CC102-ENERGY AND

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
V.DHINAKARAN
FACULTY
DEPRTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

What is Energy?
Any physical activity in this world, whether carried
out by human beings or by nature, is cause due to
flow of energy in one form or the other.
The energy of a body is its capacity to do work. It is
measured the total amount of work that the body can
do.
Energy is the primary and most universal measure of
all kinds work by human beings and nature.

Classifications of energy

Primary and Secondary energy

Commercial and Non commercial energy
Renewable and Non-Renewable energy
Conventional and Non-conventional energy

Primary and Secondary Energy

Primary energy sources are those that are either
found or stored in nature.
Common primary energy sources are coal, oil, natural
gas, and biomass (such as wood).
Other primary energy sources available include
nuclear energy from radioactive substances, thermal
energy stored in earth's interior, and potential energy
due to earth's gravity.

Primary and Secondary Energy

Commercial Energy and Non

Commercial Energy
The energy sources that are available in the market
for a definite price are known as commercial energy..
Examples: Electricity, lignite, coal, oil, natural gas
etc.
Commercial energy forms the basis of industrial,
agricultural, transport and commercial development
in the modern world. In the industrialized countries,
commercialized fuels are predominant source not
only for economic production, but also for many
household tasks of general population..
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Non Commercial Energy

The energy sources that are not available in the
commercial market for a price are classified as noncommercial energy.
Non-commercial energy sources include fuels such as
firewood, cattle dung a nd agricultural wastes, which
are traditionally gathered, and not bought at a price
used especially in rural households.
Firewood, agro waste in rural areas; solar energy for
water heating, electricity generation, for drying grain,
fish and fruits; animal power for transport, lifting
water for irrigation, crushing sugarcane; wind energy
for lifting water and electricity generation
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Renewable Energy &NonRenewable Energy

Renewable Energy &NonRenewable Energy

Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that

is collected from resources which are naturally
replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight,
wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal
The most important feature of renewable energy is
that it can be harnessed without the release of harmful
pollutants.

Conventional energy Energy

&Non- Conventional energy
Conventional energy resources which are being
traditionally used for many decades and were in
common use around oil crisis of 1973.
Conventional energy sources includes oil, gas and
coal. These conventional sources are usually fossil
fuels
Their use leads to increased greenhouse gas emissions
and other environmental damage.

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Conventional energy&NonConventional energy

Non-conventional energy resources which are
considered for large scale use after oil crisis of 1973,
Solar Energy, tidal energy, geo-thermal energy, wind
energy

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Conventional Power generation

The sources of energy which have been in use for a
long time, e.g., coal, petroleum, natural gas and water
power.
They are exhaustable except water.
They cause pollution when used, as they emit smoke
and ash.
They are very expensive to be maintained, stored and
transmitted as they are carried over long distance
through transmission grid and lines.
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Non- Conventional Power

generation
The resources which are yet in the process of
development over the past few years. It includes
solar, wind, tidal, biogas, and biomass, geothermal.
They are inexhaustible.
They are generally pollution free.
Less expensive due to local use and easy to maintain.

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Conventional Power plants

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Coal-fired Power plant

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Natural gas or Oil Power plant

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Gas Turbine Power plant

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Combined cycle Power plant

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Hydro Power plant

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Non-Conventional Power plants

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GeoThermal Power plant

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Advantages and Disadvantages

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COAL-Advantages
One of the most abundant energy sources
Versatile; can be burned directly, transformed into
liquid, gas, or feedstock
Inexpensive compared to other energy sources
Good for recreational use (charcoal for barbequing,
drawing)
Can be used to produce ultra-clean fuel
Can lower overall amount of greenhouse gases
(liquification or gasification)
Leading source of electricity today
Reduces dependence on foreign oil By-product of
burning (ash) can be used for concrete and roadways 23

COAL-Dis advantages
Source of pollution: emits waste, SO2 , Nitrogen
Oxide, ash
Coal mining mars the landscape
Liquification, gasification require large amounts of
water
Physical transport is difficult

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COAL-Dis advantages
Technology to process to liquid or gas is not fully
developed
Solid is more difficult to burn than liquid or gases
Not renewable in this millennium
High water content reduces heating value
Dirty industryleads to health problems
Dirty coal creates more pollution and emissions

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Natural Gas-Advantages
Burns clean compared to cola, oil (less polluting)
70% less carbon dioxide compared to other fossil
fuelshelps improve quality of air and water (not a
pollutant)
does not produce ashes after energy release
has high heating value of 24,000 Btu per pound
inexpensive compared to coal
no odor until added

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Natural Gas-Disadvantages
not a renewable source
finite resource trapped in the earth (some experts
disagree)
inability to recover all in-place gas from a producible
deposit because of
unfavorable economics and lack of technology (It
costs more to recover the remaining natural gas
because of flow, access, etc.)

