German Excavations Aegina

THE AMERICAN EXCAVATIONS IN THE ATHENIAN AGORA
HESPERIA: SUPPLEMENT II
1939
American School of Classical Studies at Athens

For personal use only. License: CC-BY-NC-ND.
LATE
A
GEOMETRIC GRAVES
AND
SEVENTH
CENTURY
WELL
IN
AGO
THE
RA
k,'~
BY
RODNEY S. YOUNG
WITH AN APPENDIX ON THE SKELETAL REMAINS:
GEOMETRIC ATHENIANS
BY
J. LAWRENCE ANGEL
a~i
SWETS & ZEITLINGER B.V.
AMSTERDAM - 1975
Reprinted by permission of the
AmericanSchool of ClassicalStudies
This content downloaded by the authorized user from 192.168.52.61 on Tue, 4 Dec 2012 15:14:04 PM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
V
Abbreviations and Partial Bibliography ............
VII
List of Illustrations .
..................
1
. . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . ..... .
6
PARTI. The Grave Precinct ................
13
The Graves ..........
21
Catalogue of Graves in the Precinct ..........
Urn-burials of Children, I-X
Grave I ......
Grave II ......
Grave III ......
p. 21
p. 21
p. 23
Grave VI
Grave VII
Grave VIII
......
p. 24
Grave
Grave V ......
p. 26
Grave
Grave IV
IX
p. 28
p. 31
p. 34
.....
....
.....
.
....
p. 36
p. 42
.....
Burials and Sacrificial Pyres, XI-XII
Grave XI ......
Grave
Grave
Grave
Grave
Grave
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
Grave XII
p. 44
p. 55
.....
Inhumations of Adults, XIII-XXII
..
.
.....
.....
..
..
Grave XVIII
Grave XIX
XX
Grave
Grave XXI
Grave XXII
p. 67
. p. 71
p. 73
p. 75
..
p. 76
p. 87
p. 93
p. 94
....
p. 98
. . . . p. 98
....
....
....
Supplementary Graves not in the Precinct, XXIII-XXV

Grave XXIII
....
Grave XXIV ....

p. 99
.
. p. 101
Grave XXV
The Bronze and Iron Jewellery from the Graves .....
p. 100
p. 103
105
. ...
The Terracotta Figurines .
........
The Graffiti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Appendix I
A List of Graves and Important Geometric and Protoattic Vases,
with Their Probable Dating .............
Appendix II
The Isis Grave ...........
........234
Appendix III
Geometric Athenians. By J. Lawrence Angel ........
224
225
229
236
Index
247
PARTII.
Sporadic Finds from In and Near the Grave Precinct
..........106
Catalogue of Objects, B 1-B 86 .
PARTIII. The Seventh Century Well ......139
Catalogue of Objects from the Well, C 1-C 187 .
PARTIV. The Pottery
Fabric and Technique
Shapes
....141
.................194
p. 195
..........
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 200
Ornament
...................
........
... ........
p. 212
231
ABBREVIATIONS
AND PARTIAL, BIBLIOGRAPHY

Blinkenherg: C. Blinkenberg, Flibules gr-ecqueset orientales, Copenhiagen,1926.

van
Brants, Beschrijving: J. P'. J. Brants, Beschr-ijvingvant de Klassieke Verzanieling in het Rijksnmuseurn
Oudhedente Leiden, The Hague, 1930.
Collignoil-Couve: M. Collignon et L. Couve, Cataloguedes vases peints du Musee National d'Athenes,Paris, 1904.
Conzc: A. Conze, Zur Geschichteder Anfilnge griechischer Kunst; I and II; Vienna, 1870 and 1873.
D4los XVII: Ecole franCaise d'Athenes, Exploration archbologique de Delos, Vol. XVII; C. Dugas, Les
Vases Orientalisants de Style non milien, Paris, 1935.
DS1os XV: Ecole francaise d'Athlnes, Exploration archeologiquie de Delos, Vol. XV; C. Dugas, Les Vases
et Gioinetriques,Paris, 1934.
Pr?lhelleniqutes
La
C.
Ciramniquedes Cyclades, Paris, 1925.
Dugas,
Dugas:
Fairbanks, Catalogue: A. Fairbanks, Catalogue of Gr-eekanid EtrutlscanVases in the Museum of Fine Arts,
Boston, Cambridge, 1928.
Graef-Langlotz: B. Graef und E. Langlotz, Die antiken Vasen von der Akropolis zu Athen, Ber-lin,,1925.
Hampe: R. Hampe, FTriihegr-iechischeSagenbilder, Athens, 1936.
Johansen: K. F. Johansen, Les Vases sicyoniens, Copenhagen, 1923.
Kinnze: E. Kunzc, Kretische Bronzereliefs, Stuttgart, 1931.
Langlotz: E. Langlotz, GriechischeVasen in Wiirzburg,Munich, 1932.
11. Vasen, Berlin, 1932.
Neugebauer, Fiihrer: K. A. Neugebauer, Fiihrer durch das Anttiquariumii,
1931.
H.
G.
G.
NC:
Necrocorinthia,
Oxford,
Pa-iyne,
Payne,
Vasenrnaler-ei,
Berlin, 1.933.
Payne, PV: H. G. G. Payne, PrI?otokor-inthische
Pfuhl, M1uZ:E. Pfuhl, Maler-eiund Zeichnunq der-Griechen, Munichl,1923.
Pottier, Vases antiques: E. Pottier, Vases antiques dut Louvre, Paris, 1-897.
Pottier, Catalogue: E. Pottier, Catalogue des vases antiques de terre cuite, Vol. I, Paris, 1896.
und die Dipylonvasen, Leipzig, 1905.
Poulsen: F. Poulsen, Die DipylonzgrdiiberThera II: H. Dragendorif and others, TherieiischeGr-iiber,Berlin, 1903 (Hiller von Gaertringen, Thera,
Untersuchungen,II).
des ITnstituts,
Tiryns I: W. Miiller und F. Ollmann,Vol. I of Tiryns, die Er-gebnisseder-Auisgr-abunitgen
Athens, 1912.
Wide: S. Wide, a series of articles entitled " Geonietrische Vasen aus Griechenland " in the Jahrbuch; the
text and numbering of the illustrations run continuously; Jhb., XIVT,1899, pp. 26ff.; pp. 78ff.; pp. 188ff.
Jhb., XV, 1900, pp. 49 ff.
PERIODICALS
A. J. A.:
Annuar-io:
A. A.:
Ath. Mitt.:
B. S. A.:
B. C H.:
Delt.:
~
Eph. Arch.:
Jhb.:
J. H. S.:
J.BR.S.:
Monumenti:
Praktika:
American Journal of Archaeology

Annuario della r. Scuola Archeologica di Atene
Archiiologischer Auzeiger
Mitteilungen d. k. d. Archiiologischen Instituts, Athien.Abt.
Annual of the British School at Atliens
Bulletin de Correspondance hell6nique
A4Xatoloyix6vJEATIoV
'E(pnyE /lQXatotoylxl
Jahrbich d. k. d. Archiiologischlen lastituts
Journal of Hellenic Studies
Journal of Roman Studies
Monumenti Antichi d. Accad. d. Lincei
i r4gexfaoloytxi;
HIamczrx
'E-rate(a;
RODNEY S. YOUNG
VI
MORE IMPORTANT ARTICLES

J. B6hlau, " Friihattische Vasen," Jhb., II, 1887, pp. 33 ff.

A. Brickner und E. Pernice, " Ein attischer Friedhof," Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pp. 73 ff.
D. Burr, " A Geometric House and a Protoattic Votive Deposit," Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 542 ff.
A. Blakeway, " Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Commerce with Italy, Sicily and France in the Eighth
and Seventh Centuries B.c.," B.S.A., XXXIII, 1932-33, pp. 170 ff.
D. Levi, " Arkades, una cittAicretese all' alba della civilita ellenica," Annuario, 10-12, 1927-29, pp. 1 if.
L. Pallat, " Ein Vasenfund aus Aegina," Ath. Mitt., XXII, 1897, pp. 265 ff.
H. G. G. Payne, " Early Greek Vases from Knossos," B. S. A., XXIX, 1927-28, pp. 224 ff.
S. Pelekides, 'AvaxcxaTpal
Parl'jov, Delt., II, 1916, pp. 13 if.
G. Perrot, "Figurines d'ivoire trouvees dans un tombeau du Ceramique d'Athenes," B.C.II., XIX, 1895,
pp. 273 ff.
A. Philadelpheus, 'Avaaxaccpcal
'capiaov, Praaktika,1911, pp. 110 ff.
A. Philadelpheus, 'AvaaxaTxc
l 7caQ&
r6 XwtCov.nXdra, Delt., VI, 1920-21, pp. 131ff.
E. Pfuhl, "Der archaische Friedhof am Stadtberge von Thera," Ath. Mitt., XXVIII, 1903, pp. Iff.
G. M. A. Richter, "A New Early Attic Vase," J. H.S., XXXII, 1912, pp. 370 ff.
B. Schweitzer, "Untersuchungen zur Chronologie und Geschichte der geometrischen Stile in Griechenland,"
II, in Ath. Mitt., XLIII, 1918, pp. Iff.
A. N. Skias, navacXatcatlsvaLtvaxr vyxQTo'rots,
Eph. Arch., 1898, pp. 29 ff.; 1912, pp. 1 ff.
NOTE:
Since the manuscript of this paper left the author's hands, a study of the Protoattic
style
by J. M. Cook has appeared in B. S. A., XXXV, 1934-35, pp. 165 f.; also the publication of the
important collection of Protoattic
pottery at Berlin in C.V.A.,
Deutschland II, Berlin I.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Fig. 22.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Fig. 27.
Fig. 28.
Fig. 29.
Fig. 30.
Fig. 31.
Plan of the Grave Precinct. Scale, 1:100.

Section through Grave Area A-A. Scale,
1:100.
Geometric Retaining Wall. Inner Face,
looking Northeast.
Geometric Retaining Wall. Outer Face.
Geometric Retaining Wall, looking South.
Retaining Wall: Cut Across Road, showing
6th Century Packing, and Polygonal
Wall.
Grave I, Amphora (I 1).
Grave II, Amphora (II 1).
Grave II, Small Vases (II 2-4).
Grave III, Bowl Fragment and Oinochoe
(III 1-2).
Grave IV, Amphora with Covering of
Slabs and Small Stones.
Grave IV, Amphora (IV 1).
Grave IV, Sherd from among the Stones
over the Grave Cover (IV 2).
Grave V, Hydria (V 1).
Grave V, Small Vases (V 2-3).
Grave VI, Amphora (VI 1).
Grave VI, Cup (VI 2).
Grave VI, Small Vases (VI 3-5).
Grave VII, Fragmentary Amphora (VII 1).
Grave VII, Small Vases (VII 2-9).
Grave VIII, Amphora Fragments and
Coarse Pitcher (VIII 1-4).
Graves IX and XIV, Covering Slabs of
XIV in Foreground.
Grave IX, Pithos (IX 1).
Grave IX, Small Vases (IX 2-17).
Grave IX, Coarse Pitcher (IX 18).
Grave X, Hydria containing the Skull and
Bones of a small Child; below the Skull,
a spherical unfired Vase.
Grave X, Hydria (X 1'.
Grave X, Small Vases (X 2-3).
Grave XI, Covering Slabs; Well C above,
Grave XXI at left.
Graves XI, XXI, and XXII. Grave XI at
left, Grave XXI above Well C, Grave
XXII between Grave XI and the Well.
Graves XI and XXII. Drawing by Piet
de Jong.
Fig. 32. Grave XI, Vases offered in the Grave

(XI 1-5).
Fig. 33. Grave XI, Vases and Fragments from the
Pyre (XI 7-9, 15-16).
Fig. 34. Grave XI, Hydria XI 7. Restored Drawing
by Piet de Jong.
Fig. 35. GraveXI, Fragmentsof Vases and Figurines
from the Pyre.
36.
Grave
Fig.
XI, Terracotta Figurine from the
Pyre: Mourner (XI 18).
Fig. 37. GraveXII, Amphora XII 1, Front. Drawing
by Piet de Jong.
Fig. 38. Grave XII, Amphora XII 1, Back.
Fig. 39. Grave XII, Small Vases from a Pyre
(XII 2-9, 11).
Fig. 40. Grave XII, Fragments of Vases and Figurines from a Pyre.
41.
Grave
Fig.
XII, Fragmentary Terracotta from
a Pyre: Enthroned Figure (XII 23).
Fig. 42. Grave XlI, Fragmentary Terracotta from
a Pyre: Chariot and Charioteer (XII 24).
Fig. 43. Grave XIII, Oinochoe (XIII 1).
Fig. 44. Grave XIII, Oinochoe. Projected Drawing
by Piet de Jong.
Fig. 45. Grave XIV. Drawing by Piet de Jong.
Fig. 46. Grave XIV, Vases (XIV 1-2).
Fig. 47. Grave XV, Amphora Neck with Kantharos,
as found in Pit A.
Fig. 48. Grave XV, Amphora Fragment and Kantharos (XV 1--2).
Fig. 49. Grave XVI, Pyxides (XVI 1-2).
Fig. 50. Grave XVI, Pyxis XVI 1, Rim and Inside
of Lid, showing Incisions; Lid and Bottom.
Fig. 51. Grave XVII, Covering Slabs; Tholos
Floor in Background.
Fig. 52. Grave XVII, Skeleton and Grave Offerings.
Fig. 53. Grave XVII. Drawing by J. Travlos.
Fig. 54. Grave XVII, Vases (XVII 1-22).
Fig. 55. Grave XVII, Pyxis (XVII 15). Lid and
Bottom.
Bottom.
Fig. 57. Grave XVII, Disk (XVII 23).
Fig. 58. GraveXVIII, Skeleton and Grave Offerings.
Fig. 59. Grave XVIII. Drawing by Piet de Jong.
Fig. 60. Grave XVIII, Vases (XVIII 1-7).
VIII
RODNEY S. YOUNG

Fig. 61. Grave XVIII, Lids and Bottoms of Pyxides

XVIII 3 and 6.
Fig. 62. Grave XVIII, Clay Whorl (XVIII 8).
Restored Drawing of
Fig. 63. Grave XVIII.
Fibulae XVIII 11-14.
Fig. 64. Graves VI, XVIII, and XIX. Grave XIX
in foreground, XVIII above, and VI
at left.
Fig. 65. Grave XX, Skeleton and Grave Offerings.
Fig. 66. Grave XX. Drawing by Piet de Jong.
Fig. 67. Grave XX, Vases (XX 1-7).
Fig. 68. Grave XXI. Drawing by Piet de Jong.
Fig. 69. Grave XXIII, Corinthianizing Skyphos
(XXIII 1).
Fig. 70. Graves XXIV-XXV, Skeletons and Grave
Offerings.
Drawing by Piet
Fig. 71. Graves XXIV-XXV.
de Jong.
Fig. 72. Grave XXV, Vases (XXV 1-4).
Fig. 73. Bronze and Iron Jewellery and Knives
fiom the Graves.
74.
Oinochoe (B 1).
Protoattic
Fig.
Fig. 75. Protoattic Oinochoe B 1. Drawing by Piet
de Jong.
Fig. 76. Protoattic Fragment B 2. Drawing by Piet
de Jong.
Fig. 77. Geometric and Protoattic Fragments
(B 2-5).
Fig. 78. Fragmentary Amphora and Basin (B 6-7)
from near Grave IX.
Fig. 79. Krater Fragment (B8) from near Grave XX.
Fig. 80. Geometric and Protoattic Fragments from
the Grave Precinct (B 9-16, 18-20).
81.
Fig.
Spouted Basin (B 17).
Fig. 82. Geometric Amphora Fragment (B 21).
Fig. 83. Grey and Yellow Minyan Fragments; Obsidian Blade (B 22-25).
Fig. 84. Geometric and Protoattic Fragments from
Wells B and C (B 26-33).
Fig. 85. Black-Figured Amphora Fragment (B 34).
Fig. 86. Black-Figured Fragments (B 35-43).
Fig. 87. Protoattic Sherds, Terracotta Lamp, and
Loom Weight (B 44-51).
Fig. 88. Protoattic and Subgeometric Sherds
(B 52-54, 56-58).
Fig. 89. Skyphos with Graffito (B 55).
Fig. 90. Skyphos B 55. Restored Drawing by Piet
de Jong.
Fig. 91. Geometric and Protoattic Sherds from
Layers II and III of the Road (B 59-63,
85-86).
Fig. 92. Protoattic Stamnos (B 64). Restored Drawing by Piet de Jong.
Fig. 93.
Fig. 94.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
95.
96(.
97.
98.
99.
100.
Fig. 101.
Fig. 102.
Fig. 103.
Fig. 104.
Fig. 105.
Fig. 106.
Fig. 107.
Fig. 108.
Fig. 109.
Fig. 110.
Fig. 111.
Fig. 112.
Fig. 113.
Fig. 114.
Fig. 115.
Fig. 116.
Fig. 117.
Fig. 118.
Fig. 119.
Fig. 120.
Fig. 121.
Fig. 122.
Fig. 123.
Fig. 124.
Protoattic Stamnos (B 64), Side View.

Geometric and Protoattic Fragments
(B 65-67, 72, 74-79, 81-84).
Fragments of Protoattic Amphora (B 68).
Protoattic Amphora Fragment (B 69).
Fragmentary Protoattic Amphora (B 70).
Protoattic Oinochoai (B 71 and 73).
Protoattic Lid Fragment (B 80).
Protocorinthian (C 1-5, 7, 16-18) and
Protoattic (C 29) Fragments.
Protocorinthian (C 8-10) and Protoattic
(C 23, 25-26) Skyphoi.
Protocorinthian Skyphoi (C 6, 11-15).
Protoattic Skyphoi (C 19-22, 24, 27).
Protocorinthian (C 8) and Protoattic (C 31)
Skyphoi. Drawing by I'iet de Jong.
Protoattic Skyphoi (C 31-36).
Skyphoi (C37-38, 43-44) and One-handled
Cups (C 51- 52).
Protoattic Skyphos with Dipinto (C 39).
Skyphoi (C 40, 45-47), One-handled Cups
(C 48-50), and Kalathos (C 84).
Subgeometric and Protoattic Fragments
(C 28, 30, 41-42, 57-59, 61-62, 68, 83).
Subgeometric Cup C 48. Drawing by
Piet de Jong.
Phaleron (C 53-56) and Coarse Twohandled Cups (C 69-76).
Trefoil Cup (C 60) and Subgeometric
and Protoattic Kantharoi (C 63-64,
66-67,.
Protoattic Kantharos (C 65).
Subgeometric Plates (C 79-82).
Fragments of Plates (C 77-78), Bowls
(C 88-92), Lids (C 93-95) and Krater
Handle (C 111).
Profiles of Plates, Bowls, and Lids.
Subgeometric and Protoattic Bowls
(C 85-87, 96-97).
Protoattic Bowl (C 87). Restored Drawing
by Piet de Jong.
Protoattic Bowl (C 98) and Geometric
Krater (C 102-104) Fragments.
Protoattic Base (C 100).
Geometric and Subgeometric Krater Fragments (C 101, 105-111), Bowl Fragment
(C 99) and Stamnos Fragment (C 112).
Subgeometric Oinochoai (C 115, 117-118,
121-122).
Oinochoe C 115. Drawing of Neck Panel
by Piet de Jong.
Oinochoe C 118. Drawing of Neck Panel
by Piet de Jong.
LATE GEOMETRICGRAVES AND A SEVENTH CENTURY WELL, ETC.

Fig. 125. Geometric and Protoattic Oinochoe Fragments (C 113, 116, 119-120, 124-125).
Fig. 126. Oinochoe C 119. Drawing of Neck Panel
by Piet de Jong.
Fig. 127. Protoattic Oinochoe (C 123).
Fig. 128. Protoattic Amphora (C 127).
Fig. 129. Amphora Fragments (C 128-133, 135).
Fig. 130. Geometric Amphora Fragment (C 134).
Fig. 131. Geometric Amphora Fragment (C 136).
Fig. 132. Geometric Amphoras (C 138-139).
Fig. 133. Oinochoe (C 114, 126) and Amphora (C 137,
140-144) Fragments.
Fig. 134. Fragments of Protoattic Amphoras and
Stands (C 145, 150-153).
Fig. 135. Fragmentary Amphora (C 146).
Fig. 13(6. Fragmentary Hand-made Amphora (C 147)
and Coarse Pitcher (C 156).
Fig. 137. Subgeometric Hydria (C 148).
Fig. 138. Stbgeometric Hut Model (C 149 .
Fig. 139. Fine Hand-made (C 154-155) and Household Ware (C 157-164) Fragments.
140.
of Household Ware Fragments.
Profiles
Fig.
Fig. 141. Brazier (C 165).
Fig. 142. Discs (C 166-173), Loom Weights (C 174175), Clay Ball (C 176), and Whorls
(C 177-180).
Fig. 143. Fragments of Terracotta Figurines
(C 181-187).
Fig. 144. Inscriptions incised on Vases. Drawing
by Piet de Jong.
IX
Fig. 145. Front View of Female Crania XVII and

XVIII.
Fig. 146. Top View of Female Crania XVII and
XVIII.
Fig. 147. Right Side of Pelvis of XVIII to show
typical Female Ischiatic Notch.
Fig. 148. Front View of Crania XX (Doubtful) and
X1X (Male).
Fig. 149. Top View of Crania XX (I)oubtful) and
XIX (Male).
150.
Left
Innominate Bones (Incomplete)
Fig.
of XX and XIX, to show Ischiatic
Notches.
Fig. 151. Front View of Crania of XXI (Female)
and XIV (Male).
Fig. 152. Tl'opView of Crania XXI (Female) and
XIV (Male).
Fig. 153. Female Crania XVII and XVIII, to show
Similarity in Neat, Slightly Scissoring
Bites, Shovel Incisors, and Rounded
Type of Mandible.
Fig. 154. Jaws of XVII and XVIII, from in Front
and Above, to show- Likeness.
Fig. 155. Crania XX and XIX, to show Similarity
in Mill-like Bites, Worn Teeth, and
Strong Mandibles with High Incisor
Rows.
Fig. 156. Jaws of XXI, XX, and XIX, from in
Front and Above, showing Similarity
in Angulation and Shape.
1
INTRODUCTION

The literary evidence for Greek history before the sixth century has been sifted and
resifted; yet the main events even of the seventh century remain vague in their outline
and uncertain in their chronology, while the uncertainty covering those of the eighth
deepens, until a true dark age obliterates three centuries of the early history of Greece.
The chronology of the seventh and eighth centuries is based on traditional chronicles which
are calculated by generations varying from twenty-five to forty years in length, as well
as on lists of kings and Olympic victors which often show signs of late interpolations inserted
either maioris gloriae causa, or in order to fit traditional, and often mythical, personages
into a fixed scheme of " history." A few bare kernels of fact can be arrived at after paring
away an accumulated crust of explanation, comment and myth. And yet by the sixth
century Greek civilization is already formed; art and letters are already in the channels
which they must follow through a logical development; the great sanctuaries with their
cult and athletic rituals are established; and many of the commercial and industrial rivalries
that are to last throughout Greek antiquity are already acute. Greek civilization has
already spread over its allotted territory, carrying with it the structural bones-language
and religion, habits of life and thought, conceptions of art, and a traditional literature-that form the skeleton on which develops the civilization of the classical period.
Thus the era before the sixth century is one of the most important in Greek history;
an era of formation and ferment, in which new ideas are adopted and old ones developed;
in which, in short, the foundations of Greek civilization are laid. New literary evidence
A number of visitors to the Agora have made valuable suggestions. Particular thanks must be
expressed to Dr. Kibler of the German Archaeological Institute for his generosity in discussing and
giving information on his material from the Kerameikos; to Mrs. Semne Karousou for the kindest and
most efficient of help in the National Museum; to Miss Richter for photographs of unpublished vases in
the Metropolitan Museum, and to Dr. Homer A. Thompson for information on the grave group in the
Toronto Museum. Professor G. W. Elderkin of Princeton has read the whole manuscriptand made
valuable suggestions. All the members of the Agora staff have been most helpful; especially Miss
Talcott and Mrs.Thompson. The plan and section of the grave precinct, and the drawing of Grave XVII,
are by J. Travlos; the drawings of the other graves, and the profiles and restored dra-wings of many
vases, are by Piet de Jong. H. Wagner of the German Institute is responsible for most of the photoglaphs, and Miss Alison Frantz of the Agora staTfffor the rest. Thanks are due also to J. Lawrence
Angel of Harvard for his examination of the skeletons and his report on them, here published as
Appendix III. It may be noted here that Angel was impressed by certain resemblances in the bony
structure of the skeletons, suggesting that they belonged to members of the same family, before he was
aware of the archaeological evidence for their relationship.
RODNEY S. YOUNG

on this crucial period is scarcely to be hoped for; nor can the infinite reinterpretation
and recombina.tion of the literary sources be expected to provide much new information.
"New evidence must be awaited" is the eternal comment made on unsolved and
unsolvable problems. Yet even though further literary evidence on the early period
of Greek history is not to be expected, there exists an abundance of archaeological
evidence which may cast some light on the obscure, and which has the advantage,
often lacking in literary sources, of being impersonal. A vast mass of material must be
sifted and dated in order to determine which elements of Greek civilization were inventions
of this formative period, which were handed down or revived from the Mycenaean culture
that had gone before (as, for example, certain cults and sanctuaries, and many technical
methods), and which were introduced from outside the Greek world (for example, coinage
and the alphabet). Four periods cover this long era of nearly half a millennium: the Submycenaean, the Protogeometric, the Geometric, and the Orientalizing.1 While the succession of these periods is clear, and the last can be placed in the seventh century, the lack
of any fixed chronological evidence, such as the finding of dateable Egyptian or Oriental
objects in Greek deposits, has allowed great latitude for the relative expansion or contraction of each of the three earlier periods. A few Egyptian scarabs and faience statuettes
found in Geometric graves have not been helpful, either because they have been impossible
to date within sufficiently narrow limits of time, or because experts have disagreed as to
their dating, or because their dating has been clearly impossibly early to be applied to their
Greek contexts.2 The recent discovery of three small subgeometric skyphoi in a tomb in
Cyprus which contained also a number of scarabs of the XXVIth Dynasty and Saite period, on
the other hand, furnishes strong evidence for the continuation of a degenerating Geometric
style well into the seventh century.3 As a result of the lack of external chronological
evidence, it has been possible for a single grave to be dated by one recent writer at the end
of the ninth century, and by another at the end of the eighth.4 The Geometric period,
represented chiefly by pottery, but also by figurines of clay, bronze and ivory, as well as by
elaborate jewellery and metal work, is clearly a period not only of great technical ability
but also of developed artistic sense. The pictures drawn on the vases give some intimation
1 Objection has been made to the use of almost every one of these terms; also to the term Protoattic. While the objections are often well based (though sometimes merely pedantic), I use these terms
because they have all acquired quite definite and fixed connotation in the minds of most archaeologists
and historians. The purpose of a name, surely, is to evoke a conception of the object named; and when
it has acquired a definite meaning, to change it is only to create confusion.
2
Egyptian objects found in Greece have been listed and identified by J. Pendlebury, Aegyptaicn,
Cambridge, 1930.
3
Amathus, Tomb 9, E. Gjerstad, The Swedish Cyprus Expedition, II, Stockholm, 1935, pp. 55 ff.,
nos. 19, 76, and 122, and pl. XV.
4 Dipylon Grave XIII; Ath. Mitt.,
XVIII, 1893, pp. 127 ff.; B.C.H., XIX, 1895, pp. 273 ff.; Kunze, Ath.
Mitt., LV, 1930, p. 150; Hampe, Friihe griechische Sagenbilder (1936), pp. 36 ff. Kunze has now brought
down his dating of this grave to the second quarter of the eighth century: Gottingische Gelehrte Anzeigen, 1937, p. 291.
LATE GEOMETRIC GRAVES AND A SEVENTH CENTURY WELL, ETC.

of the life lived by their makers, and even of the myths and poems with which they were
familiar. The distribution of the vases themselves shows that already considerable intercourse and commerce existed between the different parts of Greece, even suggesting in
certain cases the trade relations of some of the cities. Crude inscriptions scratched on the
walls of the vases give evidence that knowledge of the alphabet and of writing was already
spreading. The Geometric culture, then, is the earliest flowering of the Greek genius. The
orientalizing style grows from the Geometric, with the addition of new elements imported
from the east and of old ones revived from the past civilizations of the homeland. It is
clear that the dating of this early flowering must be established before many of the important problems in the pre-classical history of Greece can be solved.
It has been remarked already that there is no certain external evidence for the dating
of the Geometric period. A chronology has been established in the late eighth and seventh
centuries for Protocorinthian pottery found in Greek and Etruscan tombs in Italy and
Sicily.' Because only one possibly Attic Geometric sherd has been found in the west, at
Syracuse,2 it. has been assumed that the Geometric style in Attica was already past when
the western colonies were founded. It has not been remarked, on the other hand, that
neither has Attic orientalizing pottery of the seventh century been found in quantity in the
west. The reasons for the absence of Attic pottery are, of course, that Attica was not exporting her pottery widely before the seventh century, and that the parent cities of the
western colonies-the Euboean and Cycladic cities, and Corinth-quite naturally held the
monopoly of the early trade of their offshoots. The absence of Attic Geometric ware in the
west is, then, of no significance for its dating.
An abundance of Attic Geometric pottery is scattered through the museums of Europe
and America. By combining and arranging individual vases into groups and series,
a number of courses of development for the style can be achieved. More useful, and certainly safer as evidence, are grave groups; observation of these led Wide,3 as long ago
Johansen, Les Vases sicyoniens (1918 and 1923), pp. 179ff.; Schweitzer, Ath. Mitt., XLIII, 1918,
pp. 1 ff.; Karo, Ath. Mitt.,XLV, 1920, pp. 106ff.; for later modificationof this chronology,Payne, ProtokorinthischeVasenmalerei,1933, p. 20. The earlier chronologyis based on a too early estimate of the
date of the foundationof Cumae. See the article by Byvanck in Mnemosyne,IV, 1936-37,pp. 181ff.
2
Not. degli Scavi, 1895,p. 189, fig. 90. The presence of even one sherd, if it is Attic, is of inestimable importance. Whole pots, not sherds, were exported; the rest of the amphoraof which the sherd
was a part undoubtedly exists, certainly shattered into many fragments, somewhere in Syracuse.
Allowing half a century (to be liberal) for the life of the amphorafrom its manufacturein Athens to
its breakingin Syracuse, it cannot have been made much before the middle of the eighth century, and
probablywas made considerablylater. Blakeway, in republishingit in B.S.A., XXXIII, 1932-33,p. 183,
no. 3 and fig. 8 a, calls it " Creto-Cycladic" on the evidence of an amphorafound in Thera. Compare,
however, the four Attic amphoras,Wide, figs. 65-68. Almost all of the sherds and vases illustrated by
Blakeway (B.S.A., XXXIII, 1932-33, pp. 170ff. and pls. 22-35; J.R.S., XXV, 1935, pp. 129ff. and
pls. XX-XXII) as evidence for Greek trade in the west before the period of colonization are subgeometric or native imitations of subgeometric, and date from the late eighth and seventh century.
Ingenuity of course may suggest that in early times ships were ballasted with broken pottery.
3
Jhb., XIV, 1899, p. 190.
1*

