Medherb Green Pages - 2010

India and Nepal

14 Foreword -
15 Editorial
16 Acknowledgment with Thanks

SECTION-1 INDIA
19 18 Major herbal trading centers in India
19 Exports of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) & their allied products Chapter-1
20 Revised list of Harmonised System (HS) codes of exports
22 Country wise exports of MAPs and their allied products (2007-08)
23 Exports of MAPs, parts and their allied products (2007-08)
24 Commodity wise split up of exports (2007-08)
25 India's MAPs exports to top 15 countries (2007-08)
25 India's exports trend of MAPs, parts and their allied products (2002-08)
26 Exports trend and information of individual commodity
65 49 Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for medicinal plants Chapter-2
55 An overview on adulterants and substitutes of commercial herbal drugs Chapter-3
with reference to their quality standards
65 Dynamics of chain of custody in herbal raw material sector Chapter-4
69 Medherb Information Chapter-5
69 Info 1, 2 & 3 Government notifications and circulars
72 Info 4 International standard for sustainable wild collection (ISSC-MAP)
77 Info 5 Few important herbal drugs testing laboratories
79 Info 6 Indian flora species in the appendices of CITES
83 80 Info 7 Prohibited/negative list of medicinal plants for exports from India
81 Info 8 Protection of specified plants (The Wild Life Protection Act, 1972)
Special Features Chapter-6
83 - Gulab (Rosa damascena Miller.)
87 - Henna (Lawsonia inermis Linn.)
91 - Isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk.)
95 - Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.)
98 Stakeholders of Gulab, Henna, Isabgol and Senna
111 Stakeholder directory Chapter-7
111 112 Cultivation crops mentioned in cultivators' data
112 Words and their abbreviations used in stakeholders' directory
113 Cultivators
125 Dealers, Exporters, Importers
197 Exporters, Extractors, Manufacturers
293 Organisations

SECTION-2 CRUDE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS' PART

302 Photographs of crude plants' part Chapter-1
301 326 Index of photographs
Medherb Green Pages - 2010
India and Nepal

- SECTION-3 NEPAL -
332 Editor's (Janak Raj Rawal) Nepal visit
334 Major herbal trading centers in Nepal
335 Herbal drugs - The green gold of Nepal Chapter-1
339 Indo-Nepal treaty of trade (Revised in 2009) Chapter-2
335 347 Commercially important medicinal and aromatic plants of Nepal Chapter-3
347 Most tradable medicinal and aromatic plants in Nepal
350 Exports of medicinal and aromatic plants of Nepal to India
352 Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB) Chapter-4
353 Medherb information on Nepal Chapter-5
353 Info 1 Regulatory (Export negative list and CITES)
354 Info 2 Nepal gazette on MAPs royalty
357 Info 3 Website on MAPs by ethnobotanical society of Nepal
358 Info 4 Procedure of drug registration
347 (Ayurvedic, Unani and Homoeopathic products)
359 Info 5 News on medicinal and aromatic plants
361 Info 6 Major organizations involved in MAPs sector
Special Features Chapter-6
363 - Alaichi, Amomum subulatum Roxb. - An important cash crop
369 - Yarsagumba, Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. - A wonder drug
from the Himalayas
373 Stakeholders' directory Chapter-7
Dealers, Exporters, Importers, Manufacturers, Organisations
369
INDEX
384 English, Indian and Nepali names
389 Botanical names

391 Advertisers' Index

 FOREWORD
The Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region is well known as the repository of valuable medicinal, aromatic and dye (MADP)
plants, the majority of which are used in their crude forms in various codified and non-codified systems of traditional medicine
worldwide. The great majority of medicinal plants used locally or entering into trade and industries come from wild sources.
Comparatively very few plant-derived pure constituents, including active principles and secondary metabolites, are used as drugs
in modern medicine or allopathic system. However, during the last few decades, demand for drugs of plant origin is increasing,
especially in developed countries, which is mainly due to the widespread belief that 'nature-based medicine' is safer, efficacious,
and more dependable than the synthetic drugs, many of which have adverse side effects as well as are costly.

Published literature on the trade of medicinal plants in the region is scanty, especially traders' modus operand; for sourcing
medicinal plants raw materials, and various other trade and management aspects including policy and legal issues. The present
volume of popular series of Medherb, divided into 3 sections and 15 chapters covers in a unique way, all aspects of medicinal
plants including trade, processing, policy, rules and regulations, name of stakeholders, and status of the products in the two
countries of Nepal and India. The monograph - second revised edition - will hopefully be found useful by the resource managers,
traders, industrialists, planners, policy makers, legal authorities, and educational and research organizations and institutions
engaged in the field of MADPs and other non-timber forest products (NTFPs). The orientation of the book is practical rather than
theoretical, explanatory rather than scholarly. Regarding the practical utility of the book, the publishers have strived to provide
more answers than questions. The systematic methods and information presented in this book are certainly indispensable, well-
organized, and easy to use by a diverse range of users, especially by producers, processors, marketers and enterprising
community in the region.

Given the huge importance of cross-border trade in medicinal plant between Nepal and India, there is always a demand for
more up to date information on products and prices of marketable MADP. This is therefore a timely and informative manual for
various types of medicinal plants stakeholders who otherwise cannot afford to get all the information under one cover. In other
words, this is indeed an interesting book which gives practical and updated information on MADP related prices, players, products
and places. It is visualized that the book will provide the readers an in-depth knowledge on the trade and other related topics on
the MADPs to promote sustainable management of medicinal plants and other NTFPs in the two countries. The book is likely to
create a strong momentum for the sustainable management of the sub-sector not only in Nepal and India but also beyond.

Mr. Janak Raj Rawal, having decades of experience in medicinal plant trade and management studies, with extensive field
works in the marketing of an array of MAP stakeholders is, undoubtedly, a well qualified person to compile a book of this standard.
Mr. Rawal has brought out an impressive array of topics covering various aspects of medicinal plants that I have had the pleasure
of reading in similar publications for many other countries.

Finally, I would like to conclude with these words - The use of this manual will certainly help raise the standard of future
works in medicinal plants trade and sustainable management. I do hope that this book will be especially useful to the
organizations and individuals who are working for the betterment of the life and livelihoods of mountain people in Nepal and
India.

Sincerely,

Madhav B. Karki, Ph.D. 20th March, 2010

Deputy Director General - Programmes

International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Direct Lines

Directorate: 5003318. Environmental Change and Ecosystem Services (ECES): 5003013.
Mountain Forum: 5003139. Integrated Water and Hazard Management (IWHM): 5003177
Knowledge Management Support and Development (KMSD IT+C): 5003246.
Mountain Environmental Natural Resources Information Systems (MENRIS): 5003242
Sustainable Livelihoods and Poverty Reduction (SLPR): 5003040/5003141.

14
 Starting with its 2003 edition, Medherb Green Pages (MGP) has established itself as the single largest information source
related to trade and commerce of herbals. With the current edition MGP moves into the eighth year of its publication. Apart from
the useful information on medicinal and aromatic plants species (MAPs) trade, that Medherb Green Pages is recognized for, this
issue puts a special focus on Nepal. Like all our country specific sections in previous editions, I personally devoted time and energy
in visiting Nepal to collect, collate and compile the information about the production and trade scenario of Nepalese MAPs. It was
also an important opportunity for me to discuss issues related to MAPs production and trade with various MAPs stakeholders
there. I hope the insights generated during the endeavor are adequately reflected in the volume at hand and will be considered
helpful by our patrons.

Nepal consists of one-third (800km) of entire length of the Himalayas (2500km) and is a transitional zone of
interpenetration between two differing environments of eastern Himalayas and the western Himalayas. Nepal lies on the
subtropical zone of the globe, most of its terrain being mountainous with bioclimatic variation from tropical to the Alpine and
Arctic zone. It makes a country with rich flora and biodiversity. Out of approx. 7000 species of higher plants found in that around
700 are medicinal, 250 being endemic to Nepal. There are 1624 species of ethnobotanical importance and about 100 of these
plants are commercially important for trade. Nepal is an important country from the perspective of MAPs trade. This had
prompted us to devote considerably towards it. Due to recent political changes, more opportunities may have opened up for
Indo-Nepal herbal trade.

Earlier surveys have indicated that 90% of the Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP) of Nepal are consumed by India.
However, recent studies indicate that it is around 70% and rest is being exported to China. Major items of commerce between
India and Nepal are: Atis, Chiraiyta, Tejpat, Jatamansi (with & without oil), Chadilla, Kutki, Ritha, Pippali, Sughandhabala,
Sughandh Kokila, Yarsagumba (Cordyceps sinensis) and Timur.

Major plants under cultivation in Nepal are: Mentha, Citronella, Lemon grass, Palmarosa, Basil, Chamomile, Chirayita,
Eucalyptus, Stevia, Wintergreen, Juniper berry, Asparagus, Aloe vera, Taxus baccata, Jatamansi, Acorus calamus etc. Rauvolfia
serpentina is nearly extinct in Nepal and Kutki is also heading towards it. Development of nurseries for medicinal and aromatic
plants is being taken up in Nepal on a commercial basis with Dabur Nepal Ltd. and also Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC)
playing a major role in this context.

Some of the features of MAPs trade in Nepal are that the market is closed on every Saturday and follow the Bikram Samvat
calendar (starts with Baisakh i.e. 14th April) as financial year. There are about 10 retail shops exclusively devoted to Jari buti in
Killagarh near Inder Chowk in Kathmandu.

There is a trade misconception that Indian imports of Jatamansi oil from Nepal is of indigenous Nepalese origin (SAARC Treaty),
whereas actual trade volume of Nepal constitutes only 10% and the remaining 90% is being imported from China and exported to
India. This trend is observed for the last two-three years. Herbs Production and Processing Company Limited (HPPLC), the Nepal
Government undertaking, which extracts essential oil onsite in the fields has a small distillation unit with 100% 'buy back' from the
producers. Organic is another buzz word in herbal trade and Nepal has also entered into organic cultivation of essential oil crops
and soapnut.

JABAN and ANSAB are two organizations engaged actively in the development of herbal trade in Nepal. I very much
thankful to both esteemed organizations for their kind help and cooperation during my visit to Nepal. I had the chance to visit the
Dabur Nepal; I personally appreciate the wonderful work being carried out by the organization. I also thankful to Dr. Madhav Karki
(ICIMOD) to bringing out this issue; incidentally it was also Dr. Karki (then with IDRC) who was instrumental in bringing out earlier
issue on Nepal in 2004.

I am pleased to inform you that the next edition will cover yet another SAARC country i.e., Bangladesh, with updates from
India. Bangladesh is also one of the most important countries to consume herbs and their allied products from India. The
Ayurveda and Unani are recognized systems of medicine in Bangladesh. Lastly, I assure the readers of MGP of our best efforts to
serve them with authentic and updated information from the MAPs domain. I hope we continue to enjoy your faith,
encouragement and patronage in the years to come.

31st March, 2010 Janak Raj Rawal

15
17
 Kullu

Varanasi
Allahabad

Salem
Erode

18
Source: Directorate General of Foreign Trade, Department of Commerce,
Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India

Worldwide recognition of natural products and process

in supporting human and ecological health, the
economic plus environmental significance of the medicinal
plant resources have enlarged terrifically in recent years.

