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Wind energy

• Energy from wind power is becoming an increasingly significant source of energy


• (considering that the price of oil is getting dearer)
1. this specially so for oil deficient developing nations like India which meet their
energy needs by importing oil.
2. providing fact and figures analyze the opportunities and challenges that wind
energy companies face in setting up wind farms in India.
▪ Also do u think wind energy is viable if the government decide to stop extending
subsidies?
interoduction
The inevitable consequence of fossil fuels is that they are finite and will run out
eventually. At the moment resources like oil and gas are at premium rates. Whether this
is being driven by market forces or these resources are genuinely becoming scarce is
debatable. What isn't debatable is that governments and the general population are
beginning to feel the pinch of these prices and are looking for alternatives. Solar power
and wind energy have been popular ways to create energy for many centuries but have
been largely ignored by governments and utilities companies because they were reliant on
the elements which, in a word, were unreliable. However for individual properties in the
right environments they are useful. They have the added advantage that they are
renewable and do not give off greenhouse gases that harm the environment. This article
will look at some of the issues around solar power and wind energy.
Solar and wind power are quite straightforward in how they work. Solar power derives its
energy from the sun, either passively through direct heating or actively through
photovoltaic cells that convert photons to electricity.
Wind energy is derived from the air that is converted to mechanical energy, in the shape
of a turbine, that can then be used directly or to create electricity.
Advantages of Solar and Wind Power
There are quite a few advantages to solar and wind power. The energy is free after
installation and the equipment requires minimal maintenance. Both methods are
pollution-free with no greenhouse gases emitted.
In terms of solar power, little maintenance is needed for the solar panels. A wind turbine
does not interfere with the land around it so this can be used for animals to graze or
planting of crops. In other words, the land is not totally wasted with the wind power
turbines.
Disadvantages of Solar Power and Wind Energy
Both of these forms of energy creation are reliant on the elements, however further
research, especially in solar technology, is making these systems more efficient. Japan
and Germany lead the way in solar research and these countries are not noted for long
periods of sunshine throughout the year.
Wind power can be quite noisy because of the spinning of the turbine blades. Depending
on how big the turbine is, some people may think that the structure is unsightly and ruins
the landscape.
With both solar and wind power, a lot of turbines and reflectors are needed to make a
significant energy impact for an area. And with solar power, the cells that capture the
energy produce DC power which must then be converted to AC power.
With solar power, solar heat and electricity cannot be produced at night or when there is
no direct sunlight, so complementary power sources must be used as a contingency.
Many people that live off the grid utilize solar power, wind energy and a generator as
their energy sources. The generator is the ultimate back up but the solar and wind power
can be combined to produce all the households needs provided the house is insulated
adequately.
Solar power and wind energy are the way to go in remote areas like farms or countries
with under developed utility infrastructures. However it may not be too far away in the
towns and cities. This is especially the case of solar panels, that are fairly unobtrusive and
have many incentives and rebates to use them
Wind energy certainly is viable in many parts of the world without subsidy. We came
dangerously close to finding out exactly how viable it would be this year in the U.S.,
when an extension of the Production Tax Credit (PTC) was extended into 2009 at the last
minute as one of the "sweeteners" that got the $700 billion Wall St bailout passed.
http://www.nicholas.duke.edu/nicholas/in...

The current subsidy for wind energy in the U.S. is PTC, which is a tax credit currently
equal to 2 cents per kWh. The price for electricity varies significantly by region, so some
regions are more closely tied to the PTC than others to make the economics of a wind
project work out. For example, the price for electricity is only about 4.5 cents per kWh in
the Midwest (e.g. Oklahoma, Kansas, North Dakota), so that extra 2 cent per kWh makes
a huge difference. In other parts of the country (California, Hawaii, New England), the
price of electricity is over 10 cents per kWh, so the 2 cent tax credit is relatively less
valuable there.