RODNEY S. YOUNG
as 1899, to remark that the- Geometric period in Attica (Dipylonperiode) must have had
a rapid development and lasted but a short time. Unfortunately, very few Geometric graves
have been published as units and fully illustrated,' and the more recent material is as yet
unpublished. The Agora has been unexpectedly fortunate in the number of early groups
found. To date, about thirty Protogeometric graves, and an equal number of Geometric,
have been dug; eight Protogeometric and early Geometric well deposits have yielded
Six seventh
groups of vases which are thoroughly compact and consistent entities.
century deposits which contained dateable Protocorinthian vases and sherds, together with
Protoattic and late Geometric pottery, have been found.
It is proposed in this study to present two of the Agora groups. The first, Group A,
consists of the pottery and other objects from twenty-two graves which were found together
in a small closed precinct. The relation of the graves to each other, and marked resemblances among the skeletons found in them,2 strongly suggest that the terrace was a family
burial plot. The limited area must have been filled in a comparatively short time; the
burials (with the exception of two later additions) extend over a period of about two
generations, or sixty years. The earlier graves contained vases of the developed late
Geometric style; the later graves, subgeometric vases. A dating for the vases from the
1 From the
Dipylon, Briickner and Pernice have published (Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pp. 73 ff.) nineteen,
of which one (XIX) is sixth or seventh century, and only two, VIII and IX, are illustrated. Grave XIII
is illustrated in B.C.H., XIX, 1895, pp. 273 ff., and most of the contents of Grave III can be discovered
by piecing together single illustrations in Wide's article in Jhb., XIV, 1899, pp. 188 ff., figs. 51, 88, 97
(right), 99, and, possibly, 96 at the left. Other grave groups from the Dipylon: A.A., 1934, pp. 241-242,
fig. 27, and Hampe, p. 38, fig. 19 and pls. 32-33; Kerameikos 334-338. Some of Brickner and Pernice's
groups may be seen in the National Museum at Athens, almost all incomplete. From the Agora, one
grave: Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 552 ff. From the slope of the Areopagus, two graves whose vases have
probably become mixed: C. V.A., Athens, I, p. 3 and pl. 1, 1-4 and 5-11. Research in the inventories of
the National Museum can recover four of the vases from the Pnyx grave in which was found the
bronze tripod published in Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, p. 414, and pl. XIV. Four complete graves from
Spata are published in Delt., VI, 1920-21, pp. 131 ff. A grave from Liossia in Copenhagen is published in
C. V.A., Copenhagen, II, p. 51, and pl. 70, 2-8 and 10. The graves at Anavysos (Praktika, 1911,
pp. 110ff.) have become hopelessly mixed, as have most of those from Eleusis. The Isis Grave is
published (without its jewellery, scarabs, and clay balls) in C.V.A., Athens, I, pls. 3-6; of the other
graves combinations of two to five of the vases, sometimes illustrated, can be recovered, but the vases
themselves in the Eleusis Museum have become badly mixed. Of the eighty-seven graves in the
Phaleron cemetery most of the contents of several can be gathered together from the publication in
Delt., II, 1916, pp. 13 ff., and nearly a score of complete groups are on display in the National Museum;
these graves, however, are all orientalizing and subgeometric, and belong in the seventh
century. The
recently excavated graves at the Kerameikos (reports in A.A., 1932-37) are unpublished, and likewise
those of the Marathon cemetery (Praktika, 1934, pp. 35 ff.). A group of vases in the Toronto Museum is
said to be the contents of a grave; the presence of a sixth or fifth century whorl throws great suspicion
on the unity of the group: J.H.S., LI, 1931, p. 164 and pl. VI. Attic vases have of course been found in
graves outside of Attica (Thera, Troezen, Cyprus, Corfu) that contained also Geometric pottery of other
fabrics. Altogether only about fifteen groups are published in their entirety. In the publication of
a group of vases from a grave, one good photograph of the whole group is often worth
forty pages of
text. See also Appendix I, where a list of Attic graves is given, with their probable dating.
2
See Appendix III.
LA'TE GEOMETRICGRAVES AND A SEVENTH CENTURY WELL, ETC.
later graves may be established by comparison with pottery of the first half of the seventh
century from a well, Group C. A number of Protocorinthianvases and fragments, together

with Attic imitations of Protocorinthian, give the chronology for the pottery from the well,
a chronology confirmedby independently dateable Attic vases. Comparisonof our material

with that from seventh century graves at Phaleron and Eleusis, and with the pottery and

figurines from a votive deposit at the Agora,l gives additional confirmationof the evidence
supplied by Group C. Three graves, XXIII-XXV, which were found elsewhere in the
Agora, are published with Group A because they contained vases contemporarywith those
from the grave precinct and give supplementary information. Geometric and Protoattic
vases and fragments from in and around the grave precinct are listed separately for
convenience as Group B. Some of these may have come from graves disturbed in later
times; others are important as giving archaeological evidence as to the history of the grave
terrace; and yet others are of value on their own stylistic merits.
Since the two larger groups, A and C, overlap, and since the later group can be dated,
we may find good evidence in our Agora material for the dating of late Geometric pottery
toward the end of the eighth century. Our groups together cover the period from about
725 to about 650, a period of rapid change and innovation, in which the Geometric style was
gradually displaced by the orientalizing.2 We may then analyze the shapes and decorative
motives current at the end of the Geometric period; with the change from the Geometric
to the orientalizing style we may see which shapes and motives die out or are transformed,
and which show a continuous development or degeneration. The term subgeometric is used
of degenerate Geometric shapes and motives which remain free of orientalizing influence.
Subgeometric vases of poor fabric and careless decoration continued to be made over
a long period after the introduction of the new orientalizing style, just as poor blackfigured vases continued to be made long after the introduction of the red-figured style.
Orientalizing vases reflect the spirit of a new age of freedom and adventure. With the
opening of the trade routes to the east, and the establishment of Greek colonies all over the
Mediterranean world, the old confinement to narrow districts and to a feudal agricultural
society, reflected in the Geometric style, broke down. The seventh century was a time of
new ideas and experiment; it was also a time of selection among the new ideas and ex-
periments. From the rather chaotic experimentation of the potters of the orientalizing period
emerged the black-figuredstyle. Much was tried, and much discarded, during the period
of exuberant freedom. The pottery from our graves and our well clearly illustrates the
development from the first intimation of the dissolution of the Geometric style to the full
flowering of the orientalizing. If we can date our pottery, then we may fix more clearly the
limits of this period of change and expansion, and at the same time perhaps throw new
light on some of the problems in the chronology of early Greek history.
I Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 542 ff.
2
A later group has been published in Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 412; Group D, of the third quarter of
the seventh century.
RODNEY S. YOUNG
THE GRAVE PRECINCT
Just to the south of the Tholos there is a narrow terrace in which were found twenty
Geometric burials. The terrace, supported by a retaining wall of the Geometric period,
extends for nearly seventeen metres along the lower slope of Kolonos Agoraios; it appears

on the published plans of the Agora.' The retaining wall runs for a distance of 16.80m.
in a northeast and southwest line, paralleling for about half its length the contour of the
hillside, and returning at each end toward the northwest (plan, fig. 1). The return at the
southwest end forms a right angle and runs for a distance of 2.95m. until it meets the
descending slope. At the other end, the Geometricwall returns at an obtuse angle toward
the north and runs for a distance of 2.80 m., where it stops; the continuation which appears
on the plan, from the point where another wall abuts against it, is part of a later repair.
The retaining wall was built partly to hold back the fill in which lay the graves, and
partly to protect it from being washed away. The graves lay well down the slope near to
the bottom of the valley to the east of Kolonos Agoraios; the valley carried off all the waters
draining down from the slopes of the Pnyx and Areopagus, as well as from Kolonos itself.
Through it, too, passed from very early times the road giving access from the Agora to the
southern regions of Athens.2 Thus the grave precinct, bordered by a road which was also
a drain, had need of the protection afforded by its retaining wall: first, to preserve it from
being undermined by the flow of water, and second, to prevent encroachment by traffic
passing along the road.
The terrace wall itself shows that its builders had these two functions in mind. Founded
on bedrock, it is built of rough untrimmed blocks of limestone, mixed with blocks of greenish
micaceous shale; the same sort of shale was used inside the terrace for the covering-slabs
over the graves. The blocks, long and often quite narrow, are laid as headers (section,
fig. 2; figs. 3 and 5); the gaps behind the outer ends of the blocks are rather carefully filled
by small stones making a rough, but presentable, polygonal face as a parapet beside the
road (fig. 4). In appearance, the polygonal face of the wall is quite similar to that of a Geo-
metric wall in Eleusis.3 The thickness of the wall is from 60 to 70cm.; its inner face is
packed with small stones, forming a backing to close the gaps behind the headers of the
wall itself. The roughly finished outer face, the method of laying the blocks as headers, the
better to resist pressure from behind, and the crude unfinishedinner face, together show that
the wall was intended as a retaining wall from the time of its construction. The return at
1 Hesperia,V, 1936,p. 15,

fig. 13; A.A., 1935, pp. 161-162,fig. 1, Beilage 2.
2
See the plan, Athens in the second century A.D., in Hesperia,VI, 1937, p. 2 and fig. 1; the road
followed the same course throughoutantiquity.
3 W.
Wrede,Attische Mauern,Athens, 1933,no. 3 and pl. 2.
go
~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~)
ir)~
~~ ~

iw
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-I /
I~~~IIu
r.~~~~~r
Cl)
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4)
4 1i
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0
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gol
RODNEY S. YOUNG
the northeast end, which was not needed as a protection against the flow of water in the
valley, and which did not border on the road, was carried only as far as was necessary to
hold back the filling in the east corner of the terrace.

The maximum preserved height of the Geometric wall, close to Well B, was nearly 1.30 m.
Its top was about 80 cm. below the level of the covering slabs of Grave XI, the highest in
the terrace. Since the covers of the graves must have lain at least half a metre below the
floor of the terrace, we arrive by addition (1.30+.80+.50)
at a probable total original

height for the retaining wall of a little more than two and a half metres.
That the wall belongs to the Geometric period is proved not only by its relation to the
graves which it encloses and by its resemblanceto other Geometric walls, but also by the
W?LL B
dJ
P OM AF1
WALL
6 G.
-Z7
.
,57o70
P 0
|
565-
I
LAYF
--
ji
Si6oo
FILL
57o
WAI9 LAER
A D
Ar4CI<>QP<y^
B-ow
n
ATH
IV
6 C
0
+i
GF
?L
F I LL
56154F
5628 L
I
PPECr
EC T I
A-AN
5ECTIO
1
ih
o
--R--
- --
2.
t
A-A
4
\in
I
J.T
195P
Fig. 2. Section through Grave Area A-A. Scale, 1:100
evidence of the fills to each side of it. The fill behind, partly of red gravel and partly of
green broken hardpan containing an occasional Geometric sherd, had been thrown in
behind the wall and over the east end of the terrace, to bring up the level to an even
surface. This fill had been disturbed in many places; but where it was undisturbed, it ran
against the back face of the wall, showing that the wall had been built before it was thrown
in, or at the same time.
The fill along the outer face of the retaining wall was road fill. Layer III of the fill in
the road (section, fig. 2) contained no sherds later than the first quarter of the seventh
century. Because no provision had been made for drainage in the early road, the flow of
water had destroyed the stratification, and it was impossible to distinguish at what level
the terrace wall had been cut through an earlier fill, and at what level the fill had begun
to accumulate against its face. At the back, the wall seemed to have been set into the
layer of sand overlying bedrock (section, fig. 2), below the thrown-in fill of broken hardpan.

A thick d(elposit of black burned earth and cinders must have been thrown at one time on
the surface of the road. This delposit (Grave XII) contained many fragments of broken
and burned Geometric figurines and vases; it was clearly the refuse from a funeral pyre.
Apparently after the rites had been held at the grave, the pyre was extinguished and its
Fig. 3. Geometric Retaining Wall. Inner Face, looking Northeast
Fig. 4. Geometric Retaining Wall.
Outer Face
remains swept up and dumped over the edge of the terrace onto the road. The deposit lay
on the north side of the road, against the face of the retaining wall; the black earth had
penetrated into the cracks in the face of the wall itself. From the position of the burned
deposit it was clear that the precinct wall already served as a parapet along the road when
the remains of the pyre were thrown out. Had the wall been set down through the remains
10
RODNEY S. YOUNG

of the pyre, a narrow footing-trench would have shown cleaily that the wall was later.
Since the vases and figurines from the burned deposit are to be dated probably at the
beginning of the seventh century, they furnish final proof that the grave precinct had been
marked off and enclosed by its retaining wall at some time in the eighth.
The height at which the burned deposit lay must represent the level of the surface of
the road at the time when the pyre was thrown out. This level is the only one that can be
fixed in the gradual accumulation of Layer III of the road filling. Sherds later than those
from the burned deposit were found in Layer III, from which are published B 85-86
(fig. 91 below).
A terminus ante quem for the accumulation of Layer III is given by the sherds from
a filling of brown earth thrown onto the hard road surface between Layer II and Layer III
Geometric Retaining
5. Geometric
Fig.
Wall, looking
Retaining Wall,
looking South.
Fig. 5.
Well C
C at
at right
Well
right
(section, fig. 2). This earth contained Protoattic vases and fragments running as late as
the middle of the seventh century; it must then have been thrown over the road at some
time after the middle of the century. The filling was probably brought from elsewhere; it
contained fragments which joined with other fragments of vases found in the votive deposit
of the first half of the seventh century, which lay about a hundred metres away toward the
southeast.'
A number of handsome vases and fragments from this fill are published
southeast.l
(B 64-84; figs. 92-99 below).
of the
from
sherds
IIIofbythea second
half surface
the seventh
the
hard road
ow).Layer
theofface
which ran
II, separated
Layer
precinct
wall, contained
century,
againstand
early sixth; from it, B 59-63 (fig. 91 below).

1
The uppermost layer of road filling, separated
Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 542 ff.
11

from Layer II by a hard-packed surface, contained sixth century sherds, black-glazed and
black-figured of advanced style.
Burials appear to have been made regularly in the grave terrace over a period of about
sixty years, or two generations, from the last quarter of the eighth century into the second
quarter of the seventh. Two later graves of small children (Graves I and II) could be dated
at the very end of the seventh century and in the sixth. It is possible that burials were
made during the second half of the seventh century, and destroyed by the modern Pit A or the
Turkish well B; the absence of any great number of sherds of the later seventh century among
the sporadic finds in the disturbed parts of the area, however, suggests that there were no such
burials. In any case, the presence of two graves at least half a century later than any of the
others indicates that the grave precinct was known and respected as such until the early sixth
century.
;
Fig. 6.
' ,,,,;'. '
'
.'
Retaining WVall: Cut Across Road, showing 6th Century Packing
and Polygonal
Wall
No burials later than Grave I were found. During the sixth century the grave precinct
seems to have been abandoned, and its retaining wall fallen to ruin. Its lower courses,
buried deep under the accumulated fill of the road, remained undisturbed; but in its upper
part blocks must either have fallen from their places, or been carried away by persons in
search of building material. During the lapse of time between the final burial in the grave
precinct and the rebuilding of the precinct wall, the retaining wall in the northeastern half
of its course was levelled down to a depth of probably about 1.20 m., leaving it standing
to a maximum height of only 1.30m. The quarrying operations of Roman times have
destroyed the evidence as to the history of the southwestern stretch of the wall (fromin
Well D nearly to the corner).
A cut made across the road just to the east of Well D (fig. 6) throws some light on the
subsequent history of the grave precinct. Here, two blocks of worked limestone forming
part of a polygonal wall, are in situ as a parapet along the sixth century road, at the level
12
RODNEY S. YOUNG
of the top of Layer I. The cut made across the road showed a footing-trench along the face
of this upper limestone polygonal wall; the footing-trench, cut through a road filling which
contained sherds running into the late sixth century, suggests that the precinct wall was
reconstructedat the end of that century, or in the early fifth. The method of reconstruction
was clear; the trench-probably filled with soft earth-from which the blocks of the upper
courses of the Geometric wall had been taken out, was cleared down to the preserved top

of the early wall. The removal of the blocks had naturally somewhat widened the wall
trench. A mass of small stones was then thrown into the trench to serve as a bedding for
the big limestone blocks of the polygonal parapet along the road at the surface. This
packing of small stones overhangs the outer face of the Geometric wall by about 30-40 cm.,
showing how the edge of the road filling had been cut away by the removal of blocks from
the Geometric wall. The bedding of small stones was thrown in until a depth of about
40 cm. below the road surface was reached; then larger blocks were laid on it to serve as
a levelling course for the polygonal parapet wall. Probably at the same time a correspond-
ing limestone parapet was built along the other side of the road, at the south (plan, fig. 1;
section, fig. 2). Also at about the same time the northward extension of the east terrace
wall, with its return toward the west, mentioned above, was added. This addition is built
of well-jointed small blocks of limestone in polygonal style; it may have been built in connection with a building complex of the sixth century which lay to the north of the grave
area. The terrace, which had in Geometric times been open toward the northwest, was
enclosed by a wall, traces of which were found on the sloping hillside, at the time of the
sixth century reconstruction. A gap in the terrace wall along the road was probably filled
by a ramp or staircase giving access through the grave area to a path leading to the upper
slopes of Kolonos; one block of the staircase parapet at the south side was found in its
original position. The walls of the sixth century are indicated on the plan in lighter shad-
ing.
Grave I, cut off from the rest of the graves by the sixth century wall, probably dates
from the first half of the century, and had been made before the reconstructionof the terrace.
The purpose of the reconstruction is not clear. The sixth century floor of the grave
precinct, which must have been somewhat lower than the Geometric, was nowhere
preserved. A well dug in the sixth century disturbed two of the graves, XXI and XXII. The
digging of a well suggests that the site was lived on; there may have been shallow founded
interior walls which were obliterated by later disturbances. That the sixth century wall
was built on top of the Geometric is in no way surprising, because the road followed the
same course in both periods, and the sixth century builders would naturally carry their
parapet wall along the edge of the road. The line where the Geometricwall had been was,
moreover, probably indicated quite clearly by the softness of the filling that had been thrown
into its trench. At the end of the sixth century, then, and in the early fifth, the grave
terrace remained an undivided unit; it was not until about the years 470-460 that it was
divided by the southwest enclosure wall of the area around the Tholos, which was carried
across the northeast end of the precinct.
13

The preservation of the grave area is probably due to a late fifth or early fourth century
relevelling of the whole region to the south of the Tholos, at which time a large peribolos,
partly cut into the hillside, was made. At the same time the road was covered by a dump
80 cm. to 1 m. thick; some of this dump was found lying undisturbed over the southwestern
end of the terrace. The dating of the raising of the level is given not only by sherds found
in the dump, but also by the filling of Well D, which was covered by the dump; the filling
was of the late third quarter of the fifth century.1 When the south branch of the great drain
was subsequently built,2 it was carried to the east of the peribolos in a channel cut for it in
the bedrock considerably above the bottom of the natural drainage basin. Presumably the
later inhabitants of the region, finding the bedrock at a higher level to the north and west,
and knowing the position of the drain, did not suspect that an early cemetery lay hidden
in the bottom of the valley at the foot of Kolonos Agoraios.
The late disturbances were not extensive. The reason that only three of the big limestone blocks of the polygonal parapet of the sixth century were found in situ may be that
the other blocks were taken out for re-use in the fifth century when the level of the area
was raised. Some of the blocks were certainly left and taken out in the fourth century
after Christ; sherds of that period were found in the wall trench, from well D to the southwest corner, and to the depth at which the Geometric wall was preserved. The inhabitants
of this time also took away for re-use nearly all of the blocks of the polygonal parapet
wall along the south side of the early road. There were two late disturbances inside the
grave precinct, and one in the road: Pit A, Well B, and Well E. Pit A, a large oval cutting,
was modern; the pit was dug for the construction of the ring-wall near its centre, which
was later used as a cesspool. Pit A disturbed Graves II and XIII, and destroyed Graves VII
and XVI; it is quite possible that another grave, lying between Graves XX and XVII, was
completely obliterated at the same time. Well B was a shallow Turkish well which went
only to bedrock; its digging somewhat disturbed Grave V, and destroyed most of Grave VIII.
Thus of a total of twenty graves in the burial precinct, six were disturbed in modern times,
and three in ancient: two (XXI and XXII) by the sixth century diggers of Well C, and one
(III) probably at the time of the reconstruction of the terrace wall in the late sixth century,
when the level of the terrace floor was lowered. Well E, outside the grave precinct, was
a shallow Turkish pit lined with a ring wall of stone; it caused considerable disturbance in
the early road.
THE GRAVES
The twenty burials in the grave precinct are divided into two types, urn-burials of small
children (Graves I-X) and inhumations of adults (Graves XI, XIII-XIV, and XVI-XXII).
1 Section B, well 2. A numberof vases and fragmentsfrom this well have been publishedby Miss
Talcott in Hesperia,IV, 1935,pp. 517ff., nos. 96-101.
2
See the plan, Hesperia, V, 1936, p. 15, fig. 13. Thompsonsuggests a late third or early second
century date for the constructionof this part of the drain.
14
RODNEY S. YOUNG

They have been numberedin accordance with what seems to be their chronologicalsequence;
Grave I is the latest burial, and Grave XXII the earliest. The earliest of the urn-burials
(X) is, however, earlier than the latest of the inhumations (XI). Although only twenty
burials were found, twenty-two groups from the precinct are published in the catalogue.
Of the two extra groups one, Grave XII, consists of pottery and figurines from the remains
of a sacrificial pyre which had been burned in the precinct in connection with one or another
of the inhumations. The other group, Grave XV, consists of an amphora neck and
a kantharos found together in the disturbed filling of Pit A. The kantharos was found
tightly fitted into the mouth of the amphorawhere it had been placed at the time of burial;
the two vases came from the same grave. Since neither the pottery from the pyre, nor that
from the late filling of Pit A could be assigned to any of the burials found, each group is
listed separately as a grave group. In addition to the twenty-two groups from the terrace
three burials found some distance away toward the south are published. Although these
burials have no immediate connection with those in the precinct, they are published here
because they are contemporary and furnish information supplementary to that given by
the graves of the other group.

The ten shaft burials found in the grave terrace were cut in the firm filling of broken
hardpan between the retaining wall and the hillside. Most of them lay in the wide northeast end of the precinct; at the narrower end the level of the bedrock was high, and the
shafts had to be cut in the harder rock. Probably for this reason the southwesternmost
part of the area was never used. An inner row of graves (XI, XVII-XX) radiated from
the base of the hill; an outer lay, with different orientation, across their ends. Of the inner
row four grave shafts were preserved; a possible fifth (between Graves XIX-XX and
Grave XVII) may have been completely obliterated by Pit A. Two graves of different
orientation interrupt the regular succession of the graves of the inner row. One of these,
XVI, had been almost entirely destroyed by Pit A; only its lower end was left undisturbed.
The other, Grave XXII, lay near the southwest end of the terrace; its lower end had been
cut off by Grave XI, and its upper half cut through by Well C. In the outer row there were
three graves; XIII, XIV, and XXI. The last of these, XXI, had been cut close beside Grave
XXII and beside the end of Grave XI; the terrace was there too narrow for another shaft
across the end of Grave XI.

The disposition of the shaft graves in a double row suggests that the burials were made
in accordance with a plan, and that the positions occupied by earlier graves were always
known approximately. In only two cases were early graves disturbed by later; in both
there was probably a considerable lapse of time between the burials. Grave VI was some-
what damaged by Grave II, added more than half a century after the last of the successive
early burials. Grave XXII was slightly disturbed by Grave XI, the latest of the shaft
graves. It is probable that Grave XXII, which lay close in to the hillside and parallel to
it, was the earliest burial made in the precinct. Cut early, and without forethought as to
economy of space, it lay in a position which hindered the placing of later graves in the
15
narrow end of the terrace. The wide end was therefore filled first, and the narrow end
used only when there was no longer any room toward the northeast.
Most of the graves of the inner series must have been made before those of the outer.
The oldest must have been XXII, followed by XVII-XX (in what order is not clear). The

graves of the second series, XIII-XIV, were then added, filling the wide end of the terrace,
and compelling the use of the narrow end. Graves XI and XXI were then added, disturbing the earliest grave, XXII.
One grave contained two burials (XIX-XX). Quite clearly they had been made at
different timnes;the covering slabs of Grave XX must have been lifted in order that a second
body might be placed in it, and they were probably replaced afterward. The position of
the grave must have been known, and it was re-used for a second burial intentionally and
not by chance. In all probability the graves were unmarked; no fragments of the very
nor of crude stone stelai such as were found at the Kerameikos
large vases used as aiuTawa,
1
and Eleusis appeared in our grave area. In only one case (Grave XIV), where a stone
placed over the cover at one end of the grave may have served as a bedding for a marker,
was there any suggestion that the graves had been marked. The planning of the two rows
of unmarked graves, the similarity of type among the graves, and the fact that the positions
of burials were remembered and, as far as possible, respected, together lead to the belief
that the burials were made over a relatively short period of time.
The urn-burials of children were tucked in wherever there was room, mostly in the
eastern corner and along the southeast side of the precinct. Two were much later than the
other graves. Grave II, to be dated about 600, was dug near the middle of the terrace and
disturbed Grave VI. Perhaps as a result of the damage caused by Grave II, the latest
grave, I, was placed far to the north where there was little danger of disturbing the earlier
burials, the exact positions of which by that time had been forgotten. Grave III, the latest
of the early burials, was cut, like the latest shaft graves XI and XXI, in the bedrock at the
narrow end of the precinct.
A number of factors suggest that our grave terrace was a family cemetery. The planning
of the series of graves, which were placed more with a view to economy of space than to
any fixed rule of orientation, and the respect shown for earlier burials, lead to the belief
that the precinct belonged to one family and was used over a short period. The peculiar
relationship of Graves XIX and XX, successive burials in the same grave, furthers the
belief. The intermingling of adult and child burials also suggests that the terrace was
a family burial plot; very often in large common cemeteries, as at Phaleron, Marathon,
Camiros, and some of the Sicilian colonies, a special part of the area was set aside for
children's burials exclusively. Family plots in which successive burials can be traced,
have, moreover, been found at the Kerameikos. The addition of two graves much later
than the others gives evidence that the original function of the terrace was not
forgotten.
Poulsen, p. 18; Eph. Arch., 1912, p. 36.
16
RODNEY S. YOUNG

No burials of the second half of the seventh century were found to bridge the lapse of time
between Graves III and II; it is possible, though unlikely, that such graves existed and
were destroyed by the late disturbances in the area. A number of fragmentary vases found
in the disturbed filling in various parts of the terrace may have been from such graves;
but they may also be fragments of vases used in ritual observances performed in the
cemetery in memory of the dead. Our precinct was probably in regular use for burials
over a period of about two generations, from the last quarter of the eighth century into the
second quarter of the seventh. Grave II was added about 600, Grave I somewhat later.
Small children were buried in pithoi, amphoras, or hydriai. One of our burials (III)
seems to have been made in a deep bowl of coarse fabric. The vessel containing the body
was always a simple vase without elaborate ornamentation, probably a pot of the type
ordinarily used for the storage or export of oil or wine. Such vases were used for the
burial of small children all over the Greek world. As the neck was often too narrow for
the insertion of the body through the mouth of the pot, a hole was carefully made in the
side, and the section removed was replaced after the body and the grave offerings had been
put in.' The outlines of the breaks made for this purpose may be observed on the burial
urns from our Graves II, IV, V and VI. The hydria used for burial in Grave X (fig. 27)
was broken in a somewhat different manner. Two deep scratches were made, parallel to
each other and at some distance apart, from the shoulder to the foot. The scratched lines
were then chipped until the section of the wall between them could be taken out in one
piece; after the body had been inserted the fragment was replaced. In the case of Grave IX
the pithos used had a mouth wide enough for the insertion of the bodies, and no breakage
was necessary.
The positions of the skeletons in their urns could not always be determined, as the tiny
bones had often been almost entirely disintegrated by damp. The bones in Graves IV, V,
IX and X, however, were sufficiently preserved to show that the children had been buried
lying on their sides, and in a bent position with the knees drawn up. One of the graves (IX)
contained two skeletons; as there was no evidence of any disturbance of the grave for the
insertion of a second body, the two children must have been buried together at the same
time. A similar double burial of children was found at Eleusis.2 The simultaneous death
of two children in the same family may well have been due to some illness of epidemic
nature; Professor Soteriades, horrified by the number of infant burials at Marathon, suggests
that an epidemic took place there.3 In any case, the large cemeteries of children at Phaleron
and elsewhere lead to the belief that infant mortality must have been very high in the
primitive conditions of early Greek times.
1 As at Phaleron(Eph.Arch.,1911, pp. 246-248 and figs. 6-7); at Mycenae(Eph.
Arch.,1912,p. 128);
and at Megara Hyblaea (Monumenti, I, pp. 770-771). The amphora from Grave 28 at Tiryns (Tiryns, I,
p. 132, and pl. XVII, 8) seems to have been neatly cut off at the bottom.
2
Eph. Arch., 1898, p. 91.
3 Praktika,
1934, pp. 37 ff.
17

The burial urns containing the bodies were always laid on their sides and covered at the
mouth by a flat stone or a large coarse sherd. In the case of Grave X the mouth of the
hydria was covered by a one-handled cup, and the mouth of the amphora in Grave VI by
a plate. The offerings of small vases were usually placed inside the burial urn with the
body, but in Graves VI, VII and IX offerings were found outside as well. One of the kantharoi found in Grave IX contained carbonized matter which was probably the remains of
food placed in the grave with the body. Similar carbonized matter was found in the burial
urns of Graves I, IV and VI. Carbonized remains of food have been found in graves at
Eleusis.1 Liquid offerings of milk or honey may have been made in the coarse pitchers
which stood, always upright, outside the burial urns. Such coarse pitchers were found in
Graves VI-X; the mouth of the one used in Grave VIII was carefully covered with a flat
slab of stone.
After the burial urn containing the body and the grave offerings had been placed in the
pit dug to receive it, the mouth covered, and any further offerings put in position beside it,
the pit was filled. In only one case, Grave IV, was a stone cover used. TIwo flat slabs
were laid directly on the amphora, and a mass of small stones thrown on top of themn
(fig. 11). No rule of orientation was observed in the placing of the burial pots; they were
laid with their mouths pointing in any direction at haphazard as the pits had been dug. The
burial of small children in urns was the method commonly employed in ancient times. The
term iyXvTQeiald;has been suggested for the practice; although it is not actually useld by
<ancientwriters, the verb iyXvrQei;tvappears, and women ca.lled yXvTQiaTQiect
are mentioned,
one of whose functions may have been to prepare the dead for burial by placing them in p)ots.2
I'he shaft burials of adults were of a type used in the late Geometric period at the
Dipylon.3 Rectangular shafts, usually about two metres long and half a metre wide, were
sunk in the filling of the terrace. The body was placed on the floor of the shaft, lying on
its back with the arms extending along the sides. The legs were usually extended straight
downward; in two cases, however, they seem to have been bent, with the knees raised
(Graves XVIII and XXI). The vases offered at the funeral were placed around the body
in the bottom of the shaft; in the case of men's graves at the lower end by the feet, and in
the case of women's wherever there was room. No evidence was obtained as to the clothing
worn by the dead; the fibulae found lay either on the bottom of the grave or among the
vases, or had been put before burial into one of the vases. After the body an(l the pottery
had been placed in the grave, enough earth was thrown in to cover them. In Grave XVII
two of the vases were found resting on the earth fill at a high level immediately below the
cover. In Graves XVIII and XX a fairly evenly distributed layer of ash and cinders
extended over the earth filling covering the skeletons and grave offerings. The evidence
seems clear, then, that the graves were filled before being covered. The depth of the shafts
1
2
Eph. Arch., 1898,pp. 99 ff.

