Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DHITI HENGRASMEE
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN THAl ARCHITECTURE
t
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN THAl ARCHITECTURE
by
DRITI RENGRASMEE
Schoo1 of Architecture
M. Arch.
McGi11 University
April 1972
ABSTRACT
Cultural, Po1itica1,
by
DHITI HENGRASMEE
B.ARCH.(CHULALONGKORN )
Schoo1 of Architecture
McGi11 University
April 1972
Montrea 1, Canada
(g)
Dhi ti Hcn[;rasmee
1973
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
and Miss Hilde Schroeder for final typing and correcting of grammatical
errors.
Finally, the author wishes ta make his acknowledgement to
Khonkaen University for allowing him study leave; to the Canadian
International Development Agency (C.I.D.A.) for its fellowship which
enabled him to carry out his work in this Country.
Ta those mentioned, to aIl my teachers, and the universities
as a token of gratitude, affection and esteem.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
PART 1.
INTRODUCTION TO THAlLAND
TOPOGRAPHY
II
CLlMATE
III ECONOMY
IV
RELIGIOUS
POLITlCAL ASPECT
VI
PATTERN OF LIVING
PART 2.
12
CULTURAL FACTORS
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
II
LIVING SPACE -
13
14
(a) ELEMENTS AND LOCATION IN
1) RURAL AREA
III PLANNING -
20
2) URBAN AREA
26
35
2) CONTEMPORARY
(b) LOCATIONS - 1) RURAL AREA
36
47
2) URBAN AREA
(c) STYLE
1) TRADITIONAL
52
2) CONTEMPORARY
(cl)
PERCEPTION OF COLOUR
1) TRADITIONAL
2) CONTEMPORARY
57
'-]
PAGE
IV
SHAPES IN BUILDINGS
58
(a) INDIVIDUAL PATTERN
1) TEMPLE
2) ROYAL PALACE
3) RURAL AREA
(b) INTEGRATED PATTERN
1) RURAL AREA
2) URBAN AREA
( c) PATTERN VARIABLE ( COMMERCIAL
BUILDINGS)
1) FACTORY
POLITICAL FACTORS
60
61
II
LOCATION OF BUILDINGS -
61
( a) POLICY OF DECENTRALIZATION
62
(a) URBAN AREA
63
67
VI
70
PART 4.
ECONOMIC FACTORS
71
(a) MODERNIZED STRUCTURE
COMMERICAL AREA
(b) PROSPECT ON FOREIGN EXCHANGE
72
PAGE
II
ECONOMIZATION OF BUILDINGS
72
( a) RURAL AREA
(b) URBAN AREA
III
74
ECONOMICAL MOTIVATIONS
(a) STABILITY
(b) MOBILITY
(c) POPULATION
IV
77
79
(a) PLANNING
(b) DIRECTION
( c) PROCEDURE
( d) SHAPE
( e) DECORATIONS
VI
85
APPEARANCE OF BUILDINGS
CLlMATIC FACTORS
87
CLlMATIC FACTORS
88
(a) HEAT AND MOISTURE
(b) RAIN
( c) PREVAILING WIND
PAGE
II
ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS
88
(a)
ME CHANI CAL
(b)
NATURAL
1.
2.
Building Planning
3.
4.
Building Fabric:
4.
a)
b)
Roof
c)
Floor
d)
Foundation
PART 6.
l
II
TECHNICAL FACTORS
114
STYLES OF BUILDINGS
115
(a)
TRADITIONAL
(b)
CONTEMPORARY
117
(a)
(b)
(c)
ORNAMENTATION OF STRUCTURE
(b)
ROOF
(c)
FLOOR
(d)
FOUNDATION
(e)
FINISHES
129
"-,
PAGE
IV
PART 7.
GENERALITY
(b)
VISUAL EFFECT
145
147
LOCATION OF MATERIALS
148
II
149
III
153
IV
154
APPEARANCE OF MATERIALS
155
VI
(a)
(b)
PART 8.
CONCLUSION
PART 9.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
156
157
159
INTRODUCTION TO THAlLAND
FIGURE
PAGE
1-
MAP OF THAlLAND
2.
THAI'S LIFE
PART 2.
2.1.
CULTURAL FACTORS
17
FARMER,GARDENER,WATERSIDE,FLOATING
2.2
18
CLASS PEOPLE
2.3
19
2.4
20
2.5
21
2.6
22
2.7
2.8
29
2.9
30
2.10
31
2.11
32
2.12
33
2.13
34
2.14
38
2.15
39
2.16
40
FIGURE
PAGE
2.17
41
2.18
44
2.19
48
2.20
49
2.21
ORGANIC QUALITY
50
2.22
51
2.23
54
2.24
55
2.25
PAGODA FORMS
56
2.26
57
PART 3.
POLITICAL FACTORS
3.1
65
3.2
65
3.3
65
3.4
GOVERNMENTAL BUILDING
66
3.5
BUILDING SPECIFICATIONS
68
3.6
68
3.7
ZONNING LOT
69
PART 4.
4.1
ECONOMIC FACTORS
73
78
RELATION TO BUILDINGS
4.3
81
FIGURE
4.4
PAGE
DIAGRAMATIC DRAWING OF BUILD.rNG ACCESS ACCORDING
82
TO ECONOMIC FACTORS
4.5
83
4.6
84
4.7
84
4.8
FOUNDATION ON PILES
84
4.9
4.10
4.U
PART 5.
85
CLIMATIC FACTORS
5.1
90
5.2
91
5.3
91
5.4
94
5.5
GROUPING OF BUILDING
94
5.6
95
5.7
96
5.8
97
5.9
99
MOVEMENT
5.10
102
5.U
103
5.12
104
5.13
CROSS VENTILATION
105
FIGURE
PAGE
5.14
107
5.15
108
109
5.17
TERMITES PROTECTION
112
5.18
113
PART 6.
TECHNlCAL FACTORS
6.0
STYLES OF BUILDING
115
6.1
116
6.2
6.3
TRADITIONAL HOUSE
119
6.4
120
6.5
ROOF DECORATION
121
6.6
STRUCTURES AS ORNAMENT
123
6.7
WALL
125
6.8
WALL SURFACING
126
6.9
127
6.10
OPENING
128
6.11
ROOFING TECHNIQUES
130
6.12
FLOORING TECHNIQUES
139
6.13
CARPENTRY JOINTS
140
6.14
FOUNDATION
143
6.15
145
6.16
146
118
FIGURE
PAGE
PART 7.
BUILDING MATERIALS
7.
LOCATION OF MATERIALS
148
7.0
149
7.1
150
7.2
151
7.3
152
7.3 III
153
7..3 IV
154
7.4
155
PART 1.
INTRODUCTION TO THAlLAND
l .
TOPOGRAPHY
II
CLIMATE
III
ECONOMY (OCCUPATIONS):
IV
RELIGIOUS:
POLITICS
VI
REGIONS:
Farmers
2)
Forestry
3)
Government
4)
Fishing
CENTRAL
NORTHEAST
NORTH
SOUTH
SOUTHEAST
VII
1)
PATTERN OF LIVING
B U R
L A
o s
1='""16
Map of Thailand
MALAYA
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3
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4
INTRODUCTION TO THAILAND
ENVIRONMENT AND PHILOSOPHY REFLECTS THEIR WAY OF LIVING STYLE
l
TOPOGRAPHY
The Indochina
0
Peninsular stretches
tropica 1 zone.
The country is bounded on the northeast by Laos, on the northwest by Burma, on the southeast by Cambodia, and the south by the
Gulf of Thailand and Malaya.
II
CLIMATE
Since Thailand is located completely within the tropics and is
(1)
0
Winter:
0
average temperature is l5 C to 19 C.
o
0
the temperature is higher rising upto 39.S C (103.9 F)
and Rainy:
from May to September, abundant rain falls over the whole country.