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Renewable energy

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Renewable energy

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Indian Energy Scenario

Growth of Electricity Consumption in India

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Indian Energy Scenario

Growth of Installed Capacity in India

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Tidel Power plants

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Wind Energy

Estimated:20,000 MW
Installed: 732 MW

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Solar Energy
IIT Mumbai
BHEL Hyderabad
NPL ,New Delhi
NAL,Bangaloore

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Nuclear Energy

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What is SOLAR Energy?

Energy from the sun
from nuclear fusion reaction that takes place deep in
the sun
Hydrogen nucleus fuse into helium nucleus
radiant energy
light infrared rays. Ultra violet rays, and X- Rays
All life on the earth depends on solar energy
Photosynthesis
Life cycle and food cycle
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What is SOLAR Energy?

The solar energy that falls on India in one minute is
enough to supply the energy needs of our country for
one day.
Man has made very little use of this enormous
amount of solar energy that reaches the earth.

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Radiation Spectrum

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Solar Radiation
The earth surface receives most of the energy in short
wave form
The energy received by the earth is known as
incoming energy or insolation.

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Variability of insolation

(i)the rotation of earth on its axis;

(ii) the angle of inclination of the suns rays;
(iii) the length of the day;
(iv) the transparency of the atmosphere;
(v)the configuration of land in terms of its aspect.

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Terrestrial Radiation
The insolation received by the earth is in short waves
forms and heats up its surface. The earth after being
heated itself becomes a radiating body and it radiates
energy to the atmosphere in long wave form. This
energy heats up the atmosphere from below. This
process is known as terrestrial radiation
The long wave radiation is absorbed by the
atmospheric gases particularly by carbon dioxide and
the other green house gases. Thus,the atmosphere is
indirectly heated by the earths radiation.

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Terrestrial Radiation
The atmosphere in turn radiates and transmits heat to
the space. Finally the amount of heat received from
the sun is returned to space, thereby maintaining
constant temperature at the earths surface and in the
atmosphere.

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Solar constant
The solar constant is the amount of energy that
normally falls on a unit area (1 m2) of the earth's
atmosphere per second when the earth is at its mean
distance from the sun. The value of the solar
constant is found experimentally to be 1.35 kW m-2.

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Heat Budget of the Planet Earth

The earth as a whole does not accumulate or loose
heat.
This can happen only if the amount of heat received
in the form of insolation equals the amount lost by the
earth through terrestrial radiation.

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Heat Budget of the Planet Earth

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MEASUREMENT OF SOLAR
RADIATION

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Radiation Components
Solar radiation reaching earth is classified into two
components : Beam & Diffuse radiation.
Beam radiation(I) Direct Sunlight.
Diffuse radiation (Id) solar radiation scattered by
aerosols, dust and molecules.
Total radiation (It) (I+Id) also known as global
radiation..

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Solar radiation data

To design a solar system or to evaluate potential of
any solar application ,it is necessary to have
Monthly average
Hourly variation
Radiation received per day
Sunshine hours per day
Daily solar radiation data on a horizontal
surface consisting of both global and diffuse
radiation
Daily solar radiation with certain tilt angle
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Solar radiation data

Solar radiation map(kWh/sq.m/day)

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Solar radiation data

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Pyranometer
global or diffuse Radiation

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Pyranometer

Thermopile sensitive surface

Black body absorbs all wavelengths
Cold junction of thermopile is completely shaded
Sensing element is covered by two concentric
hemispherical class domes
Three leveling screws
Voltage range 9 micro volt
Hourly basis and pyrnogram

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Pyranometer

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Pyranometer-Advanatages
Very small temperature coefficient
Calibrated to ISO standards
More accurate measurements of performance
index and performance ratio
Longer response time than a photovoltaic cell
Integrated measurement of the total available
short-wave solar energy under all conditions.

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Pyranometer-Application
Predicting insulation requirements for building
structures
Establishment of greenhouse locations
Designing photovoltaic systems
Meteorological and climatological studies
Measurement of solar intensity data.

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Pyrheliometer
A pyrheliometer is an instrument for
measurement of direct beam solar irradiance.
Sunlight enters the instrument through a
window and is directed onto a thermopile which
converts heat to an electrical signal that can be
recorded.