See Poulsen, pp. 47 ff.
3 A.A., 1935.
pp. 262 ff.
18
RODNEY S. YOUNG

from floor to cover was usually about half a metre. The cover slabs, about a metre long,
were of micaceous green shale. They had been laid across the shafts from side to side;
sometimes their edges overlapped, and usually the cracks between their ends had been
chinked with small stones. They formed, then, a fairly tight cover through which very
little could pass. There was usually a thin layer of fine earth inside, which had sifted
through, and overlay the grave filling; but in almost every case there was empty space
immediately below the cover.
Since the level of the terrace floor of the Geometric period was nowhere preserved, the
total depth of the grave shafts cannot be known exactly. It seems safe to assume, however,
that the covering slabs lay at least half a metre below the surface. Graves of this type
at the Dipylon were usually about a metre deep. T'he shafts in their upper part must have
been as wide and long as the covers over the graves. They were cut, then, with a width
of about a metre to a depth of about half a metre, from which point they were narrowed,
leaving ledges along the sides to support the ends of the cover slabs. The ledges left were
of the firm filling of broken hardpan; no walls were built along the sides of the grave shafts
to help support the covers.
It has already been noted that, with the possible exception of XIV, no evidence was
found to indicate that the graves had been marked; also that they were cut with a view
more to the natural contour of the land and to economy of space than to any fixed rule of
orientation. The positions of the bodies in the graves further show that no rule of grave
orientation was observed. Of the inner row of graves, the bodies in three (XI, XVIII, and
XX) had been laid with the heads toward the southeast, while the bodies in the other two
graves (XVII and XIX) lay with their heads toward the northwest. Graves XVII and
XVIII were both graves of women; Graves XI and XIX both graves of men.
In the case of none of the shaft burials had offerings of vases been left outside the
graves themselves. The grave gifts were always found with the body inside the shaft. For
men the offerings were limited in number, and usually consisted of weapons and drinking
vessels. For women more numerous vases were brought; Grave XVII contained twentytwo pots. Characteristic in women's graves were the pyxides, which were probably used in
life as toilet boxes.' Jewellery in the form of rings, pins, and fibulae was placed in
women's graves instead of weapons. Undoubtedly many vases were brought new to be
offered in the graves; but often vases were offered which showed clearly by their worn
and chipped condition that they had undergone considerable use before being placed in
the grave. Miniature vases were almost always offered in children's graves. Such little
vases were probably used by the children in their lifetime and were not specially made as
grave offerings; a little feeder found in a child's grave at Tiryns, for example, must have
been made for use.2 Some of the vases in Grave IX, which had sixteen small
offerings,
1 Pyxides were customarilyplaced in the graves of women and
girls during the seventh and sixth
centuries in the North Cemeteryat Corinth; see A.J.A., XXXIV, 1930,p. 421.
2
Tiryns Grave 30; Tiryns, I, pi. XVIII, 9.
19

seemed fresh and new, while others were somewhat worn and peeled. In the graves of
children then, as in the graves of adults, used and new vases were often offered together.
All the vases in a grave were thus not necessarily strictly contemporary; some may have
been as much as twenty years older than other vases found in the same grave. The dating
suggested for each burial is based on what seems a probable approximate date for the latest
vase offered in it; it must always be remembered that some of the other vases may be earlier.
Our cemetery yielded considerable evidence as to the funerl rites ed at the graves.
Two of the women's graves, XVIII and XX, contained thick layers of ash, distributed
fairly evely throughout the shafts, and which must have been thrown in before the covers
were put in place. Small fragments of animal bones were, moreover, found in the same
graves. The combination of ash and the bones of animals suggests that sacrifices were
held at the grave, and that perhaps the funeral banquet or Trle
sQiElvon was eaten there.
in
evidence
favor
of
strong
this
in Grave XI, which was
was
found
Very
supllposition
a normal inhumation of a man. A mass of carbonized matter, however, was found inside
the grave; among the ash and cinders were found many fragments of burned and broken
vases and figurines. A considerable amount of the same carbonized matter, scattered
through the filling ove the grave, produced similar fragments of vases, some of which
actually joined with fragments found inside the grave. Since the cover was too tight to
allow the passage of any but the very smallest sherds, the burned deposit must have been
thlrown into the grave after the body had been put in and before the cover was laid over the
shaft. Throughout the burned deposit were found small fragments of animal bone. The
burned deposit can be nothing but the remains of a sacrificial pyre burned near the grave
at the time of the funeral; a pyre at which animals were sacrificed and at which the meat
for the funeral banquet was cooked. The bits of animal bone found scattered through the
burned deposit came probably from the parts of the victims burned as sacrifices; a whole
collection of unbroken animal bones found in one of the amphoras which had been offered
in the grave may well represent the remains of the funeral banquet. The animal bones
unfortunately were not identified as to species; bones of cows and horses, sheep and hares,
as well as eggshells and seashells have been fotnd at the Kerameikos, Phaleron, and
Eleusis; the bones probably of a pig were found in a grave at the Agora.1 Geometric inhumations showing traces of burning have been found at the Kerameikos and at Eleusis.2
In the case of Grave XI the remains of the sacrificial pyre were used to help fill the
grave. Grave XII, a thick deposit of burned matter found in the road beside the grave
terrace, was part of a pyre similar to that burned beside Grave XI. In the case of Grave XII,
however, the remains of the pyre were swept up and dumped over the parapet wall, instead
of being used to fill the grave. As in the burned matter found in Grave XI, fragments of
animal bones were found scattered through the remains of the other sacrificial pyre,
1 Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, p. 141; Eph. Arch., 1898, pp. 89 and 98;
Poulsen, pp. 22 ff.; Delt., II, 1916,
17
p.
(Grave 3 a); Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 552.
2
Poulsen, p. 25; Eph. Arch., 1912, p. 33.
RODNEY S. YOUNG
20
Grave XII. The similarity in the selection of vases found in the two pyres is, moreover,
striking and perhaps significant: in each case a large pot, amphora or hydria, decorated
with funerary scenes; a pair of bowls on perforated stands; small cups, miniature oinochoai
and lekythoi, and figurines. These vases, broken and thrown into the pyre, are clearly
ritual in character. Vases decorated with prothesis scenes 1 must have been made for use
at funerals and not for everyday life. Bowls on high perforated stands seem to have been

commonly used in funerary rites; bowls of this type were found in the Phaleron cemetery
only in connection with pyres.2 The small oinochoai and lekythoi found in Grave XII can
have been of no use for the ordinary purposes of life. Oil, wine, and perfume may have
been contained in the vases broken at the pyre; all were used at funerals in classical times,
and all were used at the funeral of Patroklos as described by Homer in the twenty-third
book of the Iliad. The contents of our pyres suggest that the custom was continuous from
early times; the big vases contained perhaps the wine, the smaller the oil, and the miniature
lekythoi the perfume; incense may have been burned in the shallow open saucers and
skyphoi. The scene drawn on one side of the neck of the amphora from Grave XII may
throw some light on the ritual. Three figures are represented bringing objects for use at
the funeral (fig. 38); one is a wreath, the second a knife, and the third a vase with a high
lid, perhaps a Ovuttiarqov or incense-burner. The wreath is probably an offering to the
dead; the scene on the other side of the neck of the same amphora (fig. 37) is one of
prothesis, in which a figure is holding a leafy spray over the head of the dead. The knife
is undoubtedly brought for use at the sacrifice.
The evidence of Graves XI and XII is important with regard to funeral ritual. Our
graves show not only that sacrificial pyres were burned beside inhumations, but also that
animals were actually slaughtered, and probably eaten, at the graveside. The evidence as to
offerings of flowers and perhaps incense is welcome. The probability becomes strong that the
traditional ritual of burial as described by Homer was continuous, handed down through the
Geometricperiod into early classical times. Elaborate grave ceremonies such as were performed at Graves XI and XII must have been celebrated only for prominent persons. Grave XI
was a man's burial; presumably the pyre Grave XII, so similar in its nature and contents
to the one burned at Grave XI, was also burned beside a man's grave. Possibly the burial
was our Grave XIII, which is perhaps slightly earlier than the pyre, but which contained
an elaborately made pot suggesting that the person buried was an important personage.
Our graves at the Agora are of normal late Geometric type such as have been found
elsewhere in Attica. The children's burials are of a type common throughout the Greek
world. Our cemetery, however, furnishes new and interesting evidence as to the burial
customs of the early Greek period. A list of Attic graves with their probable dating is
given in Appendix I, p. 231 below.
Geometricscenes of prothesis and ekphoraare listed, Ath. Mitt., LIII, 1928,pp. 17 if.
Deltion, II, 1916, pp. 17 ff.; Graves 3a, 14 a, 40 and 41. All were pyres; human bones are not
mentionedin connectionwith any of them, while animalhones were found in 3 a.
2
21
CATALOGUE OF GRAVES
GRAVEI
P'hla. Fig. 1.
Contents. Fiog. 7

Urn-burial of an infant. Height al)ove sea-level 56.62m. The amphora, containing the
skeleton of a small child, had been laid on its side, with a coarse sherd over its mouth, in
a shallow pit scooped for it in the bedrock. It had been partially destroyed by the laying
of a later drain close by. There were no grave offerings. Some carbonized matter and
a number of cinders found in the amlhora with the skeleton suggest that food of some sort
may have been buried with the body.
The coarse amphora of very micaceous clay is of a
type for which I have found no published parallels. An
amplhora of similar shape and fabric was found in a pit
on the north slope of the Acropolis, together with late
seventh and sixth century pottery.1 On the evidence of
the example from the North Slope, our amphora should
lbe dated probably in the sixth century; its fabric finds no
plarallels among the coarse wares of the seventh.
I 1. Coairse Amphora. Fig. 7

I) 5080. 11. (as restored), 0.565 m. Diam., 0.35 m.
Most of the neck, one handle, part of the rim, and the
body at one side, restored. Egg-shaped body, narrowing to
an irregularly flattened tip: short neck and thick rounded lip.
Smooth, very flaky, lnicaceous clay; unglazed.
I:
Fig. 7. Grave I, Amphora (I I)
GRAVE II
Plan. Fig. 1.
Contents. Figs. 8-9
Urn-burial of an infant. Height above sea-level, 55.87 m. Grave II had been slightly
disturbed by the digging of Pit A; it had itself disturbed Grave VI. The amphora lay on
its side with a flat stone stopping its mouth. The three small vases offered at the burial
were found, together with a few of the bones of a small child, inside the amphora.
The burial amphora is a late example from a long series of Attic amphoras extend(ing
thlroughout the seventh century and into the sixth. The small pots are dated at the very
1 I am indebted to Oscar Broneer for showing me this amphora from the excavations on the North
Slope, and for permissionto mentionit here.
22
RODNEY S. YOUNG
end of the seventh
century
or the begining
of the sixth.
Pyxis
and skyphos
are late anll
careless imitations of late Protocorinthian types with linear decoration, which persist in
Corinth until the end of the seventh
century.
The birds of the pyxis-lid
and oinochoe,
on
the other hand, seem to stand near the head of an Attic group extending through the sixth
century.

111.
II 2.
II 3.
The vases from Grave II must then (late from about 600.
Amphora.
Figs. 8 and 144
P 4599. H., 0.595 m. Max. diam., 0.395 m.

Flaring foot and slightly concave neck, with
heavily rounded lip. Pink clay; the egg-shaped
body, the lip, and most of the foot covered with
streaky brownish-red glaze. Incised on the shoulder
on one side, a horizontal line with two shallow arcs
pendant from it, like an elongated B (fig. 144).
For the series to which this amphora belongs,
see below, C 127, and p. 210. Other late examples
from this series are an amphora from Phaleron
(Delt., II, 1916, p. 28, no. 6 from Grave 33) found
with an eal-ly Co(rinthianoinochoe of the last quarter
of the seventh century; and, still later and moire
dev eloped, the amphora carried by Dionysos on
the Francois vase (Furtw-angler and Reichhold,
Griechische Vasenmalerei, I, pl. I), w-here the body
is taller and more pointed, and the foot even more
flaring. The moulded neck-ring seen on earlier
examples lhas by this time entirely disappeared.
Snall
Skyphos.
Fig. 9
"
II1
P 4600. H., 0.049 m. Diam. at rim, 0.067 m.

Fig. 8. Grave II, Amphora (II 1)
Flaring base, slightly concave underneath;
above it, rays. Thin brown glaze inside, and on top
of each handle. Two wide bands of purple-red below the handles, with glaze bands above and
below; the glaze band between crossed by short verticals. A crude lozenge chain in the handle
zone, with dots between the upper points of the lozenges.
An Attic imitation of late Protocorinthian-Early Coiinthian sklphoi with linear decoration,
extending to the end of the seventh century; prototype as Payne, Necrocorinthia, p. 279, fig. 120.
Lidded Pyxis.
Fig. 9
P 4602. H. (pyxis), 0.052 m. II. with lid, 0.091mI. )iam. at rim, 0.072 m.
Flat bottomed pyxis with deep, slightly concave side wall and handles outside the rim.
Around the middle of the body a zone filled by a lozenge-chain; above and below, broad bands
of purple-red, bordered by glaze bands. A wavy line in the handle zone. The convex lid has
a tall knob handle decorated on top w-ith a six-armed cross, and on the side with a purple-red
and a black band; around the lid itself, a procession of birds to the right. Purple-red on the
bodies of the birds. Attic clay; glaze dull brown to metallic black. The shape is taken from
the Early Corinthian type discussed by Payne, Necrocorinthia, p. 292. The bird procession on
the lid is paralleled on a lidded skyphos from one of the latest graves at Phaleron (Delt., II, 1916,
23
1. 35, fig. 29: grave 18A). This type of unincised bird decoration is used on an Attic group
common in the sixth century, and apparently beginning at the end of the seventh; several
examples from the Acropolis are discussed in Graef-Langlotz 1, pp. 61 if., 569-583. See also Toronto
274-277; Robinson, Harcum and Iliffe, Greek Vases in Toronto, p1. XXV: dated about 600.

114. Oinochoe.
Fig. 9
P 4601. H. to lip, 0.078 nm. Max. diam., 0.0)56m.

Flaring ring foot, and band handle with a glaze stripe down its outer face. A shallow groove
around the base of the neck, and a fine raised ring half-way up. A siren with spread wings
covers most of the body; she stands right, with her head turned back. A water fowl faces her.
A band of puriple riuns across the iwings and breast of the siren; purple is used also on the wing
and breast of the bird, and on the band below. Blob and ring rosettes in the field: no incision
is used. Attic clay; highly metallic black glaze.
._^
I2
113
1I4
Fig. 9. Grave II, Small Vases (II 2-4)

Thle neck-ring is common on Early and Middle Corinthian oinochoai an(l ollai.
decoration is similar to that of the pyxis lid; it ma- be derived from Corintllian
'The unincised
pots withl un-
incised animal zones such as those discussed by- Payne, Necrocorinthia, pl. 279, 1 and no. 191.
Plan. Fig. 1.
GRAVE III
Contents. Fig. 10
Urn-burial of an infant. Height above sea-level, 57.20 m. The burial had been disturlbed
at the time of the lowering of the level of the terrace floor in the sixth century. A fragment
of the coarse spouted. basin, in lwhich the body had probably been placed, was found,
together with a small oinochoe and the skull and some of the bones of an infant, in a shallow
round pit scooped out of the bedrock. The grave was too disturbed to give evidence as to
the original position of the basin, or as to the way in which it was covered.
The burial should be dated in the second quarter of the seventh century; vases similar
both to the coarse basin and to the oinochoe have been found in orientalizing contexts.
RODNEY S. YOUNCI
24
Spouted
Ibalsisl like the one fiom G1rave III seem to laIve
beenll 1made (Iow\-1 to the end of
the century.
Fig. 10

Ill 1. Coarse Basin Fragment.
P 6482. H., 0.238m. Diam. at rim (est.), 0.43 i.

A fragment preserving the complete profile; ring foot and fairly deel)
c(onvex
body wtith
with
red
clay
micaceous
Coarse
grits.
and
on
thickened rim, flat
slightly projecting.
top
'I'he basin probably had a shallow pouring-spout in its rim. The type is seventh century:
coinpare, from the Agora well, C 160, and from the Agora votive deposit, Hesperia, 1I, 1933,
Ip. 597 if., 234; figs. 63 and 69. Both the well deposit and the votive deposit are dateable in the
..
]i
Fig. 10. Grave III, Bowl Fragment and Oinochoe (III 1-2)
first half of the seventh century. A fragment of another spouted basin of tlhe saine sort was
found in an Agora deposit of the third quarter of the century: Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 426, D 25,
and figs. 8 9.
Ill 2.
Oinochoe. Fig. 10
P 5347. H., 0.099 m. Max. Diam., 0.085 m.
The band handle, and gaps in the body, restored.. Squat tlat-bottomed body and trefoil niouth.
Soft flaky clay covered with dull black glaze; a reserved band around the middle was decorated
with fine glaze lines. Very badly flaked and peeled.
An oinochoe of about the same shape was found at Phaleron in a grave of the second quarter
of the seventh century (Grave 48; Delt., II, 1916, p. 41, fig. 41, 3).
GltAVE IV
Plan. Fig. 1. Grave. Fig. 11. Contents. Figs. 12-13

Urn-burial of an infant. Height above sea-level, 56.20m. The neck and part of the
shoulder of the amphora had been broken away for the insertion of the body. The mouth
of the amphora, which lay on its side, was covered by a coarse sherd. The amphora was
ATEI'G(EOMETR{ICGR(AVES AND A SE\VENTHI CENTURY WELLJ, ETC.

cov'ered
ablove by two thin flat slabs of stone, a large one resting
25
on its body, and a smaller
The larger slab was pierced )by two small holes through its centre, 1pel'halps
for
lowering it onto the amphora in the grave. A mass of small stones piled on
finger-holes
must have been thrown in when the grave xwas filled; among tllem wasthe
slabs
topl of

on its foot.
Fi,g. 11. GraveI',
Ainphoioawith Covering of Slabs and Small Stones.
al
e offerings;
no
2). There
late COe{Illtl'iC
sherd'l (IV
Geomietiric shierd
grave
earl,lsonizc{l
matter
lllatter
TherIe
foiiund
no
f{,l!l~.la lIte
wer were
(IV 2).
offerings; carbonized
grave
found in the amphora with the bones of a small child suggest that foodi had been placed in
the grave with the boldy.

The sherd found among the stones over the grave is fnrom a subgeoinet
ic amphora.
bulrial must be somewhat later than the sherd;

amphora is of developed shape, and finds
It should pIrolalbly
seventh century l)arallels.
1,e dated at the en(I of tlie first or the begintle
ning of the second (quarter of the century.
IV 1. Aphllllora. Fig. 12
^.
//
P 4613. 11..0.417 m. Max. Diam., 0.292 m.

'The neck and part of the shoulder at one
side aie broken away. A slightly flaring ring
loot and plump ovoid body; wide neck and
flaring rounded lip. Band handles. Attic
cla! covered with a thick creamy slip; glaze
bands around the body, foot, and rim, and
a wavy vertical line down each handle.
The shape, plrnmp body with wide neck,
is descended from that of the amphora from
Dipylon Grave XIII (Wide, fig. 48); to the
,,
.:
same series belongs the Protoattic amphora

from Pikrodaphne, B.C.H., XVII, 1893.
pis. II-III. An amphora of the same shape
and decoration as IV 1 was found in an
.-
2V1
'_
i';,r-19)
..,.l-a
I:
ig.I'L.
r-
A
TVi
.llin.r
Iv
,
-lliplku
l'x
(TV'
l'I
lI
1The
26
RODNEY S. YOUNG
Agora well of the seventh and early sixth century, which contained no Geolmetric potte.ry (A'gora
Inventory P 3469). The amphora C 146 from the seventh century well is of the same type. While
these amphoras clearly have a Geometric ancestry, they are found in seventh century rather than
Geometric contexts. To be noted is the substitution of the wavy line for the St. Andrew's cross
as a handle decoration on very late Geometric and orientalizing vases.

IV 2. Amphora Fragment.
Fig. 13
P 4612. P. H., 0.12 m.

Part of the neck of an amphora with flaring rounded lip. In the neck panel, part of a grazing
horse; in front of the horse, a column of zigzags, with long-legged birds standing on the apices.
A tall plant between the forelegs of the
horse.
On
the
preserved
part
of
the
shoulder, a section of a hanging triangle,

and a lozenge
chain;
on the
lip, zigzag,
..
W..jw .
'a.
broken into short sections. Attic clay, with

shiny black glaze, badly peeled.
.
w
I
A very similar fragment, possibly from
*
'
' i
the same pot (B 67 below) was found in a
.
Protoattic context; compare also the fragment B 66 from the same context, which isvery similar in style. A complete amphora
of the same shape and style of decoration
IV2
was found in Thera: Berlin F 3901 (Neugebauer, Fiihrer durch das Antiquarium, IT,
Vasen, pi. lIl); the amphora from Thera is
Grae Cover (LV2
Attic, and must date from the very end of
the eighth century or the beginning of the
seventh (compare the shape with that of Wide, fig. 48, of the last quarter of the eighth century,
and the amphora from Pikrodaphne (B. C. H., XVII, 1893, 1)1s.11-II), of the late first qualiter of
the seventh. The decoration of grazing horses with crowded filling ornament continues, in subsidiar1 decorative bands, well into the se-enth century; compare the Analatos Hydria, Jhb., II,
1887, pi. III.
GRAVE V
Plan. Fig. 1. Section. Fig. 2. Contents. Figs. 14-15
Urn-burial of an infant. Height above sea-level, 56.54 m. The neck and mouth of the
hydria, with part of the shoulder, were missing; the grave had been somewhat disturbed by
the digging of Well B. The hydria lay on its side; in it was found the skeleton of a small
child lying on its side with the knees drawn up toward the chest. The grave offering of
two small pots had been placed with the body inside the hydria.
The grave seems to belong in the first quarter of the seventh century. Parallels for the
hydria are to be found in the Phaleron cemetery and in our seventh century well; a group
of hydriai from Rheneia is very similar in shape, fabric, and decoration. The small skyphos
and cup are late in shape and subgeometric in decoration. Since stylistic considerations
LATE GEOMETRIC
GRAVES
ANI) A SEVENTH
CENTUiRY
WELL,
ETC.
27
leiad to the dating of Grave VIII, which lay immediately below Girave V, at the end of thel
eighth century, Grave V should probably b)e dated well down in the first quarter of the
seventh.

1.
Hydria.
Fig. 14
P 4614. P. H., 0.345 m. Max. Diam., (.30() m.

One horizontal handle, and the neck and moithl, with the vertical handle, ar(e missing. Sliglhtly
flaring ring foot. The foot, and the bottom of the body, are glazed; tw-o sets of triple bands around
the body below the handle zone. A wavy line in the handle zone at the front. Nine glaze bands
around the shoulder; in two places below the base of the neck, sets of three vertical pendants.
The vertical handle was flat; enough
remains to show that it was decorated
with bars. The outer faces of the horiW
a
zontal handles aire solidliy glazed.
".k]
Pinkish buff clay, covered with a heavycreamy slip; black glaze, metallic in
_ ',
places, and much peeled.
Neck and mouth should probably be
restored as on X 1 (fig. 27). The hydria
)gives a false impression that it is Protogeometric; but the pale clay, creamy slip,
and general appearance of the fabric are
entirely different from true Protogeo- c
;
Illetric. The body, compared w-ith the
PI'otogeometric amphoras illustrated in
A... 1936, pp. 191-192 and figs. 5-8, is
seen to be deeper and more pointed,
narrow\-e at the bottom, and with a
highler, less flaiing ring foot. The decoration too is not usual for ProtogeoVi
metric; the multiplication of glaze bands
Grave
V, Hydria (V 1)
Fig. 14.
on the shoulder, the solid glaze on the
handles instead of the canonical glaze
bands ending in "tails," and the single wavyline in the handle zone instead of the double oi
tiiple wavy bands alway-s used in true Protogeometlic, are ev-idence that our hy-dria belongs to
a different fabric. The hydria too is a comparatively rare shape in P rotogeomnetic; to call an
Saglio, sv. Hydria. Seventh century hydriai having a superficial resemblance to Protogeometric
ale not uncommon; in addition to the present example, two others have been found in the Agora,
X 1 and, in the seventh century well, C 148. Another, resembling our examples in fabric and
decoiation, was found in a seventh centur- grave at Phlialeron (Grave 10; Delt., II. 1916, l) 31?
fig. 20). A series of pots from Delos-Rheneia includes hldriai much like ours (Diigas, DReos, XV,
class Aa; hydriai and amphoras Nos. 1-27). These pots differ from ouris in fabric, and are probabl\ somewhat earlier; but in shape as w-ell as selection and distribution of ornament, they are
close to the Attic examples, and show, with them, a strong Protogeometric influence. Like the
Attic h!dlriai, they have solidly glazed handles and single -wavy lines in the handle zone; the lip
is either projecting oi heavily rounded, differing in this from the plain flarling Protogeoinetiric lilp.
Such motives as running dog, r1ows of sigmas, and dotted lozenges are commonly used. Most
like the Attic hydriai in shape is No. 7 of Plate IV; No. 27, Plate XV, differs from the rest in
neck and lip as well as in glaze and fabric, and is the only one of the wxholeseries that seems to be
1RODNEY S. YOUNG
28
true 'Protogeometric. Protogeometric is known to have laste(d late in Boeotia and Thessaly; it
is not impossible that it should have influenced the Cycladic workshops, working its way throu1ghl
the northern Sporades or Euboia. Protogeometric has been found in Skyros (B.S.A., XI, 1904-0),
p. 79; A.A., 1936, pp. 228-234). The Cycladic series which has been attributed by Buschor to
Paros (Ath. Alitt.. LlV, 1929, pp. 142 ff.), is followed by an orientalizing sequel (Delos, XVII.
Vases archaiqules des Cyclades a decor lineaire, lls. XXXI\--XXXVI). The hydria from Phaleron
(1hrave10 iresembles morle closel- those of the later Cycladic seiries, Delos, XVII, Pls. XXXIV-XXXV.

V2.
C'up. Fig. 1.5

P 4616. H., 0.055 m. I)iam. at rim., 0.075 m.
1Partof the handle and lip restored. Flat bottom and band handle: slightly flaring lip. Short
vertical blobs of glaze in the handle zone, and bands on the imn. Bars on the handle: glazed
inside, except for a reserved band at the lip. Attic clay; dull black glaze, somewhat peeled.
V3
V2
Fi,. 15.
Grave V, Small Vases (V 2-3)
The shal;e is late and the decoration subgeometric. Part of a very similar c1upwas found in
the seventh century well (C 57, fig. 109 below).
V 3. Skyphos. Fig. 15
P 4615. H., 0.068m. Diam. at rim, 0.109m.
Flat bottom and straight rim tilted slightly outward. Bands on the rim, and zigzags in tl'h
reserved handle zone, with a dot at the centre. Glazed inside, with a reserved dot on the floor.
(Greyish buff clay, badly peeled black glaze. The fabric is Attic, lperhaps nlisfired.
The shape is late, as indicated by the flat bottom, relatively high straight rim, and very
shallow shoulder. Early skyphoi from the Areopagus graves (C.V.A., Athens, I, pls. I-1I) have
a sharply rounded shoulder, low, sharply offset rim, and ring foot. Here the shoulder has almost
disappeared, and the bottom is flat. The decoration is subgeometric.
GRAVE VI

Urn-burial of a small child. Height above sea-level, 55.80m. The burial had been
slightly disturbed by the digging of Grave II. The amphora lay on its side, covered at the
LATE'l GEOMETRIC( GRAVES AND A SEVEN'TH CEN'TUIRYWELL, ETC.
29

mouth by a shallow plate. The grave offering of three small pots had been placed in the pit
before the amphora itself, and lay immediately under its neck. One of the small vases offered
had not l)een fired, or had been insufficiently fired; the dampness of the ground had reduced
it to little more than a lump of pinkish clay easily distinguishable from the suilrroundingfill.
It had beeIn spherical in shape; possibly a round-bodied hand-made aryballos of the type
often found in late Geometric graves (like XVII 22 and XXV 4). The pink clay was well
cleaned and very flaky. A coarse hand-made pitcher stood upright beside the neck of the
aml)hora.
The amphora finds p)arallels in subgeometric graves not only in Attica, but also in the
Argolid (Mycenae and Tiryns; also at Troezen). The small vases, late in shape, are
decorated in a carefull subgteometric style; a very close parallel for the plate was foiundl
with a Protoattic amphora in the Eleusis cemetery. Parallels for all the pots of the grave
aire to be noted in the Agora well deposit of the first half of the seventh century. The
pottery from the grave should be dated in the first quarter of the seventh century.
VI11. Amphora.
Fig. 16
P 4768. H., 0.71 in. Max. diam., 0.45 m.

One handle, and parts of the body at one side, missing. Ovoid body on a high, slightly flaring.
ring foot; iolled handles, and a heavy rounded rim. The body, the foot, and tlie rim are covered
with streaky glaze, varying from black to red.
(;laze bands around the bottom of the neck; at the
centre, on the front and back, two triangles, with
a St. Andrew's
cross inside the inner one; a wavy
ver tical line at each side. Glaze bands down the

sides of the handles.
'IThisamphora differs from those of Graves VIll
and VIII in rim and handles, although it is otherwise close in shape. It is a developmnent of the
ty!pe of amphora found in Dipylon Grave XIII,
which Hampe dates at the end of the eighth centuiry (lianmpe, l). 38; the aml)hora, pl. 32, N.M.
770); the body has become taller and more pointed,
the foot flares, and the neck is higher and narrower.
In shape ou1r amphoIra is much like the Kerameikos amphora with subgeonetric decoration,
W'ide, fir. 54. The conventional neck decoration
and heavy flaring foot are characteristic of a class
of seventh century oil amphoras: Eph. Arch., 1911,
1). 248, figs. 6-7, and Delt.. II1, 1916, pp. 27-28,
fits. 11-12. Fragntents of several were found in
C 127-155: especially
our seventh century. -ell:
C 129. The earliest of the series %wasfound in
Phalerlon Grave 47, which is dated by Protocorinthian vases found in it around 700. Our amlhora, with its relatively slim body and high neck,
does not fit into the series, although it is clearly inIllienc'tledbyl it.
..* '
?'"I
'Fig. 1(;. Grave VI, Amllphora(VI )
RODNEY S. YOUNG
30
VI 2. Cup. Fig. 17

P 4786. H.. 0.055 m. Diam. at rim, 0.071 m.

Flat bottom and band handle decorated with bars. The straight rim is tilted slightly outward.
Meander on the front of the body, with a lozenge-star in a panel at each end. Checker-board
pattern on the rim. Glazed inside, with three reserved bands on the inner rim. Somewhat
metallic black glaze, streaky wher3
thin.
The shape is that of the subgeometric cups V 2, IX 7, and C 57 from
the seventh centulr well. The rather
carefully drawn decoration is purely
Geometric; notable ho-ever is the
" shorthand" d rawing of the checkerboard band on the rim, a subgreometric
device. The checker-board is made
by drawing three horizontal lines, and
then short veirtical stirokes between
each pair, in such a way- that the verticals do not come one above the
other. As a result, the reserved
squares are wide, the glazed ones
narrow. This method of drawing takes
. 1. G
, C (
,
p
Fi
. Gr
considerably less effort than the usual
method of fillin, alternate squares of
a grill w-ith glaze. The same "shorthand" comes into use in Prlotocorinthian in the subreometrlic
phase; comparie the drawing of the checker-boardpattep n on the subGeometric aryballoi, Johansen.
pl. XVI, and on the pyxides, pl. XVIII, 3-4, with that on the earlier pyxi(tes, pi. XII, 3-4.
VI 3. Plate.
Fig. 18
P 47i7. H., 0.041 m. Diam. at rim. 0.183m.

About half the rim, and both handles, restored. Flat bottom and shallow body: the wall is
neither concave nor convex. Dots below the rim outside, and a zone of carelessli dirawn leaves
on the body. A multifoil on the bottom, with dots between the ends of the leaves. A reser-ved
ring and dot inside; series of short glaze strokes on the rim. Attic clay, dull red glaze.
A plate almost exactly like this in shape and decoration was found stopping the mouth of
a Protoattic grave amphora in the ceminetery-at Eleusis (Eph. Arch., 1912, p. 33, fig. 14). Tilhe
amphlora has characteristic orientaliting ornamentation on its neck, used also on the Hymettos
amphora (Jhb., 1I, 1887, pl. V), and most popular probably at the end of the filst quarter of the
seventh century. The decoration of the plates is a loose and careless subgeometric; the nearly
straight profile is intermediate betw-een the deep convex late Geometlic l)lates (XX 6) an(d tihe
shallower, still less convex Protoattic plates of the later seventh century.
VI 4. Oinochoe. Fig. 18
P 4785. H., 0.122m. Max. Diam., 0.074m.
Flat bottom and rolled handle decorated with a ladder. A row of dots below the lip, and
two zigzags across the neck. Interlocking latticed triangles on the shoulder, with a zigzag band
below. The bands on the lower body are interrupted by a zone filled with verticals. Attic clay;
,flaze somewhat metallic, black to redl, and peeled in places.
31
Three little oinochoai of the same shape were found in a grave at the Dipylon (Grave IX:
Ath. Mitt., XVIII. 1893, p. 117 and pl. VIII, 2, 5 and 8: the third is not illustrated). One has not
only the same shape, but almost identical decoration, as ours. In the same grave were found
five one-handled Phaleron cups, an oinochoe like one found at Phaleron in Grave 78 (Delt., II,
1916, p. 40, fig. 40; a grave of the third quarter of the seventh century), and a ribbon-handled
bowl with subgeometric decoration. The Dipylon grave must belong in the first qnarter of the
seventh century.

VI 5. Coarse Pitcher.
Fig. 18
P 4769. H., 0.165 m. Max. Diam., 0.137 m.

Flat bottom and band handle; round mouth. Coarse micaceous red clay with grits, unglazed.
The front burned black.
The long, iather deep curve of the neck and flare of the mouth are like those of the pitcher
fromnthe seventh century well, C 156; the neck of the plitcher IX 18 is not so sharply conca-e,
,l.
V14
Vi3
V15
Fig. 18. Grave VI, Small Vases (VI 3-5)

nor is its lip so flaring. The development seems to be to-ward a more deeply profiled neck and
lip. Our pitcher is imore (leveloped than the one from (rave IX, and slightly later.
GRAVEVII
Plan. Fig. 1. Contents. Figs. 19-20

Urn-burial of an infant. Height above sea-level, 56.70 m. The burial was destroyed by
the digging, of Pit A, at the cdge of which was found a mass of sherds belonging to the
grave amphora. Among the sherds were found four small cups, fragments of a skyphos,
and a kantharos, together with a few remnants of a small child's skeleton. A coarse
pitcher and an oinochoe were found in the undisturbed filling just beside the broken
amphora, which lay at the very edge of Pit A. There can be no doubt that the body of the
child, with the small vases, had been placed in the amphora, and that the coarse pitcher
and oinochoe stood beside the shoulder or neck of the burial urn.
32
RODNEY S. YOUNG
Parallels for the amphora, found in subgeometric graves in the Argolid, date from the
very end of the eighth century and in the early seventh. Small cups like the ones from our
grave have been found in graves at Pllaleroni together with Protocorinthian vatses (ateablle
in the late eilghth and early seventh century. Grave VII should be dated probably abol)ut
700 or slightly thereafter.

VII 1. Fragmentary Amphora. Fig. 19

P 4603. P. H., 0.445 m. Diam. at lip, 0.23 m.
Most of the neck is preserved, with the lip, both handles, and part of the shoulder and body
at one side. The neck is slightly concave, with flaring rounded lip; band handles from shoulder
to mid-neck. The outside covered with a smooth creamy slip, which has peeled off in many
places. Black to brownish glaze on the lip, and for bands around the body and base of the neck.
On the handles, St. Andrew's crosses and bars.
The neck ornament has been entirely carried away with the
surface peeling on one side; on the other it seems to have conr
sisted of a vertical line carrying a lozenge divided into foul'
;
sections by a cross. Amphoras with banded or solidly glazed
body and conventional decoration on the neck have been found
in subgeometricgraves in Tiryns (Tiryns, I, pl. XVII, 1, 4 and 8,
from Graves 38, 39, and 28 respectively), at Mycenae (Eph. Arch.,

.
;
1912, p. 131, fig. 1) and in a grave at Troezen (Wide, figs. 46-47
found in the same grave, and also the gold band with subgeometric decoration N.M. 10800, of which a drawing is published
in Deltion, 1889, p. 164). Part of another was found in the Agora
seventh century well (C 156 below). Miiller and Oelmann
(Tiryns, I, pp. 138 ff.) assign the group to the Argolid, although
Wide suggested that the examples from Troezen were Attic.
Fig. 19. Grave VI, FragOur amphora (and the amphora VIII 1) differ from the Troezen
Imicntary Avmphoral(VII 1)
amiphoras only in the banded decoration of the body; undecorated banded amphoras go back in Attic into the early
Geometric period. All the Agora examples, and the two from Troezen, give every appearance
of being Attic; since, how-ever, the group is to be dated around the turn from the eighthl to the
seventh century, and in the first quarter of the seventh, by which time there seems to have been
free intercourse between the various lpartsof Greece. the Argolid may have been influencedlby Attica.
VII 2. Cup). Fig. 20

P 4604. H., 0.047 m. Diam. at rim, 0.077 m.
Flat bottom and nearly straight side wall. The inside completely glazed; the outside unglazed save for a band at the lower handle attachment. Bars on the handle; Attic clay with dull
red glaze. Small one-handled cups of a variety of shapes were found in early seventh century
graves at Phaleron (Deltion, II, 1916, p. 43, fig. 45, 6-7; from graves 71 and 11 which contained
Protocorinthian of the second and first quarter of the seventh century respectively; grave 71 perhaps later), and in the graves at Anavysos (Praktika, 1911, p. 119, fig. 13, one of twenty found)
which can be dated as a group (by- the Protocorinthian and Boeotian found there as w-ell as on
stylistic grounds), within the limits 725-675. Others were found in the seventh century well:
C 55-56 below. The presence of five such ciups in Dipylon Grave IX (Ath. Mitt., XVIll, 1893,
p1. VIII, 2, 7,-only one is illustrated) is one amono several indications for a (lating of that Igrav
in the first quarter of the seventh century.