Exports of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 19

www.medherb.in Medherb Green Pages 2010
INDIA AND NEPAL
REVISED LIST OF HARMONISED SYSTEM (HS) CODES OF EXPORTS
Chapter 06 Live trees and other Plants; Bulb, Roots and the
like; Cut flowers and Ornamental Foliage
HS Code Commodity
06041000....................................................................Mosses and lichens
06041000 .........................................................................................Other
Chapter 12 Oil Seeds & Oleaginous Fruits; Misc. Grains, Seeds
& Fruit; Indl. or Medicinal Plants; Straw & Fodder
HS Code Commodity
12030000 .........................................................................................Copra
12040010 ......................................................................................Linseed
12060010 ..........................................................................Sunflower seed
12072010 ...............................................................................Cotton seed
12073010..........................................................................Castor oil seeds
12074010...........................................................................Sesamum seed
12075010............................................................................Mustard seed
12079100...............................................................................Poppy seeds
12079910.........................................................................................Ajams
12079920.............................................................................Mango kernel
12079930..................................................................................Niger seed
12079940........................................................................................Kokam
12079990..................................................Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits
12081000.................................................................................Soya beans
12111000...........................................................................Liquorice roots
12112000 ............................................................................Ginseng roots
12113000 ....................................................................................Coca leaf
12114000 ...............................................................................Poppy straw
12119011 .........................................................................Ambrette seeds
12119012.................................................................................Nuxvomica
12119013 .............................................................................Psyllium seed
12119014.................................................................................Neem seed
12119015................................................................................Jujube seed
12119021........................................................................Belladona leaves
12119022 ..............................................................Senna leaves and pods
12119023 ..........................................................Neem leaves and powder
12119024 .....................................................................Gymnema powder
12119025 ...........................................................................Cubeb powder
12119026..................................................................................Pyrethrum
12119029.........................................................Other leaves and powders
12119031 .................................................................Cascara sagrada bark
12119032......................................................Psyllium husk (Isobgul husk)
12119033 .............................................................Garcinia cambogia fruit
12119039..........................................................Other roots and rhizomes
12119041 .........................................................................Belladona roots
12119042 .....................................................Galangal rhizomes and roots
12119043 .................................................Ipecac dried rhizome and roots
12119044 ..............................................Serpentina roots (Rouvolfia spp.)
12119045...........................................................................Zedovary roots
12119046 ...................................................................................Kuth root
12119047 .....................................................................Sarasaparilla roots
12119048...................................................................Sweet flag rhizomes
12119049..........................................................Other roots and rhizomes
12119050 .......................................................Sandalwood chips and dust
12119060 ......................................................................Vinca rosea herbs
12119070 .............................................Mint including leaves (all species)
12119080 ..................................................................................Agarwood
12119080..........................................................Other roots and rhizomes
12119091 ......................................................................................Chiraita
12119092....................................................................................Tukmaria
12119093 ....................................Unnab (Indian jujuba or Chinese dates)
20 Exports of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
HS Code Commodity
12119094 ..................................Basil, hyssop, rosemary, sage and savory
12119095........................................................................................Lovage
12119096......................................................................................Garcinia
12119099 .................................................................Other parts of plants
12122010...................................................................................Seaweeds
12122090 ................................................................................Other algae
12123000 .........................................Apricot, peach (including nectarine)
12123010...........................................................................Apricot kernels
12129100..................................................................................Sugar beet
12129910 .............................................................Kokam (cocum) flowers
12129920 ..........................................................................Mohua flowers
12130000 .........................................Cereal straw and husks, unprepared
12141000 .............................................Lucerne (alfalfa) meal and pellets
12149000 .........................................................................................Other
Chapter 13 Lac; Gums, Resins and other Vegetable Saps and
Extracts
HS Code Commodity
13011020 .....................................................................................Seed lac
13011030......................................................................................Stick lac
13011040 ..................................................Dewaxed and decolourised lac
13011050...............................................................................Bleached lac
13011060 ..................................................................................Gasket lac
13011070 ..................................................................................Button lac
13011080 ..................................................................................Garnet lac
13012000 ................................................................................Gum arabic
13019011 ..................................................................................Asian gum
13019012 ...............................................................................African gum
13019013..................................................................................Asafoetida
13019014 ...................................................................................Benjamin
13019015........................................................................Benjamin cowrie
13019016 .....................................Karaya gum (Indian tragacanth) hastab
13019017..............................................................Tragacanth (adraganth)
13019018.........................................................................................Storax
13019019 ...................................................................Other natural gums
13019021..........................................................................................Copal
13019022.............................................................................Dammar batu
13019029 ...................................................................Other gums / resins
13019031.........................................................................................Myrrh
13019032 .........................................................Oilbanum or frankincense
13019033 ................................................................................Mastic gum
13019034 ...........................................................................Xanthium gum
13019039...............................................................Other gums and resins
13019041....................................................................Oleoresins of seeds
13019042 ....................................................................Oleoresins of fruits
13019043...................................................................Oleoresins of leaves
13019044...................................................................Oleoresins of spices
13019045.................................................................Oleoresins of flowers
13019046 ....................................................................Oleoresins of roots
13019049 ........................................................................Other oleoresins
13021100 .......................................................Saps and extracts of opium
13021200...................................................................Extracts of liquorice
13021911 .................................................................Extracts of belladona
13021912........................................................Extracts of cascara sagrada
13021913...............................................................Extracts of nux vomica
13021914 .....................................Extracts of ginseng (including powder)
13021915 ....................................................................Extracts of agarose
13021916........................................................................Extracts of neem
13021917 .................................................................Extracts of gymnema
www.medherb.in
COUNTRY WISE EXPORTS OF MAPs AND THEIR ALLIED PRODUCTS (2007-08)
Country Value (INR ’00000)
U S A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88094.98
China P Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16706.97
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13583.57
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7176.79
Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7064.87
U Arab Emts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6358.31
South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4549.73
Pakistan IR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4245.69
U K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3890.52
Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3667.80
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3665.23
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3615.07
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3568.80
Netherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3430.00
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2554.27
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213.95
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213.14
Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020.10
Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997.82
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997.57
Korea Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971.00
Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1681.10
Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1610.25
Saudi Arab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1520.56
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1441.09
Egypt A Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1206.88
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174.08
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1130.99
Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057.50
Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039.23
Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027.46
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954.28
Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880.66
Bangladesh PR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808.55
Vietnam Soc Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718.15
Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709.58
Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609.24
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521.63
Sri Lanka DSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513.97
Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485.88
Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480.59
Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461.97
Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306.80
Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304.98
New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.00
Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.91
Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.44
Guatemala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275.90
Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.75
Latvia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.52
Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217.34
Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204.14
Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179.31
22 Exports of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Medherb Green Pages 2010
INDIA AND NEPAL
Country Value (INR ’00000)
Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.63
Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.99
Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.68
Uzbekistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.86
Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.03
Qatar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.50
Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.25
Baharain Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.23
Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.06
Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.69
Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.54
Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.30
Yemen Republc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.31
Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.99
Azerbaijan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.05
Tanzania Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.55
Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.27
Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.55
Afghanistan Tis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.87
Korea Dp Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.96
Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.65
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.84
Congo P Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.19
Venezuela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.47
Moldova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.50
Lebanon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.12
Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.59
Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.55
Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.46
Tajikistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.42
Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.37
Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.32
Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.69
Kyrghyzstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.17
Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.36
Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.12
Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.45
Maldives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.49
El Salvador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.15
Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.51
Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.73
Union Of Serbia & Montenegro . . . . . . . . 31.70
Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.56
Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.27
Slovenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.29
Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.02
Panama Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.44
Dominic Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.98
Djibouti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.94
Br Virgn Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.05
Trinidad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.99
Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.73
Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.72
Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.71
see fig. 03
Country Value (INR ’00000)
Guyana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.09
Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.90
Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.35
Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.94
Jamaica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.18
Brunei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.18
Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.08
Bolivia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.96
Malta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.64
Fiji Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.34
Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.20
Suriname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.49
Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.42
Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.31
Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.18
Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.70
Cote D' Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.31
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.21
Turkmenistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.92
Macedonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.80
Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.85
Reunion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.82
Myanmar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.43
Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.89
Bahamas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.59
Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14
Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.80
Macao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.70
Mauritania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.45
Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.39
Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.39
Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.23
Papua N Gna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.22
Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.05
Estonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.02
Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.97
Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.88
Lao Pd Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.87
Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.67
Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.64
Seychelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.64
Albania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.58
Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.45
Netherlandantil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.43
Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.39
Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.34
New Caledonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.22
Dominica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17
Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.12
Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07
St Vincent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07
Barbados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02
Unspecified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.61
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INDIA AND NEPAL

EXPORTS TREND AND INFORMATION OF INDIVIDUAL COMMODITY

Castor Oil Seeds fig. 05 Country Quantity (Kg ’000) . . . . . . . . . . . Value (INR ’00000)
Export Trend (2003-08) Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17
Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02
Quantity in Kg ‘000 Value in INR ‘00000 Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17
2000
Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.14
1800 Macao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.71
1600 Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20
1400 Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.05
1200 Netherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06
1000 New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.54
800 Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01
600 Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.18
Reunion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.19
400
South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.71
200
Sri Lanka DSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.11
0 Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07
2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 U K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.13
Quantity 1820.380 464.000 0.370 20.660 68.000 U S A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138.15
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324.53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167.73
Value 449.773 45.148 0.150 7.870 36.120

Export Data (2007-08) Niger Seeds fig. 07

Export Trend (2003-08)
Country Quantity (Kg ’000) Value (INR ’00000)
Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.24 Quantity in Kg ‘000 Value in INR ‘00000
Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.22 35000
Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.67 30000
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.12
25000
Poppy Seeds fig. 06 20000
Export Trend (2003-08)
15000
Quantity in Kg ‘000 Value in INR ‘00000
400 10000
350 5000
300
0
250 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
200 Quantity 17894.366 26138.247 28424.670 30017.180 21682.850
150 Value 4541.390 6474.480 6024.980 6687.310 9002.990
100
Export Data (2007-08)
50
Country Quantity (Kg ’000) Value (INR ’00000)
0
2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.79
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587.60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.94
Quantity 104.916 146.736 240.780 351.030 324.530 Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.35
Value 55.685 80.271 135.980 114.420 167.730 Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127.01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.96
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.74
Export Data (2007-08) Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.36
Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.65
Country Quantity (Kg ’000) Value (INR ’00000)
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.48 Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.41
Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02 Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.26
Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.57 Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.02
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.96 Netherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.98
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.09 Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.60

26 Exports of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Source: National Medicinal Plant Board.
Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
In collaboration with; World Health Organization (WHO)
1 Background- Need for Good Agricultural Practices
1.1 India has a rich tradition of plant based health care systems
contained in its classical texts like Charak Samhita and
Sushruta Samhita. In recognition of the diversity of health
care practices, the Government of India have recognized
Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Siddha, Unani and
Homoeopathy as the alternative systems of medicine
under the National Health Policy.
1.2 Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Siddha,
Unani and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) in the Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare has the responsibility for quality
assurance and standardization of the production processes
of Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani(ASU) medicines and
disseminate the guidelines for production of raw material
used in ASU medicines.
1.3 To ensure and enhance the quality of ASU medicines, the
Government of India have notified Good Manufacturing
Practices under Schedule 'T' of the Drugs and Cosmetics
Act 1940. The guidelines for Good Agricultural Practices
seek to lay down standards for production of raw material
that goes in to the making of the ASU medicines and
standardize the production processes from farm to factory.
2 Definition of Good Agricultural Practices
A good agricultural practice in the context of medicinal
plants is a cultivation programme designed to ensure
optimal yield in terms of both quality and quantity of any
crop intended for health purposes.
3 Scope
3.1 This document is designed to play a facilitator role and shall
be recommended to all stake holders.
3.2 In the current form, these GAPs are essentially meant for
and applicable to commercial scale of farming.
4 Soil and climatic conditions
4.1 The grower should identify the best possible environment
where the plant can express its full potential in terms of
both quality and quantity during its entire growth period
(germination, growth and maturity). Meteorological data
collated for preceding three years should be taken into
account while judging the suitability of the site.
Good Agricultural Practices 49
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INDIA AND NEPAL
4.2 The selected site should qualify in terms of overall soil
health for the purpose of cultivation of medicinal plant
species. The following should be avoided;
4.2.1 In general sites designated with high-degree stress factors
(salinity, acidity and toxicity), water logging conditions,
industrial wastes and affluent.
4.2.2 The sites in proximity to grave yards, crematoria or having a
traceable history of such usage.
4.3 A well drained fertile soil with optimum level of water
holding capacity and productivity status should be used for
medicinal plants cultivation.
4.4 In soils with low fertility levels use of soil amendments as
per the specific site and requirement of species are to be
followed. The latest soil test report on physico-chemical
parameters and nutrient profile should be obtained to
decide the nature and quantity of soil amendments
required.
4.5 The site must be in proximity to a reliable source of
irrigation water.
4.6 The quality of irrigation water should have been
adequately understood and classified in the context of
both soil type and the target crop in terms of total salt
concentration, Sodium absorption ratio, Bicarbonate and
Boron concentration etc.
4.7 When the end-product is required to conform to standards
of residual contaminants, the irrigation water must be
analyzed for heavy metals and residual pesticides also.
4.8 When shade-loving crop is planned for, availability of shade
across the field should be ascertained. Provision for
artificial shading should be examined in the light of crop
economics.
5 Seeds and propagation material
5.1 The seed/planting material should be accompanied with
the following information:
• Name as per pharmacopoeial nomenclature, trade
name
• Botanical name
• Cultivar/ Selection / Phenotype/ Chemotype/
Genotype
• Projected quality of crop in terms of physico-chemical
analysis/ marker based analysis – on the basis of earlier
data/ reports
5.2 Marker based analytical projection for the end-product is
mandatory requirement when the crop is meant for phyto-
pharmaceutical industries.
5.3 When the planting material is obtained from wild
resources as it happens during initial crop cycles, efforts
should be made to establish its correct identity.
50 Good Agricultural Practices
5.4 Precautions
5.4.1 Seed
i) The seeds chosen for cultivation purposes must be
physically free from pests, diseases, foreign and inert
matter.
ii) The seed should be fresh and must have originated
from recent harvests and in the accompanying
document; the supplier should mention the date of
harvest.
iii) The seeds which is collected from wild sources must
invariably be from recently collected lots and only
mature seed should be collected.
iv) Prescribed seed treatment protocols if any, for the
target species, must be completed well in advance so as
to match the planting season.
v) The process for seedling production under nursery
conditions should be initiated as per the recommended
agronomic practices for the target species and carried
out reasonably well before the actual schedule of field
transplantation. Only healthy seedlings should be
transplanted.
5.4.2 Stem cutting
I) When the grower takes the responsibility of root
induction in stem cuttings under nursery conditions for
eventual transplantation into the field, the source of
cuttings should be well authenticated for both
botanical identity and quality of vegetative propagules.
ii) The stem cuttings collected for root induction should be
of uniform dimensions in terms of length and diameter
and should be in tune with the requirements laid down
for the target species. Only healthy stem cutting giving
desired rooting should be used.
5.4.3 Root cutting
The propagation materials in form of 'ready-to-transplant
saplings' or root cuttings should be of uniform size and
maturity, both in terms of aerial and underground parts,
and must be free from any disease and infection.
6 Crop management for cultivation
6.1 Field preparation
The soil should be brought to the desired tilth to facilitate
favourable environment for growing seed and seedling.
The field operation performed should provide better
rhizospheric environment, soil porosity and texture, and
keep it free from weeds for initial 20-30 days.
6.2 Sowing and transplanting
6.2.1 The recommended rate of seedings per unit of land area
should be adhered to. The placement of seeds should take
place at the appropriate depth in the moist zone of the soil.
6.2.2 In cases where saplings are transplanted the spacing norms
in terms of row-to-row and plant-to-plant distance should
be governed by the needs of target crop as envisaged in the
agronomic protocol for target species.
Sunil Dutt and Dr. Rajeev Kr. Sharma,
Pharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian Medicine,
Govt. of India, Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Herbal medicine is the oldest form of healthcare known to
mankind. In spite of the great advances observed in modern
medicine in recent decades, medicinal plants still play a very
significant role in the healthcare of humankind. The medicinal
plants constitute an effective source of Unani, Ayurvedic and
Siddha systems of medicine and have played a key role in human
health. In fact today, approximately 70% of “synthetic” medicines
are derived from plants. In India, about 80% of the rural
population depends on medicinal herbs and/or indigenous
systems of medicine. In recent years, however, the popularity of
herbal medicine worldwide and increasing demand of medicinal
plants/herbal drugs has led to overexploitation from wild and
accordingly adulteration and substitution of medicinal
plant/herbal drugs also increased drastically. Consequently, the
safety and efficacy of these medicines have degraded significantly
and become an important issue for the health professions.
Herbal adulteration is one of the common malpractices in
herbal raw material trade. Adulteration is an intentional
substitution with another plant species or intentional addition of a
foreign substance to increase the weight or potency of the product
or to decrease its cost. In general, adulteration is considered as an
intentional practice. However, unintentional adulterations also
exist in herbal raw material trade due to various reasons. Owing to
collection of herbal drugs by unskilled workers from natural
habitats lead to unintentional adulteration. India has a number of
vernacular languages in different regions and hence, this causes a
lot of confusion in the identity of the drug. For example Eclipta alba
Hassk. and Wedelia calendulacea Less. are known by the same
vernacular name 'Bhringraj'. Hence, adulteration or substitution
of the genuine raw material is the main cause of degradation of
the desired therapeutic effect of a particular drug used in Indian
System of Medicine. Therefore, the correct taxonomic
identification of botanical drugs is necessary for their quality,
safety and efficacy. This article provide a comprehensively
reviewed information on adulterants and substitutes of herbal
drugs with reference to their quality standards with the scope that
the data can be useful guide for identifying the correct botanical
source of a particular herbal drug.
Adulterants and Substitutes 55
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Table 1: Adulterants and Substitutes of Herbal Drugs Used in Unani, Ayurvedic and Siddha Systems of Medicine
S.n. Botanical Name Drug Adulterant Substitute Ref. POQS*
1 Abrus precatorius Gunja - Glycyrrhiza glabra 9 A- I, II; T;
S- I; U- IV
2 Acacia catechu Khadira Uncaria gambier - 14 A- I; IH; T
3 Acacia leucophloea Arimeda - Cassia auriculata, C. fisutula, 11 A- II; U- VI
A. farnesiana,A. ferriginea
4 Acacia nilotica Babbula - A. ferru nesiana, A. leucophloea 9 A- I; IP-07;
Q-V; T; U- VI
5 Achyranthes aspera Apamarga Achyranthes bidentata 15 A- II; IH; S- I;
Cyathula prostrata U- IV
6 Aconitum chasmanthum Vatsanabha A.balfourii, A. falconeri A. balfourii, A. palmatum, 10;42; A- VI; U- IV
A. deinorrhizum, A. deinorrhizum, A. ferox, 53;56;
Delphinium demudatum A. laciniatum, A. luridum, 58; 64
A.spicatum
7 Aconitum heterophyllum Ativisha Asparagus racemosus, Aconitum kashmericum, 15; 18 A- I; IH; Q-IV;
A.gonocladus, A. palmatum, A. spicatum T; S- I;
Delphinium denudatum, U- I
Chaerophyllum villosum
8 Acorus calamus Vacha Alpinia officinarum, - 9 A- II; U- V
Alpinia galanga
9 Adhatoda zeylanica Vasa Ailanthus excelsa Adhatoda beddomei 9 A- I, IV; IH;
IP-07; T; S- I;
U- VI
10 Adiantum lunulatum Hamsapadi - A. capillusveneris, A.aethiopium, 41; 46 A- III
A.pedatum, A. venustum
11 Aegle marmelos Bilva - Feronia limonia 9 A- I, III, IV;IH;
Garcinia mangostana S- I; T; U- I
12 Aerva lanata Gorakshganja A.javanica, A.tomentosa, A. javanica, A. tomentosa, 10; A- V; B; S- I
Coleus aromaticus, Coleus aromaticus, 39; 68
Northosaerva bractiata, Northosaerva bractiata,
Rotula aquatic, Rotula aquatica,
Ammania baccifera, Ammania baccifera,
A. sanguinolenta A. sanguinolenta
13 Ailanthus excelsa Araluka Adhatoda vasica Holarrhena antidysentrica 11 A- III; Q-III
14 Alangium salvifolium Ankola - Alangium salvifolium 18 A- V; B; Q-V;
U- V
15 Albizzia lebbec k Siris A.odoratissima, - 52 Khatoon and
A. procera Mehrotra,
2009; Q-II
16 Allium sativum Lashuna - Allium porrum 17 A- III; IP-07;
Q-III; U- V
17 Aloe barbadenis Kumari Acacia catechu - 9 A- I; IH; T; U-I
18 Alternanathera sessilis Matsyakshi E. alba - 13 A- II; S- I
19 Amomum subulatum Sthoolaila Heracleum rigens, Amomum dealbatum 9 A- II; U- IV
Peucedanum grande, A.subulatum,
20 Amorphophallus paeoniifolius Surana A.campanulatus A. campanulatus, A. cammutatus 10 A- III
21 Andrographis paniculata Bhunimba Andrographis echioides Andrographis echioides, 13; 14 IH; IP-07
A. paniculata,Swertia chiryata
22 Annona squamosa Sitaphala - A. cherimda, A. reticulata 4 -
A. glabra
23 Anogeissus latifolia Dhava - Acacia nilotica 9 A- VI; Q-III
24 Areca catechu Puga A. calisa, A. concinna, A. laxa, A.calisa, A.concinna, A.laxa, 13 A- I; Q-III; T;
A. nagensis, A.triandra. A.nagensis, A triand, Actinorhytis U- I
Bombax ceiba, Caryota urens, calapparia, Artocarpus lakoocha,
Ipomoea batatas, Metroxylon sagu, Calamus erectus,Choreospondias
Phoenix dactylifera axillaris, Dendrophothoe falcate,
Gnetum montanum,Heterospathe
elata,Horsfieldia kingie,
Pinanga dicksonii, Santalum album.
*POQS - Pharmacopoeial/ Other Quality. Standards