The significance of
th~
III
ECONOMIC (OCCUPATION)
The overwhelming majority of the population throughout history
to great extent by rice cultivation adjusted to the prevailing conditions of soil and climate.
rice at the beginning of the Rainy season because forceful rains cause
flooding which resulting in the production of the best crop for the
society's economic foundation.
rice cultivation fosters a traditional cycle: sowing-harvesting,resting-sowing-harvesting, again, interwoven by various holidays and
festivities which to a large part involve Buddhist blessings for the
crops, and animistic propagation of spirits.
Although fishing, and forestry are included as a living style,
agriculture predominantly involves up to 85% of the population, and
is organized and owned by small families.
carry on commerial
industry.
IV
The
Buddhism
have bestowed upon the people freedom to profess any faith, and welcomed missionary's of any denomination to preach their ideas.
The effect of religion, and piety, in Thai countryside is
very great, and plays an important role in every day lif . Early
risers will see yellow saffron robed monks on the streets asking
for food with a bowl in their hands filled by the community.
The
The
and the Philippines, they both were colonized (in that order) by
British and American.
There are three(3) basic aspects of Thailand's politics:
(1)
SIMPLICITY:
STABILITY:
(2)
BUDDHISM:
-------
It
binds the highest and lowest in what is seen as a just, and a natural
status of rights.
(3)
THAl NATIONALISM:
is assimalative by culture.
Politically, it is
not revolutionary but conservative often taking the form of appeals for
peace and tranquility for the sake of the nation.
(4)
minded they practice the way they like and enjoy a prosperous live.
In summary, due to the adaption of their climate, the Thai
people have developed certain values, attitudes and tradition as
follows:
(1)
Conversely, a
historie distate for commercial activity, and disinterest in permanent urban (contemporary) living.
(2)
pendence.
(3)
(6)
have experience with life and to monks and novices which reflect their
manner.
VI
REGIONS
(1)
area drained by the upper reaches of the Chao Phraya tributaries covering
65,000 square miles.
(2)
country.
It's area and population are about 1/3 of the whole country,
jungle and sandy soil, with sandstone being the most apparent material.
(3)
la
(4)
THE SOUTHEAST:
The
tions such as rubber, sugar cane, cassava, and pineapple are made.
(5)
THE SOUTH:
strung with fishing villages and balmy seaside resorts, the result of
Thai moving down the Malay Pennisula during the l6th to l8th century.
Contrary to other regions, the people are constituted in groups of
Moslem Malay, and Chinese and Thai Buddhists.
As the climate ascertains simple-life styles, homes are similar
in all regions.
(1)
Region
Population
Degree of Wealth
CENTRAL
covers 50,000
sq.miles
most prosperous
in t er na 1 : 1 i t t 1 e
furni ture, beam
purlin, ridge,
pole,etc.
( 2)
SAME
SAME
( 3)
SAME
(4)
(5)
SAME
SAME
Il
RURAL
(1) DRESS
(2) HOUSING
a)Interna1:
TRADITIONAL
AREA
URBAN AREA
1) Central-room for
mu1ti-purposes
2) Bedroom(s)-depending on wea1th
3) Kitchen-built away
from main dwel1ing
4) Bath house-usual1y
separate unit from home
(3) GROUPING
home attempts to achieve
self sufficiency,although
other complexes,according
to wealth are added:
(separate kitchen,bath shed
and storage for animaIs,
equipment, etc.
CONTEMPORARY
RURAL AREA
URBAN AREA
Communities
wear old style
women: wear wrap around skits in
only stayed
and western dress
home and western dress out
in rural areas
side. With beautiful silks
because the
the Thai typical costum used
source of mobiin formal occasions.
li ty limited
men: Western dress exc1usive1y
their living space
Politics forced people to live
all classes integrated in one com- According to Wealth:
munity
1) Poor-row hou~es,congested
1)same,a1thouth the
Central room,tedroom(s) and
kitchen may have a
kitchen
covered passage
1inking(depending
on wealth)
2)Same
2) Middle - 2 storeys,wooden
wa11s and roof,lower floor
usually concrete,kitchen connected by passageway.Some
mer chants and shopkeepers live
in their shops
3) Same
same as traditional
(rural)
3) Wealthy-live outskits,seperate
structure for servants,who1e
comp1ex surrounded by a fence.
same as traditiona1(rural)
although no shed for animals
are used
1-'
-_1
(4)
FOOD
Same
Same
t-'
III
13
PART 2.
l
II
CULTURAL FACTORS
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Upper Classes
2.
Middle Classes
3.
Lower Classes
LIVING SPACE
(a)
(b)
II l PLANNING
(a)
BUILDING
1. Traditional
2. Contemporary
(b)
PLANNING AS INFLUENCED BY
LOCATIONS
1. Rural Area
2. Urban Area
( c)
STYLE
1. Traditional
2. Contemporary
IV SHAPES IN BUILDING
(a)
INDIVIDUAL PATTERN
1.
Temple
2.
Royal Palace
3.
Rural Area
14
1.
SOCIAL STRUcrURE
The basic social structure in the home consists of:
1.
2.
Child or Children
Parents
2.
Other Relatives
3 . Friends
According to the Thai philosophy, if these people have no home
they are asked to join.
The basic nuclear unit lives in 3 classes or prosperity is devided
up into:
Middle - Richest
Middle - Middle Wealth
Lower
- Poorest
According to prosperity, the following other people may stay at the home.
Including:
(a)
(b)
Servants:
1.
Gardner
2.
Household
3.
Chauffeur
.'
lS
(b)
(c)
INTEGRATED PATTERN1.
Urban Area
2.
Rural Area
PATTERN VARIABLE
(COMMERCIAL BUILDING)
1.
Factory
2.
LOWER CLASS
MIDDLE CLASS
URBAN
RURAL
URBAN
RURAL
RURAL
URBAN
types of owner's
types of owner's
types of owner's
Too Poor-
area
business involved
business involved
business involved
in:
in:
in:
1) develop land-
1) Government-supports no staff
1) Farming-extra
farm labour, average
1) Large Stores
C10thing-no staff
2 live in
Restaurant-no'staff
Upho1stery-no staff
Variety-no staff
Entertainment,i.e.
Small percen-
2) Stores:Clothing
2) Commerical Enno staff,Restaurant
terprises no staff
labour work in day- no staff, Upholstery
3) develop enterno staff,Veriety no
tainment buildings time.
3)
Professional
Dr.staff.
i.e. bowling,nightif practice based at 3) Professional -no
clubs, etc. no
home
emergency staff staff
staff.
kept
Lawyer,Architecture , 4) Government-no staff
2) rent out to
people no staff
Engineer etc. no
5) Smal1 percentage
staff(assisting 1abou~ave surplus land and
work in daytime)
rent out-no staff
Too Poor-
bow1ing,nightclubno staff.
2) Professiona1-no
staff
3) Government-no staff
4) Sma1l percentage
have surpo1us land and
rent out in urban or
rural and or both.
**
Gardener: average
Gardener:average 1
2 live in ,small %
do not
Househo1d: average 1
Household:average 2
live in,sma11 % do not
live in ,smal1 %
do not
Chauffeur:average 1 live in.
Same as Rural
Too Poor-
Too Poor:-
No servants
No servants.
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II LIVING SPACE
There are three types of living style:
(1)
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REQUlRED ELEMENTS:THIS REFERS TO THE PRESENT DAY(CONSIDERING THE BASIC SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
MAN,WIFE AND CHILD)
ELEMENTS
(1)
SLEEPING
URBAN COMMUNITY
MASTER-for husband and wife,located
RURAL COMMUNITY
SAME
upstairs
BEDROOM-or bedrooms depending on
SAME
SAME
SAME
for relaxation.
.J
(4)
DINING
SAME
KI TCHEN
WASHROOM
next to kitchen
STORAGE
are supplied
WORKING
~,
climate.
do orestry.
cropo, fish or
such as
family's income.
N
(9)
ANIMAL SPACE
(10) STAIRS
1eading to bedrooms.
A1so stairs
N
VI
._j
SOURCE OF
TRANSPORT
1)
WATER
MOVEMENT BY:
FIG:2.8, - 2.12.