The bottom line is that there are several places under development now in the U.S. that
are good enough to justify being built without the 2 cents per kWh tax credit - these
select locations are very windy, close to a transmission line, and/or in areas with high
electricity prices. Without the subsidy, the growth of wind energy in the United States
(same goes for the rest of the world, to my knowledge) would be severely affected.
Thousands of people would be laid off, a significant portion of projects would be
canceled, and we'd all go back to burning lots of cheap and dirty coal, nuclear, hydro, and
finally natural gas to fill off the balance of our energy needs.

Regarding your question about oil imports in countries like India, I think you might be
slightly misguided. Wind energy does not provide fuel for transportation, just electricity.
Until we have a way to develop the hydrogen economy
(http://auto.howstuffworks.com/hydrogen-e... convert electricity to hydrogen fuel,
distribute it through a nationwide infrastructure we don't have, and put it in cars that are
currently cost-prohibitive), we will remain addicted to oil. The alternative to oil (for now)
is ethanol. Especially in places like Brazil, which have plenty of land and a great climate
for growing sugar cane ethanol rather than the subsidized corn ethanol we produce here
in the U.S.

Wind energy is the cheapest form of renewable energy currently available, and it will get
cheaper in the coming years as the credit crisis corrects what has been a massive seller's
market for wind turbines in the last few years. Competition in wind turbine
manufacturing is up, and the cost of steel (the 80 m towers) and cement (the massive
foundations) is down. These factors will lead to wind energy becoming cheaper in the
next few years. Wind energy can be cost-competitive with natural gas, offsetting our need
for this finite resource and (hopefully) lowering prices for consumers. That's the long-
term benefit of the subsidy - get the industry built up now so we will be well set for a
future of increasingly scarce oil and natural gas, which will be imported from unstable
regions of the world.
'Wind energy is the fastest growing energy source'

Shakti S. Singh

—Dr. Sunil Motiwal, Former Director General, Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers'
Association and President, Matrix Consulting Group

What are the prospects for non-conventional energy source?


Renewable energy sources offer viable options to address energy security concerns in a
country. Today, India has one of the highest potentials for the effective use of renewable.
There is significant potential for generation of power from renewable energy sources,
such as wind, small hydro, biomass and solar energy. Therefore a special emphasis has
been laid on the generation of grid quality power from renewable sources of energy.
Currently, we see the focus on non-conventional energy missing in India. We are
exporting solar and wind power equipment worth Rs 1,200 crore.
Why haven't alternative sources of energy taken off in a big way?
The general public has to proactively adopted products and services based on non-
conventional energy sources. This has not yet happened in India. The ministry of new and
renewable energy has taken efforts to popularise these sources of energy and will do
more through audiovisual, print and other mediums. In addition, there is need to educate
schools and colleges about the use of alternative energy.
What is the scenario in wind power generation in India and abroad?
Worldwide five nations, Germany, USA, Denmark, Spain and India, account for 80 per
cent of the world's installed wind energy capacity. Wind energy continues to be the
fastest growing renewable energy source with worldwide wind power installed capacity
reaching 14,000 mw.
With a number of international players having set up manufacturing facilities here, the
country is rapidly emerging as a manufacturing and knowledge hub for wind power
development.
Explain the potential of wind energy in India.
India has the potential to produce as much as 45,000 mw. The whole world is focusing on
non-conventional energy but we see this is missing in India. It is the only source where
the power cost freezes in the beginning and does not increase. The government will have
to give top priority to this sector.
Growth in conventional power generation has been limited due to fuel transportation
problems, new environmental regulations and long gestation period. As against this, wind
electric power generation can be put on line in as low as six months. Also, wind power is
green energy with free fuel and it comes with a lot of financial incentives. Wind power
generation is emerging as an attractive business activity in the country.
What are the focus issues and non-issues for wind power generation?
There are many issues that directly affect the progress on planning wind farms in India.
One of them is availability of land. India being an agricultural oriented country, most of
the land is in private hands which is not freely available. On the other hand, the
government land is mostly in the form of reserve forests and is again unavailable.
Whatever small quantity of land was available, has been booked by big WEG
manufacturers and is available on premium along with their machines.
Other major issues are size of WEG, plant load factor, generation guarantee, O&M cost
over the lifecycle of machines, grid availability, financial incentives, disposal of wind
farm, etc.
The factors that are non-issue in today's scenario of wind power generation in India,
surprisingly are: individual machine capacity, equipment specification and technology:
tower type, its height or its foundation, availability, efficiency or loading of wind
generators, location/distance from utility centre; micro-sitting or wind farm design.