56 Adulterants and Substitutes

Pranab Misra, Chief Executive Officer
Rawal Medherbs Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
Unusual divergence of topography, climate and eco-system of
India has resulted in high floral diversity, in consequence making
India reach in varieties of high value Medicinal and Aromatic
Plants (MAPs), popularly known as herbs. MAPs much more than a
source for traditional healthcare, contribute in important ways to
the livelihood and welfare of rural population by providing an
alternate source of income and employment. Wild harvesting of
medicinal and aromatic plants is a chance for the poorest to make
at least some cash income. Especially those people who do not
have access to farm land at all depend on gathering MAPs to earn
at least some money. Wild plant species are wild harvested and
used as crops then sold as products, especially for food and
medicines.
Demand of MAPs mostly comes from two sectors:
1. Pharmaceutical Industry
Medicines
Extracts, isolation of active constituents (alkaloids, glycosides)
Plant derived allopathic medicines
Essential oils
2. Consumer Market
Health food supplement industry
Cosmetics and perfumery industry
Natural Dye industry
Blending and flavoring
Cooking and additives
Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Folk (tribal) medicine are the
major systems of indigenous medicine. Amongst these systems,
Ayurveda is most developed and extensively practiced in India.
The number of plants used in these systems of medicines is about
2200. It is difficult to appraise how many MAPs are commercially
traded. There is a need to increase the recognition of marketing as
an important means of contributing to sustainable utilization of
forest resources. It is evident that price is too often used as the
main, if not the only, means in marketing of crude herbal raw
materials, distribution channels and service factors play a more
important role than price does.
Distribution channel of herbals also termed as chain of custody
may be defined as all relevant steps involved in the production-
Dynamics of Chain of Custody 65
www.medherb.in Medherb Green Pages 2010
INDIA AND NEPAL

supply chain including collecting, cultivating, harvesting, handling, The amount and level of information available with all the
processing and other appropriate related activities. It is a system elements of the chain of custody varies considerable, thereby
of people organizations, technology, activities, information and leading to the exploitation of people having less information.
resources involved in movement of a product or service from its Collectors: Collectors of herbs may be defined as a person who
source of origin to the end user. earns fully or partly his livelihood through collecting herbs from
Channel of distribution and complexities involved, is one of the the wild (whole herb or its parts) with the purpose of selling it to
biggest challenges faced by the individual entrepreneurs and final someone who either sells it further or processes it. Collectors may
product manufacturers in determining quality and price of the be divided in two groups.
herbal raw materials. The length of supply chain is responsible for Independent collectors: They are generally poor farmers with
the receipt of low prices by primary collectors and farmers. As
small landholdings for cultivation and h a v i n g h a r d l y a n y
collection is still more common than cultivation, huge differences
alternative occupation to earn cash income. During period of
in the quality of raw materials occur. The differences concern the
their urgency they are compelled to take advance money from
amount of active ingredients based on the geographic location,
use of plant parts, harvest techniques and storing. local traders or middlemen, who are the only accessible credit
The discussion on supply chain demands total understanding source to them. These traders act as the only source of market
of each component involved in the process. information for the collectors.
Contract Collectors: they are engaged by the forest
Chain of Custody (Supply Chain) of contractors for collection of herbs according to the geographic
Medicinal & Aromatic Plants area allotted to the contractor. Sometimes the species are also
specified for collection.
Manufacturers
Being exposed to adverse weather conditions during
Pharmaceuticals, Herbal Drug, Nutraceuticals, Dyes, Cosmetics, Perfumery etc.
collection, collectors are forced to collect as much as and as
quickly as possible during the day.
Collectors suffer from inadequate business and
Bulk Suppliers Regional International entrepreneurial skills, lack of awareness on collection process,
of Ingredients Markets Market quality requirements, and knowledge on properties of herbs,
price, insufficient market information and regulations.
Cultivator: Herbal cultivators may be divided broadly in two
categories small-scale and large-scale according to their
Small Traditional Traders from Exporter
Extractors landholding capacity. The small-scale farmers may be categorized
Processors healers Other States
as unorganized and semi-organized.
Unorganized: They undertake cultivation of medicinal and
aromatic plants having short gestation period to generate an
Large Traders Market extra income during the unproductive period of their regular
crop and are mostly dependent on the middlemen or local
traders for their sales receiving smaller and smaller amounts
even though the middlemen may be receiving an increasing
Cultivation Small Trader / Cooperatives / profits.
Promoters Middlemen Govt. Agencies Semi-organized: these farmers are normally members of
certain group or cultivate by getting motivation from some
organization promoting medicinal and aromatic plants'
cultivation or against b u y b a c k a s s u ra n c e f ro m s o m e
Cultivator Collector Importer individual/firm.

Large-scale cultivators may also be divided in two categories,

such as entrepreneur cultivators and contract cultivators. In both
Natural Wild and the cases they are well organized with sound financial and
Abandon Forest educational background; capable of risk bearing.

66 Dynamics of Chain of Custody

 Information 1
Government Notifications and Circulars
PHARMEXCIL
Pharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council
(Set up by Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Govt., of India)
H.O.: 101, Aditya Trade Centre, Ameerpet, Hyderbad-500038
Ref: PXL/H.O./CIR-143/2008-09 19th March, 2009
Sub: Food & Drug Administration Globalization Act of 2009
This is to inform our members that our council has received
information from, Department of Commerce Government of India
that a bill “Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Globalization Act
2009” has been introduced in the US. The bill is designed to
impose strict monitoring, manufacturing and reporting
requirements on all products overseen by the FDA.
The bill also creates a dedicated foreign inspectorate to
increase FDA's ability to monitor foreign facilities producing food,
drugs, devices and cosmetics. The highlights of the bill are
reproduced below:
Ÿ Requires all food, drug medical device and cosmetics facilities
operating within the U.S. or exporting such goods to the U.S. to
register with the FDA and pay a registration fee every year.
Ÿ Requires the FDA to establish a risk-based schedule for
inspecting foreign and domestic food facilities, with a
minimum inspection frequency of once every four years, and
provides that refusing, impeding or delaying an inspection
would be cause for suspension of registration and for barring
entry into the U.S.
Ÿ Requires the FDA to inspect foreign and domestic drug
facilities every two years (with some exceptions allowed) and
denies entry to drugs coming from facilities that limit, delay or
deny FDA inspections.
Ÿ Requires foreign food manufacturers to be certified by FDA
accredited third parties as meeting all U.S. food safety
requirements and prohibits uncertified facilities from
exporting to the U.S.
Ÿ Creates a fast-track import process for food meeting security
standards.
Ÿ Provides the FDA with new authority to issue mandatory
recalls of foods and drugs and strengthens fines for failure to
comply with safety requirements.
Ÿ Requires drug importers to affirmatively demonstrate that
their products come from registered facilities and meet all
requirements related to safety and quality.
Ÿ Requires drug manufacturers, when requested by the FDA, to
provide documentation of their complete supply chain and to
document measures taken to secure their supply chain.
Medherb Information 69
www.medherb.in Medherb Green Pages 2010
INDIA AND NEPAL

Ÿ Create a dedicated foreign inspectorate to increase FDA's 1. As you are aware that the office of DC (MSME) is implementing
ability to monitor foreign facilities producing food, drugs, National manufacturing Competitiveness Programme (NMCP)
devices, and cosmetics. consisting ten different schemes. One such Scheme titled ' L e a n
Manufacturing Scheme' had been approved by Government of
In view of the above, members are requested to intimate their India on pilot basis to initially cover 100 mini clusters in the
comments/ feedback, if any to this council at the earliest but not country.
later than 25th March, 2009. 2. Under the Scheme, it is proposed to deploy competent
consultants to carry out Lean Interventions i n s e l e c t e d
Thanking you, clusters. For the implementation of scheme on pilot basis,
With best regards, National Productivity Council has been entrusted the role of
National Monitoring and Implementing Unit(NMlU).
Dr. P.V. Appaji 3. The detailed Guidelines of the scheme are now available on
Executive Director
the website of of Office of Development C o m m i s s i o n e r
(MSME) (www.dcmsme.gov.in).
Information 2
4. It will be appreciated, if you extend full cooperation in the
Office of the Development Commissioner implementation Of the scheme, by publicizing it among the
(Micro Small & Medium Enterprises) Industries/Members. This will accelerate the implementation
Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises, Govt. of India, and facilitate success of the Pilot scheme.
No.17(2)/1/08-ME 27th July, 2009
Yours faithfully,
To
All Industries Associations

Sub: Implementation of Lean Manufacturing Scheme under (Abhay Bakre)

NMCP. Joint Development Commissioner

Information 3 Directorate General of Foreign Trade,

Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Govt. of India

Notification No.3/2009-2014 27th August, 2009

S.O.(E) In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 5 read with Section 3(2) of the Foreign Trade (Development & Regulation) Act,
1992 (No.22 of 1992) and also read with Para 1.3 and Para 2.1 of the Foreign Trade Policy, 2009-2014, the Central Government hereby
makes following amendments in Table B of Schedule 2 of ITC(HS) Classifications of Export and Import Items:
I. In Chapter 3, Note 1 below the chapter heading may be substituted to read as following:
“Note 1. The term “Marine Products” in this Chapter covers all the eight digit Exim Codes in the Chapter of the ITC (HS) Classification of
Export and Import items. All marine species that have been included in the Schedules of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 are
prohibited for export and other species listed in CITES are subject to the provisions of the CITES.”
II. In Chapter 5, Note 1 below the chapter heading may be substituted to read as following:
“Note 1. Export of wild animals and their parts and products as covered in Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 and CITES are prohibited and
other species listed in CITES are subject to the provisions of the CITES. See restrictions in Table A for detail.”
III. (a) In Chapter 12, existing entries in the column titled 'Item Description', 'Policy' and 'Nature of restriction' at S. No. 60, are substituted
to read as under:
Item Description Policy Nature of restriction
“(a) Plants and plant portions of wild origin, of species Prohibited Not permitted to be exported. Special exemption can be granted for the purpose
specified in any of the Schedules of Wild Life of research, education and life saving drugs on case by case basis by DGFT, on the
(Protection) Act, 1972 or Appendix I of CITES or Export recommendation of Ministry of Environment & Forests.
Licensing Note 1 Subject to production of a Certificate of Legal Possession in favor of the exporter,
issued by the DFO having jurisdiction where the exporter is situated. In case of
(b) Plants and plants portions of cultivation origin of Free species listed in Schedule VI of Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, subject to the
species specified in any of the Schedules of Wild Life exporter complying with the provision of S.17A of the Act. In case of species listed
(Protection) Act, 1972 or Appendix I of CITES or Export in Appendix I of CITES subject registration of the nursery and appropriate CITES
Licensing Note 1. documentation from the Asst. Management Authority.