By Boat
Same as Traditional
Same as traditional
2) WILD
ANIMALS
Buffaloes
Cows and
Elephants
To carry people
or supplies
3) AIR
Airplane
Not used
Government owned
URBAN
TRADITIONAL
CONTEMPORARY
**(NOTE)**
Just to carry rice
Tradi tiona lly,
people lived only and teak(other means
in Rural area,
to visit friends)
therefore traditional does not
exist in the Urban
area
SAME
Not used
SAME
Government owned
Approx.40 Airport
4) RAIL
AREA
Approx.10 Airport
Train
Not used
Government owned
one line only
SAME
Government owned
one line only
a) Bridge
Not used
Not used
SAME
a) 10 Principle
bridges crossing
Chao Phraya
5) BRIDGE
a) large
b) small
(walkway)
N
0\
'.
6)
ROADS
(filled in
canals)
Dirt Roads
Main Junction:
Bangkok
Dirt Roads
Government owned
Dirt Roads (15%
Mob il ity)
SAME
Government owned
Dirt Roads and paved
Roads,approx.5 major
paved roads (Highway)
for emergency landing
of plane
7)
BUS
BUS
Not used
Government and
Privat owned,(River
Bus used also)
SAME
8)
SUBWAY
Not used
Not used
SAME
9)
PRIVATE
VEHICLES
10) SIDEWALKS
**(NOTE)**
a) Taxis
Not used
b) Cars
Not used
used,private owned
Tradi tionally,
people live only
Some Jeeps,some
in Rural area,
used, private owned
Trucks and some cars therefore traditional does not
(small percentage)
exist in the Urban
area.
c) Motocycle
Not used
used,private owned
d) Byclicle
Not used
used,private owned
used,private owned
Not used
used,private owned
run by Manpower or
by Motor
not used
e)
Sam-Law
(3-wneels)
"feet"
walking in open
air
used,private owned
from Urbans
soil
SAME
SAME
N
--.J
_.J
28
2 '7.
THEblAAACTSIISTICS OFDISTANCa
tiN
COMMUNlTV,;FACILI-TICS.
~\
....
"
'.
..
!.
'
se.
~CE
~E..LDP&D
F"ftOM
PLANNING O91SN CRITA.IA
,
eYJ'ose'H DE' CUlARA 1 U!& KOf'PIiLMAN .
._ ,
~.
1 ....
,1
..
-1
~
29 .
.'
."
-...
",'
'. '.
NOR'THE'AST
'~.
-,
".
"~
.. '
'~
......
...-
'1'
1
(
,
.1
~1 p ~. ~ .tl
~e.
~\
,.
.
t l i j j
"t
. )
30
. '.
"
".. .:,
."
",
:_,"
.e.
~.
..,.'
....: ..
."
....
-,
..':..
..'
..
~.
'
_E'LEPWANt ISSTILL,,.VALU4.Ui
... "NOT
-mE RIVE~
F~ .,.ItAN~PoRT
.
".'
'
,.
. ':'-.
l ' MEAN9
ONL.V IN F~NGtIM'Eft.
.. ,'BUT ALSO IN S'''FTIN9 .IT-TO .
.,
31 .
,~ :~.
32
fil.
.,.,
"
33
'~12. pEpEST/UAN
1.UQAN
ACTIVITlES
.s. &.OCAL
ST~& ET
. 4. MAI PI RAU..WAY.
9TATIC)'" fOINT.
34
t.iS.
SiR.IiT.
3S
III
(a)
PLANNING
PLANNING OF BUILDING TYPES
TRADITIONAL
1.
TEMPLE:
dential centers.
The religious includes:
1.
PAVILLION -
2.
TEMPLE
3.
TEMPLE SCHOOL
Monks are disciplined as weIl as
passing on their learnings to
children. As aIl schools (right
now) teach religion, this Temple
School is exclusively used for the
monks studies.
DRUM HOUSE
2.
SACRED LIBRARY
Religious books(exclusively) about
"Buddha"
36
3.
STUPA(CHEDI) PA GODA
Represnting the cycle of "Buddha's"
live enlightening the monk
4.
WELL
5.
BATH HOUSE
6.
KI TCHEN
OORMITORY
(See Fig. 2.14, 2.15)
2.
HOUSING:
That is,
Those houses
INSTITUTION:
HOUSING:
Poor:
per family.
b.
Middle:
per family.
37
c.
2.
SHOPHOUSE -
exclusively,
3.
unit)
family live in Shop either upstairs or at the back
4.
a.
Middle -
b.
Rich
FACTORIES:
a.
b.
5.
SCHOOLS
a.
b.
c.
38
'1.14. gt1C
PLANNING OF TEMPLe
fllAONT 6ATE
"r:-:::~;=';O:-;,
::'.:-:::::r
s:-..::..:-:-.:;:.~-
i
,.
:~
TlDtPL&
CND
f-- --~
8ACRflv
~E uOe
...
.1
:i
w...L
:; @
.u
STUM,~--7
ICITCMEN
&AST
.~ NOft'TM
..
-'7
iliD~
-Il 1 1
:
k.:;. .~ -:::Ill.:.": .... ~:Jt
~
r"'"
(MAIN
~i.n MAI~RIVliRj
tASnM8LY SPACEy
.. 1. _._
t ~IN
... _
Er"IRANC~. 8MB
MAIN TeMPLEl
, l .
TliMPLe COMPLsX
1 - - _....
VERTICAL
c.aacULATION
39
f..~5.~.:-.
r: ' :::
jl_ _c
~ :.:.!
,,/i.~,-: :'
I ..
r 'Ji
; :T@A-paTIONAL
STyLE.'
8ftoUNI> L.li:V& L.
MAIN EttTRANe
L END:
V&IlTIC~L
HO"'ZONTAL C"'CULAT'ON
C'ACULATIOM
MoveMENT
8ETW&:EN IMLDIN&.
or
;,
40
.1l.
-il,
. TRAO'T'OMAL BUII.DI. PL.ANNINS
OFF.C.S, 8C.HOOLS
If'
l'
~__--I
as
!
JI.
1-"--1
..
~._--
'v
J1',
c ...
{m:
ffi--)
1
~,/'"
l'
.. , ....
..._. + - - - - - -....
i~
/ ru mm\
"
41
4. MOUS. NS
eovel(NMENTAL
HOUSIN6
NO&RAM.
2. FLAT.
(IC'NOHKAEN UNlvasrrv)
3. STAFF S HOUSS.
<. ICMONKAEN
UNIVCUITV )
42
..
4.
STOItES
-----1I~
1
LIVINS
- -.
, $TOA.&
~====<l'l
STO~E!
.....
tILIVIN9
~;-;G-:-
ATORR
PAVeMENT" LEveL.
O~FIC&S.
1
, LIVINS
.OFFICIi
_~
------OFFICE
!~
.IfS
,~
PAVE.MENT LEVE'-.
,. FAC.TOltISS.
O~'CE
-----, OFFICE
--
!
1
S.
1
1
--_ .... -
It...-.OFFlce
~ uVINe]
STOIl.A6~
43
-,.
<.
tClotONlCAl!N
UNIVE~'TV>
PNVSICS 8UILDING.
S'nJOENT UNION
PACUL"TV OF AMICUL.TUItE
. r
44
,'.', HOUSIN6.
PLANN Na.
1.DOt: "NE
r--------l
i
:
l
l
Il
','
'
O'N'~
,
1
1
1
1
~.
SIN6L.1i MOUSI!
<MIDI)U! CLASS)
,Ii'
1..1-I.U.I,j",i~_~_
::'1',1
CiROUND
p~
PLAN.
3. aow
HOUSII 1VPe,
LOW COST HOUS.lU6
FO~ LOW '~OMti CMOUP.
S~CJ!~S:"
~INe pl\"I~IM.
INTEfZ.IOa. .
MN(; \cO K
l'
,
...
,~
45
81!1>
AM.
., ---.J"
LAWN
r . .R<V:'''
.-=-- --------.--- Ll'I,,!