Wind is simple air in motion. It is caused by the uneven heating of the earth’s surface by
the sun. Since the earth’s surface is made of very different types of land and water, it
absorbs the sun’s heat at different rates.
During the day, the air above the land heats up more quickly than the air over water. The
warm air over the land expands and rises, and the heavier, cooler air rushes in to take its
place, creating winds. At night, the winds are reversed because the air cools more rapidly
over land than over water.
In the same way, the large atmospheric winds that circle the earth are created because the
land near the earth's equator is heated more by the sun than the land near the North and
South Poles.
Today, wind energy is mainly used to generate electricity. Wind is called a renewable
energy source because the wind will blow as long as the sun shines.

The History of Wind

Since ancient times, people have harnessed the winds energy. Over 5,000 years ago, the
ancient Egyptians used wind to sail ships on the Nile River. Later, people built windmills
to grind wheat and other grains. The earliest known windmills were in Persia (Iran).
These early windmills looked like large paddle wheels. Centuries later, the people of
Holland improved the basic design of the windmill. They gave it propeller-type blades,
still made with sails. Holland is famous for its windmills.
American colonists used windmills to grind wheat and corn, to pump water, and to cut
wood at sawmills. As late as the 1920s, Americans used small windmills to generate
electricity in rural areas without electric service. When power lines began to transport
electricity to rural areas in the 1930s, local windmills were used less and less, though
they can still be seen on some Western ranches.
The oil shortages of the 1970s changed the energy picture for the country and the world.
It created an interest in alternative energy sources, paving the way for the re-entry of the
windmill to generate electricity. In the early 1980s wind energy really took off in
California, partly because of state policies that encouraged renewable energy sources.
Support for wind development has since spread to other states, but California still
produces more than twice as much wind energy as any other state.
The first offshore wind park in the United States is planned for an area off the coast of
Cape Cod, Massachusetts (read an article about the Cape Cod Wind Project).

HOW WIND MACHINES WORK

Like old fashioned windmills, today’s wind machines use blades to collect the wind’s
kinetic energy. Windmills work because they slow down the speed of the wind. The wind
flows over the airfoil shaped blades causing lift, like the effect on airplane wings, causing
them to turn. The blades are connected to a drive shaft that turns an electric generator to
produce electricity.
With the new wind machines, there is still the problem of what to do when the wind isn’t
blowing. At those times, other types of power plants must be used to make electricity.

TYPES OF WIND MACHINES

There are two types of wind machines (turbines) used today based on the direction of the
rotating shaft (axis): horizontal–axis wind machines and vertical-axis wind machines.
The size of wind machines varies widely. Small turbines used to power a single home or
business may have a capacity of less than 100 kilowatts. Some large commercial sized
turbines may have a capacity of 5 million watts, or 5 megawatts. Larger turbines are often
grouped together into wind farms that provide power to the electrical grid.
Horizontal-axis
Most wind machines being used today are the horizontal-axis type. Horizontal-axis wind
machines have blades like airplane propellers. A typical horizontal wind machine stands
as tall as a 20-story building and has three blades that span 200 feet across. The largest
wind machines in the world have blades longer than a football field! Wind machines
stand tall and wide to capture more wind.
[pic]
Vertical-axis
Vertical–axis wind machines have blades that go from top to bottom and the most
common type (Darrieus wind turbine) looks like a giant two-bladed egg beaters. The type
of vertical wind machine typically stands 100 feet tall and 50 feet wide. Vertical-axis
wind machines make up only a very small percent of the wind machines used today.
The Wind Amplified Rotor Platform (WARP) is a different kind of wind system that is
designed to be more efficient and use less land than wind machines in use today. The
WARP does not use large blades; instead, it looks like a stack of wheel rims. Each
module has a pair of small, high capacity turbines mounted to both of its concave wind
amplifier module channel surfaces. The concave surfaces channel wind toward the
turbines, amplifying wind speeds by 50 percent or more. Eneco, the company that
designed WARP, plans to market the technology to power offshore oil platforms and
wireless telecommunications systems.