70 Medherb Information
History Cambodia Kolaab
Rose has a long and lively history. Fossil evidence tells that rose English Cabbage Rose, Damask Rose,
is 35 million years old. Today, there are over 30,000 varieties of French Rose De Damas, Rose De Tous Les Mois, Rose
roses and it has the most complicated family tree of any known Hindi Gulab, Sudburg, Bussorah
flower species. Cultivation of rose most likely began in Asia around Indonesia Kembang Eros, Bunga Ros
5000 years ago. Cultivation of rose was introduced in Europe Kannada Gulabihuvu, Panniru, Roja, Gulabi
during late eighteenth century by China. Laos Kuhlaab
From this introduction, experts today tend to divide all roses Malayalam Panniruppu, Penimirpushpam, Rosappu
into two groups. There are old roses (those cultivated in Europe Malaysia Ros, Gul
before 1800) and modern roses (those which began to be Manipuri Atar-Gulab
cultivated in England and France around the turn of the 19th Marathi Gulad, Gulab
century).
Odia Golapa, Tarani
Rose has experienced the most horrible extremes of the
Roman Empire when the farmers were reduced to growing roses Sanskrit Shatapatri, Soumyagandha
instead of food crops in order to satisfy the demands of their Tamil Pannir, Pannirpu, Kulapu
rulers. Telugu Gulabi, Rojapuvu, Gulabipuvvu
More than 10,000 roses are known in cultivation and three Thailand Kulaap Mon, Yee Sun
types of odours are recognized, viz. those of the Cabbage Rose (R. Urdu Gul-E-Surkh, Arq Gulab
centifolia), the Damask Rose (R. damascena) and the Tea Rose.
indica) Plant description
It is a small perennial erect thorny shrub with unequal, large,
Names in different languages hooked spikes and many bristles; grows up to 1.5 meters in height.
Arabic Gulab Leaves are compound imparipinnate, with 5 leaflets, leaflets
Bengali Golap ovate-lanceolate, serrated. Flowers vary in color, usually pink,

Special Features 83
History Names in different languages
The earliest civilizations that can be proved to have used henna Arabic : Alhenna, Henna, Henneh, Hinna, Yoranna
include the Babylonians, Assyrians, Sumerians, Semites, Ugaritics Bengali : Mehedi, Mehndi, Shudi
and Canaanites. Crossing the limitation of boundaries of countries Bombay : Henne, Mendie
and religions “henna” has been used to celebrate and bless Burmise : Dan, Danbin
Canaries : Goranta, Gorante, Goranthu, Korate,
sexuality & fertility of women in over 60 countries among Hindu,
Chinese : Tche Kia Hoa
Muslim, Sepharadic, Jewish, Rom, B'hai, Parsee, Zoasterian, Sikh, Deutsch : Heena
Coptic Christian, and Armenian Christian communities; as a long English : Camphire, Cypress Shrub, Egyptian Privet, Henna
standing valuable social custom. French : Alcana D'orient, Alkanna d'Avicenne
Some scientists believe that the use of henna has originated in Greek : Kypros
ancient India as a cosmetic and medicine, while others suggest its Gujarati : Medi, Mendi, Panwar
use originated in Middle East & North Africa and was brought to Hindi : Hena, Mehndi, Mhindi
India in the 12th century by Egyptian Moguls. But it is Konkani : Meti
apprehended from the illustrations of Bodhisattavas and deities of Malay : Inai
Malayalam: Mayilanji, Pontalasi
cave wall murals that, it was probably used in India seven centuries
Mandarin : Bind, Bindi, Mindi
before the moguls invasion and hundreds of years before Muslim
Marathi : Mendhi, Mendi
religion began in the middle of the 7th century AD. The use of Odia : Mehendi, Mendi, Monjuati, Olota, Rongota
henna as a decoration in India took off with the advent of Muslim Persian : Hina, Panna
rule and become common. Henna is commercially cultivated in Philippines: Cinamomo, Cinamomo Del Pais
India, Pakistan, Iran, Yemen, Morocco and Sudan. Punjabi : Hinna, Mehndi, Nakrize, Panwar

Special Features 87
History Japanese : Obeko
Isabgol the common name in India for Plantago ovata, has Kanada : Isofgolu, Visamagolu, Issabagolu, Isabakolu
come from the Persian words "isap" and "ghol" that mean horse Kashmiri : Is-mogul
ear, which is descriptive of the shape of the seed. It is indigenous to Malayalam : Karkatasringi, Snigddhajirakam, Ispaghal
Mediterranean region and West Asia extending up to Sutlej and Marathi : Isabgola, Isapghol
Sindh in West Pakistan, also distributed from Canary Islands across Nepalese : Isabgol
Southern Spain, North Africa, Middle East and North-Western Nederlands : Bladvlo
Asia. In India the use of isabgol is as old as the Ayurveda System of Oriya : Isabgul
Medicine. It is commercially cultivated in North Gujarat, Western Persian : Ispaghol, Isparzah, Thikam-daridah, Isabghul
Rajasthan, Punjab, Hariyana, and Uttar Pradesh. Punjabi : Lisapghol, Bartang, Abghol
Sanskrit : Ashwagol, Ishadgola, Ashwakarnabeeja,
Names in different languages Sheetabeeja, Ishrawarabola, Snigdhajeeraka
Arabic : Bazre-quatuna, Bazre-katima Sinhalese : Isphgol Vithai
Bengali : Esphopgol, Isabgul, Ishopgul, Ispaghul Tamil : Iskolvirai, Iskol, Isphagol, Ishappukolvirai
Chinese : Ch'-Ch'ientzu Telugu : Isphagula, Isapgaluvittulu, Isapagala
Deutsch : Indische Psylli-samen Urdu : Ispaghul
English : Ispaghula, Psyllium, Blond psyllium, Spogel
seeds, Ripple grass The plant
Gujarati : Isapghol, Isafghol, Ghoda Jeeru, Umtojeeru Plantago ovata is an annual herb that grows to a height of 12 to
Hindi : Isabgol, Isabgul, Issufgul, Ispaghul, Isubgol 18 inches (3046 cm). Leaves are opposite, linear or linear

Special Features 91
History Names in different languages
Senna is an Arabic name. All ancient cultures, including the Arabic : Sanaehindi, Sonna
Aztecs, Asians, and Africans have used infusions of the Cassia Assemese : Sonamukhi
Bengali : Sannamakki, Shonpat, Sonpat
species as a laxative. The first records show the herb being used
Canaries : Nelavare, Nelavarike, Sonamukhi
medicinally by Arabian physicians in the 9th century BC. The herb
Chinese : Fan Hsieh Yeh, Ta Hwai Yeh
was originally brought to medicinal use in Egypt long ago, and from Deutsch : Alexandrinische Senna.
there it entered Greek medicine at the time of Hippocrates. It was English : Alexandrian senna, Indian senna, Senna,
first brought into use by the Egyptian physicians Serapion and Tinnevelly senna, True senna
Mesue. Achiarius was the first Greek to notice it. He French : Casse, Canéficier, Séné d'Alexandrie,
recommended senna pods over the leaf thinking them more Gujarati : Middiawal, Sonamakhi
Hindi : Hindisana, Sanay, Sonai, Sonamukhi
powerful. People in northern Africa and southwestern Asia have
Kashmiri : Sna
used senna as a laxative for centuries. It was considered a
Kannada : Nelavarika, Sonamukhi,
“cleansing” herb because of its cathartic effect. In addition, the Malayalam : Nilavaka
leaves were sometimes made into a paste and applied to various Marathi : Bhuitarvada, Mulkacha, Shonamukhi
skin diseases. Its name of Ringworm Cassia was given because a Myanmar : Puvekainyoe
leaf extract is used to combat that fungal infection, especially in Norwegian : Sennesplante.
Malaysia. Senna was given the name of Purging Cassia in Europe Oriya : Sunamukhi
Persian : Sanaehindi
during the Middle Ages because it was used at that time in an
Punjabi : Sanapati, Sarnapatta, Sannamakhi
Italian medical school as a purgative.

Special Features 95
 Site: Dabur Nepal Nursery, Banepa (Nepal)

Andhra Pradesh 113 Madhya Pradesh 116

Arunachal Pradesh 113 Maharashtra 118
Bihar 113 Meghalaya 119
Chhattisgarh 114 Mizoram 119
Delhi 114 Orissa 120
Gujarat 114 Punjab 121
Haryana 114 Rajasthan 121
Himachal Pradesh 115 Tamil Nadu 122
Jharkhand 115 Uttar Pradesh 123
Karnataka 115 Uttarakhand 124
Kerala 116 West Bengal 124

111
 Medherb Green Pages 2010
INDIA AND NEPAL
Andhra Pradesh
BAS Greengold Farms ........................................................................Amla
Brindavan Nagar, 2nd Line,
Plot No.32A, 87-136A,
Kurnool-518 002 ..........................................................0-9440013889
Dharani Forestry & Orchards Ltd. ......................................................Amla
D.No.6-20-87, 8/1 Arundelpet,
Guntur- 522 002...........................................................0863-2230893
Dr. K Govardhan Reddy ............................................Amla, Ashwagandha
Shushruta Hospital, Malakpet,
Hyderabad-500 036......................................................040-24554401
Dr. T Ranga Reddy .....................................................Amla, Ashwagandha
10-5-33/2, Ahmed Nagar,
Hyderabad-500 028......................................................040-23327431
Farmwealth Bio-tech (Advt. on page 201) ..............................Aloevera, Amla
205, Raghava Towers,
BHEL Road, Madinaguda,
Hyderabad-500 050......................................................040-23046410
E-mail.........................................................farm2wealth@yahoo.com
Herbomed Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
54-20/9-5A, Thimmarusu Road, Srinagar Colony,
Vijayawada-520 008.....................................................0866-2545959
Jagdish Gupte
Jeevan Jyoti, Ist Fl, 15, Priya Colony, Ph-2, Kakaguda,
Secunderabad-500 015 ................................................040-27845906
K Seetha Ravamma ...................................................................Palmarosa
S. Teja Memorial Children Hospital, Main Road,
Piduguralla, Guntur ......................................................08649-252776
Krishi Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Growers Society
18-797F, Sai Nagar, 60 Feet Road South,
Opp. Adarshs School,
Guntakal-515 801.........................................................08552-223455
KS Prasad Rao .....................................................................Amla, Gudmar
C/o Deepika Rubber Industries, Guntur Road,
Sattenapalli-522 403 ....................................................08641-232406
M Narayan Swamy Nursery..............................................Aloevera, Stevia
Near III, Choultry,
Tirupati-517 010...........................................................0877-2243509
Medicinal Plants Conservation Centre
Kottapeta Oejinnuru, Poduru Mandal,
Dist.W.G.-534 265.........................................................08813-224020
N T Ramalinga Reddy.........................................................Amla, Kalmegh
Vill. & Post Nagradona, Chippagiri Mandal,
Dist. Kurnool.................................................................08523-239942
Nandan Biomatrix Ltd..............................................Jatropha, Safed Musli
Plot No.46, Road No.13, Banjara Hills,
Hyderabad-500 034......................................................040-23320999
New Life Solutions .......................................................................Aloevera
18-3-463/1/95, Shivajinagar, Aliyabad,
Hyderabad-500 053......................................................040-24383080
Oorvi Agricultural Products India Pvt. Ltd. ........................................Amla
H.No.2-5-388, Kajoji Street,
Nakkalagutta, Hanamkonda,
Warangal-506 001 ........................................................0870-2570017
www.medherb.in
Rathna Biotec Pvt. Ltd.
Palamner Mandal,
Chittoor-517 432..........................................................08572-259202
S Vijay Prabhakar Rao .........................................................Amla, Annatto
9-6-21, Nr SGR Colony, Rohini Hospital,
Santosh Nagar, Hyderabad ...........................................0-9849043689
Sagar Valley Herbals Enterprise
3-4-5-1085, Narayanguda, Hyderabad-29....................040-23227943
Sai Naturals ...................................................................Bach, Muskadana
C/o K. Subbarao, Siva Electronics, Subbaraya Complex,
Addanki, Distt. Prakasam-523 201 ...............................0-9848079321
Shanta Horticultural Farm & Nursery ................................................Amla
4-8-38/C, Manjeeranagar, Sangareddy,
Dist. Medak-502 001....................................................08455-276899
Sree Mohan Seeds
Old M.G. Brothers Lorry Office, Main Road,
Yemmiganur, Dist. Kurnool-518 360.............................08512-255407
Sreerama Chandra Murthy.....................................Annatto, Lemon Grass
27-A, Rd No.4, Sowbhagyapuram, ..............Shri Ramakrishnapuram,
Hyderabad-500 035......................................................040-24036355
Sresta Natural Bioproducts Pvt. Ltd.
Sresta House, Plot No.7, LIC Colony, Sikh Village,
Secunderabad-500 009 ................................................040-27893028
Sri Sai Traders
Plot No.36-28, Defence Colony,
Secunderabad-500 094 ................................................040-25503060
Trisakthi Farms ..................................................................................Amla
16, Vikaspuri, S.R. Nagar Post, Hyderabad-38..............040-31157340
U Kondala Rao ...................................................................Amla, Kalmegh
6-1125, Opp. Mkt Yard, Jaggayyapet,
Krishna .........................................................................08645-222792
V Vijaya Valli .........................................................................Amla, Pudina
C/o V. Rajendra Paul, Forest Officer, Ashok Nagar,
Nandigama, Krishna .....................................................08678-275109
Arunachal Pradesh
Ashok Sonam.................................................................Citronella, Pippali
Dist. Agriculture & Hort. Devp. Coop Sty. Ltd.,
Mebua, Seppa, Dist. (E) Kameng .................................03787-222978
North Easter Tribal Foundation ................................Chiraita, Sarpgandha
C/o Dolma House, Tenga Market, PO Tenga Mkt ,
Dist. (W) Kameng .........................................................03782-273355
Bihar
Arun Rai ........................................................................................Tobacco
Village & Post Ramchanderpur, Via Sarai Ranjan,
Distt. Samastipur-848 127............................................0-9006040045
Dr. Jyoti Kumar Bharti......................................................Shatawar, Senna
Vill. & P.O. Kadirganj,
Distt. Nawadah-805 104...............................................06324-214512
Fragrance Herbs ...............................................Citronella, Lemmon Grass
302-B, Third Fl, Sukriti Compex, S.P. Verma Road,
Patna-800 001 ..............................................................0612-2238254
Cultivators 113
 Andhra Pradesh 135 Kerala 155
Assam 136 Madhya Pradesh 156
Bihar 136 Maharashtra 160
Chhattisgarh 137 Meghalaya 173
Delhi 138 Orissa 173
Gujarat 150 Punjab 174
Haryana 152 Rajasthan 177
Himachal Pradesh 152 Tamil Nadu 179
Jammu & Kashmir 153 Uttar Pradesh 188
Jharkhand 153 Uttarakhand 192
Karnataka 154 West Bengal 195