LAwN
J;
-:t$CIleN
'
; ;~j';
-
-4. SINILi
aaJ)@Q)M APARTMENT.
_......
\;
- 46
.. :.
".
':!
,i!ii-=:::II!III;IIiPIIC--
-":
.'
,,,'
eAC.c:'VAU' ,"
.AaOCM
........ _---.-
t
liNT.
-- ..i.
---~
...-
......
- -... '--
--.
. "-
.-.
..-.-.
.....
..-.
.....
- - --.- - .- - t \
DT.
47
(b)
CULTURAL FACTORS
RURAL AREA
(Village or District)
Organic Quality:
of life
thatched hut
1.
2.
2.
simple way, therefore more materia- therefore row spacing improvised because
listic
3.
rural
than traditional
3.
48
2..1.9 TRADITlONAI..COaMUNITV.SETTJNG
(RURAL AREA )
49
1.
50
2. '11".
OR"A'" IC ClIUALITV
A V"-L.A~E" oF COTTA"e IN RURAL. AREA , ALL MADE WITH PRECISEL.Y
",""E SAME MATlilt14LS AND T&:CHI'I,QU&:9 SUT WITH PUNCTIONAl. VARIATIO~S
IN S",A\~E 1 MAY SE ACCIDeNTAL. AND FOIt.MUiSS , eUT IT
Al-WA'f$ HARMON'OUS WIT.,.'N ITSEL.F ANI> WITf+IN THE LANl>SCAPe.
'.5
1
51
r
RESlDENTIAL
FAMIl-V
2-3 FAMILV
OVER 4- FAMILV
HOTEL , APARTMENT
SIN6l.E
+ + +
+ +
0
0.0
01.........
o
0
0
0
BUSIN~o(COMMERCIAL
LOCAL (NEIG..-SOURJ.lOOI ..
- .
C <'
_ BUSINess
OFFICES .LBANKS
GENE'RAL BUSINESS
'THEATRE:.c. eEC2EATlON
0 0 0 0
INDUST~I4t..
t..IGt-iT INDlISTRY
HEAVY INDUSTR-Y .
RAIL-ROADot puBLIC -
UTlu."nes
0.0000
0 00
PUBt..IC"
?AR.KS
PUSU C 9CI-lOOL.S
UNIVbf{SITY
9UBUC BUILDING
INSTITUTIONS
TEMPI..J:
."
....... .
o
. 0 00
o .
L~6ENt>
:
MOST DESIRABLE
MEDIUM
L..oW
"
",
TRADITIONAL EXISTING"
(C) STYLE
SKILL
CONTEMPORARY
TRADITIONAL
II
II
1) Upholstery-detailed motifs
projecting literature and
religion.
western
2) Sculptor: not used,can buy articles at
any art store (made in mass production)
PATTERNS
EXTERIOR DECORATIONS
Domestie Buildings:
SAME
able
Buddhist Temple:
U1
Vol
..1
'.
MAIN IFN"TRANCil
t 2-a. TyPIAL
HOUSI! PLANNI6
55
'.1...
'..
56
';.'
....
_----
-------..........
~25. PA~DA
FO~MS.
STUPA.
COIIIV-E:NTIO"'AL PO~M
.FROM 'MDIA) CEVLDf'J.
CHIrDI
oa
PA"DA
IS
57
58
IV
SHAPES IN BUILDINGS
TYPE OF PATTERN
CULTURAL FACTOR
no definite factor,
1)
nations include:
1) represents "Buddhist"
philosophy
Temple:
one level a
EXAMPLE
Pagoda shaped
shape
2) represents
"form" of praying
3) esthetically pleasing
For:
Roya lity
2)
Royal Palace: 2 to 3
jecting classic
royal style.
structure.
heavy flooding and also
3)
Rural
stilts raised in
to prevent animaIs
small rectangular
shape
invading premises
(b)
IN'IEGRATED PATTERN
1) reflects religious
1)
philosophy
2)
more contemporary
Urban house:
i)pediment
1) (some) pagoda
shaped roof with square
body (See Fig.2.3)
2) inclined roof with
rectangular body
2) Rural house:
pediment
philosophy
roof - pagoda
shaped and rectangular body.
59
(c)
PATTERN VARIABLES
CULTURAL FACTOR
EXAMPLE
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
a) reflect religious
1) Factory a) rectangu-
a) main structure:
rectangular,square
porary style
hexagon etc.
contemporary modifications.
2) Nightclub and
Restaurant; a) roof
pagoda shape copied from
integrated style
interior decoration
western or Thai typical
integrated
60
PART 3.
POLITICAL FACTORS
II
LOCATION OF BUILDINGS
(a)
Policy of Decentralization
(b)
IV
(a)
Urban Area
(b)
Urban Area
(b)
Throughout Thailand
BUILDING SPECIFICATIONS
THROUGHOUT THAlLAND
VI
BUILDING FABRIC
THROUGHOUT THAlLAND
61
TRADITIONAL
(a)
CONTEMPORARY
(a)
lower class.
(b)
(c)
II
(a)
LOCATION OF BUILDINGS:
POLICY OF DECENTRALIZATION
1. Factories: The policy in the past was that all factories were 10-
Residential:
Redevelopment:
to make way for new housing projects, or commercial and official buildings.
62
(b)
the owners.
building which gives the people little choise where to live other
than the apartment.
(a)
1.
URBAN AREA
Population expansion in-
convenient_living.(See Fig.3.l)
2.
dept.stores,medical facilities,
63
(b)
zoned.
2.
On street parking-zoned
Approximately 10 to 15 streets
IV
(a)
URBAN AREA
1.
1.
Restriction: proposaIs to
R~flects
on religious philosophy
2.
2.
Decentralization scheme of
government
and Vehicles:
3.1 sidewalks raised approximately 20-30 cm. in relation to street level.(See
Fig.3.5/l-2).
3.2 Shelters are attached
to buildings giving minimum
64
(b)
THROUGHOUT THAlLAND
1. Sterro-typed plans of re-
~~.
Government.
(see Fig.3.5/5 )
3. Pa goda roof, slender elongated cay and same internaI
structures, demand reetangular
plan.
:~:: r~:'>.,>".
.~.~
...
... ~, .
,-""
-.
",':
"
\-.
,.'
'-:~'.
......
-":.'
'"
.';
.'
,.~
.:~ .
.j..:'
-,',
,,',
.~'., .~,
. .~:~:~.:.,.
" ,"
"
.. '; ';:.,",
"
....
'0'
,',
.;
. ~.
",
.,.',.
(, ....7:~~.~.. "~
.;
:".'
.,"
.....
.. ~
: . "4 t : ' ~
".
~ -'"
.'
"
'1 . ."
<
','J-
. '.
'~'.
'.:
. -'..~
"
.J. . . . . .
"
'.'.
: .jo, ;
.'
:.:,.
.r'... :,.
.c
.3.i.
'::;-
Tf.tr:- POL'cY.OF'DCENTRAL..iATION
DOES. NOT. '.UVS',1UE: CErnER FAON!
PlESSUAE - .
1$. AtaAIN CIlEA7e> av
'1'HE:. .~ HI!;A.W 'AND .SM41U.SO TftAf='F~C.
.
..
'T
3.~.
; r
--!J
II
~.
,..
JJ
STfET
eUII.J>IN6
L'IJ~
;.
"
"
.~. ",
...:'
,',,,,, .
':,
..
-.
....
"
1.
-..
66
~
\,
",
"
;'
;.
..'
"./'"
'r
r;;
.j.'.--
"
J: J
"
:J';.
~ .. ,'
..
", .. ".'
'.
: ,:.1"
:......
,',
": .~
...
',.,
..
"
.' .'
.~
.'
'.
'\.
"
. "'.
,:.
:.
67
v.
BUILDING SPECIFICATIONS
1.
THROUGHOUT THAlLAND
From the street to ground level
POLITICAL FACTORS
1.
Same
Same
Same
a) protect
Same
,.'
'.'
...
".'
,\'"
. '~r'
. .'