WIND POWER PLANTS


Wind power plants, or wind farms as they are sometimes called, are clusters of wind
machines used to produce electricity. A wind farm usually has dozens of wind machines
scattered over a large area. The world's largest wind farm, the Horse Hollow Wind
Energy Center in Texas, has 421 wind turbines that generate enough electricity to power
220,000 homes per year.
Unlike power plants, many wind plants are not owned by public utility companies.
Instead they are owned and operated by business people who sell the electricity produced
on the wind farm to electric utilities. These private companies are known as Independent
Power Producers.
Operating a wind power plant is not as simple as just building a windmill in a windy
place. Wind plant owners must carefully plan where to locate their machines. One
important thing to consider is how fast and how much the wind blows.
As a rule, wind speed increases with altitude and over open areas with no windbreaks.
Good sites for wind plants are the tops of smooth, rounded hills, open plains or
shorelines, and mountain gaps that produce wind funneling.
Wind speed varies throughout the country. It also varies from season to season. In
Tehachapi, California, the wind blows more from April through October than it does in
the winter. This is because of the extreme heating of the Mojave Desert during the
summer months. The hot air over the desert rises, and the cooler, denser air above the
Pacific Ocean rushes through the Tehachapi mountain pass to take its place. In a state like
Montana, on the other hand, the wind blows more during the winter. Fortunately, these
seasonal variations are a good match for the electricity demands of the regions. In
California, people use more electricity during the summer for air conditioners. In
Montana, people use more electricity during the winter months for heating.

WIND PRODUCTION

In 2006, wind machines in the United States generated a total of 26.6 billion kWh per
year of electricity, enough to serve more than 2.4 million households. This is enough
electricity to power a city larger than Los Angeles, but it is only a small fraction of the
nation's total electricity production, about 0.4 percent. The amount of electricity
generated from wind has been growing fast in recent years. In 2006, electricity generated
from wind was 2 1/2 times more than wind generation in 2002.
New technologies have decreased the cost of producing electricity from wind, and growth
in wind power has been encouraged by tax breaks for renewable energy and green pricing
programs. Many utilities around the country offer green pricing options that allow
customers the choice to pay more for electricity that comes from renewable sources.
Wind machines generate electricity in 28 different states in 2006. The states with the
most wind production are Texas, California, Iowa, Minnesota, and Oklahoma.
Most of the wind power plants in the world are located in Europe and in the United States
where government programs have helped support wind power development. The United
States ranks second in the world in wind power capacity, behind Germany and ahead of
Spain and India. Denmark ranks number six in the world in wind power capacity but
generates 20 percent of its electricity from wind.
WIND AND THE ENVIRONMENT

In the 1970s, oil shortages pushed the development of alternative energy sources. In the
1990s, the push came from a renewed concern for the environment in response to
scientific studies indicating potential changes to the global climate if the use of fossil
fuels continues to increase. Wind energy is an economical power resource in many areas
of the country. Wind is a clean fuel; wind farms produce no air or water pollution
because no fuel is burned. Growing concern about emissions from fossil fuel generation,
increased government support, and higher costs for fossil fuels (especially natural gas and
coal) have helped wind power capacity in the United States grow substantially over the
last 10 years.
The most serious environmental drawbacks to wind machines may be their negative
effect on wild bird populations and the visual impact on the landscape. To some, the
glistening blades of windmills on the horizon are an eyesore; to others, they’re a beautiful
alternative to conventional power plants.