VII 3.
33
Cup. Fig. 20

P 4606. H., 0.047 m. Diam. at rim, 0.078 m.

Shape as VII 2. Glazed to the lower handle attachment, and at the rim. Five dot rosettes on
the body. The inside covered with dull brown to red glaze, somewhat peeled; a reserved dot at
the centre of the floor, and bars on the handle.
VIs3
V115
V 7
,T4
V' 8
Vd 2
VI 6
Fig. 20. Grave VII, Small Vases (VII 2-9)
VII 4. Cup. Fig. 20

P 4605. H., 0.047 m. Diam. at rim, 0.071 m.
Flat bottom. Convex side wall and slightly flaring lip. Bars on the handle; glazed inside
save for a reserved band around the inner edge of the rim, and a dot at the centre of the floor.
Dull black glaze.
The shape is descended from that of the black glazed cups with one band-handle that extend,
with very little change, from the earliest to the latest Geometric (compare our X 2 with A.A.,
1934, p. 241, fig. 27, left). The flattening of the shoulder so that the greatest diameter is at the
lip instead of the shoulder is a late feature to be observed also in skyphoi.
VII 5. Cup. Fig. 20

P 4607. H., 0.05 m. Diam. at rim, 0.093 m.
Rim and handle fragments restored. Flat bottom. A procession of stylized birds around the
body; bars on the handle, and a St. Andrew's cross. A reserved band inside the iim, and a dot
at the centre of the floor. Glaze brownish black outside, dull red inside.
3
RODNEY S. YOUNG
34
The birds are almost unrecognizable; perhaps, with their long beaks and fluffy tails, they
represent Blakeway's Travelling Ostrich (B.S.A., XXXIII, 1932-33, p. 172, note 1).

Vl 6. Fragmentary Skyphos. Fig. 20

P 6470. P. H., 0.068 m. Diam. at rim est., 0.14 m.
The base, and almost all of the rim, are missing. Low, slightly flaring, rim. Bands below the
handle-zone and on the handle; at the centre of the handle-zone, a long vertical blob surrounded
by dots. Attic clay; glaze brownish outside, red inside. The shape is not sufficiently well preserved to give much information; the elongated blob surrounded by dots is, however, a late filling
ornament (cf. IX 12 and C 134: also, in Pottier, Vases Antiques diu Louvre, pl. 20, A 519 and A 560).
VII 7. Kantharos.
Fig. 20
P 4608. H. to rim, 0.065 m. Diam. at rim, 0.09 m.

Flat bottom, deep convex body, and low vertical rim. Bars on the handles; dull black glaze,
somewhat peeled. Glaze bands below the handle attachments, and a row of dots on the rim. In
the handle-zone, vertically elongated dots linked by tangents. Reserved inside, a dot at the centre
of the floor.
The deep body and straight rim are like those of the early kantharos XV 2; other examples
with subgeometric decoration, IX 8-10. The shape is later than that of the example from Anavysos (Praktika, 1911, p. 119, upper right); here again the flattening of the shoulder noted in
connection with VII 4 is to be observed. The decoration around the body is derived from the late
Geometric linked dot band; the dots have become elongated, here to be linked by tangents, as on
VII 6 to be ringed with dots.
VII 8. Oinochoe. Fig. 20

P 4763. H. to lip, 0.12 m. Max. Diam., 0.098 m.
Flat bottomed conical oinochoe with trefoil mouth and rising band handles decorated with
bars. Attic clay covered with a thick creamy slip and decorated with bands. Black glaze, badly
peeled.
The neckless oinochoe with conical body has no ancestry in Attic Geometric; the shape seems
to appear in the early seventh century (as in Dipylon grave IX; Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pl. VIII,
2, 10, and in Phaleron, Deltion, II, 1916, p. 40, fig. 40). Somewhat similar is the oinochoe from the
Kerameikos, Hampe, fig. 19, from a grave dated at the end of the eighth century.
VIl 9. Coarse Pitcher. Fig. 20

P 4770. H. to rim, 0.185 m. Max. Diam., 0.143 m.
Hand-made of coarse micaceous red clay burned black outside. Flat bottom and rolled handle
rising above the rim. The rolled handle is unusual for coarse pitchers at this period, as also the
tall shape and shallow neck.
GRAVEVIII
Plan. Fig. 1. Contents. Fig. 21

Urn-burialof an infant. Height above sea-level, 56.31 m. The grave had been partly
destroyed by Well B; the amphora, which lay on its side, had been cut off just below its
GRAVES ANI) A SEVENTH CENTURY WELL, ETC.

LATE GElOMEJTRIC
35
neck by the diggers of the well. The skeleton, and the grave offerings which must have
lain in the body of the amphora, were therefore lost. The amphora mouth was doubly
stopped by the bases of two other amphoras, one in its neck, the other in its mouth. The
coarse hand-made pitcher stood upright beside the amphora neck; it was covered by a flat
piece of stone.
Grave VIII must be older than Grave V, under which it lies; the lower grave could not
have been dug without disturbing the upper. The pottery, how-ever,is very similar to that

from Graves VI and VII, and there cannot be much difference in time between Graves VIII
and V. If Grave V belongs late in the first quarter of the seventh century, Grave VIII must
b)edated about 700.
Vll 1. AmphoraFragment. Fig. 21

P 4609 a. P. H.. 0.24 m. Diam. at rim, 0.223 m.
The neck and lip are preserved, with one handle and. part of the other. Flaring rounded lip
and band handles to the middle of the neck. On the front of the neck, a vertical line rising from
Vlfl13
v-3
_I_M^
_;_SSBB
VEIU
VIR
vI 4
Fig. 21. Grave VIII, Amphora Fragments and Coarse Pitcher (VIII 1-4)
a box filled by a St. Andrew's cross. On the handles, St. Andrew's crosses.
a heavy creamy slip; black glaze, brownish where thin. The body was banded.
Part of an amphora like VII 1.
Attic clay with
VIII 2. Amphora Foot.' Fig. 21

P 4609 b. Diam. of foot. 0.16 m.
Used as a lid in the mouth of VIII 1. High, heavy ring foot, very slightly flaring. Black
glaze.
Probably the base of an amphora like Delt., II, 1916, p. 27, fig. 11, from Phaleron Grave 47,
a grave of the end of the eighth century.
36
RODNEY S. YOUNG
VIII 3. Amphora Foot.
Fig. 21
P 4609 c. Diam. of foot, 0.13 m.

Used as a stopper in the neck of VIII 1. High, slightly flaring ring foot, somewhat smaller
than VIII2, and decorated with a band of black glaze.
Probably from a banded amphora like IV 1.

VIII 4. Coarse Pitcher.
Fig. 21
Max. Diam., 0.165 m.

i.
P 4610. H., 0.205
and band handle. Coarse micaceous red clay, fired partly grey,
bottom
with
flat
Ihand-made,
and with traces of burning on the outside.
The neck and lip are not quite so sharply profiled as those of the later pitchers VI 5 and
C 156.
GRAVE IX
Plan. Fig. 1. Grave. Fig. 22. Contents. Figs. 23-25, 73

Urn-burial of two infants. Height above sea-level, 56.45m. The burial pithos lay on
its side, its mouth so closely covered by a stone slab that very little earth had sifte(l in.
after the pithos had been stopped. Beside the pithos at one side was found a kantharos,
and at the other side another kantharos, with an oinochoe in it, and an oinochoe. The rest
of the grave offerings, twelve small vases and a bronze ring, were found inside the pithos
with the skeletons of two small children. There was no evidence to suggest a reopening of
the grave; both.burials must have been made at the same time. An animal bone found in
the earth under the coarse pitcher by the pithos mouth may have come from a sacrifice
made at the time of the burial; carbonized matter found in one of the small kantharoi in
the pithos may be the remains of food offered in the grave.
The small vases offered in Grave IX find parallels in the late Geometric graves at Spata,
the Isis Grave at Eleusis, and the earlier tD~~~~?
graves
~ of the Phaleron cemetery. The decoration
7
rL11/~l?lV\
\IIV\I
LATE GE;OMETRIC GRAVES AND A SEVENTII CElNTURY WELL, ETC.
37
of some of them is in a careless

the beginning of the seventh
from Grave VII.

IX 1.
Pithos.
sub,geometric manner; a probable date for the grave is at

The small cups and kantharoi are very like those
century.
Fig. 23
P 4960. H., 0.885 m. Max. Diam., 0.60 in. Diain. at mouth. 0.338 m.
Large flat-bottomed handleless pithos with swelling rounded body, concave neck, and plain
lip. Hand-made of coarse reddish-brown clay with small red grits; the outside carefully polished,
the inside left rough. Unglazed.
A pithos somewhat similar in shape from a grave at Phaleron
is illustrated in Delt., IT. 1916, p. 25, fig. 7 (from Grave 81 or
Grave 11; Grave 11 is a grave of the beginning of the seventh
century).
IX 2. Cup.
Fig. 24
P 4968. H., 0.043 in. Diam. at rim, 0.076

in.
Flat bottom and band handle; convex lower body and flaring
rim. Glazed to the lower handle attachment; a band of glaze
around the middle of the body, and another on the lip. Bars
and St. Andrew's crosses on the handle. Glazed inside, with a
reserved band at the lip, and a dot at the centre of the floor.
Attic clay, metallic black glaze.
A cup of very similar shape, but with a wavy band around
Fig. 23.
the body, was found in a grave at Phaleron (Grave 11; Delt., II,
I
1916. p. 43, fig. 45, 7) which contained an "intermediate" and an
early black-figured Protocorinthian aryballos (Johansen, p. 74, lists
and discusses the Protocorinthian vases from this grave) and is to be dated at the very beginning
of the seventh century. Another was found in Phaleron Grave 47, dateable about 700; yet another
in Grave 27 which contained also a rather pointed subgeometric Protocorinthian skyphos belonging in the second quarter of the seventh century; and, finally, yet another (Delt., 1I, 1916, p. 43,
fig. 45, 6) was found in Grave 71 along with late subgeometric Protocorinthian pyxides which
must belong near the middle of the century (ibid, figs. 25, 2; 26; 27, 2). In graves at Phaleron,
then, we find these cups together w-ith Protocorinthian dating from the end of the eighth through
the middle of the seventh century. At Anavysos, twenty one-handled cups were found (Praktika,
1911, p. 119, fig. 13) of which only one, very similar to ours, is illustrated. The Anavysos graves
have become hopelessly mixed, and only a few of the pots hav-e been published; but they contained nothing earlier than the last quarter of the eighth century, besides subgeometric, Boeotian,
and Protocorinthian running well into the seventh. Most of the cups from Grave IX have the
neat trim shapes and the metallic black glaze of the earlier specimens of the class, and must
belong at about the turn from the eighth to the seventh century. Compare also our cups VII 2-5,
and, from the seventh century well, C 55-59.
IX 3. Phaleron Cup. Fig. 24

P 4963. H., 0.052 m. Diam. at rim, 0.08m.
Flat bottom and band handle decorated with a wavy vertical line. A reserved band inside
the lip, and dot at the centre of the floor. Metallic brownish glaze.

1 9
IX14
JX12
IX
ITX
X7
6s
IX
X82
12
JX7
C
1(3'
IX1
-(5
1X4
_,
C
IX15
1X17
Fig. 24.
DI16
Grave IX, Small Vases (IX 2-17)
39

P 4966. I., 0.044 m. Diam. at rim, 0.066 in.
Flat bottom and band handle decorated with bars; slightly flaring at the lip. Three sets of
careless vertical zigzags on the body. A reserved dot on the floor inside. Somewhat streaky
black glaze.


P 4965. H., 0.039 m. Diam. at rim, 0.069 m.
Flat bottom and band handle decorated with bars; glazed to the lower handle attachment,
and glaze bands around the middle of the body and the lip. A reserved band inside the rim, and
dot at the centre of the floor. Dull black glaze, somewhat peeled.
IX 6. Phaleron Ciui. Fig. 24

P 4964. H., 0.05 m. Diam. at rim, 0.072 m.
Flat bottom and band handle decorated with bars and St. Andrew's crosses; sharply offset
lip. Glazed to the lower handle attachment; a wavy band around the middle of the body, and
bands on the rim. A reserved band inside the rim, and dot at the centre of the floor. Dull
black glaze, somewhat peeled.

P 4967. H., 0.054 m. Diam. at rim, 0.079 m.
Flat bottom and band handle decorated with bars. Iigh straight rim, tilted slightly outward.
The whole interior glazed. Streaky glaze, dull brown to red.
The shape resembles that of V 2 and the fragment C 57. The decoration of the handle zone,
elongated dots linked by tangents, is subgeometric. This cup probably belongs in the first quarter
of the seventh century.
IX 8. Kantharos.
Fig. 24

Flat bottom, convex body, and low vertical rim. Band handles decorated with alternating
straight and wavy vertical lines, interrupted at the top by bars. In the handle-zone, elongated
dots linked by tangents, with wavy lines between. A row of dots on the rim. The inside glazed,
with a reserved band at the rim and dot at the centre of the floor. Dull red glaze, somewhat
peeled.
Very similar in shape and decoration to VII 7; the body is slightly shallower and more open.
IX 9. Kantharos.
Fig. 24

Flat bottom, convex body and low vertical rim. Band handles decorated with bars and
St. Andrew's crosses. In the side panels, St. Andrew's crosses with dot rows between their arms;
in the wide central panels, interlocking hatched meander-hooks. Bands below the handles to just
above the base. The inside glazed, with a. reserved hand at the lip and a dot at the centre of
the floor. Glaze black to reddish.
40
RODNEY S. YOUNG

IX 10. Kantharos.
Fig. 24
P 4976. H. to lip, 0.064 m. Diam. at rim, 0.093 m.

Flat bottom and convex body continuous with the plain lip. On the band handles, bars and
St. Andrew's crosses. Dots outside the lip; the handle-zone divided by triple verticals into three
panels filled at the sides by quatrefoils, in the centre with checker-board. The inside glazed, with
a reserved band inside the rim and dot at the centre of the floor. Dull black glaze, somewhat
peeled.
The rimless kantharos is a type different from that with vertical rim, and apparently later
(compare the kantharoi from the seventh century well, C 63-64); it is much used in Boeotia (cf.
Hampe, pl. 26). The decoration of our kantharos with panels containing checker-board and
quatrefoils is like that of the pyxis XX 5.
IX 11. Kantharos.
Fig. 24

Flat-bottomed shallow body with plain lip and widely projecting band handles. Hand-made
of pale buff clay, slightly micaceous; the glaze decoration, consisting of vertical lines on the
handles, and checker-board panels divided by verticals on the body, has peeled entirely off.
A hand-made kantharos of somewhat similar shape was found together with a coarse handmade pitcher in a grave at Tiryns (Grave 14; Tiryns, I, pl. XV, 11). In fabric, too, our kantharos
resembles the aryballoi and oinochoai of the so-called "monochrome Argive" family, except that
its surface is somewhat polished. If the small hand-made vases of this group are rightly assigned
to the Argolid, then our kantharos must be an importation. Small hand-made vases of the " monochrome Argive" group, however, are found in relatively large numbers (especially at Eleusis) on
most Geometric sites, and it seems more probable that they were locally made. The hand-made
aryballoi (XVII 22 and XXV 4) may have contained the local oil or perfume, just as the Protocorinthian contained the imported. On the "monochrome Argive " group, cf. Pfuhl, MuZ, I, p. 82.
Some vases of this class found recently in graves at Corinth (A.J.A., XLI, 1937, p. 137, figs. 1-2)
are certainly made of Corinthian clay.
IX 12. Oinochoe. Fig. 24

P 4977. H., 0.152 m. Max. Diam., 0.098 m.
Flat bottom and rolled handle. In the central neck-panel, checker-board; in each of the sidepanels, a vertical surrounded by dots. The body decorated with wide and narrow bands. Attic
clay; somewhat metallic glaze varying from red to black. The handle is not glazed.
The shape is that of the late round-bodied oinochoai with flat bottoms VI 4 and XIII 1; three
similar were found in Dipylon Grave IX (Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pl. VIII 2, 5 and 8; only two are
illustrated). Compare also the oinochoai from the seventh century well C 115-121 below. The
elongated dot, or vertical line, surrounded by dots, appears as a filling ornament on the latest
Geometric vases (Pottier, Vases Antiques du Louvre, pl. 20, A 519 and A 560; compare also C 154
below). Early seventh century.

P 4971. H., 0.08m. Max. Diam., 0.08m.
Flat bottom and squat body with short narrow neck and trefoil mouth; band handle. Latticed
triangles and vertical dot-rows on the shoulder; bars and a St. Andrew's cross on the handle.
Two glaze spots, accidentally dropped, on the shoulder. Attic clay with metallic black glaze,
somewhat peeled.
LAlTE GEOMETRIC GRAVES AND A SEVENTH CENTURY WELL, ETC.
41
Similar squat oinochoai were found in two of the late Geometric graves at Spata (Delt., VI,
1920-21, p. 134, fig. 8 and p. 138, fig. 12; from graves 3 and 4), and in the Isis grave at Eleusis
(C. .A., Athens, I, pl. 4, 6). Others were found in Anavysos (Praktika, 1911, p. 116, 1) and at
Corinth. The type seems to date from the late eighth century. The similarity of the decoration
to that of late Protogeometric lekythoi is striking.

IX 14.
Oinochoe. Fig. 24
P 4975. H., 0.088 m. Max. Diam., 0.065 in.

Flat bottom and squat body with long narrow neck and flaring lip; band handle. Bars on the
handle, and a row of dots in a reserved band on the outer face of the rim; two reserved bands
around the base of the neck. Attic clay, thick red glaze.
Squat oinochoai with long narrow necks and trefoil mouths are not uncommon; compare the
Isis grave oinochoai, C. V. A., Athens, I, pl. III, 8-10 and 12-13. Here the mouth is round as is that
of the oinochoe from Dipylon Grave IX (Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pl. VIII, 2, 6).

P 4972. H., 0.077 mi. Max. Diam., 0.057im.
Pear-shaped body with flat bottom, trefoil mouth, and band handle. Entirely covered with
thick dull glaze, somewhat peeled.
Similar in shape to VII 7; compare the neckless Protoattic oinochoe C 125 below.
IX17.
IX 18.
P 4969. H., 0.052 m. Max. Diam., 0.052 Im.

Flat bottom and rising band handle decorated with bars and vertical lines. Metallic black
glaze, badly peeled.
A similar neckless miniature oinochoe was found in an unpublished Agora grave of the earlier
Geometric period; but such oinochoai are most common in late graves-at Spata in Grave III
(Delt., VI, 1920-21, p. 134, fig. 8), at Liossia (C.V.A., Copenhagen, II, pl. 70, 3: from the same
grave, ibid. 2-8, and 10), and in the Isis grave at Eleusis (C. V.A., Athens, I, pl. III, 7 and IV, 11).
The shape, miniature in the Geometric period, becomes full-size in the seventh century; cf.
Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 594-595 and figs. 59-60 (59 restored much too high), and C 123 below.
Oinochoe.
Fig. 24
P 4970. H., 0.09 m. Max. Diamn.,0.076 in.

Shape as IX 16. Bars and St. Andrew's crosses on the band handle;
banded body. Metallic black glaze.
Coarse Pitcher.
Fig. 25
P 4962. H., 0.225 in. Max. Diam., 0.182 m.

Hand-made, with flat bottom and band handle.
red clay, unglazed.
IX 19.
Bronze Ring.
Coarse micaceous
18
Fig. 73
B 202. Diam., 0.024 m.

Similar
to the
the bronze
bronze rings
irings XYIII
XVIII8-9.
8-9.
Similar
to
Fig. . Grav IX,

Coarse
Pitcher (IX 18)
Coarse Pitcher
(IX 18)
42
RODNEY S. YOUNG
GRAVEX

Urn-burial of an infant. Height above sea-level, 55.74m. The mouth of the hydria,
which, like the other burial pots in the precinct, lay on its side, was covered by the onehandled cup X 2. A coarse pitcher stood upright and uncovered beside the neck of the
hydria. The only offering found inside with the skeleton of an infant was a small spherical
pot of pink clay, with a band handle. Like the similar pot from Grave VI, it was unbaked
and had become very soft from the damp; it disintegrated
^
_iE
l."g^^^^
~
Fig. 26. Grave X. Hydria contaming the Skull and Bones of

a small Child; below the Skull,
Sarrow
sphericalunfiredVase
a spherical
Vase
X 1. liydria.
-when an attempt
was made to
lift it from its place. It would seem to have been a handmade aryballoid vase of some sort.
The grave is probably to be dated in the late eighth
century, although the vases have neither shapes or decoration easily to be dated; l)arallels can- be found for all of
them both late and early. The manner of burial, however,
is the same as that of the other graves in the precinct; urnburials in the Protogeometric and early Geometric period
are usllylly made witlh the contaiinng pot standing upright
on its foot, often in a hole in the bedrock made for it, and
packed around with stones; whereas the later urn-burials
in our precinct, at Phaleron, and elsewhere, are made with
the containing pot lying on its side, as in Grave X. The
ornament on the shoulder of the hydria is found on
late Geometric amphoriskoi from the Tiryns cemetery.
Fig. 27
P 4980. H., 0.495i.
Max.Diam., 0.334m.
Straight ring foot, plump ovoid body, and slightly concave neck with flaring rounded lip.
A band handle from the shoulder to the lip, and two rolled horizontal handles at the sides. The
body decorated with widely spaced double and triple glaze bands, with a wider band on the
lower shoulder; the neck solidly glazed. On the upper shoulder, series of short diagoaral lines
pendant from the base of the neck, and a downward-pointed arrow at the centre in front. On the
vertical handle, a St. Andrew's cross. Attic clay with thick creamy slip, somewhat peeled and
pitted; dull black glaze. A section of the lower body was broken out by chipping along the lines
of the breaks desired, so that the section thus removed in one piece could be replaced after the
insertion of the body.

The hydria is very Protogeometric in appearance, but its fabric is unlike that of any of the
true Protogeometric vases in the Agora collection, and much more like that of the two other
hydriai found in subgeometric contexts: V 1 and C 148. The flaring rounded lip, too, is of the sort
used on the subgeometric amphoras Vll 1, and VIII 1; the Protogeometric amphoras from the
Dipylon (A. A., 1936, pp. 191-192, figs. 5-8) have flat projecting or shalrp edged rims. The foot,
too, is relatively high and nearly straight, whereas the Protogeometric amphoras have low flaring

feet. A hydria of the same shape as ours, with

non-Protogeometric decoration on the shoulder,
was found just above the Isis grave outside,
and is published as belonging to the group of
vases from the grave (C.V.A., Athens, I, pi. 3,
2). The arrow is used as a decorative motive
on two amphoriskoi from a late Geometric
grave at Tiryns (Tiryns, I. pl. XVII, 7 and 9;
Grave 30).
X 2. One-handled Cup. Fig. 28

P 4982. H., 0.063 m. Max. Diam., 0.104 m.
Flat bottom and sharply rounded shoulder
with short plain lip. Barred band handle; entirely covered with glaze except for a reserved
band outside the lip, another inside it, and a
dot at the centre of the floor. Thick glaze,
black to reddish, and very metallic in places.
Thick heavy fabric.
The cup, like the hydria, gives an appearance of being early. Compare, however, its
the sagging
horizontally projecting handle %with
handle of the similar cup from the early Geometric WVarriorGrave at the Dipylon (A.A.,
1934, p. 241, fig. 27). Metallic glaze is usually
either very early or very late. I have been
unable to trace any development of the shape
Fig. 27. Grave X, Hydria (X 1)
,:
X3
Fig. 28. Grave X, Small Vases (X 2-3)
43
44
4RODNEY S. YOUNG
in these black glazed one-llandled clips; they seem to have been miiadefrom lProtogeometric to
Protoattic times with v-ariations of rim, handle and profile that follow no consistent sequence.
For a seventh century example, see C 51 below (fig. 106).

X 3.
Coarse Pitcher.
Fig. 28
P 4981. Ii., 0.187 m. Max. Diam., 0.18 m.

Rather squat body flattened at the bottom; shallow- concave neck and band handle. Handmade of coarse gritty red clay, somewhat micaceous, and burned grey in places.
Rather wider in its proportions than the coarse pitchers from the other graves. The shape,
like that of the one-handled cups, is hard to follow in its development; late examples, like that
fromiiGrave VI, have a deeply curved concave neck.
Fig. 29. Grave XI. Covering Slabs; Well C above, Grave XXI at left
GRAVE
Plan. Fig. 1. Grave. Figs. 29-31.
XI
Contents. Figs. 32-36; 73
Inhumation, with remains of a sacrificial pyre. Height above sea-level, 56.65m. The
skeleton found in Grave XI is not included in Angel's report (Appendix III) becau,e it had
been sent to the Museum of Natural History in New York for study before his arrival in
Athens. It was that of a man; it lay with the head toward the northeast. The vases offered
in the grave, XI.1--5 had been placed at the lower end of the shaft, over the feet and lower
legs of the body. The amphora XI 2 contained a collection of bones of small animals and
carbonized matter. An iron knife lay across the left knee of the skeleton. There was a
heavy deposit of ash and cinders in the central and lower part of the grave; most of the
fragments of the hydria XI 7 and of the two bowls XI 8-9, and the figurine XI 19, were
found in the burned deposit. Much biurned matter was also found scattered thlrotughthe
LATE GEOMETRICGRAVES AND A SEVENTH CENTURY W]ELL,ETC.
45
disturbed filling over and around the grave outside; in the burned deposit outside the grave
were found other pieces of the hydria and of the two bow-ls, and the fragments XI 10-17.

The figurine XI 18 was found a short distance away.

Most of the fragments found in the grave were too b1igto have penetrated between the
closely fitted sla)bsof the cover. The filling of Grave XXII, which had(been cut through at
Fig. 30. Graves XI, XXI, and XXII. Grave XI at left,

Grave XXI above Well C, Grave XXII between Grave XI and
the Well
fig
20
30
40CX..
Fig. 31. Graves XI and XXII.

Drawing by Piet de Jong
its lower end by Grave XI, showed no traces of burned matter or of fragments like those
found in Grave XI. The conclusion therefore seems inevitable that the burned deposit with
its fragments of vases and figurines had been thrown into Grave XI to help fill it before the
cover was put in place. The fragments found outside had probably been thrown into the
upper part of the shaft, above the cover, and had become scattered when the level of the
grave terrace was lowered at a later time. The burned deposit must belong with Grave XI
and be the remains of a sacrificial pyre burned at the time of the burial. The pyre was
prohalblyburned beIsidethe grave. From the grave, XI 1-6; from the pyre, XI 7-19.
46
RODNEY S. YOUNG

The pottery from Grave XI should probably be dated at the beginning of the seventh
century. The decoration of the vases is drawn in a careless subgeometric manner, and a
number of late motives are used. One of the fragments (XI 14) is decorated with dots of
white paint, which came into use only at the very end of the Geometric period. The
figurines, with those from Grave XII the most elaborate Geometric terracottas that have
been found in Attica, are covered with the same subgeometric decoration as the vases.
Nevertheless, they show a considerable advance, in ambition if in nothing else, over the
simple horses and birds used as lid-handles by the late Geometric potters.
X11. Amphora. Fig. 32
P 5423. H., 0.373m. Max. Diam., 0.222m.
Plumpovoid body on a vertical ring foot; tall neck, slightly concave, flaring to a roundedlip.
Band handles from the shoulderto midway up the neck. The body decorated to the middle by
wide and narrow glaze bands; in the zone below the handle attachments,a procession of birds.
The shoulderis divided into three panels filled at the sides by checker-board,and in the middle
by interlockinglatticed triangles. In the neck panel, a complicatedmeanderformedby two bands
of key pattern running vertically and joined at the top. A zone around the neck above the
handles is filled by another procession of birds; a reserved band on the outer face of the lip is
decoratedwith a row of dots. The handles barred. Thick black glaze, very badly peeled.
The shape, as well as the bird decoration, is very similar to that of the late Geometric
amphora,Wide, fig. 59. Another of the same shape (Wide, fig. 56), but somewhat slimmer, has
decorationvery close in its drawingto that of our oinochoeXlll 1. The two amphorasillustrated
by Wide belong at the end of the eighth century; ours may be slightly later.
XI 2. Amphora and Lid. Fig. 32

P 5422. H., 0.33m. Max. Diam., 0.181m.
Vertical ring foot and rather slim body, with tall neck, slightly concave, flaringto a rounded
lip. Band handles to mid-neck,decorated with bars. Glaze bands around the body, interrupted
by five decoratedzones. In the lowest, a wavy line of dots; above, careless wavy verticals and
a zigzag. In the zone at the level of the handle attachments,wavy verticals probablymeant to
be a succession of sigmas, and in the zone at the base of the neck, a wavy line of dots. On the
neck, bands and zones filled with zigzag, lozenge-chain,and careless wavy verticals. A lozengechain on the outer face of the lip. The lid, slightly concave and with a spike handle at the centre,
is decoratedwith glaze bands; seven series of short glaze strokes at the edge. Dull black glaze,
metallic in places, and very badly peeled.
The shape, though more slender, is much the same as that of XI 1. Two amphoras with
similar vertical foot and slender body, but with taller neck, which belong to a late but carefully
decorated class, were found in the seventh century well; C 138-139. The elongated shape is
typical of the transition from Geometricto orientalizing;comparethe slim Analatos Hydria,Jhb.,
II, 1887, pl. 4. The careless disintegrating decoration is subgeometric of the early seventh
century.
XI 3. Ribbon-handled Bowl.
Fig. 32
P 5420. H., 0.069m. Diam. at rim., 0.147m.
Flat bottom, shallow body, and high straight rim, tilted slightly outward. Horizontalband
handles with out-turnedends below the rim. The lower body banded;in the handle-zone,inter-

.
MIgBnnnf^W A3KM
g. 32.
-.
Fig. 32. Grave XI, Vases offered in thle Grave (XI 1-5)
RODNEY S. YOUNG

48
locking latticed triangles. On the rim, zones filled by zigzag and checker-board, separated by
bands. Vertical bars on the handles. The inside glazed, with three narrow reserved bands inside
the rim, a broader reserved band at the shoulder, and a dot at the centre of the floor. Thick
glaze, fired red inside, and black shading to red outside.
The ribbon-handled bowl is a late Geometric shape; such bowls have not been found in early
graves on the Areopagus or at the Kerameikos, nor in any of the early Geometric deposits at
the Agora. The bowls from Dipylon Grave XIII (Hampe, pl. 33), measuring from 20 to 28cm.
in diameter, reflect the tendency toward the making of oversize pieces characteristic of the last
quarter of the eighth century. Smaller bowls of the type, often with lids and with subgeometric
decoration, have been found in late graves at the Dipylon (Grave III; WVide,figs. 97 right and 99;
Grave IX, Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pl. VIII2, 2); at Spata (Graves 1, 2, and 4; Delt., VI, 1920-21,
pp. 131 ff. and figs. 2, 4, and 11); at Liossia (C. '. A., Copenhagen, II, pl. 70, 4); and at Anavysos
(Praktika, 1911, p. 119, 10: an enchanting subgeometric bowl with a mouse-faced horse). Such
bowls with lids may have replaced the pyxis for a short time at the beginning of the seventh
century; the shape with handles was doubtless more useful than the pyxis shape. From the end
of the eighth century, however, the type was made also with high stands, often perforated; the
bowls on stands are made down to the middle of the seventh century or later (e.g. A. A., 1934,
p. 219, fig. 14), outlasting the flat-bottomed type. It might be noted here that three bowls of
the latter type were found together in the same grave with the well-known bronze tripod
from the Pnyx (Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pp. 414 ff. and pl. XIV; Lamb, Greek and Roman Bronzes,
pi. 11 a). The vases from the Pnyx grave (Athens, N. M. Inventory, 169, 186, 201-202) are late eighth
century. On our bowl the interlocking latticed triangles are a late decorative motive (as on the
shoulder of the amphora XI 1) and the checker-board zone at the rim, though carefully done, is
in the subgeometric " shorthand" manner noticed on the cup VI 2.
XI 4. Ribbon-handled Bowl.
Fig. 32
P 4719. H., 0.052 m. Diam. at rim, 0.094 m.