125
 Medherb Green Pages 2010
INDIA AND NEPAL
Andhra Pradesh
Alhaj Syed Jahangir Ali Dawasaaz............................................................D
21-2-153, Gulzar Houze,
Hyderabad-500 002......................................................040-24578070
Amara Agri Medi......................................................................................E
T. Kammapalli (V&P), Pullampet (Mandal) Cuddapha,
T. Kammapalli-516 107.................................................08565-240640
Amreli Industrial Aromatics.....................................................................D
301, Royal Plaza, K.S. Lane, 4-4-933, Sultan Bazar,
Hyderabad-500 095......................................................040-24752323
Amrutha Herbs........................................................................................D
D.No.20/1483, Opp. St. Peters School,
Guntakal-515 801.........................................................0-9396881595
Amrytha Herbs.........................................................................................E
20/1483, Opposite Street, Peters School,
Guntakul-515 801.........................................................08552-220205
Ananth Herbal Products..........................................................................D
1-3-176/8/1, Gandhi Nagar,
Hyderabad....................................................................0-9949588283
Balkishan Harikishan Karwa ....................................................................D
15-7-515, Begum Bazar,
Hyderabad-500 012......................................................040-24741576
Balmukand Devkaran Sharda ..................................................................D
15-7-320, Devkripa, Begum Bazar,
Hyderabad-500 012......................................................040-24744625
Balmukund Laduram ...............................................................................D
15-7-524, Begum Bazar,
Hyderabad-500 012......................................................040-24740902
BL Marketing ...........................................................................................D
Plot No.54, 1st Floor, IDA, Kattedan,
Hyderabad-500 077......................................................040-24360786
Chatwal Pharmaceuticals ........................................................................D
3-6-291/5, Tirumala Towers,
Opp. Petrol Pump, Hyderguda,
Hyderabad-500 029......................................................040-23227812
Dalia's Srinivas & Bros. ............................................................................D
14-7-371/17, Begum Bazar, Opp. Raja Bahadur Bldg.,
Hyderabad-500 012......................................................040-24606726
Drreddy Exports.......................................................................................E
18/2, Rtmangalhat,
Hyderabad-500 006......................................................040-23225914
Farmwealth Bio-tech (Advt. on page 201) ....................................................D
205, Raghava Towers, BHEL Road, Madinaguda,
Hyderabad-500 050......................................................040-23046410
E-mail.........................................................farm2wealth@yahoo.com
Felcon Herbal Traders..............................................................................D
EWSH 204, APHB Colony, Moula-Ali,
Hyderabad-500 040......................................................040-31100050
Govindlal Asawa Dawasaz .......................................................................D
20-4-1103, Lad Bazar,
Hyderabad-500 002......................................................040-55715312
Graintec Trading Co. ................................................................................E
2, Lohia Towers, Nirmala Convent Road,
Vijayawada-520 010.....................................................0866-2492439
www.medherb.in
Hakim & Co. ............................................................................................D
Pathergatti Rd Corner, Mandi Mir Alam,
Hyderabad-500 002......................................................040-55711660
Heritage Bio Natural Systems Pvt. Ltd. .................................................D E
Plot No.36, H.No.17-20/2, Dharmapuri Colony, Uppal,
Hyderabad-500 039......................................................040-27151769
Hindustan Herbs House...........................................................................D
B-7, Amrutha Arcade, Opp. Venkatramana Theatre,
Kachiguda, Hyderabad-500 027 ...................................040-55632805
Indagri Biotech Pvt. Ltd............................................................................E
404, vijaya appartments, D.K. Road, Ameerpet,
Hyderabad-500016 ......................................................040-23731323
Kasturi Medicrops ...................................................................................D
104, 1-2-597-C, Sahita Apts., Near Indira Park, Lower Tank,
Bund, Hyderabad-500 029 ...........................................040-27635867
Kishanlal Mandanlal...............................................................................D
15-7-368, Begum Bazar,
Hyderabad-500 012......................................................040-24743567
KL-Agencies .............................................................................................D
G-4, Kundan Towers, Mayur Marg, Begumpet,
Hyderabad-500 016......................................................0-9849596896
Lala Dawasaaz Pvt. Ltd. ...........................................................................D
21-2-671, Urdu Lane, Charkaman,
Hyderabad-500 002......................................................040-24520858
Laxminarayan Sitaram & Co. ...................................................................D
15-5-55, Afzal Ganj,
Hyderabad-500 012......................................................040-24601367
Madvik Research Lab. Pvt. Ltd. ...............................................................D
G-2, Rajagruna, 2-2-18/18/3/3, Ahobillmutt Road,
Durgabhai Deshmukh Colony, Hyderabad-500 013......040-27403278
Malladi Agro Systems Pvt. Ltd. (Advt. on page 203) ................................D E I
6-3-456/20, F-203, "Esteem House'', Dwarakapuri Colony,
Punjagutta, Hyderabad-500 082 ..................................040-23312138
E-mail...........................................................masy@masymalladi.com
Master Herbs Pvt. Ltd..............................................................................D
404 UGB Gardens, Navodaya Colony, Mehdipatnam,
Hyderabad-500 028......................................................040-23518647
Merix International ............................................................................D E I
2-D, Sai Laxmi Rukmani Estate Apartments, Plot No.1,
LIC Colony, Sikh Village, Secunderabad-500 009..........040-27842549
MK Asawa Dawasaz.................................................................................D
20-4-1074, Motigalli, Lad Bazar,
Hyderabad-500 002......................................................040-24514133
Munnalal Dawasaz ..................................................................................D
15-5-55, Afzal Ganj,
Hyderabad-500 012......................................................040-24601367
National Trading Co.................................................................................D
16-8-238/1, Kaladera, Malakpet,
Hyderabad-500 036......................................................040-24571444
Nav Bharat Trading Co.............................................................................D
3/4/308/7, Parvarish Bagh, Lingam Pally, Kachiguda, Ist Floor,
Hyderabad-500 027......................................................040-27565233
Navayuga Exports Ltd...............................................................................E
48-9-17, Dwarakanagar,
Visakhapatnam-530 016 ..............................................0891-2747335
Dealer Exporter Importer 135
 Chapter 7.3

Exporters, Extractors, Manufacturers

Andhra Pradesh 201 Madhya Pradesh 242

Assam 205 Maharashtra 246
Bihar 205 Manipur 266
Chhattisgarh 205 Nagaland 266
Delhi 205 Orissa 266
Goa 215 Pondicherry 266
Gujarat 215 Punjab 266
Haryana 222 Rajasthan 270
Himachal Pradesh 224 Tamil Nadu 273
Jharkhand 226 Uttar Pradesh 279
Karnataka 226 Uttarakhand 288
Kerala 233 West Bengal 290

197
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INDIA AND NEPAL
Adfac Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. ...................................................................M
Plot No.133A, Rd No.15, Jubilee Hills,
Hyderabad-500033 ......................................................040-23541010
Adhuri Natural Products.........................................................................M
3-5-825, Sowmya Agencies,
Maphar Arcade, Hyderguda,
Hyderabad-500 029......................................................040-55827795
Agri Gold Organics Pvt. Ltd..................................................................E M
D.NO.40-1-21/21, G.F.,
Catholic Cmpx., M.G. Road,
Vijayawada-520 010.....................................................0866-5548625
Ahmed & Company Unani Pharmacy.....................................................M
Gulzar Houz,
Hyderabad-500 002......................................................040-24523580
Allen Homoeo & Herbal Products Ltd. ................................................E M
17-1-383/99/A, I.S. Sadan, 'X' Road, Saidabad,
Hyderabad-500 059......................................................040-24531331
Amreli Industrial Aromatics .....................................................................E
301, Royal Plaza, K.S. Lane, 4-4-933, Sultan Bazar,
Hyderabad-500 095......................................................040-24752323
Amrita Drugs ..........................................................................................M
9-24, Plot No.33, Gayatri Nagar, Old Karmanghat,
Hyderabad-500 079......................................................040-24092573
Anmol Naturals ......................................................................................M
16-3-32/B, Kowtha Street, Purnanandampet,
Vijayawada-520 003.....................................................0866-2571559
Annapurna Bio-Ved Pvt. Ltd. ..................................................................M
16-10-227, Annapurna Nilayam, Old Malakpet,
Hyderabad-500 036......................................................040-24549755
Arandy Laboratories Ltd. ........................................................................M
21, Pancom Chambers, Rajbhavan Road,
Somajiguda, Hyderabad-500 082 .................................040-23311563
Ashian Herbex Ltd....................................................................................E
Flat No.5, Prembagh Apts., 3-4-490/A, Barkatpura,
Hyderabad-500 027......................................................040-27563002
Balaji Ayurveda Pharmacy......................................................................M
5-5-405, Gandhi Bhawan, M.J. Road,
Hyderbad-500 001 .......................................................0-9885549900
Base C Forms ...........................................................................................E
108, R.T.C. Colony, 3rd Line,
Vijayawada-520 008.....................................................0866-2478255
Bee Lines Agri Tech.................................................................................M
F.No.111, Neelagiri Block, Aditya Enclave,
Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500 038....................................040-40036365
Biogen Biotechnologies Ltd....................................................................M
8-2-681/A-1C, Rd No.12, Banjara Hills,
Hyderabad-500 034......................................................040-23315351
Boodevi Products Ltd. ............................................................................M
843, Banjara Avenue, Rd No.1 ,
Hyderabad-500 034......................................................040-23396163
Calyx Biotech Ltd. ................................................................................E M
5-36/207, Prasanth Nagar, Kukatpally,
Hyderabad-500 072......................................................040-40113141
CD Zarda Works Pvt. Ltd.........................................................................M
21-2-366, Lad Bazar, PB No.620,
202 Exporter Extractor Manufacturer
Hyderabad-500 002......................................................040-24578802
Chatwal Pharmaceuticals.........................................................................E
3-6-291/5, Tirumala Towers, Opp. Petrol Pump,
Hyderguda, Hyderabad-500 029 ..................................040-23227812
Chemiloids ............................................................................................E E
40-15-14, Brindavan Colony, Labbipet,
Vijayawada-520 010.....................................................0866-2473468
Chintaluru Ayurveda Pharmacy..............................................................M
2-2-1107/C/1 & 2, Tilak Nagar,
Hyderabad-500 044......................................................040-27550769
Cureall Remedies ...................................................................................M
Saba Clinic, Opp. M.C.H. Park, Keshavgiri,
Chandrayangutta, Hyderabad-500 005 ........................040-24441044
Dawakhana Faiz Unani Pharmacy ..........................................................M
23-3-228/3, Lane Mir Chowk, Mir Alam Mandi Road,
Hyderabad-500 002......................................................040-65400800
Deccan Agritech Pvt. Ltd. .......................................................................M
Jayalakshmi Nagar, Chebrolu,
Guntur-522 212............................................................08644-254378
Delta Pharmaceuticals ...........................................................................M
102, Sai Jyoti Enclave, D.K. Road, Ameerpet,
Hyderabad-500 016......................................................040-23735709
Dharani Forestry & Orchards Ltd............................................................M
D.No.6-20-87, 8/1 Arundelpet,
Guntur-522 002............................................................0863-2230893
Dhopeshwar Engineering Pvt. Ltd. .........................................................M
A-16, Coop. Indl. Estate, Balanagar Post Office Lane,
Hyderabad-500 037......................................................040-23771579
Dr. Raju Ayurveda...................................................................................M
B/7/19, Sahara State, Hansoorabad,
Hyderabad-500 660......................................................040-24128898
Dr. Rao's Herbal Pharma Pvt. Ltd............................................................M
14-7-12, Venugopalarao Street, Hanumanpet,
Vijayawada-520 003.....................................................0866-5532116
Epic Herbal Products ..............................................................................M
10-2-5/8, AC. Guards,
Hyderabad-500 028......................................................040-23391567
Excel Extracts & Exim Pvt. Ltd. ..............................................................E E
76-4-6, Gandhipuram-II,
Rajahmundry-533 103..................................................0883-2466664
Farmwealth Bio-tech (Advt. on page 201) ................................................E M
205, Raghava Towers, BHEL Road,
Madinaguda, Hyderabad-500 050................................040-23046410
E-mail.........................................................farm2wealth@yahoo.com
Fizikem Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. ................................................................M
11-38-24, Rajamahal, Palle Street, PB No.84,
Vijayawada-520 001.....................................................0866-2562125
Four-s Lab...............................................................................................M
1-8-726/40, IInd Flr, Achayyanagar,
Brindavan Colony, Hyderabad-500 044 ........................040-27666185
Genotex International (I) Pvt. Ltd...........................................................M
4B, SP Biotech Park, Turkapally Village,
Hyderabad....................................................................040-40194486
Goodwin Pharma Chem Lab................................................................E M
12-27-202, Seelamvari Street, Kothapet,
 Andhra Pradesh 295 Madhya Pradesh 297
Assam 295 Maharashtra 298
Bihar 295 Meghalaya 299
Chhattisgarh 295 Mizoram 299
Delhi 295 Orissa 299
Gujarat 296 Punjab 299
Haryana 296 Rajasthan 299
Himachal Pradesh 296 Tamil Nadu 299
Jammu and Kashmir 297 Uttar Pradesh 300
Karnataka 297 Uttarakhand 300
Kerala 297 West Bengal 300

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INDIA AND NEPAL

Andhra Pradesh Central Herbal Agro Marketing Federation (CHAMF)

