiento

mt
2,5
2,0

100
1,5
1,0

10

0,5
1
5,5

6,5

7,5

Mw

Database elaborado en este estudio: 320 fallas

capaces en Ecuador. 37 fallas en territorio Peruano
y 16 segmentos de fallas en territorio Colombiano.

0,0
5,5

6,5

Mw

7,5

RELACION EMPIRICA ENTRE

FALLA SUPERFICIAL Y MAGNITUD

Wells & Coppersmith (1994) database 421 terremotos

DESIGN EARTHQUAKE:
surface faulting and magnitude
Average
deformation
(cm)

9.00

800

800

8.00

250

500

7.00

50

100

6.00

10

20

5.00

4.00

Data from Wells and Coppersmith

(1994) (nil values filtered out)

Moment magnitude (Mw)

Surface
Magnitude rupture
(km)

4
1

10

100

Surface rupture length (km)

1000

SLIP RATES TIEMPO DE INTERVALO DE RECURRENCIA

Slemmons & de Polo (1986)

Alta recurrencia ssmica entre abril

1961 a marzo 1962, donde se
reportaron al interior del Golfo de
Guayaquil, cuatro [4] terremotos de
considerables magnitudes en el orden
de los 6 y 6.2

TERREMOTOS HISTRICOS EN
EL GOLFO DE GUAYAQUIL

04.02.1797 (M 6.8 a 7.1)

TERREMOTOS EN
SISTEMA MAYOR
DEXTRAL AL
INTERIOR DEL ECUADOR

11.06.1787 (M 6.5 a 6.9)

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Chunga et al., 2012. Riesgos Geolgicos en el Golfo de Guayaquil. (Paper en revisin)

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EFECTOS DEL TERREMOTO DE

RIOBAMBA 1797

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EFECTOS DEL TERREMOTO DE

RIOBAMBA 1797

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