Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EPS 421
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Lecture 10: Classification of sandstones,
Provenance and Tectonic Setting
Classification of Sandstones
Most sandstone classifications are based on the composition of the rock.
Matrix
Fine-grained (<0.03mm) Material That Are Associated With The
Sand Grains. Silt And Clay Size Detrital Material
Cement
Material Precipitated Post-depositionally, During Burial. Cements
Fill Pores And Replace Framework Grains
Pores
Voids Among The Above Components
EPS 321 Lecture 10
1.
2.
3.
4.
Framework
Matrix
Cement
Pores
Engineering
matrix
PORE
FRAMEWORK
CEMENT
(QUARTZ)
MATRIX
FRAMEWORK
(FELDSPAR)
0.25 mm
EPS 321 Lecture 10
CLASSIFICATION OF SANDSTONES
Arenites Group
Arkosic arenite refers to an arenite with more than 25% feldspar, which
exceeds the rock fragments content, The arkosic arenites can be divided
into arkoses and lithic arkoses.
Litharenite is applied where the rock fragments content exceeds 25% and is
greater than feldspar.
Specific names which have been applied to litharenite are phyllarenite where
the rock fragments are chiefly of shale or slate, and calclithite where the rock
fragments are of limestone.
Two rock-types are transitional with quartz arenite are subarkose and
sublitharenite.
Wackes Group
Hybrid sandstones
1. QUARTZ ARENITES
ARKOSES-1
Arkoses contain more than 25% feldspar, much quartz and some rock
fragments. Detrital micas are also present and some fine-grained matrix.
Arkoses are typically red or pink, through the feldspar's color, but also
through the presence of finely disseminated hematite, since many arkoses
occur in red-bed sequences.
ARKOSES-2
3. LITHARENITES
4. GREYWACKES
As indicated by the name, greywackes are dark grey or black rocks, often
resembling dolerite
Of the sand fraction, quartz dominates over rock fragments and feldspar. Many
different rock fragments are usually present. Feldspar grains are chiefly sodic
plagioclase and these are usually fresh in appearance.
The origin of the matrix has been referred to as the 'greywacke problem'. There
are two possibilities: fine grained sediment deposited along with the sand
fraction (primary origin), and diagenetic alteration of unstable rock fragments
(diagenetic origin).
Provenance of a sediment
Provenance: where something originated.
The Provenance of a sediment is determined by aspects of
composition that reflect the source rock and tectonic and
climatic characteristics of the source area for the sediment.
i) Tectonic setting
The source rock of a sediment and the tectonic setting are
closely linked: the tectonic setting determines the relative
abundance of different types of rock that is available for
weathering and the production of clastic sediment.
e.g., An arkosic sandstone (rich in feldspars) would have a
source area that is rich in granites.
EPS 321 Lecture 10
ii) Climate
Climate exerts a strong control on the type of weathering that
takes place in the source area of a sediment; this, in turn,
influences composition.
Cold, arid climate: predominantly physical weathering,
producing abundant detrital grains (unaltered mineral grains
and rock fragments).
Sandstones produced in such settings will be relatively
immature, depending on the source rocks.
The majority of the quartz grains are second cycle, derived from pre-existing
sediments. Quartz arenites of this type, often deposited on shallow-marine
shelves, with little tectonic movement and the basin subsides very slowly.
Arkoses are derived from granites and gneisses and vary from
in-situ weathering products, to stratified and cross-bedded
arkoses where there has been substantial sediment transport.
Granite
Arkose, poorly
sorted, poorly
rounded
Granite
Quartz ss,
angular, muddy,
poorly sorted
Granite
Arkose, well
sorted, well
rounded
Granite
Litharenite,
poorly sorted, no
mud, angular
Basalt,
Gabbro,
Gneiss,
other mafic
rock
EPS 321 Lecture 10
Tectonic
Activity
Energy Levels
Time
Granite
Humid
Arkose, poorly
sorted, poorly
rounded
Quartz ss, angular,
muddy, poorly
sorted
Arkose, well sorted,
well rounded
Granite
Arid
Litharenite, poorly
sorted, no mud,
angular
Basalt,
Gabbro,
Gneiss,
Granite
Humid
Granite
Arid
Arid or
Temperate
Tectonic
Activity
Energy Levels
Time
Source area
lithology
Granite
Arkose, poorly
sorted, poorly
rounded
Quartz ss,
angular, muddy,
poorly sorted
Arkose, well
sorted, well
rounded
Litharenite, poorly
sorted, no mud,
angular
Granite
Granite
Paleoclimate
Tectonic
Activity
Humid
Passive
Arid
Active
Humid
Passive
Arid
Active
Granite
Basalt,
Gneiss,
other mafic
rock
Arid or
Temperate
Active
Energy Levels
Time
Source area
lithology
Granite
Arkose, poorly
sorted, poorly
rounded
Quartz ss,
angular, muddy,
poorly sorted
Arkose, well
sorted, well
rounded
Litharenite, poorly
sorted, no mud,
angular
Granite
Granite
Paleoclimate
Tectonic
Activity
Energy Levels
Humid
Passive
High and
consistent
Arid
Active
Inconsistent
Humid
Passive
Inconsistent
Arid
Active
High and
consistent
Active
Inconsistent
Granite
Basalt,
Gneiss,
other mafic
rock
Arid or
Temperate
Time
Source area
lithology
Tectonic
Activity
Paleoclimate
Energy Levels
Time
Humid
Humid
Passive
High and
consistent
Long
Arkose, poorly
sorted, poorly
rounded
Quartz ss, angular,
muddy, poorly
sorted
Arkose, well sorted,
well rounded
Granite
Arid
Arid
Active
Inconsistent
Short
Granite
Humid
Humid
Passive
Inconsistent
Short
Granite
Arid
Arid
Active
High and
consistent
Long
Litharenite, poorly
sorted, no mud,
angular
Arid or
Basalt,
Arid or
Temperate
Gneiss, other Temperate
mafic rock
Active
Inconsistent
Short