Network Topology

Mesh Topology

Mesh networking is a type of network topology in which a device (node) transmits its own data as
well as serves as a relay for other nodes. Routers are used to provide the best and most efficient
data path for effective communication. In the event of a hardware failure, many routes are available
to continue the network communication process.
Star Topology

Star topology is a network topology where each individual piece of a network is attached to
a central node (often called a hub or switch). The attachment of these network pieces to
the central component is visually represented in a form similar to a star.
Bus topology

Bus topology is a specific kind of network topology in which all of the various
devices in the network are connected to a single cable or line. In general, the
term refers to how various devices are set up in a network.
Ring topology

Ring topology refers to a specific kind of network setup in which devices are connected in a ring
and pass information to or from each other according to their adjacent proximity in the ring
structure. This type of topology is highly efficient and handles heavier loads better than bus
topology.
A ring topology may also be called an active topology because messages are passed to each
device in the ring.

Hybrid topology

Hybrid topology is an integration of two or more different topologies to form a resultant topology
which has many advantages (as well as disadvantages) of all the constituent basic topologies
rather than having characteristics of one specific topology.

what is Fibre Optic

Fiber optic technology uses glass fibers to transmit data at blazing fast speeds, although not as
fast as the speed of light. This is because the general notion of the speed of light, which is
299,792,458 meters per second, occurs in a vacuum. In reality, the speed at which light travels
greatly varies, depending on the medium through which it passes.
To decode data, special hardware with light sensors is needed for each terminal of the fiber optic
cable. This technology is considerably more expensive because manufacturing this type of cable is
more expensive, and even connecting two ends requires expensive measures.

Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is a type of digital

subscriber line (DSL) technology, a data communications
technology that enables faster data transmission over copper
telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide.

difference between OSI model and TCP/IP other than the number of
layers?
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a standard "reference model" created
by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to describe how the different
software and hardware components involved in a network communication should divide
labor and interact with one another. It defines a seven-layer set of functional elements,
ranging from the physical interconnections at Layer 1 (also known as the physical layer, or
PHY interface) all the way up to Layer 7, the application layer.
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) are two of the
network standards that define the Internet. IP defines how computers can get data to each
other over a routed, interconnected set of networks. TCP defines how applications can
create reliable channels of communication across such a network. Basically, IP defines
addressing and routing, while TCP defines how to have a conversation across the link
without garbling or losing data. TCP/IP grew out of research by the U.S. Dept. of Defense
and is based on a loose rather than a strict approach to layering. Many other key Internet
protocols, such as the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the basic protocol of the Web,
and the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), the core email transfer protocol, are built
on top of TCP. The User Datagram Protocol (UDP), a companion to TCP, sacrifices the
guarantees of reliability that TCP makes in return for faster communications.
TCP/IP doesn't map cleanly to the OSI model, since it was developed before the OSI
model and was designed to solve a specific set of problems, not to be a general
description for all network communications.

Application

Remote login to hosts: Telnet

File transfer: File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Trivial File Transfer

Protocol (TFTP)

Electronic mail transport: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

(SMTP)

Networking support: Domain Name System (DNS)

Host initialization: BOOTP

Remote host management: Simple Network Management

Protocol (SNMP), Common Management Information Protocol over TCP

The relationships and differences between the OSI model and TCP/IP are:

IP corresponds to a subset of OSI Layer 3, the network layer

TCP corresponds to OSI Layer 4 (transport) and some functions of Layer 5

(session)

TCP/IP makes no assumptions about what happens above the level of a network
session (part of OSI Layer 5), while OSI defines several more layers of
standardized functions

TCP/IP makes no prescriptions as to the link layers below IP, where OSI specifies
two.

Where an application needs functions not found in TCP/IP, the application has to
supply them. In the OSI model, it is assumed that an application will never
implement any functionally belonging in any defined layer, and because interfaces
between layers abstract many details, it may not be able to anyway.