68
. t
....
......
. :.
".
'
...
....
. '.'
. '.
"
.J~~!~":~'~~~~~~~~ ,);ii.J~;~~1::'
',\",
',;
.;.. .
...
"
'.'
.",,1..
":.
"
..."'...
'J-....
'.'
..:.,.
,
/,(-
..
'
.,....
...-............
".,
..
,.....
.. .
.'
",;
,: ,~~~;I~t
,'.
..
'~.
')
,'.
. ',
~,.:;. ~
''''
,~',,: ..
..... ..
..
Mil.
1
\
1C11'.
BeO
SED
AM.
AM.
,'--'1 .:.~
__ ._;l .
8&0
COOM
~ow-
HOlJSl1ll6' .. 190 M.
61.OUIIIP FLOOA AlE~
UVlfII6 AU
-30tl:.
ROW HOUS&
UVING AItEA
OPEH
c:ou.a.r
4,,,,l;
~'MZ:
....~
.~,'
1."";: ....
....
"
UI6~ltl$E HOUSING.
AtleA
~A.
UtJIT
s,
2f,f.
6.9 .
..
,]
.
"
. f'
a ~
WHEtlEVE/l.. CANT,I..lV~lEt> 'RIJO(:.
6teAcMU 'fHE
~OVlDE
~~~
DIlDP.
4.
W~NEVR
o "6flIfMl6.
'.
.
l
70
VI
BUILDING FABRIC
POLITICAL FACTORS
THROUGHOUT THAILAND
Exterior Structure
a)
Same
cellocrete.
Appearance
a) AlI buildings in temple area
Same
"
71
PART 4.
1.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
ECONOMIC FACTORS
COMMERCIAL AREA
(a)
Modernized structure
(b)
ECONOMIZATION OF BUILDINGS
(a)
Rural area
(b)
Urban area
ECONOMIC MOTIVATIONS
(a)
Stability
(b)
Mobility
(c)
Population
Rural area
(b)
Urban area
Planning
(b)
Direction
( c)
Procedure
(d)
Shape
(e)
Decor a tions
APPEARANCE OF BUILDINGS
(a)
Rural area
(b)
Urban area
72
(a)
COMMERCIAL AREA
Modernized Structure:
Cb)
1)
Technique:
2)
2)
II.
ECONOMIZATION OF BUILDING
(ORIENTATION AND LOCATION)
RURAL AREA
1)
URBAN AREA
1)
Same as rural.
As weIl as,
tural ventilation.
For
2)
. .>~ ~!.
'~I
';i.-.
",i .
.,
......
-:",
"
..
'\.
.
,
,\,'-
.:
..
1
..
'::a'
".
....... ,.::
.. ~ ..
. ~.;
\'.::
(~.'~ :W~:
..
...".
\~.
.. ~< ;..
.
...~:
'.,'
.....
:,.....
; ....
6<:
"'~;'
,.'
. .......
,~
.......,. L.Mr..
'!I~._-
"
' ..
l~~
.'.:-
. P., f:S4tlS
.......
..
, ,.::AIlT-",iAI.;.
....
,7
'
'f
:,
,1
.,;:,
:'
.'
9..
.
~"
..
..
'
......
.' i;':
';:- ~
.. -.......
'f ~
"
74
III.
ECONOMIC MOTIVATIONS
RURAL AREA
(a)
URBAN ARF.A
STABILITY
The basic output of goods produce in rural area equals the output
Farmers:
(1)
duced by farmer
stock,cotton
(2)
(2)
(3)
supplement
(2)
(3)
Forestry:
mainly teakwood
(1)
(2)
(3)
75
RURAL AREA
(a)
STABILITY . continued
(4)
URBAN AREA
(1)
selling to tourists
in rural areas.
(b)
MOBILITY
76
RURAL AREA
UR,BA.N AREA,
1.
own vehic1es.
Retaining tradi-
tiona1 qua1ities.
b)
as a source of generating
e1ectricity to industries.
II. Air - carrying import or export
trade.
move people in
(c)
POPULATION
(a)
pansion of town.
Under the
77
URBAN AREA
RURAL AREA
(c)
POPULATION continued
(b)
Migration of Outsiders:
cally Chinese.
specifi-
They
There is
believing
IV.
RURAL AREA
Housing:
traditional buildings
!JRBAN AREA
Housing:
36 . )
used
.~:
.......
78 .'.
.\
.....
'o
#.'
.... :::..,
'.
.':,
.i . ~
,,'
.. "f.
'.' .l
.'~ '
. PRON.TY
-~~e
r''--- -- - .. ,
.1 ~.::=~_~\
,. _
r,
'l
.'
1.
1it0000M&HT
Of' vs.M'C~S
"9~~EeT.
....
. .
. 9. LAy Mw
. 'wAgn\.r StpIlE
.C?FFICJ!,a:l:c ..
r-.,
,~
r
..
'.
,~
..
~-, il' .
Ir
\
.. ~(
eulLEll\I8S.
. .~. ::~.,I>tMitAMATle
,",.' .
. .
P'tAW.". OF MOd'Met
. AHD ""/~lf.JIitOITATION I.N"i.A"r'lO""
.TO au"LOIN... .
....
79
V.
RURAL AREA
PLANNING
(a)
4.5)
(b)
DIRECTION
Buildings are in vertical
available.
PROCEDURE
1)
Manual labour
1)
Same
2)
2)
The
landscape.
(See economization
(d)
zation page.?? )
SHAPE
Primarily rectangular-econo-
80
RURAL AREA
(e)
1)
URBAN AREA
DECORATIONS
1)
2)
2)
(Taiwan,
Same
,-- ---
,-,
-,
81
,- -,
'
~TORS--
,.' .
1.
....
..~
'HOU'H ..
..
;..
il
,j,-,-
'",
.~
..
';.'
,:,,":~."','
"1:-
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...
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TVPE
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,
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(~'.'
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HOUSINa
9TIleeT. "
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ELEVATION.
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fIOUNJ>ATIOtJ
0111 PiLaS .1\,1
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85
VI.
APPEARANCE OF BUILDING
RURAL AREA
Organic Unit y :.
URBAN AREA
Mechanical Unit y:
Local materials
Local and
1)
Materials absorption:
Natural
1)
Unnatural Absorption:
a) too much light: Neon lights,
Glass, Aluminium, Steel, etc.
lighting.
b)
2)
2)
Plain concrete.
requirements. (1)
cording to space.
(2)
Kitchen;
(3)
Bedroom;
Living-room.
For example:
Home: Kitchen-U-shaped
3)
4)
4)
by decoration.
',: ":",";/:~l::'.~
...
.,
ot.
1.1'
.~....
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87
PART 5.
II
CLlMATIC FACTORS
CLlMATIC FACTORS
(1)
(2)
Rain
(3)
Prevai1ing Wind
(a)
MECHANICAL
(b)
NATURAL
ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS
1.
Orientation and
Location
2.
Building Planning
3.
4.
Building Fabric:
a) wall and opening
b) roof
c) floor
d) foundation
5.
88
1.
CLIMATIC FACTOR
C1imatic affects men in a multitude of ways, and is probab1y
(2)
(3)
DESCRIPTION
Rainfall
Prevailing
Wind
MAJOR PROBLEMS
a) Excessive solar
b) Moisture a deteriorant
e1ement
radiation
year is a deteriorant
factor.
In the
ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS
Mechanica1:
It is rather costly
89
(b)
Natural:
1)
2)
Building Planning
3)
4)
Building Fabric:
$)
(a)
(b)
roof
(c)
floer
(d)
foundation
90
1):
to a slender elongation.
Many modern buildings have been adjusted to exposure from the
important sides (N-S).
5.1.
BIL.ATERAL
+~
WEI6'-lT&D
1fg
Ff't:ljj1B
+2/
MULTILATERAL.
91
2
diagram of building orientation for comfort .
s~
t"1r?1
ELEMEN'TS
SEDROOMS
L.IVING ROOM
DINING ROOM
K'TC~EN
L1B!aAR.V .