Flat bottom; the shape as XI 5, but deeper and narrower, with a less well defined shoulder
below the rim. Bands to the handle zone, which is decorated with single-line key pattern band.
Vertical bars on the handle, and a tall, pointed, zigzag between bands on the rim. The inside
glazed, with reserved bands on the rim, and a dot on the floor. Dull red glaze.
The shape, deeper and narrower than that of XI 5, and with the shoulder less rounded, may
be slightly later. The single-line band of the handle-zone is late, and is to be noted also on
XV 1 and XVII 12. It may have been evolved from the chain of dots linked by tangents; on late
vases the dots become elongated, and it would be a simple step to link them by short horizontals
alternately at the top and the bottom, instead of by diagonal tangents. Whether or not the
method described was a step in the evolution of the linear key pattern, it was clearly made in
that manner on our bowl. The bowls from Dipylon grave IX and the grave at Liossia are
especially like ours in shape and decoration (Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pl. VIII 2, 2 and C.V.A.,
Copenhagen, II, pl. 70, 4). We have seen reason to date the Dipylon grave in the first quarter
of the seventh century; our bowl is of about the same time.
XI 5. Kantharos.
Fig. 32
P 5421. H. to lip, 0.104 m. W. at lip, 0.106 m.

Low base and deep body with widely rounded convex side wall and narrow, very slightly
flaring lip. The upper body was pressed slightly inward before firing, so that it is oval, not
round, at the lip, and narrower across from handle to handle than from front to back. The rising

49
band handles are decorated with bars and St. Andrew's crosses. The lower body solidly glazed
outside; above, vertical glaze lines interrupted at regular intervals by wider vertical glaze bands,
running from the lip to the glazed lower body. Glazed inside, with a reserved dot at the centre
of the floor. Attic clay with thick black glaze, thin for the vertical lines.
The shape of the body and the decoration together give a naturalistic effect, as of a tuliplike flower, which is distinctly Mycenaean; compare the Mycenaean jugs, Furtwangler and
Loeschcke, Mykenische Vasen, pl. XV, 102, and pl. XIII, 89; the latter uses single wide bands
alternating with triple narrow ones. The decoration is used sparingly in late Geometric and
subgeometric; compare our krater fragment from the seventh century well, C 103, and our skyphos
fragment B 11. It appears on a cup from a grave at Tiryns which contained subgeometric vases
(Grave 37; Tiryns, I, pl. XVIII, 1). All the vases using this decoration of which I know are of
the end of the eighth and early seventh century.
XI 6. Iron Knife. Fig. 73

IL 172. L., 0.133 m. W., 0.016m.
Long flat blade, pointed at one end. One side was a long curved cutting edge, the
other blunt.
References to similar Geometric knives are given in the discussion of XIX 1, which is of the
same type as XI 6.
XI 7. Hydria Fragments.
Figs. 33-35
P 5499. P. II., 0.21 m. P. W., 0.225 m.

Several non-joining fragments from the body. The largest is from the broadest part of the
vase, decorated with a wide figured zone. At the left end of the zone columns of diagonals to
each side of a zigzag column set off the handle panel, in the preserved corner of which there is
a triangle. Since this zone with its handle-panel comes at the middle of the body and not at the
shoulder, the missing handle must have been a horizontal and not a vertical one, and therefore
our fragments belong to a hydria rather than to an amphora. The decoration of the handle-zone
consisted of a procession of at least six mourning women; they wear long dresses and raise their
hands to their heads in lamentation. The dresses are filled with latticing; a chevron column and
opposed triangles in the field between each pair of mourners. Above the figured zone, parts of
two other, narrower, zones, are preserved, and decorated with checker-board and zigzag. In the
zones below, a band of network, a double zigzag, and a single zigzag. The body below the single
zigzag seems to have been banded. Attic clay; most of the fragments burned grey. Dull black
glaze, in places peeled.
The hydria was a funerary vase of the same sort as the amphora XII 1; it may have been
used to hold wine for the extinguishing of the funeral pyre. Compare also the fragment B 21,
from another funerary vase, fig. 82 below. There are a number of hydriai with the same subgeometric decoration as ours; compare Berlin 31312 (Neugebauer, Fiihrer, pl. 7), and Wiirzburg 80
(Langlotz, Griechische Vasen in Wiirzburg, pl. 7). The Wiirzburg hydria, like ours, is decorated
with a procession of mourning women, and is dated by Langlotz about 700. The Berlin hydria
has, on the neck, in somewhat more cheerful manner, a procession of women carrying sprays of
leaves, probably dancers. The Analatos hydria (Jhb., II, 1887, pls. 3 and 4), somewhat later than
the Berlin hydria, gives the whole scene on its neck: a row of men with joined hands, holding
sprays of leaves, at one side of a lyre-player, and a similar row of women at the other side;
they are dancing to the music of the lyre, perhaps in a ring as the peasants in Greece do to this
day. Two hydria necks found in early seventh century deposits in the Agora, both unpublished,
also have dancing scenes; like our hydria fragment, they have subgeometric decoration
together
4
50
RODNEY S. YOUNG
with early orientalizing, and like ours, belong at the beginning of the seventh century. The
Analatos hydria, with its full-blown floral filling ornament, must belong near the end of the first
quarter of the century.
XI 8. Ribbon-handled Bowl with Stand.
Fig. 33

P 5497. H, 0.10 m. Diam. at rim, 0.135 m.

Three long narrow perforated slots in the somewhat flaring stand; shallow body, straight rim
tilted slightly outward, and ribbon handles with out-turned ends below the rim. Bands around the
XI
X 15
X9
Xi?7
,t16
Fig. 33. Grave XT, Vases and Fragments from the Pyre (XI 7-9, 15-16)
bottom of the stand and on the lower body; double zigzags in the stand-panels between the
slots. Multiple verticals beside the handles, which are also decorated with verticals; a band of
net pattern in the handle-zone. Two zigzags around the rim. Glazed inside, with four reserved
bands on the rim. The clay burned grey; dull black glaze, in places peeled.
The pair of bowls on stands XI 8-9 corresponds to the pair from the other pyre, XII 2-3.
Two more pairs of similar bowls were found in Graves XVI and XVIII at the Dipylon (Ath. Mitt.,
XVIII, 1893, pp. 132-133). Mention has been made above of the finding of bowls of this type
in the remains of pyres at Phaleron. Early specimens usually have low stands; two examples are
illustrated by Wide, figs. 101-102, and another was found at Spata in Grave 4 (Delt., VI,
1920--21, p. 138, fig. 12). The bowls from Grave XII, 2-3, are of a different type, probably clay
imitations of bronze tripods; cf. Ath. Mitt., XVII, 1892, pl. X. The early examples of ribbon-
51
handled bowls on stands have late Geometric and subgeometric decoration; the later examples,
with higher stands, have orientalizing rather than subgeometric birds as decoration. The stand
from the Kerameikos, A.A., 1934, p. 219, fig. 14, which has mid-seventh century decoration,
has become even higher and more elaborate. Our examples, with their simple subgeometric
ornament and low stands, belong still at the beginning of the century.

XI 9. Ribbon-handled Bowl with Stand.
Fig. 33
P 5498. H., 0.094 m. Diam. at rim, 0.14 m.

Fragments of the body and stand, and one handle, restored. The bowl similar to that
of XI 8; the stand, somewhat lower and more conical, pierced by six slots. Zigzags on the
stand, bands on the lower body, and net pattern in
the handle-zone; "shorthand" checker-board on the
rim, and vertical bars on the handles. Three
reserved bands inside the rim. The clay burned
grey, and the dull black glaze somewhat peeled.
-The "shorthand" of the checker-board on the
rim was here shortened; the painter, after making
his five horizontal bands and putting in the verti- /E
. V.
cals between the top two, grew tired and drew
I
straight verticals from the second band to the,
bottom. Thus only the top band is checkered, and
the others below form a simple grill.
.
XI 10. Bowl Fragment.
Fig. 35
P 5501. P.H., 0.058 m.

Fragment of a deep bowl with in-turned rim
and double ring handles. A plastic snake along the
outside of the rim. Ladders on the handles; on the
body below, a zone filled by zigzag, and part of
another farther down. The handle panel set off by
multiple verticals, and its corners filled by crosses.
Glazed inside; the clay burned grey, and the dull
black glaze somewhat peeled.
From a small bowl imitating a bronze tripod,
like XII 2-3, and Ath. Mitt., XVII, 1892, pl. X.
XI 11. Cup Fragment.
Fig. 34. Hydria XI 7. Restored Drawing

by Piet de Jong
Fig. 35
P 5502. H., 0.048m. Diam. at rim (est.), 0.075 im.

Part of a small flat-bottomed cup with shallow convex lower body and high straight rim
tilted outward. Bands and a zone filled by a zigzag around the lower body; interlocking
latticed triangles on the rim. The inside glazed, with reserved bands; series of dots on the
upper face of the rim.
Part of a cup like XII 5, but without a stand.
XI 12.
Cup Fragment.
Fig. 35
P 6483. P.H., 0.059m. Diam. at rim (est.), 0.07m.

About a quarter of the body preserved, without the bottom. Convex lower body and
straight side wall, slightly outward-tilted, and flaring at the lip. Bands on the lip and on the
4*
52
RODNEY S. YOUNG
lower body; around the side wall a wide zone filled by a meander, and a narrower zone below
filled by a row of latticed triangles. The inside unglazed, and decorated with bands at the
lip. The clay burned grey, and the dull black glaze badly peeled.
Probably part of a flat-bottomed cup like XII 7.

Xi 13. Skyphos Fragment.
Fig. 35
P 5503. Max. Diam., 0.063 m.

Part of a shallow flat-bottomed skyphos with horizontal rolled handles. Decorated
outside with bands and zones filled by zigzag and lozenge-chain. At the centre inside,
t?
- -
~.?
1.
040
f %
ev
XI9
Q11
.XIio
s
' 4 -V
X13
og
XI14
XI18
X117
X17
X!7
'01,
Fig. 35. Grave XI, Fragments of Vases and Figurines from the Pyre
a Maltese cross, surrounded by a zone filled with zigzag. In a wide zone around the side
wall, a procession of grazing horses to the left; zigzags and lozenges in the field. Dull
black glaze.
The shape of the body is like that of the saucer XII 4, without the stand and with different
handles, and somewhat deeper; it may be a development of the type of metallic skyphos from
Thera, Ath. Mitt., XXVIII, 1903, pl. III, become very much shallower. Our skyphos, however,
can be very little later than the one from Thera, which itself must date at the very end of
the eighth century.

Xl 14. Skyphos Handle.
53
Fig. 35
P 6484. P.L., 0.059m.

Part of the rolled handle of a small open vase, presumably a skyphos. Black glaze, with
a double row of dots added in white.
Rows of white dots appear on very late Geometric vases, usually for decoration on plastic
snakes. Wide (Jhb., XIV, 1899, pp. 196 ff., number 14 and fig. 61) argues that the Athens
amphora which he illustrates, fig. 61, is the very latest Geometric, while a Berlin amphora
very close to it in shape and style of decoration as well as drawing, but decorated with added
color (A. A., 1892, p. 100), is Protoattic. The Athens amphora has, as a matter of fact, dots
of added white on its plastic snakes, and the two amphoras are so close as to be very probably
works of the same hand. A very late Geometric Acropolis fragment (Graef-Langlotz, 303,
pl. 11) has rows of white dots added on the figures. The use of white does not become common
even on Protoattic until the middle of the seventh century; its earliest appearance on Geometric must date from the very end of the eighth and beginning of the seventh century.
XI 15. Jug.
Fig. 33
P 5504. H., 0.096 m.

Fragmentary, but with the complete profile preserved; restored. Flat-bottomed, with the
convex lower body and the high, slightly concave upper part continuous in a shallow reverse
curve. The lower body banded; on the upper body, zones of zigzag above and below a zone
filled by a band of carelessly drawn sigmas. The inside unglazed. Dull black glaze, badly peeled.
The shape is later than that of the jugs XVIII 1-2 and XVII 18, because the upper body and
lower body are now continuously curved and no longer meet at an angle. Careless subgeometric
decoration.
XI 16. Oinochoe. Fig. 33

P 5500. H., 0.095 m. Max. Diam., 0.053m.
The trefoil mouth, the handle, and gaps in the body, restored. Flat bottom and rounded lower
-body, with a tall, rather wide, neck. The lower body banded; around its widest part, a zone
filled by " shorthand" checker-board; zigzags on the shoulder. A band filled with meander on the
neck; below it, a narrower band with a row of latticed triangles, and above, just under the lip,
a zigzag. The clay burned grey, and the dull black glaze much peeled.
The shape is comparable to VI 4 and IX 12; to XII 8 from the other burned deposit, and to
C 115-117 from the seventh century well. Careless subgeometric decoration of the
beginning of
the seventh century.
X117.
Oinochoe Fragments.
Fig. 35
P 6485.
Three small non-joining fragments from the body of a small oinochoe like XI 16. Bands and
a zigzag below the main zone, which is decorated with a procession of horses and
grazing deer
to the left.
XI 18. Terracotta Figurine: Mourning Woman.
Figs. 35-36
T 807. W. at arms, 0.069 m.

A fragment of the legs, from just above the knees to just below, is missing and
restored; the
top of the head chipped off. A seated figure with its arms raised to its head in a gesture of lamentation. The figure was modelled from a roll of clay tapered at the ends; the legs were
pinched at
the end to make feet, and a shallow groove made from the feet upward to indicate the
separation
of the legs. Hips and body were left fairly cylindrical, and the chest flattened. The
long tapering neck

54
RODNEY S. YOUNG
was continuous w-ith the head, which seems to have had a pinched ridge for a nose, with hollows
to each side for e-es. The front of the neck is decorated with zigzags, the sides and back with
wavy glaze lines representing tresses of hair. A female figure is drawn on the chest; she wears
a long dress and raises her hands to her head in the same gesture of lamentation as does the
figurine on which she is painted; she is flanked on either side by a swastika. The same decoration
of mourner between swastikas is repeated on the back. The arms are decorated with zigzags.
The waist is encircled by a wide belt of latticed triangles with dots between, and the hips are
decorated in front with zigzags. Ladders run up the legs
from the feet to the hips, and short verticals on the feet
indicate the toes. The decoration of the legs runs around
to the back of the lower legs; the upper legs are undecorated. The bottom surface of the figure is concavely
curved, showing that the surface on which it sat was
convex. Buff clay with black to reddish glaze.
The gesture of the arms is unmistakably one of lamen|
tation and not one of adoration. It appears time and again
on Geometric vases in scenes of prothesis or ekphora;
I
bands of both male and female mourners are to be noted
around the neck of the amphora XII 1. Our figurine then
is simply the portrayal in the round of the conventional
painted figures on the vases. Seventh century figurines
representing mourners have been found at the Kerameikos,
seated on the handles of vases (A.A., 1932, p. 198, fig. 5);
free-standing sixth century figures have also been found
there (A.A., 1933, pp. 281-282, fig. 16). Our figure, though
it is earlier than those from the Kerameikos and from
Arkades in Crete (Annuario, 10-12, 1927-29, p. 184,
fig. 205; p. 196, fig. 217-" adoranti "), seems not to be the
earliest of the type; of three figures sitting on the rim
of a Mycenaean bowl from Ialysos, one, a woman, has her
X18
arms raised in the same lamenting gesture (C.V. A.,
British Museum, IIa, pl. 6, 3; Furtwiingler-Loeschcke,
1Fig 36. Grave XI, Terracotta
from the ylre:Mourner
pi. VI, 35). An Attic Geometiric figurine in the MetroFg'ine
(XI 18)
politan Museum, of the same period as ours and very
much like it in modelling and decoration, is brought forward as an argument in favor of the existence of monumental sculpture in the eighth century
(Metropolitan Museum Studies, V, pp. 157 ff.; fig. 10). T'he figurine represents a personage similar
to our mourning woman, but seated on a throne, and w-ith the arms extended along the arms
of the throne, not raised in lamentation. At the back of the throne, used to support the upper
cross-piece, there is, however, a small kneeling figure with hands raised to head in the mourning
gesture; the throned figure was probably, like our XII 25, used at a funeral ceremony. Figures
seated on thrones, are, like mourners' often drawn on late Geometric vases. Such a figure, drawn
on a shallow' metallic skyphos from Dipylon Grave VII, op. cit., p. 162, fig. 6 (in Athens, not
Paris), is used to confirm the existence of eighth century sculpture as suggested by the enthroned
figurine. Its relation to the plastic figure is precisely the same as that of the painted mourner
to the plastic one, or as that of the painted chariot scene to the plastic one (XII 24): the painted
figure is a conventional late Geometric vase ornament. The Geometric potter and coroplast were
clearly one; it seems entirely natural that the potter should try his hand at representing in the
riound those personages, participating in scenes of festival, funeral, and foray, -whom he had
become so accustomed to painting. In the making of plastic birds and horses he had already had
practice, using them to decorate the lids of his vases. The Attic skyphos, it might be noted, is
painted in a style very similar to that of the Protocorinthian aryballos illustrated opposite it

(fig. 9), a vase which Payne has dated in the first quarter of the seventh century (C.V. A., Oxford,
II, p. 59, 5); the Attic skyphos cannot then be older than the end of the eighth. Our figurine,
found with subgeomstric vases and fragments, and itself decorated in a subgeometric manner, is
probably early seventh century. The concavity of its bottom suggest that it sat, like the Kerameikos figures, on the rim or handle of a vase, rather than on a throne.

XI 19. Terracotta Figurine Fragment.
Fig. 35
T 841. P. H., 0.075m.

Broken off just above the waist. The lower part of a seated figure modelled in the same
way as XI 18. The legs and hips are decorated with zigzags, and the divisions between the toes
are marked by short incisions. Above the waist are what appear to be the feet of a standing
figure, perhaps a mourner like the ones drawn on the chest and back of XI 18. Dull black glaze,
somewhat peeled; the clay burned grey.
From a figurine like XI 18, and of about the same size. The legs, however, are decorated like
those of the figure seated on the throne, XII 23. The bottom, too, is flat, suggesting that this
figure sat on a throne iather than on the curving rim or handle of a vase.
GRAVE XII
Plan. Fig. 1. Section. Fig. 2. Contents. Figs. 37-42; 73

Remains of a sacrificial pyre. HIeight above sea-level, 55.40 m. A thick deposit of ash
and cinders was found in the filling of the early road beside the terrace wall of the grave
precinct. The deposit extended for aabou a metre and a half along the wall, and for about
a metre into the road; it was much thicker close to the wall than it was farltlherout in the
road. From its position it seemed to have been swept or dumped over the edge of the
terrace onto the road. Many fragments of burned pottery and figurines, together with bits
of animal bones, were found in the burned deposit. The vases pieced together from the
fragments are of the same character as those from the sacrificial pyre burned near Grave XI
-vases which had been specially made for use at funeral rites. The burned deposit found
in the road must then be the remains of a sacrificial pyre like that of Girave XI; in the case
of Grave XII, however, the embers of the pyre were gathered up and thrown away instead
of being used to help fill the grave. On the analogy of Grave XI the lburial beside which
our pyre was burned must have been that of a man.
The pottery from Grave XII should, like that from Grave XI, be dated at the beginning(
of the seventh century. The pottery from the two pyres is similar not only in its ritual
decoration.
character, but also in its subgeometricati.
ntlin
ooked decoation
Ealy oietalizing
hke
appears on the neck of the amphora XII 1; on the other vases we may note the late motives
and the hasty methods of drawing which we have observed on the vases from Grave XI.
The figurines, too, are very similar to those from Grave XI.
XII 1.
Amphora. Figs. 37-38. Hesperia, V, 1936, p. 28, fig. 2(

P 4990. H., 0.327m. Max.Diam., 0.151m.
Many gaps restored in plaster. Ovoid body on a high vertical ring foot; tall neck flaring to
a rounded lip. Band handles to above the middle of the neck. Applied plastic snakes: one around

56
RODNEY S. YOUNG
the outer edge of the lip, one on the shoulder in front and another at the back, and one running
down each handle. Between the coils of the snakes: on the lip, zigzags; on the handles, conventional birds; and on the shoulder, triangles and zigzags. The body is decorated with plain
glaze bands and zones of interlock, checker-board, and horizontal and vertical zigzags; in
the principal zone around the middle, a procession of five three-horse chairiots to the right.
Three of the charioteers are nude, while the other two wear long dresses; in the field, filling ornament of conventional birds, lozenges, wavy lines (snakes?), and zigzag in bands and columns; a
lozenge-star under each team of horses. The neck is divided at the front and back into three
zones; a nearly square panel between long narmrow
bands above and below. The lowest band is filled,
both front and back, by a dotted lozenge chain, with
.
I'
hooks growing upward and downwalrd from the
apices of the lozenges. The uppermost zone is occupied, at the front, by a procession of six nude men
l
to the right, each man with one arm raised to his
head in a gesture of lamentation, and carrying two
i
spears in the other hand; at the back, a similar procession of lamenting women wearing latticed skirts.
A prothesis scene is drawn in the central neck panel
in front; the dead lies on his bier, over which hangs
a checkered pall. Three women are in attendance:
one kneels lamenting under the bier; a second, standing by its foot, raises her arms to her head; and the
third, standing on a low stool at the head of the bier,
holds a spray of leaves ending in a large flower over
the dead (compare the same gesture in a prothesis
lI
scene on an amphora fragment, Perrot and Chipiez,
VII, p. 57, fig. 5 and Monumenti, IX, pl. XXXIX, 3). In
the field are five wavy vertical lines, probably re- :
presenting snakes. The back neck panel shows three
nude men bringing funerary offerings or objects to be
used in the grave-ritual; the first carries a wreath of
leaves, the second a knife which he holds upright,
and the third some sort of two-handled vessel, possibly a thymiaterion or incense-burner. Each bears
his offering in his left hand, while the right hands of
two are raised to the head in lamentation. In the
field, zigzags, chevrons, wavy lines, and a conventional bird. The clay is Attic; some fragments are
pink, and others burned grey, as they fell inside or
outside the pyre when the vase was broken. The
Fig. 37. Grave XII, Amphora XII 1,
dull black glaze is very badly peeled in places.
Front. Drawing by Piet de Jong
The vase is obviously of a class especially made
for funerary use, and not for everyday life. All the
figured scenes are funerary in character, arranged around the central prothesis scene, and showing various phases of the ceremonies that were observed at a burial. One of the implements
brought, the knife, suggests that the sacrifice of an animal was part of the ritual. The urn carried
by the third man may have contained incense, oil, or wine, all of which had their part in the
ceremonies at the pyre (cf. Iliad, XXIII, the funeral of Patroklos). The scene around the body of
the amphora represents the chariot race at the funeral games; none of the charioteers is armed.
Chariot races, often portrayed on Geometric funerary amphoras and kraters, must have been a
regular feature in a semi-feudal society dominated by great landholders who had little but sport to

LATE GEOMETRIC GRAVES AND A SEVENTHI CENTIJRY WELL, ETC.
57
occupy their time; the chariot race was one of the older contests in the Olympic games which
were reestablished, according to tradition, in the early eighth century. Boxing matches, another
feature of the funeral games of Patroklos (Iliad, XXIII, 653 ff.), appeared early among the sports
at the Olympic games; like chariot races, they appear also on late Geometric vases (for example,
C.V.A., Copenhagen, II, pl. 74, 2; Hampe, pl. 23).
Our amphora finds several parallels in shape and decoration. In shape it is similar to the
Copenhagen amphora C.V. A., II, pl. 73, 3, the Berlin amphora 3203 (A. A., 1892, p. 100, 4), and the
amphora Wide, fig. 61. A little taller and slimmer in its proportions than the Copenhagen
amphora, it is in the line of the development toward the tall narrow Protoattic vases. In
decoration as well as in shape it is later than the
Copenhagen amphora; the hooked lozenge band at the
base of the neck is a first appearance of an orientaliz11
ing motive. The drawing of the figures is, however,
very close to that of those on the Copenhagen vase,
and our amphora can be but very slightly later. The
S
filling ornament used on both is the same. An unpublished amphora in Oxford is closely similar in style
to our amphora: a photograph of part of it is published
in Ath. Mitt., LIII, 1928, Beilage VIII, 13. Again close
in style, but somewhat later, is the high footed bowl
Ath. Mitt., XVII, 1892, p. 205, and pl. X, clearly a
ceramic adaptation of bronze tripods like Olympia, IV,
pl. XXXIV. The bowl has new orientalizing motives
in addition to the usual funerary representations.
Found with our amphora were two small bowls of the
:
_
same metallic type: XII 2 and 5. Fragments of vases
,
of the same shapes and with the same style of decoraS
tion were found in Phaleron (Eph. Arch., 1911, p. 251,
figs. 18-19; fig. 18, right, is part of a ring handle from
a footed bowl). Together with the Phaleron frag*
I
S
ments was found a figurine like some of those from
Grave XII (ibid., p. 250, fig. 17). The Phaleron frag;
ments are very like our vases and figurines from
Graves XI and XII, and also like the footed bowll
;
adapted from metal tripods. It seems clear that they
should all be dated together at the very beginningc
.
of the seventh century; the Copenhagen vase perhaps
XII
about 700, the others slightly later. The Phaleron
cemetery produced no grave earlier than the very end
Fig. 38 Grave XII, Amphora XII 3,
of the eighth century; the fragments that must be
Back
with
ours
cannot
be
much
older
than
grouped
very
everything else in the cemetery. Like ours, they
belong to a class of funerary vases that were broken and scattered at the pyre. and like ours
they show signs of burning. From the fact that they are fragments, then, it does not follow that
they are older sherds lying in the fill; they are funerary fragments, belong with the cemetery, and
must be dated by it..
XII 2. Bowl on Perforated Stand.
Fig. 39

Many body fragments restored. Bowl with slightly inturned rim and vertical ring handles
on the shoulder. A plastic bird is perched, facing inward, on each handle, and a plastic snake
RODNEY S. YOUNG
58

lies on the rim in front, with another at the back. The bowl rests on a high, slightly flaring
stand, perforated by two series of long narrow slots; the slots of the upper series fall directly
above those of the lower. The bowl is glazed inside; series of short verticals in a reserved band
on the lip. Ladder pattern running up the backs of the birds, and bars on the handles. The
snakes are glazed black. Zigzag and chevron columns beside the handles, and a zone filled with
triple zigzags around the body; below, glaze bands and single zigzags. In the panels of the stand
between the perforations, rows of zigzags, with continuous zigzags around the zones between the
perforations and below them. Buff clay, in part burned grey; dull black glaze.
X18
,XJ13
X26
XI9
XmI1
XIn
zI2
XI7
E5
Fig. 39. Grave XII, Small Vases from a Pyre (XII 2-9, 11)
A big bowl with a stand of precisely the same shape and with the same kind of ring handles
was found near the Dipylon (Piraeus Street) and is published in Ath. Mitt., XVII, 1892, pp. 205 ff.
and pl. X; stylistic similarities between it and XII 1 have already been noted. The shape, with
its ring handles, is certainly adapted from that of bronze tripods, as noted by Pernice, p. 206;
in the clay, a perforated cylindrical stand had to be substitiuted for the three legs of the metal
prototype. The handles of the Piraeus Street vase undoubtedly had animals, probably horses,
on top to correspond to our birds. A fragment from another such handle, from Phaleron, is
published in Eph. Arch., 1911, p. 251, fig. 18, right. Bronze tripods of the type from which these
bowls were copied are preserved at Olympia: Olympia, IV, pls. XXVII-XXXIV (pl. XXIX, 638 with
a bird very like our birds). The shape of the bowl itself is close to that of skyphoi with inturned
rim (Ath. Mitt., XV
893, p. VIII, 1, 6; Delt., , 1916, p. 35, fig. 28 right, and p. 36, fig. 30 right;
our C 42 below). The decoration is conventional Geometric, rather carefully done; the panels
59
beside the handles fine late parallels. The birds are irather conventionalized and are not modelled
in great detail; the scale is too small. Our bowl must be fairly closely contemporary with the
Piraeus Street bowl, even though it has no distinctively o ientalizing features. The Piraeus
Street bowl (height, as restored, 0.59 m.), may have stood over a grave, or been used in funeral
rites; part of its decoration consists of a band of moulning women (Ath. Mitt., XVII, 1892, p. 226,
fig. 10).
Xll S. Bowl on Stand. Fig. 39

P 4991.
H., 0.135 m. Diam. at rim, 0.10 m.
Fragments of the body and stand, and one handle with its bird, restored. Shape, decoration,
and fabric the same as XII 2, and the dimensions very closely the same. The two form a pair.
Pairs of ritual vases are often found in graves; compare the pair of bowls from Grave XI
above, and the two pairs from Dipylon Grave VIII (Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pl. VIII 1; a second
bowl like no. 5 is not illustrated).
XII 4. Fragmentary Saucer on Stand.
Fig. 39
P 5282. P. H., 0.017 m. Diam. at rim, 0.068m.

The saucer in part restored. A perforated stand is broken off underneath. Very shallow
floor with flattened rim slightly projecting; loop handles withl out-turned ends applied against
the face of the rim. Outside, glaze rings, and a zone of short verticals below the riIn. On the
floor, a warrior with long-plumed helmet, shield, and two spears, running to the right; a curving
zigzag in the field. Buff clay, burned grey in places; dull red glaze.
The warrior was probably an afterthought; his shield was drawn as a conventional central
ornament on the floor of the saucer, and then his head and legs, and the ends of his spears, were
squeezed into the space around it after it had occurred to the painter that his central ornament
made an admirable shield. Ilence the position of the legs, which, perhaps fortuitously, give the
effect of running. Had the painter planned a warrior, he would have fitted him better to the
space at his disposal. Figures in violent motion appear only on the very latest Geometric vases;
the figures in scenes of the late eighth century are sho?wnin a number of conventional poses-the
warrior throwing his spear, driving his chariot, or marching to battle, and the mourner tearing
his hair. Even the horses are static: note the humans and horses on the two kraters in New York,
A.J.A., XIX, 1915, pls. XVII-XXIII. On the krater from Dipylon Grave III, of the end of the
eighth century, the horses are indulging in a sort of clumsy gallop. In the early seventh century
on the bowl from Piraeus Street (Ath. Mitt., XVII, 1892, pl. X), we find rearing horses (again
probably because of restricted space), while on the Hymettos amphora (Jhb., II, 1887, pl. 5) we
begin to get a little the feeling of motion in the fighting warriors. Our saucer is perhaps the
earliest example of the pose that later came to be accepted as the conventional one for flying
figures like the gorgons on the Nessos amphora (Pfuhl, MuZ, III, pl. 19, 89).
XII 5. Cup on Stand. Fig. 39

Shallow convex lower body and high straight rim, outward tilted. A vertical band handle
rising above the rim; opposite it, below the rim, a horizontal handle. The slightly flaring stand
has four long slot-like perforations. The inside glazed, with bands at the rim, and a row of dots
on the lip. The vertical handle barred. Conventional geometric decoration of bands, interlock,
and zigzags on the body and stand. Buff clay, dull red glaze.
A similar small cup, but with two horizontal handles, was found in Dipylon Grave VIII
(Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pl. VIII, 1, 2). As with XII 2-3, the shape is late and the decoration is
in a careful conventional style.
60
RODNEY S. YOUNG
XII6. Cup on Stand. Fig. 39

P 4986. H. (as rest.), 0.097 m. Diam. at rim (est.), 0.075 m.

Much of the body, and the bottom of the stand, restored. The shape is the same as that of
XII 5; the high, flaring side wall, slightly concave, springs directly from the floor, and the band
handle does not rise above the rim. A zone of latticed triangles around the body, with a dot
between each pair. Buff clay, grey where burned; dull red glaze.
The carelessly drawn zigzags on the stand are drawn in the same hasty subgeometric way
as those of the vases from Dipylon Grave VIII; they are here found in combination with the
careful conventional style used on the other vases of the group from the pyre.
XII 7. Two-handled Cup. Fig. 39

P 4988. H., 0.057 m. Diam. at rim, 0.063 m.
One handle, and a large part of the body, restored. Flat bottom and high vertical side wall
with plain lip. The vertical band-handles barred. The inside banded, and decorated with a zone
of interlock, and a meander in the handle zone; verticals and a zigzag set off the handle panel.
Rings on the bottom. Clay buff to grey, black glaze.
The shape is the same as that of XII 6, but without a stand.
XII 8. Oinochoe. Fig. 39

P 5281. H. (as rest.), 0.161 m. Max. Diam. (as rest.), 0.096 m.
The bottom, much of the handle, and parts of the body restored. Double rolled handles and
trefoil mouth. On the lip, a reserved band filled with short diagonals; on the neck, a meander
in a zone above a band of zigzag. Interlocking latticed triangles on the shoulder, and zones
of zigzag and checker-board around the body. Ladders on the handles. Grey clay and dull
black glaze.
The oinochoe belongs, in shape, to the same group as XIII 1 (fig. 43), but is somewhat later;
the neck has become very much wider in proportion to the body. The widening of the neck may
be due to the influence of such Protocorinthian oinochoai as Johansen, pl. VII, 1-2; in Attica it is
frequently to be observed on Protoattic oinochoai (A. A., 1934, pp. 215-216, fig. 12; Jhb., II, 1887,
p. 45, fig. 3; Metropolitan Museum, Handbook, p. 61, fig. 35; Myres, Handbook of the Cesnola Collection, p. 288, 1702). Other Protoattic oinochoai, going to the other extreme, have most exaggeratedly long narrow necks, like Jhb., II, 1887, pp. 46 and 48, figs. 5, 6, and 8. The decoration
is here drawn in the same careful conventional manner as that of the other vases of Grave XII;
the checker-board was made by dotting alternate squares of a grill.
XII 9. Lekythos. Fig. 39

P 4984. H., 0.089 m. Max. Diam., 0.045 m.
Small fragments restored. Round body with flat bottom; long narrow neck with round
flaring lip, and a band-handle from the shoulder of the middle of the neck. Around the body
a grilled band; on the shoulder, hanging triangles with swastikas between their ends. On the
neck zigzags, and a band of interlock; series of short verticals on the
lip. The handle glazed.
Grey clay, dull red glaze.
The shape is rare and late; two somewhat similar lekythoi were found at
Anavysos
(Praktika, 1911, p. 118, 7 and 8). The type is strikingly like the common Protogeometric lekythoi
of which examples are illustrated in Eph. Arch., 1911, p. 251,
fig. 20, and Hesperia, V, 1936, p. 24,
fig. 22. The foot has vanished and the neck has become longer. Our lekythos, with its factorychimney neck and careless decoration, is later than the Anavysos lekythoi, which must date
61
from about the end of the eighth century. Late Geometric or early orientalizing lekythoi from
Crete are not unlike our Attic lekythoi in shape: B.S. A., XXIX, 1927-28, pl. IX, 8-9.
XII 10. Lekythos Fragment.
Fig. 40

P 4985. P. H., 0.05 m. Max. Diam., 0.058 m.