39-A, Rohit Villa, Pachpedi Chowk,
Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University Ring Road No.1,
Senior Scientist (Hort), Herbal Garden, Rajendranagar, Raipur-492 001.............................................................0771-2413195
Hyderabad-500 030......................................................040-24013331 Chhatisgarh State Vanoushadhi Board
Green Universe Environmental Services Sty Old Chhattisgarh College Campus, G.E. Road, Civil Line,
Plot No.704, Rd No.3, Banjara Hills, Raipur-492 001.............................................................0771-2422036
Hyderabad-500 034......................................................040-23358682 Chhattisgarh District Poverty Reduction Project (CGDPRP)
Herbal Garden Acharya NG Ranga Agri University Govt. of Chhattisgarh, Panchayat & Rural Devp. Dept.,
ANGRAU Main Gate, Rajendranagar, S-18, Rajiv Nagar, Raipur-492 001 ................................0771-4014493
Hyderabad-500 038......................................................040-24013331
Integrated Development through Environmental Awakening (IDEA)
Plot No.66, Dasapalla Hills, Delhi
Visakhapatnam-530 003 ..............................................0891-6642586 Agricultural Finance Corp.
Krishi Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Growers Society B-1/9, Community Centre, Janakpuri,
18-797F, Sai Nagar, 60 Feet Road South, Opp. Adarshs School, New Delhi-110 058.......................................................011-45791191
Guntakal-515 801.........................................................08552-223455 Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Devp. Authority (APEDA)
Mehar Baba Society 3rd Flr, NCUI Bldg., 3, Siri Institutional Area,
S. Shiva Shanker, 9/165, Beside CL Bunglow, Gooty, Opp. Asiad Village, August Kranti Marg, Hauz Khas,
Distt. Anantapur-515 402.............................................08552-252723 New Delhi-110016 .......................................................011-26513219
Pharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council (PHARMEXCIL) Amity Centre For Herbal Development
101, Aditya Trade Centre, Ameerpet, E-25, Defence Colony,
Hyderabad-500 038......................................................040-23735462 New Delhi-110 024.......................................................011-41888496
Pragati Green Meadows and Resorts Pvt. Ltd. Association for Promotion of Pure Ayurveda
No.271/A, Road No.10, Jubilee Hills, C-515, Saraswati Vihar, Delhi-110 034 .........................011-27014599
Hyderabad-500 033......................................................040-23553183 Basic Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals &
Sugen Life Sciences Cosmetics Export Promotion Council (CHEMEXCIL)
Division of Pre Clinical Biology, 4/86, S.V. Nagar, 432, Fourth Floor, Somdutt Chamber-II, Bhikaji Cama Place,
Perumalla Palli, Tirupati-517 505 .................................0877-2276118 New Delhi-110 066.......................................................011-26160937
Swami Ramanada Tirtha Institute Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha
1-10-342, Swami Ramananda Tirtha Marg, 61-65, Institutional Area, Opp. D Block, Janakpuri,
Brahmanwadi, Begumpet, New Delhi-110 058.......................................................011-28525852
Hyderabad-500 016......................................................040-27760950 Central Council For Research in Homoeopathy
61-65, Institutional Area, D-Block, Janakpuri,
New Delhi-110 058.......................................................011-28521162
Assam
Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine
All Assam Agar Traders & Agaroil Manufacturers' Associaton 61-65, Institutional Area, Opp. D Block, Janakpuri,
House No.2, Shankar Madhav Path, New Delhi-110 058.......................................................011-25611981
Japorigog, Near Namghar, Chhattisgarh Herbal Agro Mktg Federation
Guwahati-781 005........................................................0-9435350795 133-D, Pkt.-6, MIG Flats, Mayur Vihar, Ph-III,
Institute of Environmental Management & Social Development Delhi-110 096...............................................................011-22625233
"Ratnapeeth", M.G. Rd, Uzan Bazar, Essential Oil Association of India
Guwahati-781 001........................................................0361-2607141 301, 4832/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj,
New Delhi-110 002.......................................................011-23250322
Bihar Ford Foundation
55 Lodi Estate,
Ashanurup Lok Seva Sansthan New Delhi-110 003.......................................................011-24619441
51, Grand Shere, Exhibition Road, German Technical Collabaration (GTZ)
Patna-800 001 ..............................................................0-9431012151 B-5/1, Safdarjung Enclave,
New Delhi-110 029.......................................................011-26715952
Herbs & Kirana Association Regd.
Chhattisgarh
6689-90, Khari Baoli, Delhi-110 006.............................011-23925901
Amarkantak Agro Forestry Development IDRC-CRDI
Shivaji Chowk, Brahaspati Bazar, Tilak Nagar, 208, Jor Bagh,
Bilaspur ........................................................................07752-221032 New Delhi-110 003.......................................................011-24619411

Organisation 295
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INDIA AND NEPAL

Acacia catechu Willd.

English: Catechu
Indian: Khair
2
Nepali: Khayer

Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr.

English: Neem Tree

Indian: Neem
Nepali: Neem

Neem bark has cool, bitter and astringent properties. It is traditionally used
to treat tiredness, worms, fever and loss of appetite. Because of its
antiseptic and astringent properties, it is especially helpful in healing
wounds. The bark extracts have been used to manufacture different
products, ranging from oral care to skin care, from traditional medicines to
allopathic drugs. 1
English: Bael
Indian: Bael
Nepali: Bael 3

Cassia auriculata Linn. Cinchona officinalis Linn. Cinnamomum cassia Blume

English: Avaram English: Quinine English: Cinnamom

Indian: Tarwar Indian: Cinkona Indian: Dalchini
Nepali: *** 4 Nepali: *** 5 Nepali: Daalchini 6

302 Crude Medicinal Plants

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INDIA AND NEPAL

Arnica montana Linn.

English: Arnica
Indian: Arnica
2
Nepali: ***

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze

English: Shoe-flower
Indian: Gudhal
Nepali: Japaa Puspi

Gudhal petals have been used in Ayurvedic medicine to stimulate thicker

hair growth and to prevent premature graying, hair loss and scalp
disorders. The petals act as a natural, emollient hair conditioner. Hibiscus
petal powder is used in Ayurvedic hair washes, oil infusion treatments and
vinegar rinses for the hair.
1
English: Bastard Teak
Indian: Tesu
Nepali: Madaane 3

Calotropis procera (Willd.) R. Br. Carthamus tinctorius Linn. Chamomilla recutita (L.)

English: Milk Weed English: Safflower English: Chamomile

Indian: Aak Indian: Kusum Indian: Chamomile
Nepali: Aank 4 Nepali: Kusum 5 Nepali: Chamomile 6

304 Crude Medicinal Plants

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INDIA AND NEPAL

Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr.

English: Bael Fruit

Indian: Bael
2
Nepali: Bael

Amomum subulatum Roxb.

English: Chebulic Myrobalan

Indian: Harad
Nepali: Harro

Harad fruit is used for hyperlipidemia and digestive disorders, including

diarrhea, indigestion, constipation and respiratory conditions, including
respiratory tract infections, cough, and sore throat. It is also used orally for
dysentery. It is useful in asthma, vomiting, eye diseases, heart diseases,
hiccup, etc. The Harad fruit is one of the three constituents of the famous
Indian preparation Triphala. 1
English: Greater Cardamom
Indian: Badi Elaychi
Nepali: Alaichi 3

Cassia fistula Linn. Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Momordica charantia Linn.

English: Indian Laburnum English: Emblic Myrobalan English: Bitter Gourd

Indian: Amaltas Indian: Amla Indian: Karela
Nepali: Amaltaash 4 Nepali: Amlaa 5 Nepali: Karela 6

306 Crude Medicinal Plants

331
332
 Darchula

Mahakali
Dadeldhura Karnali
Mahendarnagar
Seti
Kanchanpur
Dhangadhi

Birendranagar
Bheri
Dhawalagiri
Rapti
Nepalganj
Gandaki
Dang

The external boundary of Nepal as shown in this map is neither authentic nor correct, Not to scale.
Gorkha
Lumbini Butwal Bagmati
Krishnanagar
Kathamndu
Narayani Jiri

MakwanpurSagarmatha
Mechi
Birganj
Janakpur
Bhojpur
Kosi
Dharan Ilam
Birtamode
Jhapa
Biratnagar

334
 Taxus baccata Linn.

Country Profile and become a federal democratic republic. The transition to a

Situated in the lap of the Himalayas, Nepal, now officially the republic was completed in May 2008, when the Constituent
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in Assembly voted to dissolve the monarchy.
South Asia and the world's youngest republic. It is bordered to the Nepal is divided into 14 zones under 5 development regions for
north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, maintaining law and order and coordinating the work of field
and west by India. With an area of 147,181 square kilometers agencies of the various government ministries. The 5 regions and
(56,827 sq mi) and a population of approximately 30 million, Nepal 14 zones are:
is the world's 93rd largest country by land mass. Kathmandu is the Purwanchal Madhyamanchal
nation's capital and the country's largest metropolitan city. Nepal (Eastern Region) (Central Region)
is a country of highly diverse and rich geography, culture, and Kosi Bagmati
religions. The mountainous north contains eight of the world's ten Mechi Janakpur
highest mountains, including the highest, The Mount Everest. Sagarmatha Narayani
Nepal is linked historically with the birthplace of Gautam Buddha. Pashchimanchal Madhya Pashchimanchal
(Western Region) (Mid-Western Region)
Government Dhawalagiri Bheri
In Nov. 1990, King Birendra promulgated a new constitution Gandaki Karnali
and introduced a multiparty parliamentary democracy in Nepal. Lumbini Rapti
Under pressure amid massive pro-democracy protests in April Sudur Pashchimanchal
2006, King Gyanendra gave up direct rule and reinstated (Far-Western Region)
Parliament, which then quickly moved to diminish the King's Mahakali
power. In Dec. 2007, Parliament voted to abolish the monarchy Seti