The success of Wind Energy in India


The next section will try to examine the policies and measure that were
implemented, as
well as other reasons that have allowed India to move so quickly in terms of
wind
energy deployment. It will look at the government policies, economic
incentives, some
technical and social factors, and lastly the infrastructural factors, that allowed
wind
energy to take off with such a boom.
5.1 Economic and Financial instruments responsible for the wind
energy boom
The most relevant and powerful fiscal incentives did not come about on their
own. It
was government policy that gave the private sector a really strong motivation
to set up
wind turbines and get into the renewable energy business. These were,
__100% accelerated depreciation on investment on the capital equipment in
the first
year of installation itself
__Five year tax holiday on Income from sale of power generated by wind
energy
__Industry status, entitling to capital subsidy in certain states
__Banking and Wheeling facility
__Buy back of power generation by State Electricity Board at a remunerative
price
and
__Third party sale of power generation in certain states. (8)
The 100% accelerated depreciation rule had the greatest effect in stimulating
industry
interest. What it meant was that if a company’s taxable income (outside the
wind power
project) for the financial year was, for instance, Rs. 10,000, the company
could show
investments on WEG to the tune of Rs. 10,000 and get away by paying no tax
at all. (W)
This meant that some of India’s most prosperous businesses and industries,
looking for
tax breaks queued up in front of the MNES in order to sign installation
contracts. The
huge capital cost of wind-farm installation did not attract smaller
entrepreneurs.
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This was a deliberate move by the Ministry to heavily reward installation and
capital
cost acquisition, a barrier which usually prevents industries such as that of
wind energy
from taking off, and succeed it did.
Also, recognizing the limitations of conventional banks to shoulder large
installation
costs, the MNES created the IREDA (Indian Renewable Energy Development
Agency) in
1987 in order to finance renewable energy technologies. (1). By 1997, IREDA
gave out
loans amounting to RS 676 million (US $16.2 M) which enabled the
development of over
267 MW of wind power projects. This first confident move by the government
spurred
other groups to come forward to sponsor wind projects, such as the Gujarat
Industrial
Development Corporation Limited, the Industrial Development bank of India,
and the
Industrial Credit Investment Corporation of India.
Furthermore, the MNES streamlined the recognition and handling of wind-
power plant
financing by national and state-banks by drawing up “Guidelines for
Clearance of
Wind-Power Projects” in July 1995. It became mandatory for all State
electricity boards
and nodal agencies (which constitute the State bodies implementing wind-
power
development) to comply with conditions such
Declare the schedule of envisaged capacity additions based on the power
evacuation facilities at identifies windy sites every six months, and ensure
grid
compatibility.
Seek Detailed Project Reports (DPR’s) from independent consultants for
(capacities above 1 MW) and verify project capital cost and generation
against
certified wind turbine power curves and wind data at the site before granting
approval for projects. (1)
Outside the contribution of the MNES, bilateral development institutions from
the
Netherlands, Denmark, and loans from global institutions such as the World
Bank
through IREDA contributed to the flow of capital to fuel the development of
wind
energy
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Other financially related aspects that are relevant are
__Power cuts (due to load shedding) during the summer months were a
handicap
for industries, especially in regions such as Tamil Nadu. Incidentally the wind
generation during the summer months was at a peak and this incentivized
both
the TNEB and the local industries.
__The industries that invested heavily in wind energy came from the textiles
and
cement industry, which had earned huge profits and were eager to adopt
wind
energy to earn the 100% depreciation.
5.2 Technical And Social Factors
On the technical side, India has been fortunate in two ways. Firstly, they have
discovered a good number of windy sites (recall that MNES identified 160
potential sites
and 20, 000MW total available). Secondly, though they may not have
previously been
too familiar with wind technology, there are a large number of highly trained
engineers
and technicians who are graduates of institutions such as the IIT’s (Indian
Institute of
Technology). These provide the technical expertise that has allowed
adaptation of
foreign wind turbines for local use and their deployment in different parts of
the
country.
Wind Energy adoption has had almost no social or environmentally charged
backlash,
as far as can be told from the wealth of information on the subject. Unlike the
United
States or Europe, neither the problem of noise nor avian death, have been