The neck and handle are broken off. Flat bottom and rounded body; a grilled zone around
the body, and vertical zigzags on the shoulder. Grey clay, dull red glaze.
A fragment of a lekythos similar to XII 9.
XII 11. Miniature Lekythos.
Fig. 39
P 4983. H., 0.059 m. Max. Diam., 0.027 m.

The handle missing. A miniature imitation of the foregoing type; the handle went to the lip.
Hatched key pattern on the neck; on the shoulder, a row of careless short verticals. Grey clay;
glaze red to black.
XII 12. Lekythos Fragment.
Fig. 40
P 5283. P. H., 0.076 m. Diam. at rim, 0.031 m.

The neck and part of the shoulder preserved. The handle went to the lip as on XII 11. On
the neck and body, bands, zigzags, and a row of dots. Greyish buff clay, brownish red glaze,
badly peeled.
XII 13. Askos Fragment.
Fig. 40
P 6498. P.L., 0.108 m. P. W., 0.069 m.

Broken away in front and underneath; a ridge runs along the centre of the upper side.
Decorated with bands, triangles filled by diagonals, and dot rows. Clay pink to grey where it is
burned; dull black glaze.
Probably part of a bird-askos of the type of N.M. 156 (Collignon-Couve 381, pl. XVI).
A number of orientalizing bird and animal askoi were found at Arkades in Crete: Annuario,
10-12, 1927-29, figs. 65, 221, 461 and 496. A late Attic Geometric askos was found in Grave 3
at Spata (Delt., VI, 1921-22, p. 134, fig. 8). Askoi, though rare, seem to have been made
continuously from Mycenaean through Geometric times.
XII 14. Terracotta Bird. Fig. 40. Hesperia, V, 1936, p. 27, fig. 25
T 756. H., 0.027m. W., 0.012m. L., 0.032 m.
Small bird, legless and flat-bottomed, with long beak and flat fan tail. Glaze stripes across
the front of the neck and chest, and bands along the sides of the beak, head, neck and body;
a St. Andrew's cross on the back between the bands. The end of the tail glazed, with incised
lines to indicate the feathers. Round incised eyes, and an incised mouth-line. The clay fired
grey, the glaze red. Hand-made.
Similar birds are often used as lid handles on late Geometric vases; one with fan tail very
like ours stands on the lid of the great pitcher from Dipylon Grave XIII (Wide, fig. 74 a; Hampe,
pl. 32). The plastic bird appears slightly later than the horse as an ornament on pottery; but
he gets his freedom at about the same time. Another unattached late Geometric bird was found
at Sparta (B.S.A., XXIX, 1927-28, p. 78, fig. 2, 10). The Spartan bird has plumage formed by
dots of added white, which show that he is a contemporary of our Attic bird and belongs at the
very end of the Geometric period. Another, later, Attic bird was found in the Agora (Hesperia,
62
RODNEY S. YOUNG

1I, 1933, p. 620 and fig. 86, 325); he has a higher stand and a round drooping tail, and is covered
with white slip and painted with red and blue bands; he must date from near the middle of the
seventh century. The bronze birds from Olympia are of the same type: Olympia, IV, pl. XIII,
210. A small group of clay birds decorated, like ours, with glaze, was found at Arkades in
Crete; Annuario, 10-12, 1927-29, p. 174, fig. 194.
Fig. 40. Grave XII, Fragments of Vases and Figurines from a Pyre
XIl 15. Terracotta Dog.
Fig. 40. Hesperia, V, 1936, p. 27, fig. 25
T 752. -H., 0.039 m. W., 0.019 m. L., 0.054 m.

The tail and one ear broken off. The ears are formed of flattened pellets of clay stuck onto
the back of the head. Glaze bands down the flanks and legs, around the rump, and down the
spine; a row of dots running along each side of the spine, and down the legs. Grey clay, red
glaze.
The absence of a mane, and the laid-back ears, suggest that a dog, rather than a horse, was
intended.

XII 16. Terracotta Dog.
Fig. 40.
63
Hesperia, V, 1936, p. 27, fig. 25

T 754. H., 0.037 m. W., 0.02 m. L., 0.051 m.

The animal has neither ear nor tail to indicate his species. Bands across the chest, and
down the legs; three stripes down the back, and a band around the rump.
The creature, in the proportions of the body and the shape of the tail, resembles the Spartan
horse B.S.A., XXIX, 1927-28, p. 78, fig. 2, 2; but the head and the neck are very much smaller.
In the absence of a mane (compare the mane of the horse XII 18) it seems more likely that a dog
is represented.
XII 17. Terracotta Dog Fragment.
Fig. 40
T 755. H., 0.055 m. L., 0.031 m.

The front of the face and the back of the body are missing. Glaze bands with bars between
them on the leg and down the spine. Grey clay, red glaze.
This may have been either a horse or a dog; there is no suggestion of a mane.
XII 18. Terracotta Horse. Fig. 40
XI119.
T 753. H., 0.072 m. W., 0.037 m. L., 0.059 m.

Broken off at the middle of the back. The mane is a pinched ridge, sharp and slightly wavy
at its edge. Red stripes down the spine, to each side of the mane, on each side of the belly,
and down the inner and outer faces of the legs. Bands across the mane and chest. Short bars
down the legs and on the body. Grey clay, red glaze.
The pinched wavy mane leaves no doubt that a horse is represented; the head is very small
in proportion to the body when compared with the horses from Sparta (op. cit., p. 78, figs. 2, 2
and 4), but quite like the heads of plastic horses on geometric pyxis lids (XVIII6 and XVII 15
and 17). The legs are rather wide apart, perhaps for stability; lid-horses stand with their legs
firmly planted. The free-standing terracotta horse is slightly later in type; like the bird, the
horse is first used as a lid ornament and then made free-standing.
Terracotta Seated Figure.
Fig. 40.
Hesperia, V, 1936, p. 27, fig. 25
T 758. H., 0.08 m. W., 0.036 m.

Seated figure with the arms extended forward and downward. A shallow groove indicated
the division between the legs. The features of the face are roughly indicated by pinching,
which leaves a ridge for the nose between hollows for the eyes; the side projections may be
intended to represent the ears. A triangular projection at the back of the head represents the
hair gathered into a knot. Glaze stripes down the sides and arms, with bands across the legs
and bars on the arms. A St. Andrew's cross on the stomach, and a latticed triangle on the
chest and neck. Another St. Andrew's cross on the back. The eye hollows are dotted. Buff clay,
red glaze.
The position of the arms is suitable for those of an enthroned figure, with the hands by the
arms of the chair; a rough hollow in the outer face of the right arm at the end may be the place
where it came into contact with the chair arm. This figure, as well as the two similar, XII 20-21,
was not attached to the chair on which it sat. The face is very crudely modelled in a manner
somewhat different from the other figurines, and resembling the head of the Boeotian figurine,
Mon. Plot, I, 1894, p. 24, fig. 3. The arrangement of the hair at the back is illustrated by figures
painted on vases, as Berlin 31312 (Neugebauer, Fiihrer, pl. 7). The painted decoration on the
body is probably mere ornamentation and not intended to give any literal representation of
clothing. A fragment of another figurine of the same crude style was found in an early seventh
64
RODNEY S. YOUNG
century context at Phaleron: Eph. Arch., 1911, p. 250, fig. 17. The bottom is flat and unglazed;
the figure may have sat on a throne like that of XII 25.

XII 20. Terracotta Seated Figure.
Fig. 40
T 776. P.H., 0.068 m. P. W. (at arms), 0.056 m.

One arm broken off, and the legs below the hips; the position of the arms and body is the
same as that of XII 21. The head and neck are represented by a mere stump of clay; three locks
of hair, however, are represented by thin flattened strips of clay applied against the "head" in
front at the top. No attempt is made at the rendering of the features, unless the crossed glaze
bands are taken to represent the lines of the nose and eyes. A zigzag across the chest extends
the length of the arms; bands across the body. The bottom of the figure is flat; a rough unglazed mass of clay is added at the back against the base of the spine, as a prop to prevent
tipping over backward. Again the decoration can hardly be taken as representing clothing in
any literal way.
XII 21. Terracotta Seated Figure. Fig. 40

T 759. H., 0.05 m. W., 0.035 m.
The left arm, and the legs, are broken off. The pose is the same as that of the other seated
figures; the arms somewhat shorter. The head, made in the same way as that of XII 20, is
surrounded at the top with short strips of added clay representing locks of hair. The mass of
clay at the base of the spine is here neatly smoothed and glazed. Bands around the head-neck,
and a row of dots across the chest; a St. Andrew's cross with dots between the arms on the
stomach, and another on the back. Grey to buff clay; red glaze.
The three seated figures may well show the progress in technique of their creator. The first
has no plastic locks of hair (although it does have some indication of the features), and, in the
absence of any prop behind, will not sit up. The second has three crude locks at the front of
the head, and an experimental attempt to prop it so that it can sit up. The third has locks of
hair all around the head, suggesting that the modeller was pleased with his experiment, and the
clay mass behind, added before as an afterthought and expedient, is here incorporated as a part
of the figure, smoothed, and covered with glaze.
XII 22. Terracotta Fragment: Arm. Fig. 40

T 761. H., 0.036 m.
Part of a figurine with the right arm close against the side; the separation of the fingers is
indicated by incised lines. Glaze bands, and bars on the arm. Grey clay with brownish glaze.
XII 23. Terracotta Throne with Seated Figure.
Fig. 41
T 762. H., 0.095 m. P. W., 0.05 m. Depth (chair), 0.065 m.

Fragmentary, and partially restored. One arm and one leg of the throne are completely
preserved, with the lower legs of the figure seated in it. Along the outer faces of the seat, arms,
and legs of the throne zigzags between bands of glaze; on the bottom a cross. The arms of the
chair end in discs decorated with crosses with dots between their arms. On the feet of the seated
personage, bands; on each leg a column of chevrons between vertical bands. Grey clay with
black glaze.
Arm holding spherical object. T 760. L., 0.05m.
The right arm is extended forward, holding in the hand a large sphere; the
fingers are
incised. Glaze bands; a row of dots down the arm, and dots on the
sphere. Grey clay, dull

65
black glaze. The fabric is very close to that of the enthroned figure, and the scale the same; the
fragment, although it does not join, might have been a part of the seated figure. The enthroned
figure must have been very similar in appearance to the other terracottas from the deposit, and
to the mourners from Grave XI. In the present instance, however, figure and throne were made
together, and were not separable. A late Geometric enthroned terracotta statuette in the Metropolitan Museum (Met. Mus. Bull. 27, 1932, p. 214; Met. Mus. Studies, V, p. 164, fig. 10) has been
referred to above (XI 18). It is complete, and strikingly like ours, giving an excellent idea of
how the latter must have looked. The statuette in the Metropolitan has been cited as evidence
for early Greek monumental scupture. It must, however, have been made as a figurine for use
in connection with funeral ritual rather than as a mere copy of a large statue; our figure belongs
in a funerary context. The small kneeling figure at the back of the throne of the Metropolitan
Museum piece has its arms raised to its head in a gesture
very like the gesture of lamentation of the mouirning
woman from Grave XI, and of so many figures painted on
late Geometric funerary vases. Professor Elderkin makes
the interesting suggestion that the spherical object held
by our figure is a pomegranate, and that we have here the
earliest representation of Persephone. Seated figures
holding pomegranates and receiving gifts and homage from
minuscule mortals are represented on the archaic reliefs from
Sparta, Ath. Mitt., II, 1877, pp. 301 if. and pls. XX-XXV;
also Furtwaingler, Sammlung Sabouroff, pp. 25 ff. and pl. I.
XII 24.
Terracotta Chariot and Charioteer.
Fig. 42.
Hesperia, V, 1936, p. 27, fig. 25; A.A., 1935,
pp. 167-168, fig. 4
T 751. H., 0.139 m. W. of base, ca. 0.065 m. W. of

chariot, 0.04 m.
The chariot car, with a flat floor and a straight side
wall in front and at the sides, rests on a flat square base,
the edge of which is broken away in front and along the
)f23
left side; two small holes, close together, are pierced
through the base near the preserved corner at the back.
Fig. 41. Grave XII, Fragmentary
The chariot pole is broken off. The chariot wall is glazed
Terracotta from a Pyre: Entlroned
outside, with reserved bands along its upper and lower
Figure (XII-23)
edges; the upper face of the base around the chariot, and
its verltical edges, are decorated with zigzags.
The
charioteer stands upright in his car, leaning slightly forward, with his arms extended in front to
hold the reins; holes are pierced through his hands so that they may be passed through. His
body is tall and thin, rather thick at the hips and buttocks; the legs are rather short, and
carelessly made inside the chariot where they do not show; the feet are fastened to the chariot
floor. The face is pinched into a thin ridge, notched to indicate nose and chin; the eyes are
indicated by short slanting glaze lines. A projecting plume-like knob at the back of the head
probably represents the hair rather than a helmet plume; it is similar to the knob on the head of
XII 19 and recalls the drawing of hair on early Protoattic vases (Berlin 31312; see above under
XII 19). A Protoattic hydria neck found in the Agora, unpublished (Inv. P 10229), is decorated
with a procession of women whose haii, decorated with cross-hatching, projects behind in much
the same way as does that of our charioteer. The decoration has encroached on the eye at
the front, and become somewhat confused with it. The body is glazed in front; horizontal bands
joined by short verticals run across the shoulders and down the arms to just above the elbow.
Vertical bands run down the sides of the body to below the hips; between them on the back,
5
66
RODNEY S. YOUNG

a panel filled by zigzags. The decoration is terminated below by horizontal stripes running
around the legs well above the knees. Stripes of glaze down the lower legs at the back. The
neck, forearms, and legs in front are undecorated. The glaze decoration on the body suggests
that a short tunic is represented, extending fronmthe shouldel to the hilps. and with short sleeves
to the elbow.
Horse's head. H., 0.056 m.
The head and neck down to the shoulder are preserved. A slit in the end of the muzzle
indicates the niouth, and served to hold the reins; a small hole pierced through from side to side
forms the eyes. The ears are formed by small triangular lumps of clay. Double glaze bands
down the edges; diagonals on the sides, and bars across the front and mane. The edge of
a spoked-wheel decoration is preserved on the shoulder.
U'
Fig. 42. Grave XII, Fragmeltary 'Ierriacotta from a Pyre: Chariot and Charioteer (XII 24)
Wheel fragments (T 794). Diam. ca. 0.085.m. T., 0.08 m. T. at hub, 0.025 m.
Fragments of a flat circular wheel with pierced cylindrical hub projecting at both sides.
Concentiric glaze lrings on the outer face; the inner face has two lrings around the edge, and
a broad band around the hub, which is banded.
All the fragments are very similar in fabric; clay grey to buff, and dull black glaze. The
horse's head'is on a scale appropriate to the chariot. The wheels are attached separately. The
group should probably be reconstructed like the Vienna group, of which a drawing appears in
Winter, Die Typen der Figiirlichen Terrakotten, I, p. 25, 6; that is, the horses (there was probably
more than one; the Vienna group has four) stood on a flat base, so arranged that a splinter of
wood or wire could pass through it from side to side at the front and another at the back; the
wheels were attached to the ends of these, which served as axles. The chariot could be placed
on the base behind the horses, and probably tied to it with strings passed through the holes at

67
the corner. The chariot pole probably tied similarly to a yoke laid across the backs of the
horses' necks, as on the Vienna group. Threads or fine wires were passed through the hands
of the charioteer to the horses' mouths, serving as reins. There were no wheels attached to the
chariot itself; the whole group, like the Vienna terracotta, moved as a unit on its wheeled platform. The various parts were demountable and held togethelr with string (as are those of many
modern Greek conveyances). Our charioteer resembles in his proportions figures painted on late
Geometric and early Protoattic vases-on the lebes in London, and on the Analatos hydria
(Hampe, pls. 22 and 31), and also early bronze and ivory statuettes (Hampe, pl. 31). His short
sleeved tunic, reaching only to the upper legs, and the absence of any weapons or attachment
for weapons (unless they were attached with strings) suggest that he is a chariot racer rather
than a warrior. Perhaps the same distinction can be made among the early Olympia bronze
chariot groups, wlhich arle very like ouI terr]acotta (Olympia, IV, pi. XV, 248, a bareheaded
chariot racei, and 249, a helmeted warrior). An Attic (leometric figurine with a similarly
pinched and notched face, Hesperia, IV, 1935, p. 193, and p. 194, fig. 4 A. A Protoattic chariot
built on the same principle as ours was found in the Agora votive deposit; Hesperia, II, 1933,
1) 619, fig. 85.) On early Greek chariots, see E. von Mercklin, Der Rennwagen in Griechenland.
XII 25.
Chariot Fragments.
Fig. 40
T 793. Diam. of wheel, 0.067 m. T. of wheel, 0.013 m.

T 757. Chariot floor. L., 0.105 m. W., 0.097 m.
The floor is mostly preserved, but broken away at the front and one side; part of the side
wall. The chariot wall runs around the front and sides, as on XII 24, and the back is open;
two bars project from the edge, one toward the side, the other toward the back. The ends of
both are broken off; the smaller, at the side, had a smiall vertical hole pierced through it. The
flat hubless wheel, decorated with concentric rings on both faces, fits neatly over this bar, which
was the axle; a pin through the hole prevented the wheel from coming off. The purpose of the
larger bar extending backward from the open back of the chariot is not clear. The chariot wall
is decorated with a zone of vertical sigmas between horizontal glaze bands; glaze rings around
the axle, and around the backward-projecting bar. Traces on the floor of the attachment of the
figure that stood on it.
Wheel and chariot fragments are the same in fabric; grey to buff clay, red to black glaze.
XII26. Bronze Bracelet.
Fig. 73
B 203. Diam., ca. 0.052 m. Coil: W., 0.009m. T., 0.01 m.

Broken into three pieces, and badly corroded. A small piece missing.
in section.
A single coil, oval
GRAVEXIII
Plan. Fig. 1. Contents. Figs. 43-44
Inhumation of an adult, disturbed. Height above sea-level, 55.26m. The grave had
been disturbed by the diggers of Pit A. The cover slabs were found piled at the edge of the
pit near the head of the grave. Of the skeleton, only the skull and the bones of the left
arm were found in position; the rest of the bones had been thrown out by the
diggers of the
pit. The skeleton was that of a man; the head lay toward the northeast. At the foot of the
grave, and in a position which must have been below the feet of the body, was found an
5*
68
RODNEY S. YOUNG
oinochoe, marked by a ring on the plan. It had been broken into many pieces by the
removal of the covering slabs. Other grave offerings had probably been broken and thrown
out when the grave was disturbed; the amlphora and the kantharos published as Grave XV
may have been among them. The only vase found in the grave dates from the end of the

eighth century.
XlIl 1. Oinochoe. Figs. 43-44. Hesperia, V, 1936, p. 26, figs. 23-24; A.J.A., XXXIX, 1935,
p. 178, fig. 5; A.A., 1935, p. 167, fig. 3; J.H. S., LV, 1935, p. 149, fig. 2; Hampe,
pp. 87--88, and fig. 31
P 4885. H., 0.228m. Max.Diam., 0.154m.
Round-bodied oinochoe with flat bottom, slightly concave neck, trefoil mouth and double
rolled handle. After the vase had been made and painted, but before firing, four roughly
circular holes were cut through its wall: two opposite each other at the sides, and two more
at the front and back, at a lower level. Two carefully made hollow tubes of fine porous clay
were then passed through the body of the vase from front to back and from side to side, and
the edges smoothed. The tube running across from side to side passes about 2 cm. above the
one running from front to back. Both are intact, and neither opens into the body of the vase.
The purpose of these tubes is not clear and no parallel for them exists; although a number of
suggestions has been made, any attempt at explanation remains, in the absence of evidence,
almost pure speculation. It may be noted, however, that the tubes are made of granular porous
clay, rather different from that of the vase itself, and are not covered with slip or glaze. In
consequence, any liquid in the vase would seep through the porous clay of the tubes, but not
through the walls of the oinochoe itself. The conclusion seems safe, that a potter as advanced
in technique as were the makers of the late Geometric vases, must have been fully conscious of
the effect of the porous tubes when he made them, anti that he made them so on purpose. The
oinochoe may thus have been a sort of ritual vase, from which liquid libations trickled out
gradually over an extended period of time.
The decoration of the oinochoe is almost as elaborate as its structure. A band of dots runs
around the lip outside, and a zigzag decorates the base of the neck. In the neck panel a procession of three warriors marches to the right; each wears a long-plumed helmet and a sword
and carries a big hour-glass shaped shield and two spears. Each side of the handle is decorated
with a ladder. On the shoulder, a meander in a zone below the base of the neck; a narrower
zone just below the level of the handle attachment is filled by a zigzag. Bands, and a careless
zigzag, on the lower body. The wide zone around the middle is filled by a figured scene centering on a battle at the back of the oinochoe, under the handle. A chariot drawn by two horses
faces to the right; behind it stand two figures, both sheltering behind the same
great square
shield. The foremost figure is the charioteer; although he wears a plumed helmet, he carries
no weapons. With his right hand he holds the shield, and in his left the reins and
whip. While
the charioteer mounts the car, his companion fights a rearguard action
against two warriors
who attack from behind with sword and spears. Another chariot stands by behind, the charioteer
in the car holding the reins; it is probably the chariot in which one of the warriors on foot
arrived, and from which he dismountedto join in the light. A third chariot, four-wheeledand.
drawn by two horses, approaches from behind, driven by a warrior

fully armed with sword and
spears. It looks as though the warriors with the great square shield have decided, after a battle
with their two adversaries on foot, to take to flight on the approach of reinforcement for their
enemies. Ilampe (pp. 87-88) has interpreted the scene as the battle between the
Epeians and the
Pylians described in Iliad, XI, 706 ff., in which the young Nestor put to rout the Molione, although
they were saved from death by Poseidon. The double figure behind the shield is recognizable as
that of the Aktorione-Molione, twins with one body but two
heads, four arms and four legs. The

qlllllle
69
.I- .)l**---'cpl?---lreul?---cl?--s-;L"C_?yJL _Lll

?w`
?L?fYiEC*;?)IJBSa)
,4(lr3?;'43'X..8
XII 1
Fig. 43. Grave XIII, Oinochoe (XIII 1)

70
RODNEY S. YOUNG
figures are carefully drawn with an attempt at detail not found on the earliest Geometric
representations of men; the eyes are reserved and dotted, and glaze loops are added in front for
nose and chin. For ornament in the field are used zigzag and chevron columns, stars, crosses,
opposed triangles, and lozenges filled with latticing. The clay is Attic with a fine smooth buff
surface; the glaze, thick and black, has peeled in many places.
The round-bodied, flat-bottomed form is the latest development of the Geometric oinochoe
shape. Oinochoai of this form were found in subgeometric and early seventh century contexts
in Graves VI and IX, and in the pyres XI and XII of our grave precinct. Three such oinochoai
were found in Dipylon Grave IX (Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pl. VIII, 2) and one at Anavysos (Praktika, 1911, p. 116, 2). In our seventh century well several more were found: C 113-117. All the
subgeometric examples are miniatures; but they show that the shape continued into the seventh
century. It is perhaps possible to fix an earlier limit to the date of its popularity. Many
oinochoai of this shape are decorated on the sides by large concentric circles, entirely covering
the body from the base of the neck to the bottom. They have been listed and discussed by
Schweitzer (Ath. Mitt., XLIII, 1918, pp. 143 fF.; to his list add two examples from Marathon,
Praktika, 1934, p. 36, fig. 9), who derives the concentric circle decoration flom Cyprus. If, as
Fig. 44. Grave XIII, Oinochoe. Projected Drawing by Piet de Jong

Payne suggests (NC, pp. 4-5), the Corinthians first came into contact with Cyprus and the
east at Crete or Thera in the middle of the eighth century, then the Cypriote decoration
can hardly have appeared on Attic Geometric pottery earlier than 750, and was probably not
popular until the last quarter of the century. The shape can thus be confined to the late eighth
century. Decoration other than the Cypriote concentric circles on these oinochoai is also always
late; an oinochoe with peaked latticed triangles on the neck (Wide, fig. 88) was found in Dipylon
Grave III; another has a large lozenge-star, a favorite decoration of the late Geometric ribbonhandled bowls, on its neck (Wide, fig. 89); the well-known prize oinochoe with the incised inscription (Kirchner, Imagines, number 1 and pl. 1; Ath. Mitt., VI, 1881, pl. 3) has on its neck
a grazing deer, a crested bird, and a blob surrounded by dots-all of which are late motives
used into the seventh century. An oinochoe at Eleusis (Eph. Arch., 1898, pl. 5, 2) is decorated
with late animals; long-horned quadrupeds, and waterbirds eating fish; fish appear in Attic
Geometric only toward the end, and even then rarely. Finally, two other examples, slightly
taller in the body and perhaps, with their stylized miniature figures, early seventh century,
are decorated with elaborate battle and hunting scenes (Boston 269b: Fairbanks, Catalogue,
pl. XXIII; Copenhagen, C. V.A., II, pl. 73, 4). The decoration of the Agora oinochoe is also
late; the shields borne by the warriors are of an exaggerated hour-glass shape that is well on the
way to Protoattic stylization (Jhb., II, 1887, p. 54, fig. 17; Metropolitan Museum Handbook, p. 61,
fig. 35). The same shield appears again on the bowl in the British Museum (J.H.S., XIX, 1899,
pl. VIII), neatly stowed in the stern of the ship. The chariot scene on the other side of the
British Museum bowl, however, interests us more; on it is shown a chariot procession so like
the decoration of our oinochoe in the drawing of the horses and chariots, as well as of the

71.
human figures, as to be quite conceivably by the same hand. Another vase, this time an
amphora, belongs to the group: Wide, fig. 56 (Athens, N.M. Inventory 184). On all three vases
the same figures, the same horses, the same filling ornament; if they are not by the same hand,
they were certainly made in the same workshop, and all within a very short time. By different
lines of evidence we can arrive independently at a late eighth century dating for each vase.
The shape of the oinochoe we have already considered; we have also noticed that an epic scene
is represented in the battle drawn on it-the battle of the Pylians and the Epeians, of the young
Nestor against the Molione. Hampe suggests (pp. 39 ff.) that the earliest epic and mythological
scenes represented on Boeotian fibulae belong in the third quarter of the eighth century. There
is no reason to suppose that such representations began earlier in Attica, while considerations
present themselves which suggest that they probably began later. The same epic-representation
is drawn the embarkation of Helen (Hampe,
argument holds for the bowl in London, on wN-hich
pp. 78 ff.). Another consideration, however, also leads to the dating of the vase at the end of
the eighth century; the development of the shape from that of the British Museum bowl (a photograph showing the whole bowl was published for the first time by Hampe, pl. 22, below) to that
of the Protoattic bowl, Jhb., II, 1887, pl. 4, cannot have covered a long period, and the Protoattic bowl is dateable in the second quarter of the seventh century. A period of half a century
would surely suffice for the further development of the shape to that of the bowl from Aegina
by the Nessos Painter, in the last quarter of the century (Neugebauer, Fihrer, pl. 8). The same
shape is used, then, in late Geometric and in early black figure; certainly a period of eighty to
a hundred years is not too short a time for the development. Finally, the amphora. The
similarity of its shape to our XI 1, from a grave with subgeometric vases and figurines, is to be
noted. But the amphora itself has subgeometric decoration: the band on the neck at the level
of the handle attachments, the band above the figured zone, and the second band below it, are
all filled with "shorthand" checker-board decoration-a method of drawing that we have
noticed in connection with our VI 2, used on subgeometric and not on true Geometric vases, and
a method used very rarely on Early, but almost exclusively on Middle Protocorinthian vases.
All three vases, then, oinochoe, bowl, and amphora, arrive independently at a resting place
in the end of the eighth century. It is interesting to note that our oinochoe, with its epic scene,
and the Dipylon prize oinochoe (Ath. Mitt., VI, 1881, pl. III), bearing the earliest Greek inscription, are of the same shape and date from the same time; a time when writing was still sufficiently
rare to be thought of by epic characters as "baneful signs."
GRAVEXIV
Plan. Fig. 1. Grave. Figs. 22 and 45. Contents. Fig. 46
Inhumation of a man. Height above sea-level, 56.22 m. Length of shaft, 2.12 m.

Width,
0.46m. Depth from cover, 0.60 m. Part of the northwest side of the grave had caved
in,
and the cover slabs slanted sharply down toward that side. A small flat stone
partly overlay the edge of the last slab at the northeast end of the cover; it may have served
as a bedding for a rough stone stele or a pot placed to mark the grave. The skeleton of
a man lay with the head at the northeast end of the grave. The burial
offerings lay at the
foot of the shaft; the skyphos was found in the mouth of the
pitcher, and covered in its
turn by the pitcher-lid. There were no traces of burning in the grave or above.
The pitcher found in the grave is of the same fabric, and decorated in much the same
way, as some of the small vases from Grave IX. The pottery from Grave XIV, slightly
earlier than that of Grave IX, is to be dated at the end of the
eighth century.
RODNEY S. YOUNG
72
XIV 1. Lidded Pitcher.
Fig. 46


Round-mouthed pitcher with rather ovoid body and a low flat base. The neck slightly concave, with a plain flaring lip; rising band-handle from shoulder to rim. The body banded;
a wavy line on the reserved shoulder. A glaze band-at the base of the neck and another on the
rim; the handle decorated with bars and a St. Andrew's cross. Round lid, slightly concave, with
an arched band-handle at the centre on top; a small section of the rim is cut away where it fits
Fig. 46. Grave XIV, Vases (XIV 1-2)
Fig. 45. Grave XIV.

against the handle of the pitcher. Glaze rings around the edge, and bars on the handle. A glaze
band runs under the handle, crossed near its ends by lines running parallel with the handle.
Attic clay; metallic silvery black glaze.
The shape is late and comparatively rare, most pitchers having a very high flaring upper
body. Three pitchers that have, like ours, a relatively low, wide neck, are decorated in the
late Geometric style of the end of the eighth century; Ath. Mitt., XLIII, 1918, pls. II, 3 and
IV, 5 and Leiden 48 (Brants, Beschrijving, pl. VII). Our pitcher is very similar in fabric and
glaze to some of the little vases from Grave IX; the wavy line on its shoulder is like the wavyline decoration of the cups IX S and 6 and the banded body is like that of the oinochoe IX 17.
LATE GEOMETRIC GRAVES AND A SEVENTH CENTUJRY WELL, ETC.

XIV 2. Skyphos.
73
Fig. 46

P 4958. H., 0.06m. Diam. at rim, 0.115 m.