Herbal Drugs - The Green Gold of Nepal 335

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INDIA AND NEPAL
Medicinal Plants
Nepal, right in the centre of the Himalayan region, has special
significance entangled with different systems of medicine and
medicinal plants. Medicinal plants are used in traditional rural
remedies, Ayurvedic medicines, Homoeopathic medicines, and
many of them are also included in allopathic pharmacopoeia. With
a wide range of topographic features and climatic conditions in
Nepal, one can find large environmental variations (from the
humid lowland forests to glaciated mountain tops). This variation
has resulted in isolated localities that host a large number of plant
species.
The traditional health care system based on Himalayan native
plants has a long history. Pieces of literature written in the Nepali,
Newari, and Sanskrit languages contain records of Nepali
medicinal plants. The original "Saushrut Nighantu," written on
palm leaves in Newari script and Sanskrit verses during Mandeva
Era 301 (879 AD), is said to be the oldest of these books. At higher
altitudes, the people are entirely dependent on traditional
medicine, based largely on plants, provided by local healers
known here as Lama, Amchi, Jhakri or Baidya. These healers
prepare herbal formulations from medicinal plants collected in
and around the park. Apart from this domestic use, medicinal
plants are also collected for sale.
Due to its geographic and climatic diversity, the relatively small
country of Nepal—occupying just 0.1% of the world's total land
mass—is surprisingly rich in biological diversity. Nepal boasts
10,167 plant species, 5,891 of which are flowering. The medicinal
and aromatic plants database for Nepal includes 1,624 species of
wild, domesticated, and naturalized plant species. Of these, 1,533
are flowering plants and 92 are non-flowering. The plants are
found in whole of the country, including the Terai zone at the foot
of the Himalaya. The flora of Nepal contains about 7000 species of
flowering plants, of which 246-310 are national endemics
(according to various estimates).The great majority of these
endemics are high altitude plants, very few being known from the
Terai. The district with the highest number of endemic species is
Mustang (78 species) followed by Dolpa (74 species) and Rasuwa
(60 species). Estimates for the number of medicinal plant species
in Nepal range from 593 to 1624 (figures that include about 60
imported species) .The greatest number of species is found in
central Nepal and, in particular, in the sub-tropical zone (including
the Terai).There are diminishing numbers towards the east and
west, and with increasing altitude.
The uppermost elevation for the growth of trees, shrubs,
herbaceous forms and climbers were 4500 m, 5000 m, 6000 m and
3300 m a.s.l, respectively. The optimum richness of different life
forms was also different. The maximum richness of total medicinal
plants was observed at an elevation of 1100 m a.s.l. Similarly the
maximum richness of trees, shrubs, herbaceous forms and
climbers were found at elevations of 1000 m, 1000 m, 1300 m and
900 m a.s.l, respectively. Because of overexploitation, sixty species
have been assigned to various conservation risk categories:
336 Herbal Drugs - The Green Gold of Nepal
critically endangered, endangered, insufficiently known, nearly
threatened, vulnerable, rare, threatened and data deficient. The
maximum richness or concentration of these threatened
medicinal plants peaked at 3500 m a.s.l.
Nepal harbours a wide range of climatic conditions. However,
the climatic conditions can be broadly divided into two types: dry
winter period and wet summer period. The climatic condition of
Nepal is dominated by the precipitation from the Bay of Bengal
summer monsoon. The amount and distribution of this
precipitation, the duration and altitudes of cloudiness vary
considerably in different parts. The amount of rainfall gradually
decreases from east to west, but increases from the plains to
certain elevations between 800 to 2000 m a.s.l. to the north and
then decreases.
Medicinal plants are an important component of the
vegetation of Nepal, and the distribution pattern of medicinal
plants has been found to be approximately 49.2% in the tropical
zone (up to 1,000 meters), 53.96% in the sub-tropical zone (1,000 -
2,000 m), 35.7% in the temperate zone (2,000 - 3,000 m), 18.9% in
the sub-alpine zone (3,000 - 4,000 m), and 7.14% in the alpine zone
(4,000 m upwards). Though Nepal is a small country still almost all
types of vegetations are available which may be squeezed into five
divisions and medicinal plants were found growing between the
elevations of 100 m to 6,000 m a.s.l.
Tropical zone (Below 1000 m): The lowermost region of the
country which runs parallel with the southern border is known
as Tarai, Bhabar, Dun valley and Shiwalik .The region is hot for
most of the seasons with maximum temperature of 45 degree
C and the minimum of 0 degree C and the annual average
rainfall of 700-1000 mm. This is the zone of Sal as it forms the
dominant component of the forest. Other components of the
forest are Adina cordifolia, Dillenia pentagyna, Terminalia
bellirica, Anogeissus latifolia, Mallotus philippensis, Toona
ciliata, xylosoma longifolium etc.
Some of the essential oil yielding plants of this area are:
Zingiber officinale, Cymbopogon nardus (lemon grass),
Cymbopogon martini (palmarosa).
Some of the poisonous plants of the area include Calotropis
gigantea, Datura metel, Jatropha curcas and Nicotiana
tabacum.
Other important medicinal plants of the area are: Rauvolfia
serpentina, Papaver somnifera, Azadirachta indica, Argyreia
speciosa, Acacia concinna, Antidesma bunius, Acorus calamus,
Butea monosperma, Catharanths roseus, Clitoria ternatea,
Commelina benghalensis, Eulophia campestris, Solanum
surattense, Semecarpus anacardium, Hemidesmus indicus,
Vetiveria zizanioides, Tinospora cordifolia, Operculina
turpethum, Mucuna nigricans, Curcuma angustifolia etc.
Sub-tropical zone (1000-2000 /2100m): It is the zone running
parallel with the Shiwalik range on the southern side. The
average rainfall of the area is 1000-2500 mm with hot summer
(average temperature 27 degree C) and moderately cold
 Revised Treaty of Trade between
The Government of India and The Government of Nepal
The Government of India and the Government of Nepal
(hereinafter referred to as the Contracting Parties), Being
conscious of the need to fortify the traditional connection
between the markets of the two countries, Being animated by the
desire to strengthen economic cooperation between them,
Impelled by the urge to develop their economies for their several
and mutual benefit, and Convinced of the benefits of mutual
sharing of scientific and technical knowledge and experience to
promote mutual trade, Have resolved to conclude a Treaty of
Trade in order to expand trade between their respective territories
and encourage collaboration in economic development, and Have
for this purpose appointed as their Plenipotentiaries the following
persons, namely,
For the Government of India For the Government of Nepal
(Anand Sharma) (Rajendra Mahto)
Commerce & Industry Minister Minister of Commerce & Supplies
Who, having exchanged their full powers and found them good
and in due form, have agreed as follows:
Article I
The Contracting Parties shall explore and undertake all
measures, including technical cooperation, to promote, facilitate,
expand and diversify trade between their two countries.
Article II
The Contracting Parties shall endeavour to grant maximum
facilities and to undertake all necessary measures for the free and
unhampered flow of goods, needed by one country from the
other, to and from their respective territories.
Article III
Both the Contracting Parties shall accord unconditionally to
each other treatment no less favourable than that accorded to any
third country with respect to (a) customs duties and charges of any
kind imposed on or in connection with importation & exportation,
(b) import regulations including quantitative restrictions.
Article IV
The Contracting Parties agree, on a reciprocal basis, to exempt
from basic customs duty as well as from quantitative restrictions
the import of such primary products as may be mutually agreed
upon, from each other.
Indo-Nepal Treaty of Trade - 2009 339
www.medherb.in Medherb Green Pages 2010
INDIA AND NEPAL
Article V
Notwithstanding the provisions of Article III and subject to
such exceptions as may be made after consultation with the
Government of Nepal, the Government of India agree to promote
the industrial development of Nepal through the grant on the
basis of non-reciprocity of specially favorable treatment to
imports into India of industrial products manufactured in Nepal in
respect of customs duty and quantitative restrictions normally
applicable to them.
Article VI
With a view to facilitating greater interchange of goods
between the two countries, the Government of Nepal shall
endeavour to exempt, wholly or partially, imports from India from
customs duty and quantitative restrictions to the maximum extent
compatible with their development needs and protection of their
industries.
Article VII
Payment for transactions between the two countries will
continue to be made in accordance with their respective foreign
exchange laws, rules and regulations. The Contracting Parties
agree to consult each other in the event of either of them
experiencing difficulties in their mutual transactions with a view to
resolving such difficulties.
Article VIII
The Contracting Parties agree to co-operate effectively with
each other to prevent infringement and circumvention of the laws,
rules and regulations of either country in regard to matters
relating to foreign exchange and foreign trade.
Article IX
Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions, either Contracting
Party may maintain or introduce such restrictions as are necessary
for the purpose of:
(a) Protecting public morals,
(b) Protecting human, animal and plant life,
(c) Safeguarding national treasures,
(d) Safeguarding the implementation of laws relating to the
import and export of gold and silver bullion, and
(e) Safeguarding such other interests as may be mutually agreed
upon.
Article X
Nothing in this treaty shall prevent either Contracting Party
from taking any measures which may be necessary for the
protection of its essential security interests or in pursuance of
general international conventions, whether already in existence
or concluded hereafter, to which it is a party relating to transit,
export or import of particular kinds of articles such as narcotics
and psychotropic substances or in pursuance of general
340 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Trade - 2009
conventions intended to prevent infringement of industrial,
literary or artistic property or relating to false marks, false
indications of origin or other methods of unfair competition.
Article XI
In order to facilitate effective and harmonious implementation
of this Treaty, the Contracting Parties shall consult each other
regularly.
Article XII
(a) This Treaty shall come into force on the date of its signature. It
shall supercede the Treaty of Trade concluded between the
Government of India and the Government of Nepal on 6th
December 1991, as amended or modified from time to time.
(b) This Treaty shall remain in force for a period of seven years and
shall be automatically extended for further periods of seven
years at a time, unless either of the parties gives to the other a
written notice, three months in advance, of its intention to
terminate the Treaty.
(c) This Treaty may be amended or modified by mutual consent of
the Contracting Parties.
(d) The Protocol annexed to this Treaty shall constitute its integral
part.
Done in duplicate in Hindi, Nepali and English languages, all the
texts being equally authentic, at Kathmandu on 27th October,
2009. In case of doubt, the English text will prevail.
(Anand Sharma) (Rajendra Mahto)
Commerce & Industry Minister Minister of Commerce & Supplies
For the Government of India For the Government of Nepal
Protocol to The Treaty of Trade
I. With Reference to Article I
1. It is understood that the trade between the two
Contracting Parties shall be conducted through the
mutually agreed routes as are mentioned in the Annexure
A. Such mutually agreed routes would be subject to joint
review as and when required.
2. It is further understood that the exports to and imports
from each other of goods which are not subject to
prohibitions or duties on exportation or importation shall
continue to move through the traditional routes on the
common border.
3. The Government of India, on request from the
Government of Nepal, will make best endeavour to assist
Nepal to increase its capacity to trade through
improvement in technical standards, quarantine and
testing facilities and related human resource capacities.
1. Most Tradable Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Nepal
Botanical Name English Name Indian Name Nepali Name
Abrus precatorius Linn. Jequirity Ratti Laal Gedi
Acacia catechu Willd. Catechu Khair Khayer
Acacia concinna DC. Soap Pod Shikakai Sikakai
Acacia nilotica (Linn.) Delile Gum Arabic Babul Babool
Achyranthes aspera Linn. Prickly Chaff Flower Latjira Ultekurro
Aconitum ferox Wall. Aconite Atis Bikhmaa
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall ex Royle Indian Aconite Atis Kadvi Atees
Aconitum spicatum (Bruhl.) Stapf. Nepali Aconite Nepali Atis Bikjara
Acorus calamus Linn. Sweet Flag Bach Bojho
Adhatoda vasica Nees Vasaka Adusa Asuro
Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn. Maiden Hair Fern Hansraj Unyu
Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr. Bael Fruit Bael Bael
Aesculus hippocastanum Linn. Horse Chestnut Pangar Paangro
Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth. Lebeck Tree Siris kaalo Sirees
Aloe barbadensis Mill. Aloe Gawar Patha Ghiu Kumari
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Dita-bark Tree Saptaparna Chal Chhatiwan
Amomum subulatum Roxb. Greater Cardamom Badi Elaychi Alaichi
Anacyclus pyrethrum DC. Pyrethrum Akarkara Akarkala
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Nees Andrographis Kalmegh Titkaa
Areca catechu Linn. Betel Nut Supari Supaari
Argemone mexicana Linn. Prickly Poppy Satyanasi Beej Thaakal
contd... on page 348

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Botanical Name English Name Indian Name Nepali Name

Aristolochia indica Linn. The Indian Birthwort Ishvari Ishworee
Artemisia dubia Wall. Mugwort Artemisia Tite Patti
Asparagus racemosus Willd. Asparagus Shatawar Kurilo
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Neem Tree Neem Neem
Berberis aristata DC. Berberry Daruhaldi Chutro
Bergenia ciliata Sternb. Bergenia Pakhanved Paakhanved
Betula utilis D. Don Himalayan Birch Bhoj Patra Bhuj Paat
Boerhaavia diffusa Juss. var. hirsuta Spreading Hogweed Punarnava Punarnavaa
Brachycorythis obcordata Lindl. *** Salamisri Gaamdol
Buchanania lanzan Spreng. Cuddapah Almonds Chironji Chiraunjee
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze Bastard Teak Tesu Madaane
Calotropis procera (Willd.) R. Br. Milk Weed Aak Aank
Cannabis sativa Linn. Hemp Bhaang Bhaang
Carthamus tinctorius Linn. Safflower Kusum Kusum
Carum carvi Linn. Caraway Kala Jeera Jangalee Jiraa
Cassia fistula Linn. Indian Laburnum Amaltas Amaltaash
Cassia tora Linn. Ringworm Plant Pawad Chakramandee
Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud Himalayan Cedar Devdaru Devdar
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Indian Pennywort Mandukparni Ghodtaapre
Chamomilla recutita Linn. Chamomile Chamomile Chamomile
Cinnamomum tamala (Ham.) Nees & Eberm. Cinnamon Leaves Tejpaat Tej Patta
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn. Cinnamon Bark Taj Taj
Coleus forskohlii (Willd.) Briq. Indian Coleus Coleus Paasaanved
Commiphora mukul Hook ex Stocks Indian Myrrh Guggal Gokuldhup
Crocus sativus Linn. Saffron Kesar Keshar
Croton tiglium Linn. Purgative Croton Jamalgota Lapche Bis
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Curculigo Kalimusli Kaalo musalee
Curcuma longa Linn. Turmeric Haldi Hardi
Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. Zedoary Kachur Kachur
Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Watson Palmarosa Palmarosa Paamaarosa
Cyperus scariosus R. Br. *** Nagarmotha Naagarmothe
Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don.) Soo Salep Orchid Salam Punja Paanch Aunle
Datura metel Linn. Thorn Apple Dhatura Dhaturo
Delphinium denudatum Wallich. Larkspur Jadwar Nirbisi
Didymocarpus albicalyx C. B. Clarke *** Kumkum Kumkum
Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. Elephants' Foot Hathi Paon Bhyaakur
Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) K. Schum. Utrasum-bead Tree Rudraksh Rudraakshya
Embelia ribes Burm f. Embelia Vai-Vidang Bayubidang
Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Emblic Myrobalan Amla Amlaa
Ephemerantha macraei (Lindl.) *** Jeevanti Jiwanti
Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. Dwarf morning-glory Vishnukranti Shankha puspi
Ficus benghalensis Linn. Banyan Tree Bargad Bar
Ficus religiosa Linn. Sacred Fig Pipal Pipal
Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don Fritillary Kakoli Kaakolee
Gaultheria frangrans D. Don Wintergreen Jirhap Dhasingre
Gentiana kurroo Royle. Himalayan Gentian Kutki Karu
Geranium nepalense Sweet Nepali Geranium Geranium Chunetroghaans
Gloriosa superba Linn. Glory Lily Kalihari Kewaree
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. Liquorice Mulathi Jethimadhu
Gmelina arborea Roxb. Candahar Tree Gambhari Khamaaree
Gossypium arboreum Linn. Cotton Plant Kapas Kapaas
contd... on page 349

348 Commercially Important Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Nepal

 Information 1 III. Banned for felling, transportation and export
S.N. Scientific Name Nepali Name
Regulatory (Export Negative List and CITES) 1. Acacia catechu Khayar
2. Bombax ceiba Simal
Protected Plants of Nepal 3. Dalbergia latifolia Satisaal
4. Juglans regia Okhar
S.N. Scientific Name Nepali Name 5. Michelia champaca Chaamp
I. Banned for collection, transportation and trade 6. Pterocarpus marsupium Bijayasaal
1. Dactylorhiza hatagirea Paanchaunle 7. Shorea robusta Saal
2. Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia Kutki*
3. Root bark of Juglans regia Okhar Ko Bokraa Nepal’s Flora under CITES Appendices (Appendix)
1. Ceropegia pubescens Mirke Lahara II
II. Banned for export outside the country without processing 2. Cyathea spinulosa (Tree fern) Rukh Unyu II
(Not applicable for cultivated products) 3. Cycas pectinata (Cycas) Jokar, Jaggar, Kalbal II
1. Abies spectabilis Taalispatra 4. Dioscorea deltoidea Bhyaakur II
2. Cinnamomum glaucescens Sugandhakokila 5. Gnetum montanum Bhote Lahara III
3. Lichens Jhyaau 6. Meconopsis regia Kyashar III
4. Nardostachys grandiflora Jataamansi 7. Orchidaceae (Orchids) Sunaakhari II
5. Rauvolfia serpentina Sarpgandhha 8. Podocarpus neriifolius Gunsi III
6. Taxus baccata Lauth salla 9. Podophyllum hexandrum Laghupatra II
7. Valeriana jatamansii Sugandhawaal 10. Rauvolfia serpentine Sarpagandhaa II
11. Talauma hodgsonii Bhalu Kaath III
* Recently the ban has been lifted for products legally harvested from 12. Taxus baccata Lauth sallaa II
sustainably managed forests. 13. Tetracentron sinense Jharikote III