significant
obstacles that needed to be overcome. There has been widespread
acceptance of the
technology from the Indian public and environmental groups and this has
undoubtedly
been a factor enabling the rapid proliferation of wind turbine use.
5.3 Infrastructural Factors
A number of infrastructural situations have also spurred wind energy use. For
this
particular instance we shall look at the state of Tamil Nadu and analyze some
of the
characteristics that made it the leader among Indian states in installed
capacity. Among
these are
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__The windy sites were close to towns for accessibility in bringing labor and
providing accommodation for the personnel involved in the projects.
__The sites were well interlinked with highways.
__Grid network by Tamil Nadu Electricity board (TNEB) was well connected
and
mainly passing through the sites.
__Most of the wind turbine manufacturers/suppliers were located in Tamil
Nadu
and so gave investors confidence in the supply of machines and after-sales
service of the machines.
__Chennai port of Tamil Nadu has excellent facilities for import of heavy
machinery of the turbine components and this facilitated inter-state and
international transportation.
5.4 Government Policy
This was perhaps the strongest initiator in promoting wind power adoption
and
investment. The policies adopted allowed all the other factors to flow
together in a way
that made wind energy very attractive to businesses and investors. Apart
from the
ongoing efforts of the MNES, which first of all instilled confidence in the
technical and
commercial viability of wind energy by performing the Demonstration
Program,
monitoring the entire country for windy sites, and putting the tax incentives
in place, a
few other policy initiatives by the State government of Tamil Nadu are also to
be noted.
These are,
__Active promotional steps were taken by TNEB and the Tamil Nadu
Development Agency (TEDA). For example TNED took the first steps in
setting
up wind farms at sites like Muppandal, Kayathar and Kethanur to prove the
viability of wind farms.
__TNEB extended all facilities for private entrepreneurs like consultancy
services,
processing of the application for issuance of No Objection Certificate (NOC),
and
other clearances, extending grid connections to wind farms and executing
new
dedicated sub-stations.
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__TNEB established an effective system for registering the energy generation
by
each turbine and so enabled turbine owners to adjust their energy bill in
accordance, or effect payment to those who sold to TNEB.
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6. The Problems faced by Wind Energy in India
To a large extent, wind energy in India can be said to be as much of a failure
as a
success. There are many more problems that are being encountered with the
implementation of the technology than there have been successes. We shall
now take a
scrutinizing look at some of the reasons for the failures.
6.1 Economic causes
One of the first things that are pointed to for being responsible for the slump
in wind
energy use is the introduction of the Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT). This was
a new tax
of 12.9% in the 1996/1997 budget for companies going for “zero-tax
planning” and also
reduction in the marginal corporate tariff tax to 35% from 46%. Companies
that had
used wind turbine installation as a tax-shelter were affected because MAT
forced
companies that had been going for this zero-tax planning to pay at least
12.9%
corporation tax on their book profits. And so MAT made it slightly less
financially
beneficial to invest in wind.
Another reason for failure has been dire lack of financing institutions to back
the huge
capital cost investment that wind farms require. The wind power plant sector
is still
predominantly debt-based for 60-75% of the project cost. IREDA and the
handful of
other banks were not enough to meet the installation needs and so in many
states, wind
energy did not even take off.
However probably the most damaging factor for the wind industry was the
very thing
that really started the boom, namely the 100% accelerated depreciation. This
rule had a
number of negative impacts. Among these are
__Enabled large-company finance officers to make hasty decisions around the
time
of tax-filings to install wind plants. These hasty decisions often led to bad
siting
of machines and consequent low performance.
__The rule relies on the ability of promoters of the technology to absorb the
tax
benefits - this restricted the number of potential entrepreneurs to companies
with huge profits, such as the textile and cement industries, which were
actually
big investors in the technology. Smaller entrepreneurs were not incentivized.
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__Led to an increase in capital cost of locally made wind turbines, as they
were
“gold-plated”. For example the rise in cost/MW in 96/97 over 92/93 was
27.5%
with the rupee depreciating by 15.45 against the dollar. However the price of
Danish machines for example has been falling and so import of machines is