Flat bottom and flaring rim; the shoulder slightly rounded. The rim banded; inside the lip
a reserved band filled with series of short vertical glaze strokes. A raised lump at the centre of
the handle zone, front and back. A wide reserved band half-way down the body inside, and
a dot at the centre of the floor. Thick firm glaze, shading from black to ied.
The shape of the skyphos is very close to that of XVII 1, without the low base; a trifle shallower and more open than the skyphos V 3, with slightly more rounded shoulder, and therefore
somewhat earlier; probably about the end of the eighth century.
GRAVE XV
Plan.
Fig. 1.
Grave.
Fig. 47.
The neck of a geometric
Contents.
amphora,
Fig. 48
with a kantharos
tightly
wedged
in its mouth, was
found in the late filling of Pit A, somewhat to the west of Grave XIII. The relation of the
two vases, the one inside the mouth of the other, where it had
been placed as a lid, makes it certain that the vases came
from a disturbed grave. The elaborate decoration of the
/_''
of
that
the
source
the
vases
was
an
adult
amphora suggests
burial; the amphoras
in which small children were buried were
either simply banded, or undecorated, and the other pots

offered were miniatures. The types of vase, amphora and
9
kantharos, further suggest that the grave was that of a man;
an amphora with a kantharos in its mouth was found in
Grave XI. Our vases may well have come from Grave XIII;
since, however, there is no way of proving that they did, they

are counted separately as a grave.
It is remarkable that in
-'
Fig 47. Grave XV
Neck with Kantharos,Ampllora
as found
in pit A
the disturbance caused by the digging of the pit, in which the amphora neck was ,broken
from its body, the kantharos was not loosened from its position in the mouth of the
amphora.
In shape and style the pottery preserved is quite in keeping with that from the other
graves of the precinct; both vases find parallels in the late eighth century.
XV 1. Amphora Fragment. Fig. 48
P 4886. P. H., 0.217m. Diam. at lip, 0.207m.
Broken off at the shoulder. The neck slightly concave, with flaring lip and band-handlesto
its upper part below the flare. On the outer face of the lip, a linear band of key-pattern; below,
a band of latticed triangles. Across the top and bottom of the neck panels, dotted lozenge
chains. In the neck panels, hatched key pattern, filled by rectangles of checker-board. On the
handles, bars, and panels filled by St. Andrew's crosses superimposed on plain crosses. Attic
clay with fine smooth buff surface; firm, rather shiny, black glaze.
The checker-board pattern on the neck was made by dotting alternate squares of a grill.
The shape is comparableto that of the amphorasillustrated by Wide, fig. 53, decoratedwith neck

74
RODNEY S. YOUNG
planels filled by birds with quatrefoils much in the manner of our jug XVIII 1, and fig. 58, which
Wide erroneously says is from the Kerameikos: it is from the same grave at Nca Zcpayeia as the
well-known bronze tripod published by Briuckner in Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, p. 414 and pl. XIV;
cf. Collignon-Couve, Catalogue. No. 179. where the provenience is given as "Abattoirs." From
the same grave are three late bowls like Wide. fig. 96. upper row. (Brickner, in his publication,
gives the numbers of the pots found in this grave: a collation of the numbers of the inventory
in the National Museum with those of the former collection of the Archaeological Society, brought
to light four of the eight pots mentioned by Briickner: their N. M. numbers are 169, 186, and
201-202. The grave is late eighth century.) Nearly the same decoration as on our amphora
appears, less carefully done, on the neck of an amphora from Anavysos (Praktika, 1911, p. 123,
Fig. 48. Grave XV, Amphora Fragment and Kantharos (XV 1-2)
22); the same latticed triangles and hatched key-pattern, and the same dotted lozenge chains and
cross panels on the handles. The decoration of the neck of the Anavysos amphora is, like that
of ours, limited and conservative in the choice of motives used; but the decoration of its body
uses a number of late devices-leaf-bands, and interlocking latticed triangles. A late motive
used on our amphora is the simple linear band of key-pattern on the lip; rare 4nd late in
Geometric decoration, it is popular in subgeometric and orientalizing, and
survives, with the
line-meander, into the black- and red-figured styles. Our amphora fragment, which is similar in
shape though not in decoration to the amphora necks VII 1 and VIII 1, should be dated near the
end of the eighth century.
XV 2. Kantharos.
Fig. 48

Low base, deep body with rounded shoulder, and straight rim, slightly convex in
profile.
On the rim, latticed triangles; the handle-zone is divided into panels by sets of four
verticals,
and each panel is filled by a round-ended petal, latticed and outlined
by a glaze ellipse. On
75
LATE GEOMETRIC GRAVES AND A SEVENT'H CENTI'RY WELL, ETC.

each of the handles. bars. and thriee p)anels filled wvith St. Andrew's crosses bisected by verticals.
A somewhat earlier kantharos from the Dipylon (A.A., 1933, pp. 279-280. fig. 15) has a
slhallow-erbody and more rounded shoulder. and a higiher base: it was found in a grave with
a pyxis with plastic horses on its lid, and probably belongs at the berinnincg of the last quarter
of the eighth century. Our kantharos, with its lower base. deeper and more pointed body, and
flatter shoulder, shows that the development of the shape of the kantharios followed the same
course as did that of the skyphos. The kantharos is very close in fabric to the amphora neck
with which it was found, and may come from the same workshop: the fondness for bands of
latticed triangles, too, is common to both vases.
Plan. Fig. 1.
GRAVEXVI
Contents. Figs. 49-50
Disturbed inhumation. Height above sea-level, 55.56mn. One end of the grave shaft.
0.48 m. in width, was preserved at the northeast edge of Pit A; the rest of the grave had
been destroyed by the diggers of the pit. The shaft had b1een cut with a northeast iland
southwest orientation, interrupting the series of griaves, XNVII-XX, which radiate from the
base of the hill. Presumably the undisturbed end of the grave, in which were found two
pyxides, was the foot.
a"woman.
The offering of pyxides suggests that the grave had been that of
U'
I
I
XVII
;V 2
Fig. 49. Grave XVI, Pyxides (XVI 1-2)
RODNEY S. YOUNG
76
The )pyxides found are similar to those from Graves XVII-XVIII, and should be dated
in the late eighth century.

XVI 1. Pyxis and Lid. Figs. 49--50

P 4884. H., 0.12 m. H. with Lid, 0.243 in. Max. Diam.. 0.25 m.
Low ring foot and deep convex body. The corresponding pairs of tielioles through the rim
and the lid are marked with crosses incised between the holes for one pair, and with straight
incised lines for the other. The foot
glazed; above it, a triple band of
zigzag. A meandel runs around the
body. At the centre on the bottom,
X
a Maltese cross sulrounded by bands
i '
g 5'
and zones filled with diagonals and
Glazed inside,
interlocking teeth.
with a reserved dot on the floor; a
glaze band runs around the upper
face of the rim. The lid is convex,
nith a spiked knob handle, and
decorated w-ith bands and a zone of
tooth pattern. Bands around the
stem and spike of the handle; a triple
zigzag around its knob. Attic clay
.l
with a thick creamy slip; the glaze
black to chocolate-brown.
The shape is the same as that of
XVIII 7.
XVI 2. Pyxis and Lid. Fig. 49

P 4883. H., 0.102m. Max. Diam.,
0.196 m.
Friagments of the lid, and its
handle, missing. Low lring foot and
convex body; one pairl of tieholes
Fig. 50. Giave XVI. Pyxis XVI 1, Rim and Inside of Lid,
thrlough the rim and lid malrked, as
on XVI 1, by an incised cross. Zones
showing Incisions; Lid and Bottom
filled by zigzag above the foot and
below the rim; a meander rurs around the bodx. On the bottom a quatrefoil; its leaves are filled
with herring-bone pattern, and there are large stars betweep the leaves. On the flat lid, bands,
and a zone of dots. Attic clay; glaze dull black to brown where thin.
GRAVrEXVII
Hesperia, V, 1936, pp. 30-31 and figs. 28-30

Plan. Fig. 1. Section. Fig. 2. Grave. Figs. 51-53.
Inhumation of a woman. Height above sea-level, 56.03m. Length of shaft, 1.81m.
Width, 0.64 m. Depth from cover, 0.54m. The skeleton of a woman lay at the bottom of
the grave, with the head at the northwest end. A small hand-made aryballos was found in
77

the left hand; most of the other vases were piled over the feet and legs of the skeleton at
the lower end of the grave. Four skyphoi were found, stacked one inside the other, under
the large pyxis at the lower left corner of the grave. Some of the pyxides had projected
slightly above the top of the shaft, and had been broken when the cover slabs were put in
place. The amphoriskos and the jug at the other end of the grave lay high up and very
little below the cover; they must have been put in the grave after the body had been
covered by a layer of earth. A large iron fibula and a bronze pin lay on the bottom of the
grave to the right of the skull. Two spiral rings of bronze, a bronze fibula, and four small
iron fibulae were found among the mass of vases over the knees of the skeleton.
A bit of human bone which did not belong to the skeleton of the woman buried in
Grave XVII was found near the amphoriskos and above the skull. The base of a Grey
Minyan goblet was also found in the grave, and a number
of fragments of Grey and Yellow Minyan ware were found
al)ove outside. These stray objects in the earth thrown
into the grave when it was filled suggest that a Middle
Helladic burial had been disturbed by the digging of graves
in the Geometric period.
Selected fragments of Grey
and Yellow Minyan ware from the grave area are published
below, B 22-24. }~~~b~~~elow,B 22-24.
i~Fig.51. Grave XVII. Covering
Grave XVII is the richest found in the Agora precinct.
Slabs; Tholos Floor in BackTwenty-two vases had been offered, together with a number
grouind
of pieces of bronze and iron jewellery.
The vases arc
made
and
and
as
is often the case in graves containing a large
decorated,
not,
handsomely
number of pots, small and careless in their ornament (as in the Isis Grave; C. V.A., Athens,
I, pls. 3-6).
Comparable are the large handsome vases from Grave XIII at the Dipylon
(B.C.H., XIX, 1895, pp. 273 ff.). Three of the pyxides from Grave XVII, like three bowls
from the Dipylon grave, are made on a large scale lwhich must have required considerable
technical skill; graves containing very big vases such as pitchers, bowls and pyxides (not
the kraters and amphoras used as monuments over the graves) must all date from about
the same time, perlhaps over a period of a quarter of a century. We can thus group together
Graves VII and XIII at the Dipylon, our Grave XVII and Graves 1, 3, and 4 at Spata;
some of the Anavysos Graves must have belonged to the same group, which belongs in the
last quarter of the eighth century. It is natural that among a number of vases as large as
that found in Grave XVII there should be great variety of fabric and decoration, as well
as some difference of period. Thus one vase, XVII 8, which shows considerable
wear, may
be somewhat older than the rest; two vases, XVII 7 and XVII 17, are covered with thick
creamy slip; two vases, XVII 13 and XVII 15, may be by the same hand. A kalathos,
XVII 5, may be a Boeotian importation; if it is not, it is certainly influenced by Boeotian
vases of the same shape and decoration. A comparison of XVII 7 and XVII 8 shows how the
same shape may be decorated in either an early or a late manner. The group confirms
78
RODNEY S. YOUNG

Wide's feeling (Jhb., XIV, 1899, p. 190) that the great variety of shapes and styles of
decoration found together in the same grave is an indication that the Geometric style
developed rapidly and lasted but a short time.
Fig. 52.
Grave XVII.
Skeleton and Grave Offerings
Fig. 53.
Grave XVII.
Drawing
by J. Travlos
The jewellery found in the grave suggests, as do the vases, that the woman buried was
a personage of some consequence. Pyxides, of which there were eleven in Grave XVII, and
jewellery, seem to have been considered appropriate offerings at a woman's grave, while
weapons and drinking vessels were offered in a man's. The fibulae belong to a type used
in Boeotia in the late eighth and seventh centuries, and confirm the late eighth century
dating for the grave suggested by the pottery.

XVII1.
Skyphos.
79
Fig. 54
P 5071. H., 0.05 m. Diam. at rim, 0.095 m.

Low base, rounded shoulder, and short straight rim, tilted slightly outward. Glazed to the
handle-zone, and banded on the rim. The handle panels are set off by verticals, and decorated with
dot rosettes; in the handle-zone between, a row of chevrons on their sides, above a double glaze
band. Glazed inside, with a reserved band at the rim and dot on the floor. Thick dull black
glaze. In shape this should be the earliest skyphos in the grave; the rounded shoulder and
rather shallow open body are early features. The base replacing the earlier ring foot, and the
straight rim, are, however, more common on late skyphoi. A good parallel for the shape is the
skyphos from Eleusis, Eph. Arch., 1898, pl. 5, 1 (the rounded shoulder is exaggerated in the
drawing) which is decorated with a very late figured scene.
XVII 2. Skyphos.
Fig. 54
P 5073. H., 0.07 m. Diam. at rim, 0.109 m.

Low base and straight rim; the shoulder slightly convex. The handle panels are set off by
verticals and decorated with dot rosettes; in the handle-zone between, interlocking hatched
meander-hooks. The rim banded; the inside glazed, with reserved bands at the rim and a dot
on the floor. Thick dull black glaze.
The shape is later than that of XVII 1; the body is deeper, and the shoulder less rounded.
The hatching in the meander-hooks is nearly vertical, a late feature to be seen also on a
skyphos in Copenhagen from a grave at Liossia with very late Geometric vases (C.V. A., Copenhagen, II, pl. 70, 2; the other vases from the grave are 3-8, and 10).
XV113. Skyphos.
Fig. 54
P 5070. H., 0.058 m. Diam. at rim, 0.094 m.

Low base and straight rim; the shoulder very slightly rounded. The rim is
banded; three
dot rosettes in the handle-zone on each side. The inside glazed, with a reserved band at the rim
and dot on the floor. Thick dull black glaze.
The decoration is the same as that of the three skyphoi XX 1-5.
XVII 4. Skyphos.
Fig. 54
P 5072. H., 0.057 m. Diam. at rim, 0.092 m.

A base flaring in profile and slightly concave underneath.
Deep convex body, flaring slightly
at the lip, and without a shoulder. Entirely covered with somewhat
peeled black glaze, except
the undecorated handle-zone, a reserved band on the upper face of the
lip, and a dot on the floor.
The relatively deep body, flaring lip, and reserved
handle-zone, left undecorated, suggest
that this type of skyphos may be the immediate ancestor of the similar
subgeometric type that
lasts through the seventh century; cf. below, p. 202 and C 43-47.
XVII 5. Kalathos.
Fig. 54
P 5065. H., 0.088 m. Diam. at rim, 0.144 m.

Flat bottom and very slightly convex side wall flaring a trifle at the
lip, which is pierced
by a single hole near the edge. Glaze bands above the bottom and around the rim; a series of
sigmas around the body between. The upper face of the lip dotted; glazed inside, with two
reserved bands at the rim. Pale pink clay with a slightly greenish
tinge, possibly Boeotian or
Attic; dull black to red glaze.
Two Boeotian kalathoi resemble ours in shape and decoration:
Jhb., III, 1888, p. 340, fig. 18,
and A.A., 1925, p. 102, fig. 3. Protocorinthian
examples of the shape also exist: Johansen,
80
RODNEY S. YOUNG

pp. 66-67, fig. 43; A.J.A., XXX1V, 1930, p. 409, fig. 3. An example in the museum at Copenhagen
(C.V.A., Copenhagen, II, pl. 82, 1) is published as Argive. These little vases seem to be of
a shape suited to everyday use, and the holes at the rim (sometimes in the bottom) seem best
explained as intended for a loop of string by which the pot could be hung up; ingenious explanations of the kalathoi as incense burners or pots for cheese-making may then be avoided.
The rim is not suitable for a lid to rest on. Shape and decoration are nearest to the Boeotian
examples. Although the clay and glaze do not seem quite normal for Attic, I have seen four
'I
XV1T
.2'
- X'.
X II 3
"
XVII'l
XVII 2
XV!I 12
XV:1
XI9I 5
XVi'.19
XI'V!
XVII11
1 XV]
XVII
TI
XV
'1 2
XV1 17
XVII 15
XVI! 14
XVII 13
XV1116
Fig. 54. Grave XVII, Vases (XVII 1-22)

similar kalathoi of undoubtedly Attic fabric in the hands of dealers in Athens. The Protocorinthian examples from the Argive Heraeum are probably not very early, and the Boeotian
kalathoi certainly are not. Our kalathos may be a Boeotian importation, or an Attic imitation;
whichever it may be, it can'hardly be earlier than the late eighth century. Cf. below, C 84.
XVII 6. Kalathos.
Fig. 54
P 5058. H., 0.063 m. Diam. at rim, 0.10 m.

Flat bottom and convex side wall, with plain rim. Covered inside and out with thin streaky
brownish glaze, probably put on while the pot was on the wheel. Attic clay.
81

XVII 7. Pyxis and Lid. Fig. 54

P 5063. H., 0.11 m. H. with lid, 0.185 m. Max. Diam., 0.227 m.
Low ring foot and convex body with the greatest width rather high. Corresponding pairs of
tieholes through the rim and the lid. Glaze bands and a zigzag above the foot; a meander runs
around the body. Another band of zigzag just below the rim, which is decorated with a glaze
band on its upper face. On the bottom, glaze bands and a ring of dots; an eight-spoked wheel
at the centre. The inside glazed, with the same decoration on the floor as on the bottom. The
shallow convex lid is decorated with glaze bands and a ring of dots; bands around the stem and
spike of the handle, and a row of dots around its knob. Attic clay covered with a fine creamy
slip; the glaze is dull, almost matt, and shades from black to red.
This is the only pyxis decorated on the inside; another (XVI 1) is glazed inside, with a simple
reserved dot on the floor. Three pyxides (XVI I and XVII 17) are slipped; on all three, it is very
noticeable that the slip does not hold the glaze well, since all have peeled very badly, and that
it affects the glaze, making it dull and lustreless. Our pyxis is very close in fabric and decoration to XVI 1. The nearly vertical hatching of the meander is an indication of lateness.
XVII 8. Pyxis.
Fig. 54
P 5074. H., 0.05 m. Max. Diam., 0.153 m.

Low ring foot and very rounded side wall. Although the rim is pierced by two pairs of
tieholes, the lid was not put in the grave with the pyxis, which shows considerable evidence of
wear. Bands above the foot, and a quadruple zigzag around the body; bands, and a zone filled
by a single zigzag below the rim. Attic clay with black to brownish glaze, badly peeled in places.
Small shallow pyxides of this shape and with simple decoration of zigzag bands have been
found in early Geometric graves at the Agora. The decoration is very common on early vases;
compare the skyphoi and the pyxis from one of the Areopagus graves, C.V.A., Athens, I, pl. 1,
9-11. Early shapes, however, as well as early methods of decoration, seem to have continued in
favor into later times.
XVII 9. Pyxis.
Fig. 54
P. 5057. H., 0.032 m. Max. Diam., 0.092 m.

Low base and rounded side wall. The rim pierced by two pairs of tieholes; the lid was not
found in the grave. A row of dots above the foot; around the middle of the body, a zone filled
by large round dots linked by tangents, with bands above and below. On the bottom, a multiple
cross at the centre, surrounded by bands and a zone of dots. Thin black glaze, somewhat peeled.
The shape is similar to that of XVII 8; the decoration, however, is not early. Large dots
linked by tangents appear late, and become a favorite subgeometric decoration, with careless
elongated blobs taking the place of the round dots.

P 5055. H., 0.043m. H. with lid, 0.07 m. Max. Diam., 0.103m.
Ring foot and convex side wall. Two pairs of tieholes through the rim and the lid. The
body is banded, with two zones filled by wavy lines of dots. The flat lid is decorated with wide
glaze bands, and with narrow ones on the spike handle. Black glaze, somewhat thin and
streaky.
The wavy line appears in late Geometric as a snake, often
paralleled by dots, as on our
pyxis XVIII 6; the same dotted snake appears on early Protocorinthian (Johansen, pl. V, 1-2
and 7;
pl. VII, 3, and pl. VIII, 5). An Attic Geometric pyxis of the same shape as XVII 10, and
with the same decoration, was found at Eleusis in the Isis Grave
(C.V.A., Athens, I, pl. 5, 10).
6
RODNEY S. YOUNG
82
A plain wavy line is used on the pitcher XIV 1, and on many Phaleron cups like those from our
Graves VII and IX.


Low base and deep convex body. Two pairs of tieholes through the rim and the lid. Solid
glaze above the base; bands, and two zones filled by wavy lines of dots, around the body. The
slightly convex lid is glazed, with bands at the edge and on the spike handle. Dull black glaze,
shading to brown.
The decoration as on XVII 10; the shape as XVIII7 and XVI1.

P 5054. H., 0.066 m. H. with Lid, 0.11 m. Max. Diam., 0.138 m.
Low base and deep convex body. Two pairs of tieholes through the rim and the lid. Bands
below the rim and above the glaze at the base; around the body, key-pattern. The space between
the outlines of the key-pattern is not hatched; single and double vertical lines of dots run into
its recesses from above and below. The flat lid is glazed, with two bands around the edge, and
a double reserved band half way to the handle. The stem and knob of the handle glazed, and
the spike banded. Streaky glaze, dull black to brown.
Key pattern is often used on early Geometric vases (as A.A., 1934, p. 237, fig. 26); it is
usually done in multiple parallel lines, most often four in number. Here it was probably
intended to be a more normal late hatched band of key-pattern, and the hatching was not put in.
Single line bands of key-pattern are late, and last through the seventh century. Several vases
from the Isis Grave have single-line meander decoration, which appears at the same time as the
single-line key pattern. Both forms of ornament seem to appear with the beginning of the
dissolution of the Geometric style, and last, as subsidiary band decoration, into the black- and
red-figured styles.

Low ring foot and deep convex body. Two pairs of tieholes through the rim and the lid, one
corresponding set being marked by an incised cross on the rim, and another incised on the under
side of the lid. Glaze above the foot; on the lower body, bands and zones filled with peaked
triangles and a row of dots. Below the rim a zigzag, with bands above and below. The zone
around the middle of the body is divided by double columns of zigzag separated by verticals
into long panels, filled each by two sections of meander; one shorter panel contains only one
section. On the flat lid, bands, and zones filled with peaked triangles and interlock. The stem
of the handle is ribbed, the knob decorated with two bands of zigzag, and the spike banded.
Attic clay with black to thin brown glaze.
Three pyxides very like XVII 15 in shape and decoration were found in a grave at Eleusis
(Grave 19; Eph. Arch., 1898, p. 83). Unfortunately none is illustrated, although another pyxis
from the same grave is shown on pl. 4, 6.

Low ring foot and wide shallow body with convex side wall. One of the pairs of tieholes
on the lid, and the corresponding pair on the rim, marked by an incised cross. Bands, and a zone
filled by a tall pointed zigzag, above the foot; the same decoration below the rim. The wide
zone around the middle of the body is divided by triple verticals into panels, which are filled

83
alternately with swastikas and single sections of meander. On the bottom, an octofoil at the
centre, the leaves filled with herring-bone pattern. Around the octofoil a wide latticed ring.
The rather high convex lid is decorated with wide and narrow glaze bands, and, near the edge,
two zones filled by round dots linked by tangents, and zigzag. The high stem of the handle,
and the spike, are banded; the knob decorated with zigzags. Dull black to brown glaze.
The three pyxides XVII 14-16 are made on as large a scale as is possible in a thin fabric; they
are the biggest pyxides of which I know. As such they are quite in keeping with the megalomania
of the late eighth century, which made the monumental Dipylon amphoras and kraters, and the
huge one-handled pitchers. Size in itself may not be of great significance; but all the oversized
vases-pitchers and bowls, as in Dipylon Grave XIII (B.C.H., XIX, 1895, pp. 273 ff.) as well as
our pyxides-must have been made at about the same time; that is, when the technical skill of
the potters had reached a point equal to their manufacture, and when popular taste called for
vessels which must, after all, have been somewhat impractical for daily use.
XVII 15. Pyxis and Lid. Figs. 54-55

Low ring foot and wide shallow body with slightly convex side wall. Two pairs of tieholes
pierced through the rim and the lid; it is possible on this pyxis to see how the tieholes were
pierced through lid and rim together before firing. A thin, sharp-pointed instrument was used,
which in this case went in too far, leaving
four deep holes on the inside wall below
each rim-hole. By boring lid and rim
together the tieholes were made to fit accurately one over the other; the angle at
which they are bored, the same on lid and
rim, shows that both were pierced at the
same time. This is the biggest pyxis found;
the floor and the lid were somewhat warped
in the firing, perhaps due to the making of
so large a vase of thin fabric. A zone of
tooth pattern above the foot; a zigzag
below the rim, with bands farther down.
Bottom
The wide zone around the middle of the
narrow
is
divided
into
body
long panels by
panels filled with zigzags and bordered by quintuple verticals. In each long panel, a double
section of meander. On the bottom, at the centre, a four-spoked wheel consisting of a circle
with four reserved circles, dotted, inside it. The wheel is surrounded by successive zones of
leaves, dotted lozenge chain, tooth pattern, and round dots linked by tangents. The lid is
slightly convex, with a raised ring around an opening at the top. Three horses standing at the
middle served as the handle; they are entirely glazed except for zones of linked dots across
their chests, and their faces, which are decorated with rings around the eyes, St. Andrew's
crosses, and chevrons on the ends of the noses. The manes are pinched to a thin line, the eyes
are raised bumps, and the ears are modelled. The legs are planted firmly; the free-hanging tail
behind reaches to the ground, forming a fifth leg. On the lid around the horses, a wide zone of
leaves between narrow zones of zigzag, and short diagonals at the edge. Attic clay with dull
brown to red glaze, in places peeled.
The decorative system is almost identical with that of XVII 15; fabric and glaze are so
similar as to suggest that the two pyxides came from the same workshop. For the wheel ornament at the centre on the bottom, see C 136 below; it is the wheel type that appears beside the
ordinary four-spoked Geometric wheel in the late eighth century, and lasts through most of the
seventh.
6*
84
RODNEY S. YOUNG


Flat bottom and convex body with a fairly high shoulder. Corresponding pairs of tieholes
are pierced through the rim and the lid. Bands above the bottom, then a zone of peaked
triangles, and another of dotted rings linked by tangents. Bands, and a zigzag, below the rim.
The wide zone around the body is divided into three long panels filled by meander, and five
narrow panels. Four of the narrow panels are arranged in pairs separated by verticals, chevron
columns, and vertical zigzags; in one panel of each pair a quatrefoil, with hatched triangles
between the ends of the leaves. The remaining panel of each pair is divided horizontally into
two compartments; the compartments of one contain deer, and those of the other water birds;
dot rosettes and stars are used as filling ornament. The fifth, single, panel, is decorated with
a quatrefoil and hatched triangles. On the bottom, a zone of leaves with swastikas between their
points. The shallow convex lid has a knob handle at the centre, and was adorned with two
plastic horses, which had been broken off before the pyxis was offered at the grave. Four zones
around the lid are decorated with zigzag, latticing, dotted rings linked by tangents, and, at the
edge, short diagonal strokes. Dull black glaze, much peeled.
The wear on the bottom, which was not protected by a ring foot, and where the glaze has
almost entirely worn off, and the absence of the ornamental horse handles of the lid, show that
this pyxis had been in use before being put into the grave. The thin contorted deer of one
panel, and the water birds of the other, are like the deer and birds of the late kantharos at
Copenhagen, C. V.A., Copenhagen, II, pl. 73, 5.
XVII 17. Pyxis and Lid. Figs. 54 and 56

P 5061. H., 0.061 m. H. with Lid, 0.16m. Max. Diam., 0.215 m.
Shallow false ring foot and slightly convex side wall. Corresponding pairs of tieholes pierced
through the rim and the lid. Bands above the foot and below the rim; the zone around the body
is divided into panels by verticals and
vertical zigzags to each side of zigzag
columns. In each panel a swastika, with
dot rosettes between its arms. On the
bottom, a many-pointed blob star at the
centre, surrounded by a zone of leaves; dot
rosettes between the points of the leaves.
Three plastic horses stand at the centre of
the shallow convex lid; they are covered
with glaze, except for reserved bands filled
with dots linked by tangents across their
:117
chests, reserved diagonally hatched stripes
down their manes and tails, and their faces,
owhich are rehserved and decorated with
Fig. 56. Grave XVII, Pyxis (XVI1 17). Lid and
St. Andrew's crosses. On the lid, around
Bottom
the horses, a zone of short diagonals, a zone
of dots linked by tangents, and, at the edge,
another zone of short diagonals. Pale pink Attic clay covered with a thick creamy slip; glaze
black to brown, very dull, and badly peeled. The pyxis is much worn, and the front of the face
of one of the horses on the lid was broken off; the vase probably saw considerable use before
it was offered at the grave.
The shape, the latest phase of the pyxis form, is the same as that of XX 5 and XVIII 6. The
slip, as on XVI and XVII 7, has made the glaze very dull, almost matt, and the glaze has
peeled, as on the other slipped pyxides (also the oinochoe VII 8), much more from the slipped
surface than from unslipped clay. The carelessly drawn leaves on the bottom are of the same
85
type as those on the plate VI S. The many-pointed blob star at the centre is a favorite filling
ornament on such late vases as the cup from Thera, Ath. Mitt., XXVIII, 1903, pl. III, the
Louvre fragment (Pottier, Vases antiques du Louvre, pl. 20), and the amphora from the Kerameikos, Wide, fig. 54.

XVIl 18. Jug.
Fig. 54

Flat bottom and convex lower body meeting the high flaring upper body at an angle.
Rising band handle, joined to the upper body by a strut. Glazed above the bottom; bands
below the handle attachment. A row of dots at the level of the handle attachment, and a zigzag
above. Hatched key pattern on the upper body, framed above, below, and beside the handle by
triple bands. The handle barred; two glaze bands inside the rim, and dot series on its upper
face. Thick black to brownish glaze.
The shape is like that of XVIII 1; the lower body is, however, shallower and gives the same
feeling of having been truncated below as do oinochoai like XIII 1. The same effect is given
to an even greater degree by the subgeometric jug with orientalizing motives, Wide, fig. 80.
XVII 19. Amphoriskos.
Fig. 54
P 5052. H., 0.185 m. Max. Diam., 0.103 m.

Flaring ring foot and rounded body with a long narrow neck and flat projecting rim;
horizontal rolled handles. The lower body glazed; bands below the handles. The handle panels
are set off by columns of diagonals between verticals; dot rosettes in the corners of the handle
panels, and ladders on the handles. The front and back panels are similarly filled by Maltese
crosses surrounded by compass-drawn concentric circles; dot rosettes in the corners. Bands
above the handles, and glaze on the shoulder. Bands and zones filled by dots and a triple zigzag
around the neck. Thick streaky black to chocolate brown glaze.
The shape is that of the monumental Dipylon amphoras in miniature. Details omitted in
copying are the neck ring below the lip, and the double-arched handles, here single. Late
"Black Dipylon" amphoras like Wide, figs. 65-68, give not only the shape, but the decorative
system, for our miniature; two of them (figs. 67-68) have the same Maltese cross at the centre
of the concentric rings. These "Black Dipylon" amphoras were made at a time when Attica
had begun to export vases; two were found in Thera (Thera, II, p. 35, fig. 107, and Louvre
A266; Pottier, Vases antiques du Louvre, pl. 10). A fragment, probably from another similar
amphora, was found in Syracuse (Not. degli Scavi, 1895, p. 189, fig. 90). If the fragment
from Syracuse is from such an amphora, than it cannot be much older than the middle of the
eighth century. Our miniature seems to be rather an early and careful copy. Its shape appears
stiff and spruce, and its decoration excellently drawn, when it is compared with six amphoriskoi
(C. V. A., Athens, I, pls. 4, 15, 17-18, and 20-22) found in the Isis Grave at Eleusis, all of a decadent
sagging form, in which body and neck make a continuous reverse curve (the same development
was noted in jugs; cf. XVIII 1). The decoration of the Isis Grave jugs gives a subgeometric
effect; the amphoriskos.pl. 4, 22 has little birds between the arms of the cross in the panel on
the reverse. The amphoriskos form travelled as far afield as did the full-sized amphora from
which it was imitated; the lid of the krater from Cyprus in New York is adorned with a similar
amphoriskos (or rather, hydriskos: Myres, Handbook of the Cesnola Collection, pp. 286-287, 1702).
XVII20-21.
Pair of Hand-madeJars. Fig. 54
20. P 5056. H., 0.093 m. Max. Diam., 0.105 m.

21. P 5059. H., 0.093m. Max. Diam., 0.103 m.
Squat rounded body, with slightly flattened bottom; low straight neck and wide outwardflaring lip, pierced by tieholes for a lid. Hand-made of fine soft pink clay, slightly micaceous;

86
RODNEY S. YOUNG
the clay was very porous and friable when damp in the grave, and came off in splinters when
broken, perhaps because of under-firing. The surface is mottled by a black substance, not glaze,
which has adhered to the clay. Hand-made; the two jars are almost exactly alike.
The under-fired or unfired pots placed in Graves VI and X may well have been jars of the
same sort. The mottling on the surface of the clay, which appears in places also on the aryballos XVII 22, may be the effect of some substance like perfume or ointment contained in the
vases when they were placed in the grave. Because the jars found in Grave XVII were offered
without their lids, it is not probable that they contained any liquid substance. A little jar of the
same fabric and shape, but with two handles, was found in Dipylon Grave V (Ath. Mitt., XVIII,
1893, p. 111 and fig. 9). The clay of the Dipylon vase sounds, like ours, under-fired; it is
described as black-perhaps stained through and through by the contents of the pot?
XVII 22. Hand-made Aryballos.
Fig. 54
P 5069. H., 0.042 m. Max. Diam., 0.039 m.

Found in the left hand of the skeleton where it had probably been placed full of perfume.
The same black mottling noticed on XVII 20-21 appears on one side of the aryballos, the side
on which it rested. Round body, flat at the bottom; narrow neck and flaring round lip, with
a vertical band-handle. Two incised lines, outlined at each side by incised dots, run around the
shoulder at the level of the handle attachment. Hand-made of micaceous pale buff clay, polished
on the surface, and unglazed.
Another similar aryballos was found in Grave XXV; it had been broken before being placed
in the grave, perhaps to empty it of its contents. Such aryballoi often appear in late Geometric
graves; in many cases they have incised or rouletted decoration (cf. Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893,
p. 118 and fig. 11; Delt., VI, 1920-21, p. 134, fig. 8, Grave 3 at Spata). The fabric has
been called "Monochrome Argive"; it is found, however, in late Geometric and early
orientalizing graves at many sites in Greece, and may have been made locally in a number
of places. Variations in the clay of examples found on different sites are noticeable.
XVII 23. Disk.
Fig. 57
P 5068. Diam., 0.066m. Th., 0.011 m.