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INDIA AND NEPAL
Website on MAPs by Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal
It has been estimated that the Himalayan region harbors about
8000 species of medicinal and aromatic plants, supporting the
livelihood of about 600 million people living in the area. The
medicinal plants of the Himalayas are a major source of income for
communities in the region; they provide basic healthcare for
millions of citizens and possess immense cultural value. Up to 50%
of rural household income of Nepal is derived from collection and
trade of medicinal plants. This resource base in terms of the plants
themselves and the knowledge of their use is being eroded at an
alarming rate. Ensuring a sustainable future for this resource is a
national imperative.
Information on Medicinal and aromatic plants are scattered
and not easily available in public domain. Networking among the
different stakeholders (institutions, experts, researchers, traders,
farmers, and policy makers) is seriously lacking. In this context, it
has been realized to develop a consortium or forum for the
national networking of medicinal and aromatic plants in Nepal. To
fulfill this need MAPs-Net Nepal has been planned and developed.
MAPs-Net is a comprehensive database on medicinal plants of
Nepal built up at ESON with the support from MAPPA/ICIMOD.
The database is targeted for incorporating all available
information on the medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) of
Nepal. The main purpose is to compile information on different
issues of MAPs in the database in its own website and make the
data accessible to all interested stakeholders.
In the first phase about 40 potential medicinal and aromatic
plants has been selected for database.
Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal (ESON) and International Centre
Information 4
Procedure of Drug Registration
(Ayurvedic, Unani and Homoeopathic Products)
1. Registration of Manufacturer:
Application for registration will be accepted only from the
manufacturers that are WHO-GMP certified.
The following documents should be submitted through the
authorized Nepalese importer for the company
(manufacturer) registration.
1. An application by the company for the company registration
2. Letter of authority to the importer issued by the responsible
person of the company
3. Site Master File (as per PICS guidelines or guidelines
provided by Department of Drug Administration, Nepal)
358 Medherb information on Nepal
4. Up-to-date manufacturing license issued by drug control
authority
5. List of products and dosage forms intended to be registered
6. Letter of warranty (in format provided by Department of
Drug Administration, Nepal)
7. Latest GMP internal audit report
8. Photocopy of wholesale registration of Nepalese importer
9. A complete set of documents for at least one product
needed for product registration, as mentioned below.
If the submitted documents are satisfactory, the company will
be listed for the audit of manufacturing site. The company will
have to pay USD 1500.00 (for the SAARC country) or USD
2500.00 (for countries other than SAARC) as inspection fee.
The company will be audited after the decision of the
Government of Nepal. If audit team is satisfied with GMP
implementation status, the company will be registered on the
payment of NRs 50000.00 (for the SAARC country) or NRs.
80000.00 (for countries other than SAARC). If the team is not
satisfied about GMP implementation status, registration will
not be granted and no process for re-audit will be initiated for
at least two years.
After the company registration, this department can process
for the product registration. The registration fee for the
product registration is Rs. 2400 and Rs. 300 for import
recommendation letter.
2. Registration of Product
The following documents should be submitted through the
Nepalese importer for the product registration.
1. Schedule 4 'x' Application form for product registration as
per Registration Regulation of Drug Act 1978. (Available at
the department and to be filled by Nepalese importer) [see
Annexure-1 on next page for the specimen copy of same]
2. Schedule 6 Application form for product recommendation
letter as per Registration Regulation of Drug Act 1978.
(Available at the department and to be filled by Nepalese
importer) [see Annexure-2 on next page for the specimen copy of
same]
3. Attested copy of Valid Certificate of Pharmaceutical
Products (CPP) as recommended by WHO (Attested by Drug
Regulatory Authority or Notary Public).
4. Detail formulation including excipients, color, flavor etc.
5. Product specification
6. Methods of analysis
7. Samples of the product (2-unit pack), labels and carton.
8. Analytical report from own and reputed lab.
The above documents are to be indexed and submitted in an
index file. The Product Registration Document for each
product should be submitted in separate individual file.
Vernacular Names from the base of the rhizome. The peduncle is short and the buds
Bengali : Boro alach, Buro elachi, Morung elachi encased in tight red bracts. Flowers appear from spring through
Chinese : Xiang dou kou mid summer. Individual flowers stay open for three days and more
Danish : Sort kardemomme and new ones open successively. An inflorescence stays in flower
Dutch : Zwarte kardemom for over a month.
English : Black cardamom, Greater cardamon, Nepal
cardamon, Indian cardamom Habitat
Finnish : Mustakardemumma This species is native to the Eastern Himalayas and inhabits
French : Cardamome noir, Cardamome du Népal cool forest areas near mountain streams and damp forest floors. It
German : Nepal-Cardamom, Schwarzer Cardamom grows fast and vigorously during the summer monsoon months.
Hindi : Bari elaichi
Italian : Cardamomo nero Distribution
Nepali : Alaichi (A-lai-chee) The largest producer of the black cardamom is Nepal followed
Sanskrit : Harenuka, Upakunchika by India and Bhutan.
Spanish : Cardamomo negro
Main constituents
Plant The seeds contain 3% of an essential oil, which is dominated by
This is a clustering ginger with stems growing up to 5ft tall. 1- 8-cineol (more that 70%). Smaller and variable amounts of
Leaves are found on the upper portion of the stem. This is an limonene, terpinene, terpineol, terpinyl acetate and sabinene
evergreen plant with the old stems dying down after a few years. have also been reported.
The rhizomes are a dull red in color. Flower buds appear in spring

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Uses
Medicinal: The seeds are acrid, bitter, aromatic, thermogenic,
deodorant, appetizer, carminative, digestive, stomachic,
constipative, depurative, cardiac and liver tonic, expectorant,
diuretic, febrifuge. Useful in anorexia, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence,
hyperacidity, vomiting, diarrhoea, dysentery, skin diseases,
pruritus, wounds, ulcers, headache, toothache, neuralgia, cardiac
debility, liver congestion, spleen enlargement, cough, bronchitis,
fever, urinary problems and gonorrhea.
Specifically they are useful in diseases of mouth, vomiting,
flatulence, anorexia, piles, fever, cough, respiratory problems,
weakness and headache.
Eladi churna and Eladi gutika are two important formulations
containing Amomum subulatum
In Manipur, the seed is used in the treatment of cough,
vomiting, enlarged spleen and diseases of rectum.
Culinary: The pods of A. subulatum are used primarily in the
cuisines of India. Black cardamom pods can be used in soup
powders, casseroles, and marinades for smoky flavor, much in the
way bacon is used.
In India and Pakistan, black cardamom seeds are often an
important component of the Indo-Pak spice mixture garam
masala. Black cardamom is also commonly used in savory dal and
rice dishes .This is used in making traditional tea’
The pods are also often used in Vietnam, where they are called
thao qua and used as an ingredient in the broth for the noodle
soup called pho.
Cultivation
Amomum subulatum is an important economic crop in the
Eastern Himalayas and especially in the District of Darjeeling and
state of Sikkim where it is cultivated in large areas. Large
cardamom is one of the old spices indigenous to the Eastern
Himalayas. The State of Sikkim (India) located between Nepal and
Bhutan is its original home. Large cardamom was introduced into
Ilam (Nepal) in 1865. However, its commercial cultivation started
in Ilam much later in 1953. The establishment of Cardamom
Development Centre at Fikkal in this district in 1975 paved the way
for the development of this crop. Today large cardamom is grown
only in three countries namely, India, Nepal and Bhutan.
Large cardamom is an important cash crop of the Eastern
Region of Nepal. With an annual production of 6647 MT from an
area of 11498 hectares, the crop supports the livelihood of more
364 Alaichi - An important cash crop
than 70,000 families directly and indirectly. The growth in area,
production and productivity achieved in the recent years are
attractive at 29%, 100% and 59% respectively. There is more land
with suitable agro-climatic conditions available for further area
expansion. Since area is already expanding and it is likely to
appreciate further because of the present attractive price
situation and additional development support expected from the
Nepal government, production will reach 10,000 MT by 2012-13
registering 50% increase in the next five years.
The national average price of large cardamom was at the peak
at NRs 300per kg in 2000. Price gradually declined and touched the
bottom level of NRs 144.01 per kg in 2005. This price nose dive
upset the farmers but they went on increasing area and
productivity of the crop as they had no other avenues to increase
their cash income. The increase in price is not due to hike demand
alone but due to insufficient availability of large cardamom in the
international market. Production declined in Bhutan after the
right to cultivate crops in forest lands was taken away from farmers
in 1992. Disease incidence is also rampant in Bhutan. Bhutanese
farmers will only be prepared to revive large cardamom
plantations if prices are rolled back to 2000 levels.
Propagation
Large cardamom is propagated through seeds and suckers.
Seedlings are preferable as the two devastating virus diseases
namely, Chirkey and Furkey are not transmitted through seeds.
Suckers can be used for planting if collected from disease free
mother plants and multiplied in a healthy nursery. While seedlings
take 5-6 years to come to full bearing, suckers produce normal
yield in 3-4 years. Hence most of the farmers in Nepal prefer to use
suckers.
There are a number of varieties of large cardamom cultivated
in Nepal and they are Ramsey, Golsey, Chibesey, Dambersey,
Sawney and Kantidaar. Among these, Ramsey, Golsey and
Chibesey are wide spread in cultivation. For nursery rising, seeds
from fully ripe capsules are collected from high yielding and well
maintained plantations free from viral diseases. After de-husking,
seeds are washed thoroughly in water to remove the mucilage
completely. Then water is completely drained and seeds are mixed
with wood ash, dried in shade and sown in primary nursery. When
attain 3 to 4 leaf stage they are transferred to the secondary
nursery. After growing for about 10 to 12 months, they are ready
for planting in the main field.
Harvesting
The right time for harvesting is when the top most capsules are
fully mature and seeds turn black. At this stage spikes are
harvested by cutting with the help of a special knife. Harvested
spikes are kept heaped overnight to allow other capsules to ripe
and they are separated on the next day. The seed capsules are
harvested in autumn and dried and these aromatic dried capsules
are sold in markets.
Vernacular Name Thitarodes caterpillar larva feeds underground on the roots of
Bhutanese Name : Bub trees and shrubs, mainly Rhododendron, Anemone sp, Anaphalis
Chinese Name : Dong Chon Xia Cao sp, Carese sp, etc. Before the rainy season begins, spores of the
Indian name : Keera jhar, Keeda ghas Cordyceps mushroom settle on the heads of caterpillars' that lives
Japanese Name : Tochukaso underground. The immature larva, which forms the host upon
Korean Name : Tong ch'ug ha ch'o which the Cordyceps grows, usually lives about 6 inches below
Tibetan Name : Yarsha Gomba, Yarsagumba, ground. Within days, a finger-like mushroom grows out from the
larva above the ground during the spring and summer. The fungus
Yarchagumba
gets so much into the body of the caterpillars' that it grows out
through its head and drains all the energy from the insect and
Yarshagumba is a rare and unique herb that grows in meadows
ultimately it dies. Normally, it is found as 2500 plants per hectare
in China, in the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayan regions of
Nepal and India at an altitude between 3000m and 5000m. within the balanced pH soil level of 7-7.5. Moreover, on average it
Yarsagumba literally means summer plant and winter insect in is found in 0.3 to 0.5gm per plant. The caterpillars die near the tops
Tibetan. of their burrows. The dark brown to black fruiting body (or
It is an exceptional combination of a yellow caterpillar and a mushroom) emerges from the ground in spring or early summer,
mushroom (fungus). Just earlier to the rainy season, spores of always growing out of the forehead of the caterpillar. The long,
Cordyceps fungus infect these Himalayan caterpillars that live on usually columnar fruiting body reaches 5–15 cm above the surface
moist grass and hollow soil. After the fungus buries itself in the and releases spores.
caterpillar's body, it works its way out through the insect's head. As
temperature increases and the snow melts -yarsa gumba emerges Caterpillar Fungus's Introduction to the World
and is collected at this time. During monsoon, the yarsa gumba is The first mention of Cordyceps sinensis in traditional Chinese
swept away. Medicine was in Wang Ang's 1694. Outside of the East the fungus

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caught the world's attention due to three female Chinese athletes
who broke 5 world records for 1,500, 3,000 and 10,000 meters in
1993 at the National Games in Beijing, China. After the games
coach Ma Junren revealed that the runners were taking Cordyceps
sinensis.
Part used and form
Natural, wild Cordyceps includes the complete fungus
(mushroom) which is attached to the forehead of the carcass of a
caterpillar. Occasionally, insects form the growth substrate instead
of the more common caterpillar. Modern fermentation type of
growth includes just the fungus, and does not include the
caterpillar. The "caterpillar" has actually been totally transformed
into fungal mycelial mass by the time the herb is collected. There is
no animal matter left and therefore the herb is vegetarian.
Distribution
In Nepal caterpillar fungus is found on the subalpine pastures
in Dolpo in Karnali Zone and Darchula in Mahakali zone. It is also
common in Bhutan and India's Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand
Himalayas. Dolpa - a remote district in western Nepal with high
steep valleys and dry climate is one of the foremost areas for
collecting Cordyceps. Almost 50% of the annual supply comes
from Dolpa alone. Other important districts are Darchula,
Gajhang, Mugu, Jumla, and Rasuwa.It is distributed in the sub-
alpine and alpine region (between 3000 and 5000 m altitude)
throughout the Himalayan regions of Nepal and neighbouring
countries.
Harvesting season
The harvesting period of Cordyceps sinensis is between the
months of May and July.
Varieties and grading
Cordyceps is one of the most rare and expensive herbs in
Chinese tonic herbalism . It can also be grown in a semi-wild
manner, but this Cordyceps will be of lower quality (it is still very
good). Cordyceps grows in Tibet, Nepal & India Himalayas and in
Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces of China. Tibetan Cordyceps is
considered to be the best. It is highly sought after and is more
expensive than that from other sources. Wild Cordyceps from
Tibet is the best Cordyceps in the world.
It is graded according to size, the larger the better. There are
occasional species of caterpillar which are larger but not of high
quality. Fortunately, all Cordyceps is good---it's just that some is
better than others. High grade Cordyceps is light brown in color
and neat. The caterpillar should have eight pairs of legs, the four
middle ones being predominant. The mushroom, or stroma,
should be slightly longer than the larva's body and will be slightly
twisted. In good quality Cordyceps, most of this stroma will be
intact. Cordyceps possesses a rich and not unpleasant flavor.
370 Yarsagumba - A wonder drug from Himalayas
Use in traditional medicine
Tibetan herders observed that the Yaks who eat Cordyceps had
more energy and were more highly sexed. This encouraged the
herders to try Cordyceps which has since led to it use by people
over the ages and increasingly all over the world. Now it is highly
prized by practitioners of Tibetan, Chinese and traditional herbal
Folk medicines, in which it is used as an aphrodisiac and as a
treatment for a variety of ailments from fatigue to cancer. It is
regarded as having an excellent balance of yin and yang as it is
apparently both animal and vegetable and considered potent at
strengthening lung and kidneys, increasing energy and vitality,
stopping hemorrhage, decreasing phlegm. Traditionally it has
been used for backache, to increase sperm production and blood
production. Used specifically for excess tiredness, chronic cough
and asthma, impotence, debility, anemia, to build the bone
marrow and taken for shortness of breath, asthma, impotency,
emission, soreness of loins and knees, dizziness and tinnitus. In
Chinese medicine C. sinensis is considered sweet and warm,
entering the Lung and Kidney channels.
It is also known to relieve pain and be effective in the
treatment of arthritis, spasms and cramps. It is believed that the
herb is known to help reduce cholesterol levels in the body and
assists in digestion and to improve appetite. It also provides
vitality and increases physical stamina of the body. Yarsa gumba is
used by the Chinese to cure chronic hepatitis B and immune
function such as dysfunctioning of liver.
Yarsagumba is also known as the “Himalayan Viagra” or
“Himalayan Gold” for its high medicinal and commercial value.
Traditional uses
• Cordyceps tonifies Qi.
• Cordyceps replenishes Yin and Yang Jing.
• Cordyceps is used to strengthen the body and mind.
• Cordyceps is believed in the Orient to have rejuvenation
functions.
• Based on the belief that Cordyceps replenishes Yin and Yang
Jing, Cordyceps is believed in the Orient to h ave a nt i - a g i n g
functions.
• Cordyceps is also a Lung tonic.
• Cordyceps is used for the purposes of strengthening the primal
Kidney functions, which include sexual f u n c t i o n s , b r a i n
power, structural integrity and healing ability, according to
traditional Chinese health theory.
• Cordyceps can have a benefit in the vascular system.
• Cordyceps improves the function of the micro-circulation and
improves efficiency at the capillary level.
• Cordyceps is restorative after excessive exertion.
• Cordyceps may improve physical endurance.
• Cordyceps helps restore cellular energy levels after adapting to
stress.
• Cordyceps helps boost functions associated with the adrenal
cortex that aid in the adaptation to stress.
• Cordyceps increases respiratory capacity and efficiency.
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