encouraged even though these may not be the optimal designs for Indian
terrain.
__The worst impact this rule has had is that it placed no reward on the actual
performance of wind turbines. Since this was not a part of the package that
was
rewarded by tax breaks, simply installation of wind turbines, whether they
were
well sited, efficient or not, was the only thing that counted. This led to very
poor
performance of the machines themselves.
6.2 Technical Problems
__Poor design of turbines (either local or foreign) led to rotor blade failures
__Disregard for the earthing regulations and lightning protection led to
damage by
lightning strike and unduly large breakdown of control systems resulting in
expensive repairs and long “off-line” periods.
__Foreign cooperation sometimes led to a mismatch between locally
manufactured
components and imported parts, weakening the reliability of the entire
system.
6.3 Infrastructural Challenges
__Grid problems: Wind turbines draw in a lot of power when starting up and
so
this sometimes caused the grids they were connected to experience voltage
fluctuations – reducing power quality and having an undesirable effect on
customer’s appliances. These fluctuations weaken a grid and have a negative
feedback on the wind turbines themselves. In 1996 grid abnormalities
induced a
20% loss in potential revenue due to ‘direct generation loss’ (inability of wind
plants to operate when the wind is blowing). Half of all these losses are due
to
weak grids in the region.
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__There is a lack of servicing and maintenance expertise to handle wind farm
upkeep.
__Utilities are suffering the burden of having wind farms connected to their
grids.
With the notable exceptions of the usual suspects Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh
and Gujarat, the other states view wind farms more as a nuisance than a
benefit,
due to the low reliability and non-dispatch ability. Government policy has
placed
them in the position where they have to pay higher prices for wind-generated
electricity. This has caused them significant financial hardship and has not
heightened their enthusiasm and support of the technology.
6.4 Government Policy
Government policy also has a few barriers to overcome.
__There are extensive bureaucratic procedures that discourage entrance into
the
sector. The Central government requires 22 clearances for wind power plant
installation.
__There are no qualifying benchmarks for power plant entrepreneurs to meet.
The
only requirement that the MNES has stipulated is a wind speed of at least 5
m/s.
This is not a factory speed for a wind turbine to be economical.
__There is a lack of standardization among wind turbine design and features.
A
large number of foreign and local manufacturers have made for difficulty in
maintenance of wind turbines.
__With the exceptions of a few States, again, there has been a lack of active
support
for wind power development by the State nodal agencies and the State
electricity
boards.
__The biggest policy problem has been the lack of institutional infrastructure
to
support the booming wind industry. It is possible that the sector grew much
faster than expected hence the institutional gap. This gap refers to the
absence of
authorities that are in charge of monitoring wind farms, certifying turbines,
setting standards for designs and locations, research and development,
funding
institutions and so on.
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7. Some Recommendations for India
A number of reports have analyzed the situation, most notably those by B.
Rajsekhar
and A. Jagadeesh, and the following recommendations were arrived at
__Create electricity-production based incentives such that performance and
reliability also receive more attention from the actual wind farm operators.
__Take financial burden off the State utilities by subsiding the higher cost of
wind
energy. The source of this money could come from bilateral institutions such
as
the World Bank. There have also been calls for the establishment of a wind
fund,
which could serve this purpose.
__Another financial move must be the bringing down of the equipment cost.
The
“gold-plating” practice must be stopped (by a certifying government body)
and
local production must provide affordable machines to entrepreneurs.
__The establishment of regional service stations, in proximity to a cluster of
wind
farms, in order to provide maintenance and upkeep of the equipment. This is
another area that entrepreneurs may be able to tap into once more
incentives are
given to actual performance of the turbines and investors want to ensure the
smooth running and reliability of their machines. In having these stations
close
to a number of wind farms there will be significant savings on personnel cost.
__A central governing body must be established responsible for certification,
standardization of design and features, monitoring of wind farms and
technological R&D. The GOI has already recognized this need in the
establishment of C-WET (Wind Energy Center) at Chennai.

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