LAUN()~'{
PLA\{
J>RY1N6 'lARD
6AiHROOMS
UTIL1TV
GARAGE
WORKS1-40P
TE~RACES
su NPORCH
NE NV1
JN
SE Isw E W
'.
l,
'
'.
"
l,'
1:
l'
"
,i
92
LOCATION
Climatic
Factors
Location
High elevation towards the windward side
The crest slightly offsets the prevailing
wind into the center of the house cutting
humidity and heat
Building sites lie elongated somewhere along
the east-west direction; E-W, NE-SW, NW-SE,
being considerably advantageous. (See Fig.
5.1, 5.2, 5.3)
Rain
Sep~ember)
2.
BUILDING PLANNING
CLIMATIC FACTOR
SOLUTIONS
DESCRIPTION
(1)
(1)
natural benefit
(2) mechanical
b,enefit from air
flow: fan or air
conditioner.
93
(2)
Rainfall
(2)
hazards
94
. . ..&ASIC FOIlM
':7.0
~-'
OPTIMUM
':'70
A\MSjI~i. ,r:'~~
1(.,) .
..s2U.&.~:
et.
,N"~ftIO~
HOUSIN6, DOltltlWa.y
KHONICA&N UNI'~Ii~SITY.
5.5. 6ROUPI Ne OF
8ul~DINe,
-1.
2,. seHOOL.
, . c.o MMUWAL.
FACILITIE9
OF SI-6CWPI NG
95
.J
96
,.
TRII!S
FOttM A WINc>8REAK'
'n)
q-'.
fi
.
,'",""
()UT
,1 \,
x--.
':
VERTICAl.. ~~N.
fIR~ SUN'
f8T FROM 'lM!. '
,.,
.',"
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9ra Fi4e.tG .
SOUl'ffeAST.
'"
1 t
.,
ON eVU'lSIO
:1
"', '.
WEST.
..
, ,..'\ ': ,\ \, \
\
, "
DeCI J)OOS TItEES 0 fi(
lt> PROVII>E
"n4e CAyo
'T
OUT1)OO~
1(1":"".""
~
~
",,~.
9~ADft
'
OPEN
Tt)
<
LAWN
PAR.t<tNG AR.eA FO~ BUIU>INQ, 1ttJ1> CAllPO~T Fe/t. HOUS!! , AUDWS ("16AT et
J>UR,'NG
9UMMER
IiJREE'Z.E
< APPItOAl(JMA"TEl.Y
9 MON~5.)
~ DE~IQEI)
97
'N'TH' LANDSCAPINQ.
MEDIUM HEI)(I;E
AT 8UIL.I)IN6
'1.0 AiIKT
FROM eUILDINQ
BUUJ),NQ TUtNED
Cfo IMTt"'l-
THEi
BuezE
WlTH NO Pl.ANTIN9
~~;
OL6VA'I, VICTOft,
98
3.
Climatic Factor
Urban Area
distance.
Protection by:
(1) Shelters attached to
buildings for a longer
shopping promenade
(2) Under the trees
(3) Umbrella
(4) Hat (See Fig. 5.5,5.9)
Street Movement
Rural Area
Same
Urban Area
--,--;----......--,----r-"'~-
....
CLl"ATI(~
,--',
99
FACTORS INFLUENCED ON TIANSPORTATION AND MOVI!MeN"T.
STREET
ft".
49QI _":.
S~T{ON
1
100
4.
BUILDING FABRIC:
a)
b)
Roof
c)
Floor
d)
Foundation
METHODS
a) Continuous efficient
(2) Rainfall
ELEMENT
MATERIAL USED
Same
Same
PLACEMENT
2) Door
Same
Adjusted to trap
air to best advantage and not excess
(See Fig.5.10,5.11)
1-'
1-'
102
6.:\0'
..... \ /
.... 0-
','
1.
i.
PlErtCIi'D
~"-'~~~....._
HORl'ZONTAL
CANOPIES
SClu~eNINQ
2.
,.
BALCONV
ROOF OV-R.MANS
3.
V.RTICItL
sc.RIiEN
7.
ROOF oVEItAANG
4
EXTEItNAL
8L.INI)S.
8.
coMBINED V.RTIcAL. ANI> +fO~rz.ON"TAL.
- seREENI Mlli
.- - ---,.... ---r
..
~--"!".
__ .
~--_.
103
1.11.
METHOJ)S
-to
l.OUVRES
INSUL.ATION SHEET
OUTER. WALl.
SCREEN
1.
I"SIDE
2..
CEMENT BLOCK
OR
SONE PATTEINON
THE OUTI:R 1 PlltOVIDE
SHADE TO COOL. Tue
WALl
HOl.LOW SR le l(
3.
4.
....$/."
104
.s~~.
ROOM.
2.)
J~
~;~
---,
.'-
""R-
MOVEMENT CONDITIONS.
SOUR.CE
')
105
6.18.
CROSS veNTILATION.
SIDE.
~~;?'I.::~'
....
'"
'.,
- .............. ~-
...
'~
-me SH1'EST
---_...--..._._" ..
ROU~
::~-.. ~
':S~
mE'
SMAU.e~
OUTL.ET.
SOURce:
Tl)
A O'FFe'U~NT aOUTa-.
6EOll6e ~IP"ME"R, T20PENI.tU 1 8UILJ).NG IH 'tHS' "TItOPICS ) 'Q'1 ,PP 1"7- ,qCf.
4(b) ROOF
CLIMATIC FACTORS
METRODS
MATERIAT.S
ELEMENTS
PLACEMENT
USED
1) Overhang:
Types: a)High pitch
b)
1) Asbestos,
R.C. slab
Flat roof
2) Screen
Same
1)
3) Double Roof
Same
Fig. 5.14,5.15)
(2) Rainfall
Same
Same
1) Overhang-provides best
drainage,away from bui1ding(See Fig.5.14)
2) Screen-where best suited
3) Double roof-on top of
building (See Fig.5.14)
Act as a breeze to
diffuse heat
Same
Same
1-'
Cl'\
..J
107
5.M,
1 ;
III
.::::
1
1 1 ...
__ ,_
AS8E9~~~~
ROOF.
R.C.6LAB.
, .1
108
ay AUt
!.,m. MaTMoD
OF SUN:,r. PftQTI!CTIO"-'
- AND V&NT.&.ATION .OF Itooitts.
1.
DOU8LE ROOF
SLA8elN9
3.
4.
5.
SOUIlCES
4'-
J!t...--.f~y_~_~ .. ~Ii_"!,
._~~g~~
TROPICAL A~HIT!:CTUIiE , Po
54,
L'fPSMEI.~A, TItOPENSJAU, BUIW>INQ 'N 1'ME -rltOPICS,
l)AVI~ __ OAI(J-_~~)
'T~oprCAL
HOOSES ,
P ""
Po
r,S' - '" .
109
J ~
~-;;-::::"
1 ~
~--r-:-----'------
~~'-T====-:-:::::::':::l:=-":::~-
4.
c;,ves
--'
-me:
$OURC.E:
WW. CANDILI., 43.E. ClUiS, ANI) E.C. SMITH: '90ME COrfSIDIIA-'r'ONS _.I~_"TME -"t~TU~L~'~..!~N_f?~..I.~ll..O'H8.
TEXAS e:NCINEERlN8 ~XPERIMENT STATION. '4", ftfDllT 22-23.
4(c) FLOOR
CLlMATIC FACTOR
ME THO DS
ELEMENTS
MATERIAL USED
a) Keeping it dry
1) raised on columns
reinforced :con-
must be raised
crete timber
PLACEMENT
perature comfortable
2) crawl space
an opening in wall
between ground
level and first
floor, air can circulate through
crawl space
(2)
Rainfall
Same
Circulate air to keep
it dry from too much
Same
Same
Same
Same
Same
Same
humidity
t--'
t--'
~J
4(d) FOUNDATION
CLIMATIC FACTORS
METHODS
MATERIAL USED
ELEMENT
b) To protect against
humidity causing rus-
Bricks, Stone ,
used,bricks,stone,R.C., R.C. sand
sand
In Rural Area:No pile
used,otherwise same.