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Pyrheliometer

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Pyrheliometer

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Pyrheliometer
Wire wound thermopile of 8 micro volt and 200
om impedance
Tube is sealed with try air-silica gel to avoid any
absorption of beam radiation the presence owing
to moister in the air
Tracker is provided continuously face the sun
rays

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Pyrheliometer -Types

Angstrom compensation pyrheliometer

Abbot silver disc pyrheliometer
Eppley pyrheliometer

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Angstrom compensation pyrheliometer

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Angstrom compensation pyrheliometer

Thermocouples on the back of strips measure the
temperature of the strips.
One strip exposed to the Sun.
One strip heated by an electric current until it is
the same temperature as the strip exposed to the
sun.
When balanced, the energy absorbed by strip
from Sun is equal to the energy absorbed by strip
from electric current.
Accuracy: 1.0 to 1.5%
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Sunshine recorder
The duration of bright sun shine in a day is
measured by means of a sunshine recorder
The suns Rays are focussed by a glass sphere to a
point on a card strip held in a groove in a spherical
bowl mounted concentrically with the sphere.
Whenever there is bright sunshine, the image
formed is intense enough to burn a spot on the
cord strip.
Though the day as the sun moves across the sky,
the image moves alone the strip.
Thus, a burnt trace whose length is proportional to
the duration of sunshine is obtained on the strip.
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Sunshine recorder

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Sunshine recorder

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What is Solar Energy?

Solar energy can be sued in two ways
directly as thermal energy
indirectly using solar photovoltaic cells to convert it
to electricity
In cold climate region or other regions in winter, a large
amount of thermal energy is required to heat air to
maintain comfort conditions in space and to heat water
for washing, cleaning and drying, both for domestic and
industrial needs. Solar energy collectors are the devices
similar to heat converter which are used to obtain
thermal energy from solar energy.
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What is Solar Energy?

57.5 kWh/m2
Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency and
the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources
(i) domestic lighting, (ii) solar water heating, (iii)
street lighting, (iv) village electrification, (v) railway
signals, (vi) desalination of saline water, (vii) water
pumping, (viii) space heating, (ix) solar cooking, (x)
space cooling, (xi) solar greenhouse and (xii)
powering of remote telecommunication stations.

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Solar Collector
A solar collector is a device
to collect and absorb solar radiation and
to transfer the absorbed heat energy to the fluid
(generally air or water) in contact or passing through

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Features of Solar Collector

Collector efficiency

Concentrating ratio (CR)

Temperature range

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Flat Plate Collector

Principle of conversion
a+r+t=1
a HG = s T 4

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Flat Plate Collector

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Flat Plate Collector

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Flat Plate Collector

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Flat Plate Collector

The characteristic features of a flat plate collector
It absorbs both direct and diffuse solar radiation
It does not need any sun tracking system. Hence, it is
mechanically stronger than other collectors which
require tracking system.
It has simple construction requiring a little
maintenance.

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Modified Flat Plate Collector

increase the acceptance

Booster mirror

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Compound Parabolic Concentrator

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Linear Fresnel Lens Collector

The Fresnel lens consists of fine and linear

grooves formed on one of the surfaces of
some refracting materials sheet while its
other surface is flat.
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Linear Fresnel Lens Collector

The Fresnel lens consists of fine and linear

grooves formed on one of the surfaces of
some refracting materials sheet while its
other surface is flat.
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Paraboloidal Dish Collector

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Paraboloidal Dish Collector

This type of collectors can have concentration ratio
ranging from 10 to 1000 which helps to produce
temperature up to 3000C.
In order to ensure proper incidence of radiation, the
parabolic dish collector should be provided with two
axes tracking: (i) by rotating the support structure
about the vertical axis for dish alignment and (ii) the
dish is rotated about a horizontal axis for elevation
tracking

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Paraboloidal Dish Collector

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Central Tower Receiver Collector

In this type of collectors, the receiver is located at the top of a tower and
solar radiation is reflected on it from a large number of independently
controlled flat mirrors called heliostats. The heliostats can be moved
independently about two axes so that the reflected solar radiation is
always directed towards the absorber mounted on the tower

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Comparison between Flat and

Focussing Collectors

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Collector Performance Testing

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Collector Performance Testing

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SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE

Thermal energy storage system

Chemical energy storage system
Electrical energy storage system
Hydrogen energy storage system
Electromagnetic energy storage system
Biological storage system

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SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE

Thermal energy storage system

Chemical energy storage system
Electrical energy storage system
Hydrogen energy storage system
Electromagnetic energy storage system
Biological storage system

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Sensible heat storage

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Sensible heat storage

It is abundantly available.
It is inexpensive.
It has high specific heat which enables to store
more heat per unit mass.
It has low viscosity requiring less energy to
pump through the pipe system.
It can be used for both storage and working
medium.
It is stable.
It has no harmful effect.

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Sensible heat storage

It has limited temperature range of 0100C.
It results in the corrosion of pipes.
It can leak easily as it has low surface tension..

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Solid media storage or packed

media storage

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Sensible heat storage

Stones or pebbles are abundantly available

Low cost
Non-combustible
Easy to handle
Possibility of high storage temperature
No freezing point during heat removal
No corrosion problem
No requirement of heat exchanger..

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Sensible heat storage

The size of the storage container should be large
Simultaneously charging and discharging of energy
is impossible
Large pressure drop needs high capacity air blower

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