Iron
Iron
PLACEMENT
Pile(in Urban
Area) placed below R.C. footing
on bottom. Brick
and Stone,Sand or
Gravel is used to
fill up foundation
(Refer to technical
factor
Placed inside concrete
ting
c) To prevent fungus,
mold or pests.(See Fig.
Chemical treatments
Bituminous
Substance
5.17)
(2) Rainfall
Same
Same
rusting
Directly in foundation
Same
(3) Wind
None
Basement
is im-
None
None
practical
1-'
1-'
1-'
112
"""-"110.
TEftMlTe SHIEIJ)
ON l>.P.C.
MI".
2..
g,~-
a.
METAL
S"~IP
~OJecnN6
SUIEU> WliH
EPeES ,Nr
WAL.L.
1eIi~IWENIICAL.
~------..o..;~
INSUI.ATION
9.
4.
Slot'EU>
....-r
DOWNWARt>5
AT AN AtoI8L.e OF 4S ~
souRce:
CA.L.E
,,,,ct
L.,,.PSMf:IR.
113
&.'8
PLAN.
&lECTION
7.
114
PART 6.
1.
II.
III
TECHNICAL FACTORS:
STYLES OF BUILDINGS
Traditional
(b)
Contemporary
Bamboo is Component
Structure
(b)
Hardwood is Component
Structure
(c)
Ornamentation of Structure
DETAILS OF CONTEMPORARY
BUILDING FABRIC:
IV.
(a)
ELEMENTS
(a)
(b)
Roof
(c)
Floor
(d)
Foundation
(e)
Finishes
Gene:-a l i ty
(b)
Visual Effect
115
116
6.1
Mouaes
TliiMPLE
4) TRADITIONAL.
PAVILLIOfl.
HOUS.
~
lr
FACTO~Y
1 C::ONTEMpORAItY.
117
II
(b)
(c)
Ornamentation of Structure
118
"TMATCM
(PALM J alce , TCAK-
Le.AVes)
o.)
FAit.,. '$
AREA }.
119
IJOAItf) (p'olt D~eOItATION)
T,U;; J AseESTt>S.
ftLlA.LI '"
-".
C~y
STIlUT
:z:::p
CUTDOOR.
WOOO FLOO~
b)
il
ve.TlCAL.
WIrLL..
120
c)
ORN~MENTATION
1. SOLID
OF
STRUCTURE
CONSTRUCTION
TYPe:
PRAN6
6 .....
121
2.
\-
TRAD.T.ONAl DECORATION
NORTME~tL~TVL&.
1.
~OOF "
2..
SUPPoRTeR.
me
8.
122
's
11.
12.
123
~.
'."'., STRUCTURES
AS ORNAMENT.
. STAUT.
C:OLUMN
PoLE. lin:' ..
JOINT
ACCENTUATION
~. JIIIU1Hl
\~ ~ ...
.:
""''''''
1
L
,.
~>;~;~~~.~
......
TI
(i
".;"
..
.....
",
'-->1
124
III
(a)
1)
Light Materials
2)
Solid Materials
3)
Eening
1)
Dwelling Building
2)
General Building
1
1
1
125
1
1
ti,.'9 .WALL.. .
'?') _+-_O_V_Ii_Il_W_E_AD
OPENIN6 _ _
..
3.00
OPIiNING
Jb'
3.So
~O-I.OOM.
P',-ooli
'v
WALL HEI6HT
2-00- 2.10 M.
.ev
6L.4SS -
1
1
OVE2.~ OI'ENlNS
BUILT
l..OUVIt.ES.
1
'v
1.
L'tOUT
MATE2IALS.
1
1
1
INNI!A WAL.L.
OUT&R WAL.L.
(. ...s8CSTOS >
_~
1
1
CLAOI>INCa
DOUBLE WALL.
L.OUI/ReS
Of {NNER. AND
2.
oc.rrel2-
ll.eClU(~f)
w~u..s
IIIISULf47Tt:>N
Ff:7~
SOLIO MATeRIALS.
1
1
1
1
1
1
..
!oc:.!of.
t
1
1
1
...
.,
~,
CEMENT aLOaC.
NDLLOW
ac.oclC.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.,
\ 126
'.8. WAL-L.
SUftFACING
,'.~.
',/:-: ...
,:/-:...,
~.
2.. F.NISHIN6
,,"N Ce>UU6ATEO
S'~eET.
MAT&E.IAL.90.
#iWtti1"*~'il"w
SToN.E eUT ..
G~VeL
S,",OWING 9~lt..1(
LAVER LINE!'.
FINIS~INC;
WI"J1.(
CLAV, CEItAMICS J
MosAIC , eTC.
MACi2.IALS
2E~UIRE
~1C;#
ON
Bit/Cf( WAl.L.S
127
'.9:.. -mE
APpeA~~NCeS
OF WALL SURFACINQ.
1.
1.
DitAWIN6 LINE oN
FINISWED &RICK WALL
2.. DRAWI,.,6 LI NE ON
ROUSH CO NCAoETE.
STRUCTLJIlE.
4. CAR..VI/II& SOA{t1> oN
BEAM CON"'rRASTE 1)
WITt-l LAY'E:2.D ~ICK
WALL.
3.
5. CJl2.VI NG IOAIlO ON
IEAM AND PAlAPST
WAu.. WI1l1 c;~AV&L. Oft.
~.
SAND$TONE StlRFACING.
s.
:.
---
-~
...... " .
te . ,
' "LA';~
~:
7,
R. C. SUN-SAADE')
.-; jf .....
:. ",'
,
-,
1
' . '
- -IIi " ". i;.'.-:. l' - . t
. 128
1.
D\CLLIN~
8UILDING
._--
'---
r-
_--~
----
..
-_ .....-.
"
DIRECTION.
-.-
-,. -, ..
- --
0 Cl 0
D ID
D0 0 0 0
Cl
tJ
DODO
T
IOCM.
IOC.~.
r-+
r-+
..,Ne
c~u
,-_-._-.
r' -----.
1
JI
,1
Il
J
~II
~
~.OO
~
2.10
"
': 1
L
A.
.8.
129
III
Roof
1)
Timber
2)
3)
Steel:
4)
Reinforced Concrete
4.1 Simple Skeleton
4.2 Plates
4.3 Fold Plates
4.4 Thin Shell
130
'.11. ROOFING
TECHNIQUES.
EVOLUTION
OF
ROOP ANS LE
> ~/..
8E:FOItE
1.
~ ~2
AT PRESENT
T'M8ER.
As_nos
ROOI=
. o.,
~l
"
SUN..L rUUN
PROTECTION
R~FS UNDER.
10 PI'1't:+t
ArE
DOMEST1C BUU_DINS.)
131
2.
TIMeER
ec.
ItE'NFO~CED
CONCRETE.
LI
il
Il
..J
ORAINA6& PIPE
U.!.J
A.
PAiAPET WALL ,
s.
p'. c.
ALL.UMIIfUtr1 9~11..L...
TH~SE VPES AR BENEMI-I-Y useD.4' ANI) AT' PIt~SENT '''l'ltE STEEL.. T~USS )
15 GRADUALLV rtePLACl> IJY WOOOEN TRUSS.. 8ECAUSE: OF 'TS LONG ~NI)lJIl.INe.
132
3.
SoT E EL-.
B
LONS SPAN , OvEft
MEDIUM .st'AN,
ur.oo
M.
g.OO-Ui'.OO N.
A.
A. OOtiSLE
~VE~eD
IN L.AItBe'
8.
~OOF
lb FACIL.ITAT
BUIf..DIN6
WIDI! OVE~'-MNC;
RADIATION AND
ARE
SSENTIAL TD EXCLLJDe -
133
3. a.
T~USS
WITH
R.C. SLAB.
"
"
RAIN
'~
'~
"
DOWH sPOUT
_ nus 'i'Vte
~ORE
Aae N.OVl~
DEPENDe., ON 1"; I-IEIS"T AND '1I+E tu!CflVIIl.EMSNT OF SUI Lbl NC:; ) SO '11-fAT "11-+ey
CAN AC"'EVE VERV QCX)I)' RESU'-T IN CL.IMATI!' FAC'TOII:.
-ne Pa01CC1l0N MATER.IAL S140ULD &E UXJVRES ~o~ Auow.Ne AIR FLOW
'1MltOU6H 'T SIJC.6.\ A~ ALL.UM'NUM 1 WCOOEN tJll.' ASBES'J't)S LOUVS DEPEI'I!> ON
Cl~lftE~NT Of:' SU~~NDINC;: , AND FINANCIAL. 1=".4e,",fU"N Oa.8AN Al.A ALWMINUa.t lOUV~S ""R. AfPRO~IATE' "'A~IAL, PAR..T/CULARLV FO~ ~.R.e ~
.001) SlJA.UiV, L..16"T WEleHT AND LONG ENl>UI2.JNe}.
'
THE ,'NCUNAT'ON OF PRO'TECTION MATER./AL IS CONSIDE',1tA8LY spaD FOR ,AIR
Tt.A~PEO IHTO ,""I! 8U1LPING. 'J1.IE' ReASON FOR. LAVI!!RE!> IHWAIi.I) INSTE'AI> OF
OU"fWARb AtOM 1WE CANnU~~ED tOOF BECAuse IT OEC2.EASES.."..1i s-reO"'6
WINO ''l''Wll.otJeH ~E BU".J),~ BV 8IitEAK'N,6
FORCE OF WINr> ,ANI> IT CJ.N
AVOlD '1lte t'EAT
5UNL.'SHT ON rrs SU~FACE. AI'ID APART FROM "n4ES'e TTPROVlDIi$ SIM'Le CON~UCTION , AM) "n-Ie2eIS THE: LESS CHANCE CF ~AJN FALUNS IN'Tt) 'A-tE BUIl.DING BV STR.ONS WIND.
ev
mE'
134
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135
3.1
S PAC E
FRAMES.
8.
A.
PCTAHQUL.AR. $fACE "AMe. IS 1Mt! MOST ~OPUL.AR TYPE IN- CONSTRUCTION AT PfU!SENT" IT Or::FERS AN IiCONOMIC SOLUTION
TO ROOFIN6 OP: L.Altee: RE'CTAN&ULAR A~ IN WUICH IT IS ALoSO
SUITED To "'J1.fE SAQIC SHAPe useo TO CREATEO NEN.
C.
OIAtiONAL ~RAME
COMBI Ne:.
A~ItAtl"MENT
1 USEI)
IN Itfooeft N SCI-400L BUlI..DING AND SoMS S)(HI8ITION 8U1L.DJN~S.
DOw~
9POUT
.", ft.C. COLUMN.
136
ReiN FORce D
CONCRETE
1 1 UT,ua ., .
LOPE 1 1
-"~.
iiiiiii""
4.1.
SIMPLE SKIiL.eTON.
FeOM 1llES'E=
8~SIC.
SECTION.
,
PltOTECTION
MATERIAL.
9TR.Uc.."1'U~EJ
137
4.2..
PLATES,
RI_El> PLATe
THES&: "TVPES
o4.9.
WAFFL.E PLATE
<NEW
FOLDED - PLATE
( ~, :A1a-TI!R.... NAL,
BANK
oww
S~Vlce
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5TATION. ) .
CROSS SECTIONS.
< &X.HI.ITIOr-i
8\lUoOlwa
ItS9TVAlr.ANT' , AI~
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>
SOUKCE
(90JUN6 STAO'UM
>
'--j
138
III
(c)
F100r
1)
Timber
2)
Reinforced Concrete
139
f. TIMaER.
6.n.FLOOFt.IN& TECHNIQUES;
olt
STEEL AN6L.e
TH~ CAIIITILIVEREO
PUll POSE
"i
!f
Il
,'Ix. 4 )
1(."
"
Il
THf! cANT'LlVS'RED 8liAM AtE useo AS SALCONV AND 9UN 'IoMDEPANeL- , AND VEr STILL. E:X~D TC) ACCeNTUA"TE' MAI'" STRUCTU4.E
AND TltlM IT INTO O~HAMeNT. IT MAV C.ONVlrY A FEE'-IN8 WlmlAi
~E
J)WEWNe
OF L.E:SS
~IlDNESS
OR STAlKNC$S.
140
~ .,.
CAR. PENT1t.'i
JOINTS.
8UTT JOlt4T.
ANGLe JOINT.
rt1
~
9CAIt",J> 'JOINT.
1200F ~uss
~OlNT.
- ~"D seAREIt.
141
2.
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Wt1UL,f> AA'nfat I>ISTlftlQU'eH SPACES &arTWaEN 'NDOOl. Allr> OUTOOQt.
frLOATlN6 sua ON 6~OUi'lO FL..OOIt " US'eD IN "1HE: eaouND e20C'ONAIlIiA , A.,r; ON ~~E CONDITION 01:, AC"U~VINQ AIR .. MOVEMEHT "'ND PftEVlfNTIN& DAMPNESS.C)N eIlOUN1> L.VEL.
- FIN.SHE!> oFLOOA.9
142
III
(d)
Foundation
143
,.14. FOUNOATION.
S1'E1iL. PiPe
WI"AoI CONe.'
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100
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IN
J)1~eR.ENT
144
FINISHES
Type of paint
Description
Traditional
Contemporary
wall,fence,ceiling
decorated roof
wall,fence, and
ceiling
Emulsion
wall,fence,decorated wall,ceiling
roof
(3)
Bitumen
fence, furniture
metal structure,
ego beam,column
and furniture
(4)
Oil base
fence,furniture
fence,furniture,
wall metal structure, ceiling
(5)
Vanish
furniture
a11 internaI
priees
( 3) minimum amount of
ski11 required
furniture, and
exterior.
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147
PART 7.
BUILDING MATERIALS
BASIC BUILDING MATERIALS:
- Raw
- Native
- Imports
1.
LOCATION OF MATERIALS
II
APPEARANCE OF MATERIALS:
VI
a)
b)
148
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of contemporary buildings.
Local Materials:
They are
Import Materials:
157
CONCLUSION
IMAGE OF REALISTIC MODERN THAl ARCHITECTURE
properly
158
1agers' be1ief; sorne vi11agers seem to accept most of what they are
introduced, whi1e others reject any changes.
If modern Thai architecture is to achieve its ro1e as an effective
e1ement throughout the country, it must provide better living for significant numbers of population, inc1uding those living on farms.
process shou1d begin at the ear1iest possible time.
This
159
BIBLIOGRAPHY
THEORY
QIi
De~ign
in Architecture;
GROPIUS, WALTER
A Pollo in Democracy:
Architect.
MAYER, ALBERT
The Urgent Future:
160
Prentic-Hi11, Inc.,
ZEVI, BRUNO
Architecture as Space;
Conference on
London,
161
FULLERTON, R.L.
Building Construction in the Warm Climates:
London, Ibadan, Oxford I.P. 1967,Vol.l, 1968, Vol. 2.
GIVONI, B.
Man, Climate and Architecture:
Elsevier, 1969.
LIPPSMEIR, GEORG
Tropenbau: Building in the Tropics, Munchen Callivey,1969.
MAYER, ALBERT
Architectural Design for Hot Climates, B.R.A.B.
Conference Report No. 5.
OAKLEY, MVID
Tropical Houses:
Princeton University
Bioc1imatic Approach to
Princeton, N. J. ,Princeton
CULLEN, GORDON
Townscape: London, Architectural Press, 1961.
162
Kodansha Interna-
A Study of Economie
163
CHAKRABANDHU, PERADEJ.
Point Block Development Maharaj Road Bangkok,
Thailand, McGill University Thesis, 1964.
GOTTLIB, LOIS DAVIDSON
Environment and Design in Housing:
New York,McMillan.
164