A round disk cut from the wall of a large open vase; creamy slip,
and peeled bands of glaze, outside, and thick reddish glaze inside. Three
small round holes are pierced near the edge, forming a triangle. Attic clay.
A number of similar disks cut from Geometric and orientalizing vases
were found in the seventh century well; see below, p. 191 and C 166-175.
The disk from Grave XVII might serve conveniently as a lid for small
pots like the amphoriskos XVII 19, or the jars XVII 20-21. The string
passed through the holes could serve either for tying it onto the rim,
or as a loop by which it could be lifted. Such disks, placed in the mouth
of a vase containing a liquid, and with clay or wax smeared around the
edge, would serve admirably as watertight stoppers.
XVII 24-25.
Bronze Rings.
Fig. 57. GraveXVII,

Disk (XVII 23)
Fig. 73
B 206-207. Diam., 0.021 m.

Two double spiral coils of bronze, which were found interlocked; the metal is too fragile to
allow of their separation.
XVII 26. Bronze Pin. Fig. 73

B 208. L., 0.176 m.
Broken into three pieces, and mended. A long straight pin, pointed at one end, plain at the
other. Very much corroded; if the pin had a head, it was not placed in the grave.
87
XVII 27. Bronze Fibula.
Fig. 73
B 209. W. of catch, 0.009m. L., 0.02m.
The blade is missing, together with the spring. Convex-concavebow, with a flat square
catch; a fibula of Blinkenberg'sAttico-Boeotiantype.

XVII 28. Iron Fibula.
Fig. 73
IL 167a. L., 0.138m. H., 0.066m.
Most of the blade missing. Large fibula with convex-concavebow, a spring at one end and
a flat square catch at the other. Very much corroded. The measurementswere taken as it lay
in situ in the grave.
A fibula of Blinkenberg'sAttico-Boeotian,and Hampe'sBoeotian, type (Blinkenberg,Fibules
grecques et orientales,pp. 147ff.; Hampe,pp. 1 ff.). Hampehas suggested that fibulaeof this type
were used in Attica in the ninth century, and in Boeotia in the late eighth and seventh. The
suggestion is based on the supposedlyearly contexts of fibulae found in Attica, and the clearly
late contexts of those found in Boeotia. Our fibulahas in Grave XVII a late Attic context. On
this type of fibula, see below, p. 104.
XVII 29-32.
Iron Fibulae.
Fig. 73
IL 167b-e. L., ca. 0.028m.
Muchbroken and corroded;the four fibulaewere found adheringtogether in a mass. All had
the same convex-concavebow, like that of XVII28, and a spring at one end; there seems to have
been a simple catch, instead of a square plate, at the other end.
Plan. Fig. 1.
GRAVEXVIII
Grave. Figs. 58-59, 64.
Inhumation of a woman. Height above sea-level, 55.78m. Length of shaft, 1.75m.

Width, at upper end, 0.95 m.; at lower end, 0.76 m. Depth from cover, 0.70 m. One end
of the shaft was cut into the sloping rock of the hillside. Under the cover there was empty
space to a depth of about 20 cm., then a thin layer of fine earth which had sifted between
the slabs. Under this earth there was a layer of ash mixed with cinders, about 10 cm. thick,
and extending evenly throughout the whole shaft. Below lay the earth fill thrown in to
cover the body and the grave offerings. The skeleton of a woman lay at the bottom, with the
head toward the southeast. The vases offered in the grave had been piled over the upper
part of the body, and around the head. A bronze ring was found around one of the finger
bones; two more, and a clay whorl, lay on the bottom of the shaft below the skeleton. Four
small iron fibulae were found inside the pyxis beside the skull at the left.
The vases from Grave XVIII are all thoroughly developed in style, and some are late in
shape. The two jugs are only slightly earlier in shape and decoration than jugs from
a grave at Spata of the end of the eighth century. One of the pyxides is
probably by the
same hand as a pyxis from a grave at the Kerameikos which contained an oinochoe of the
very end of the eighth, or beginning of the seventh, century. The pottery in Grave XVIII,
then, belongs in the last quarter of the eighth century.

88
RODNEY S. YOUNG
Fig. 58. Grave XVIII, Skeleton and Grave Offerings

XVIII1.
Jug.
89
Fig. 60


Flat bottom; the rounded convex lower body meets the high, slightly flaring upper body at an
angle. The rising band handle is attached to the body half-way up by a strut. Glaze bands, interrupted by a row of dots, below the lip. The body is divided by verticals and chevron columns
into three panels; in the central panel, an octofoil, and on either side a bird with grilled body.
Dot rosettes fill the corners of the bird panels, and the spaces between the leaves of the octofoil.
The lower body is banded, with a zone of elongated dots linked by tangents at the level of the
-2~'cb^-rr
B BiE
*^B--SSS'^^
-~.
f..
-.,-
"~
.,
.'L,
Fig. 60. Grave XVIII, Vases (XVIII 1-7)

handle attachment, and solid glaze for some distance above the bottom. Bars, and a St. Andrew's
cross on the handle; three glaze bands inside the lip. Attic clay with black to brownish glaze,
much peeled on one side.
The system of panrl decoration is the one also used on the pyxides XX 5 and XVIII 3; the
birds correspond to Boeotian birds of the latest phase of Geometric, in the last quarter of the
eighth century; compare the birds on the Boeotian vases, Hampe, pl. 21, V. 11 and V. 27, fig. 7.
The shape is a common late Geometric one, found in all the graves at Spata (Delt., VI, 1920-21,
pp. 131 ff.). The same shape appears in colossal and miniature proportions on the same vase,
where a miniature is used as a handle decoration on the lid of an enormous pitcher (from Dipylon
Grave XIII; Wide, fig. 74 and 74 a). In the Geometric period rim and lower body meet at an
angle; in subgeometric and orientalizing examples, the angle becomes less marked or is merged
into a continuous curve, as on the late jug, Wide, fig. 80.
RODNEY S. YOUNG
90
XVIII 2. Jug.
Fig. 60


Flat bottom and a very convex lower body meeting the high, slightly flaring upper body at an
angle. Bands, and a zone of dotted rings linked by tangents, below the rim. Around the upper
body three sets of triple bands, separated by slightly wavy rows of dots. On the lower body, solid
glaze above the bottom, then bands, and a zone of large round dots linked by tangents at the
level of the handle attachment. Bars, and a St. Andrew's cross, on the handle. Three glaze bands
inside the lip, and five series of dots on its upper face. Attic clay with dull black glaze, slightly
metallic in places.
XVII3
XVflm6
Fig. 61. Grave XVIII, Lids and Bottoms of Pyxides XVIII 3 and 6
XVIII3. Pyxis and Lid. Figs. 60-61

A low base and convex wall curving only slightly inward toward the rim, and with the point
of greatest diameter relatively high. Corresponding pairs of tieholes through the rim and the lid.
Above the base and below the rim, a zone filled by a tall pointed zigzag, with bands above and
below. The body is divided by triple verticals into panels. In the panels birds with latticed
bodies alternate with quatrefoils that have rows of dots between their leaves. In the bird panels,
filling ornament of zigzags and rows of dots. On the bottom, a quatrefoil surrounded by glaze
rings; its leaves are decorated with herring-bone, and between them are cross-stars. The lid is
flat, with a spiked knob handle, and is covered with a simple decoration of bands. Attic clay
with black to thin brownish glaze, somewhat metallic on the lid.
The shape is not one that appears in early Geometric graves; a very similar shape is still in
use in Boeotia in the early seventh century (Hampe, pl. 24, V. 49). The decorative scheme is the
same as that of the jug from the same grave, XVIII 1, and the birds, drawn similarly, belong to
the same stage of development.
91
XVIII 4. Pyxis and Lid. Fig. 60

Low base; the body shaped like that of XVIII 5, but somewhat shallower. Corresponding
pairs of tieholes through the rim and lid. Solid glaze above the base, then bands. A broad zone
of checker-board pattern around the body, and a triple band below the rim. The lid is very
slightly convex, with a spike handle, and is decorated with broad and narrow glaze bands. Attic
clay with metallic black glaze.

XVIII 5. Pyxis and Lid. Fig. 60

P 4779. H., 0.089 m. H. with lid, 0.13 m. Max. Diam., 0.1.53m.
Low base and body shaped like that of XVIII 3, but much deeper. Corresponding pairs of
tieholes through rim and lid. Solid glaze above the base. Around the middle of the body, a zone
filled by a series of verticals separated by dots; above and below, bands interrupted by slightly
wavy dot-rows. On the flat lid, bands, and dot rings; the spike handle is banded. Attic clay with
badly peeled black glaze, which is metallic where preserved.
On wavy dot-rows, see above, XVII 10. The clay and glaze are much like those of some of
the small subgeometric vases of Grave IX. There is a pyxis much like this in its decoration at
Toronto: Robinson, Harcum and Iliffe, Greek Vases at Toronto, pl. VIII, 110.
XVIII 6. Pyxis and Lid. Figs. 60-61

Broad low body; a shallow false ring foot continues the line of the side wall, which is only
slightly convex. The diameter is somewhat less at the rim than at the foot. Corresponding
pairs of tieholes through the rim and the lid. Above the foot, bands and a row of dots. The
body is divided into panels by verticals and narrow latticed columns; the panels are filled alternately by checker-board pattern and swastikas. Between the arms of the swastikas, pairs of
dotted rings linked by tangents. On the bottom, at the centre, concentric rings around a cross;
dots between the arms of the cross. A wavy snake-ring, outlined on both sides with dots, surrounds the central decoration; farther out, a ring of dots linked by tangents, another snake-ring,
and glaze bands, with series of short glaze strokes just inside the foot. Dot rosettes fill the
spaces
between the curves of the inner snake ring.
The lid is shaped like an inverted shallow plate, and has a round hole through the middle.
On the flat central part of the lid stand three plastic horses, which served as the handle;
they
are covered with glaze, except for bands and rows of dots linked by tangents on their necks, and
rows of dots between glaze stripes running down their manes, spines and tails. The
exergues
in front and behind the feet of the horses are decorated with swastikas at the
corners, and series
of short glaze strokes at the centre. The sloping.part of the lid is decorated with bands and
rows of dots; two zones at the edge contain series of zigzags separated by stars, and series of
lines separated by St. Andrew's crosses. Attic clay with black to chocolate-brown
glaze.
We have seen (XX 5) this to be the latest pyxis shape. Two pyxides of this type from a
grave
at Spata of the end of the eighth century have horses as lid-handles (Spata, Grave
3; Delt., VI,
1920-21, p. 137, fig. 7). There are a number of pyxides by the same hand as ours; the stereotyped
decoration is so consistently the same that they are unmistakably related. The
body is always
divided into panels filled alternately by swastikas and checker-board pattern, sometimes varied
by a ring of dotted rings linked by tangents. The bottom, which has either a wavy snake-ring
or a multifoil at the centre, has always an outer snake ring, and bands with series of short
glaze
strokes just inside the foot. The lid is invariably bordered at the edge with zones
containing
92
RODNEY S. YOUNG
series of zigzags separated by stars, and series of short glaze strokes separated by St. Andrew's

crosses.
The pyxides of this group are: Copenhagen, C.V.A., Denmark 2, pl. 71, 4 a and b; Wiirzburg,
Langlotz, Griechische Vasen in Wiirzburg, pl. V, 54; The Hague, C. V. A., Pays Bas, II, pl. 3, 5 and
6; Kerameikos, 338, Hampe, pl. 33.
I have seen four more, said to be from Spata, in the hands of antiquity-dealers in Athens.
The Kerameikos pyxis was found in a grave together with a little oinochoe which, as Hampe
points out, is directly in the line of development from the latest Geometric to Phaleron ware
(Hampe, p. 38 and fig. 19). The dating of this little oinochoe should then be at about 700; it seems
to be the latest offering in the grave. We can thus confidently date our group of pyxides in the
last quarter of the eighth century.
XVIII7. Pyxis. Figs. 59-60

P 4781. H., 0.112 m. Max. Diam., 0.264 m.
The lid was not put in the grave, although two pairs of tieholes pierced through the rim
attest that there was once a lid. Ring foot and rather deep convex body. Above the foot, bands
and a zone of interlock; a meander runs around the middle of the body. Below the rim, bands
and a zone filled with zigzag. On the bottom, narrow pointed triangies, latticed, radiating from
a large glazed circle at the centre. Attic clay with black glaze which is brownish where thin, and
in places metallic.
The shape is early; compare the pyxis from one of the Areopagus graves C.V.A., Athens, I,
pl. 1, 9. In the course of time it becomes shallower and slightly less convex. Three deep pyxides of
this type were found together in a grave in Eleusis (Eleusis Grave 19; Eph. Arch., 1898, p. 83 and
pl. 4, 6; only one is illustrated. Their inventory numbers in the Eleusis Museum are 890, 891 and
894). Our pyxis is somewhat later in shape. There is a
pyxis of this shape with late decoration at Cambridge,
C. V.A., Cambridge, I, pl. 1, 20.
XVIII8. Clay Whorl. Fig. 62

MC 40. H., 0.013 m. Diam., 0.02 m.
The purpose of this object is not clear, since it is too
small, and the hole is too big, to allow of convenient use as
a whorl. It conforms in its shape, however, to the usual
Geometric type of whorl.
XVIII 9-10.
Bronze Rings.
Fig. 73
XVIT5
Fig. 62. GraveXVIII, Clay Whorl

(XVIIIA)
9. B 197. Diam. of ring, 0.018 m. Diam. of wire, 0.002 m.

10. B 198. Diam. of ring, 0.025 m.
Single coils of fine bronze wire; XVIII 10 is slightly heavier
than XVIII 9. A third ring of the same type broke into small
fragments. (XVIII10 B. Fig. 73.)
XVIII11-14. Iron Fibulae. Figs. 63, 73

IL 165. L., 0.036m.
Four small iron fibulae, very much rusted and corroded; in
places stuck together, and in places broken. The type can be
clearly made out and reconstructed from the fragments; a convex-

Restored Drawing of Fibulae
XVITT11-14
93
concave bow, and a square catch-plate. Our fibulae are then examples of Blinkenberg'sAtticoBoeotian type, and similar, in miniature,to XVII28.
A small bronze fibula of the same type was found in fragments with the iron fibulae;it was
too fragile and fragmentaryto be restored.
GRAVE XIX

Plan. Fig. 1. Grave. Fig. 64. Contents. Fig. 73

Inhumation of a man. Height above sea-level, 56.30m. The area in which the grave
lay had been disturbed from above in Roman times, and the outlines of the shaft had been
?:?,??'`'.?;X?.
'F-? 9
r- *
i*c??~
`??.rc;
,. T'dc
--lr
?iI
?.
:
Y
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,e......
"4
:f
iY
n ,.,,
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;
U:J.
"*
-?LI
i,?_
r ...??Y
;t?P
,,
?e
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i 11?
- :
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.i
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*i?Q-`
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fica,
Fig. 64. Graves VI, XVIII, and XIX. Grave XIX in foreground,XVIII above, and VI at left
obliterated. The northwest end, however, was preserved in a cutting in the rock of the
sloping hillside. This cutting, 0.59 m. wide, extended to a total depth of 0.62 m. below the
rock surface. This depth had provided space for two separate burials, one above the other.
The earlier burial, Grave XX, occupied the bottom of the cutting; the later, Grave XIX,
rested on a filling of ash 0.38 m. above it. A thin layer of sand had been sprinkled over
the filling of the earlier burial, to serve as a floor for the later. The skeleton of a man lay
with the head toward the northwest; an iron knife was found lying under the left upper
arm. Other grave offerings may have been removed in Roman times.
Successive burials one above the other are of common occurrence in other Geometric
cemeteries (as at the Kerameikos and Eleusis); but, as far as observed, they have always
94
RODNEY S. YOUNG
been fortuitous and haphazard. The second use of this grave cutting in the Agora cemetery
was, on the other hand, clearly no matter of chance; it necessitated the recollection of the
exact position of the grave, and probably considerable effort in the careful removal, and
no doubt replacement, of the stone slabs with which the earlier burial must have been
covered. It may be argued that both burials could have been made at the same time; but
had this been so, we should not have expected to find a layer of ash separating the two

skeletons, or a sprinkling of sand over the ash for the upper body to rest on. In any
event, whether or not the two burials were made at the same time, the double burial suggests
some close relationship between the two occupants, and strengthens our belief that the
grave precinct was a family plot. Grave XX is to be dated in the last quarter of the eighth
century; Grave XIX is somewhat later. The knife found with the skeleton in Grave XIX is
of the same type as the one found in Grave XI; but such knives were probably used over
a long period of time.
XIX1. Iron Knife. Fig. 73

IL 162. L., 0.148m. Max.W., 0.02m.
Broken into two parts and mended. Flat blade.
A similarknife was found in Grave XI. The type is common;similarknives have been found
in Eleusis (Eph. Arch., 1889, pp. 181-182) and at Thera (Ath. Mitt.,XXVIII, 1903, p. 235, fig. 79,
and in Schiff'sGrave, Thera, II, p. 304, fig. 491F).
GRAVEXX
Plan. Fig. 1. Grave. Figs. 65-66.
Contents. Fig. 67
Inhumation, probably of a woman. Height above sea-level, 55.92m. The skeleton lay
on the same line as that of the man above it, but with the orientation reversed: the head
was at the southeast end of the grave. The grave offerings, with the exception of a pyxis,
had been placed at the lower end of the cutting; the pyxis lay beside the right hand of the
skeleton. The body and the vases had been covered with earth to a depth of 25 cm.; then
a layer of ash and cinders, about 10 cm. thick, had been thrown into the grave. Probably
the whole had been covered with slabs which were later removed to make room for the
second burial (Grave XIX).

The determination of the sex of the skeleton was difficult (see Appendix III). Six of
the vases offered, skyphoi, a plate, a kantharos, and an oinochoe, are offerings suitable for
a man's grave; the seventh, a pyxis, is a type of vase always associated with the burial of
a woman. The presence of the pyxis in our grave seems to make it more probable that the
person buried was a woman than a man. The vases are late Geometric. The three skyphoi
are only slightly earlier in shape than the subgeometric skyphos V 3, for which a date in
the first quarter of the seventh century has been suggested. The kantharos, a specimen of
a shape that does not appear early in the Geometric repertory, is not one of the earliest
95
examples of that shape. The pyxis is of the latest pyxis type and finds parallels in a very
late Geometric grave at Spata; its decoration too is often used together with very late
date in the last
Our
eighth
grave must
figured
ZD~~Ib~r
l~J
~CV~LI~~
CC~ quarter
l~~IV ~of the
IV
Vl~rrVlrrJ centulry.
in scenes.

I.
Fig. 65. Grave XX.
I
^J1
-w- '
:f
/1
Fig. 66. Grave XX.
XX 1. Skyphos.
Skeleton and Grave Offerings
Fig. 67
P 4773. H., 0.07m. Diam. at rim, 0.112m.

Low base, shallow rounded shoulder, and narrow rim. The handle zone reserved, and a band
on the rim; four dot rosettes in the handle-zone on each side. Glazed inside, with a reserved
band at the rim and dot at the centre of the floor. Attic clay, with somewhat metallic black glaze.
The deep body and shallow convex shoulder are signs that our skyphos is late in the
development of the shape. Early Geometric skyphoi, like those of the Areopagus Graves
(C.V.A., Athens, I, pl. I, 3-4, and 10-11) have rather shallow open bodies, well rounded at the
shoulder, and standing on ring feet. Nearer in shape to our skyphos is a cup in Berlin: Ath.
Mitt., XLIII, 1918, pl. I, 2. The skyphos from Grave V, which we have seen reason to date in
the first quarter of the seventh century, is more developed than the one from Grave XX. The
ring foot of the early skyphos has been replaced on the skyphos from Grave XX by a low base;
the subgeometric example from Grave V has merely a flat bottom.
XX 2. Skyphos.
Fig. 67
P 4774. H., 0.072 m. Diam. at rim, 0.112 m.

Low base; the shape and decoration the same as those of XX 1, but the body more rounded
and wider at the bottom. In the reserved band inside the rim, eight series of short vertical
glaze strokes. Somewhat metallic black glaze, peeled in places.
96
RODNEY S. YOUNG
XX 3. Skyphos. Fig. 67
P 4776. H., 0.077 m. Diam. at rim, 0.124 m.
The shape and decoration the same as those of XX 2. Four dot rosettes in the handlezone on one side, five on the other. The glaze black to dark reddish-brown; dark brown
inside.

XX 4. Kantharos. Fig. 67
Low base and deep body with a plain rim. The lower body glazed; bands below the handle
attachments. In the handle-zone, three panels separated by verticals and filled, at the sides by
rX1
i:t
1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ir
r2 XX
--t
.
XX6
a
tt7,1~~~~~~~~~
?-?I~~~~~~~.
..f.+.
4
?.r
XX3
Ax5
Fig. 67. Grave XX, Vases (XX 1-7)

eight-spoked wheels, compass-drawn, and at the centre by meander. Below the lip, large round
dots linked by tangents. Glazed inside; bars on the handles. Attic clay with black to brown
glaze. The kantharos is not an early Geometric shape. One found in an unpublished Agora
well of the first half of the eighth century is of essentially the same shape as the kantharos
from Grave XX, but, as is to be expected, shallower, and with more rounded shoulder. Another
kantharos, earlier than ours, from a grave at the Kerameikos, shows the same differences in
shape as does the one from the well (A.A., 1933, pp. 279-280, fig. 15). The wheels that fill the
side panels are of the same type as those used as neck ornaments on amphoras from graves of
the last quarter of the eighth century (Dipylon Graves XIII and X; Wide, figs. 48 and 49. Compare also the fragments from our seventh century well, C 150-152 below).
97

XX 5. Pyxis and Lid. Fig. 67

A low base; the shallow body has an only slightly convex side wall. A flat in-turned rim
at the top supports the lid; two corresponding pairs of holes through the rim and through the
lid served as tieholes through which strings could be passed to fasten pyxis and lid together.
Glaze above the base, and a triple band; the body divided into panels by sets of verticals and
zigzag. Alternating panels are filled with swastikas and quatrefoils; dot rosettes serve as filling
ornament between the arms of the swastikas and the leaves of the quatrefoils. On the bottom,
a multifoil surrounding an eight-spoked wheel at the centre; hatched triangles fill the spaces
between the outer ends of its leaves. On the spiked knob handle of the flat lid, bands, and a zone
of concentric rings linked by tangents on the knob. On the lid itself, bands, elongated dots
linked by tangents, and plain dots; a fringe of short glaze strokes at the edge. Attic clay with
a fine smooth pale buff surface; solid black glaze, brownish where it is thin. Pyxides with wide
shallow body and side wall only slightly convex seem to represent the latest development of the
shape. Often their diameter is slightly less at the rim than at the base. The form must have
developed from the earlier deep convex pyxis whose greatest diameter is about half-way up,
like the pyxis from Areopagus Grave, C.V.A., Athens, I, pl. I, 9; shallow early pyxides with
very convex side wall also exist. Two pyxides of the same type as ours were found in a grave
at Spata with very late vases, Geometric and subgeometric together (Spata, Grave 3; Delt., VI,
1920-21, pp. 134 ff. and figs. 6-10). The use of the quatrefoil decoration in panels is also popular
in late Geometric; compare the jug, XVIII 1. Quatrefoil and octofoil in combination with late,
almost mannered, figure decoration appear on a kantharos and a basin in Copenhagen (C.V.A.,
Copenhagen, II, pl. 72, 4 and pl. 73, 5) and on two vases from Cyprus, probably Attic, in New
York (Myres, A Handbook of the Cesnola Collection, 1701-02, pp. 286-287). It is perhaps worth
noting also on our pyxis the nearly vertical hatching of the swastikas, a late manner of drawing.
XX 6. Plate.
XX7.
Fig. 67
P 4777. H., 0.057 m. Diam. at rim, 0.197m.

Shallow ring foot and flat, slightly projecting, rim; rolled handles with out-turned ends.
The body is rather deep, and the side wall markedly convex. The inside glazed; series of
strokes separated by St. Andrew's crosses on the upper face of the rim. The body banded, with
a row of dots half-way up; latticed decoration in the handle zone. Ladders on the handles, and
a series of concentric rings, interrupted by a zone of short glaze strokes, on the bottom. Attic
clay with metallic black glaze, somewhat peeled at one side.
Early Geometric plates of this type have a more convex side wall and pierced lug handles.
Such plates were probably intended to be hung against the wall by their handles; the outside is
always more elaborately decorated than the inside. Later plates of the same type become flat
bottomed and very much shallower; their side walls become straight instead of convex. Compare
the series of later plates from the seventh century well, C 79-82; the series continued well into
the second half of the century. A plate somewhat later than ours was found with vases having
subgeometric decoration, probably of the very early seventh century, in a grave at Spata (Spata
Grave 2; Delt., VI, 1920-21, pp. 134-135, figs. 4-5).
Oinochoe. Fig. 67
P 4772. H., 0.225 m. Max. Diam., 0.143 m.
Low base and band-handle. Entirely covered with thick chocolate-brown
glaze except for
a reserved band below the shoulder, and a panel on the front of the neck, which is filled
by a band
of tooth-pattern between horizontal lines above and below. Bars on the handle.
The shape is the same as that of the late round-bodied type (like XIIl
1) except that it is not
truncated at the bottom. It resembles also the taller early Geometric
oinochoai; but here a base
has replaced the usual early ring-foot.
98
RODNEY S. YOUNG
GRAVEXXI
Plan. Fig. 1. Grave. Figs. 29-30, 68

Inhumation of a woman. Height above sea-level, 56.53 m. Length of shaft, 2.15m.
Width, 0.63 m. Depth, 0.52 m. 'The grave lhad been rifled in the sixth century. The diggers
of Well C cut throirughthe ed(ge of the shaft; the skeleton was complete excep)t for the blone

of the upper right arm, which had been taken off in the digging of
the well. The slabs of the cover were found piled over the foot of
the grave, where one of them had been left in position. Probably
the diggers of the well, after finding the edge of the grave at the
side of their shaft, dug from above and ol)ened the grave, removing
the offerings but respecting the skeleton. The body lay with its head
at the northeast end of the cutting.
'...
Even in the absence of grave offerings there can be little doubt
that the grave belongs to the Geometric period, in view of its situa-
"
.
" .
t
J
.
tion in a precinct with several Geometric burials of exactly the same
type. The position of Grave XXI in relation to Graves XI and XXII

suggests that it was one of the latest
burials
,
but there were no
.~~~~~~ made;'
finds to fix its placer/~~.1)~~~
in our series with greater certainty.
.
.
e XXI
Fig. 68. Grave XXI.
)rawingby PietdeJoig
GRAVEtXXII
Plan. Fig. 1. Grave. Figs. 29 and 31

Inhumation, probably of a man. Height above sea-level, 56.97m. The grave cutting,
oi'ieilted roughlylr east and w est, was only 0.30 m. wi(le. The grave had lbeen twice disturbed;
of the skeleton only the thigh bones were found. At the east the shaft had been cut through
its lower end by Grave XI; the upper half of the grave had b)een destroyed by Well C. As
the bottom of the grave lay only about 30cm. below- the floor-level of the sixth century
enclosure, the covering slabs must have been removed in the levelling down of the surface
of the terrace. The body had been laid with its head toward the west; the size of the
femurs, the only bones found, suggests that the skeleton was that of a man. No grave
offerings were found in the preserved part of the grave, which had not been disturbed
by the diggers of the well. The ends of two of the cover slabs of Grave XI rested on
the earth in Grave XXII; had the earth bleen removed the cover of Grave XI would hlave
fallen in.
Grave XXII had been disturbed by Grave XI, and was therefore probably considerably
older than Grave XI. Its position at the narrow end of the terrace, close in beside the hill
slope, suggests that it was the first burial made in our family cemetery.
99
GRAVESXXIII-XXV

Thirty-five metres to the southwest of the grave precinct three more graves were found,
all close together, and cut, like those of the precinct, at the foot of the slope of the Kolonos
Agoraios. They appear on the plan (Hesperia, V, 1936, p. 15, fig. 13) as two small rectangiiles just to the south of the e(lge of the great cultting in the hillside at the south of the
grave precinct. Three burials thus close together must be, like those in the grave precinct,
interrelated, and may belong to the-same family. Like Graves III-XXII they belong to
the end of the Geometric period. Had the grave precinct been a general cemetery instead
of a family pllot, these three contemporary burials would probably have been made in it
instead of at some distance away. The graves are published with those of the precinct
b)ecause they are of the same perio(l, and because they yielded vases of types not found in
the other graves.
GRAVEXXIII
Disturbed cist grave. The rectangular shaft was cut in the rock with a northeast and
southwest orientation; it was 1.62 m. long and 0.52m. wide. The rock cutting was very
shallow, with a d(lelth of only 0.15-0.20 m.; the upper part of the grave must have been cut
in the filling over b)edrock, which had been disturbed over the area around the graves. At
the b)ottom of the cutting there was a layer of small stones which served as a floor for the
bnrial. The disturlbance of the fill above had destroyed the grave and its skeleton; in the
shallow cutting were foulnd a few human teeth and ribs, and one skyphos broken into many
small fragments. The skyphos is Attic in fabric, but (orinthianizing in shaple; it is dateable
in the last quarter of the eighth century.
XXIII 1. Corinthianizing Skyphos. Fig. 69
P 3569. H.. 0.07m. )iam. at rim, 0.106n.
Flat bottom and convex hody with plain rim: rolled horizontal handles, tilted slightly
to below the handle-zone.lwherethere are three bands.
upward, set just below the lip. (;Glazed
IN
I
I
~_
Fig. (i9.
.."I
I~111
a
='s
11 r~311
Cc-C
GIln--
_EO_
Grave XXI 1, Corinthianiziiig
Skypllos (XXIII
]I
7f
RODNEY S. YOUNG

100
Short wavy verticals in the handle-zone; bands on the lip. The inside glazed, with a reserved
band at the lip; the handles glazed. Thin fabric of Attic clay; the dull black glaze is streaky
and, in places, brow-nish.
The shape is imitated from such early Protocorinthian skyphoi with rather shallow open
body and convex side wall as Johansen, pl. IX 1, and pl. X 1. As is usual in Attic imitations
(see below, p. 146), the Protocorinthian ring foot has been replaced by a flat bottom; the Attic
decoration, careless and hasty, contrasts with the overcareful decoration of the Protocorinthian
models. The Protocorinthian vases from which our skyphos is imitated belong in the last
quarter of the eighth century. Another Attic imitation of Protocorinthian vases of this type
was found in a late eighth century grave at Spata (Spata Grave 1; Delt., VI, 1920-21, pp. 132-133,
figs. 2-3). The wavy vertical decoration in the handle-zone of our skyphos is often used for
the filling of decorated zones around the low-er bodies of late Geometric kraters (A.J.A., XIX,
1915), pls. XVII-XXIII). Our skyphos probably belongs near the end of the eighth century.
GRAVE XXIV
Figs. 70-71. Hesperia, IV, 1935, p. 364, fig. 20

Disturbed inhumation. In the disturbed fill overlying the bedrock, a metre to the east
of Grave XXIII, was found part of a skeleton. The upper part of the-body and the head
Fig. 70.
Graves XXIV-XXV.
Skeletons and Grave
Offerings
Fig. 71. Graves XXIV-XXV.
101
were preserved, though much damaged. The skeleton lay on the bedrock, which had been
smoothed for it, with its head toward the south; the arms, lying on the chest, were bent at
the elbow with the hands below the chin. The legs were missing; probably the body had
been buriedwith bent legs and raised knees. The late disturbance which had destroyed the
lower part of the skeleton, and badly damaged the upper part, had removed all traces of

grave offerings. The burial partly overlay Grave XXV, which must then have been earlier.
There seems to be no special relation between the two burials as there was between
Graves XIX and XX; the difference in orientation between Grave XXIV and Grave XXV
suggests that the later grave was placed quite by chance in its position partly over the
earlier.
GRAVEXXV
Contents. Figs. 72. Hesperia, IV, 1935, pp. 364-365, figs. 20-21
The grave of a youth. The shaft was cut in the bedrock to a depth of about 0.30m.;
Grave. Figs. 70-71.
its upper part, disturbed by Grave XXIV at one side, must have been cut in the fill over
bedrock. The shaft was oriented from northeast to southwest, and measured 2.10m. in
length and 0.68 m. in width. The skeleton lay on its back, the head toward the southwest,
the legs outstretched, and the arms extended along the sides. The length of the skeleton,
the proportions of which suggested that it was that of a youth, from the top of the head
(which was tilted forward) to the ankle was 1.34m.; the youth could not have been very
tall, and had probably not yet attained full growth. The vases offered at the burial lay
at the lower end of the grave: a pitcher which had been laid across the grave below the
feet, with its lid, which probably covered its mouth when it was placed in the grave;
farther down, a jug and a skyphos. These vases were all found in place, but cracked;
a fourth vase, a small hand-made aryballos, lay at one side of the grave near the foot,
broken into two pieces. It is probable that the three decorated vases had been placed whole
in the grave, and that the aryballos had been broken before its pieces were put in. The
aryballos had probably contained oil or perfume, and had been broken at the burial ceremonies; a similar aryballos was found in the hand of the skeleton in Grave XVII. There was
a quantity of black carbonized matter in the filling in the skyphos and the jug;
probably
the remains of food placed with the body in the grave. The types of vases
offered-pitcher,
jug, and skyphos-are the same as those offered in the man's grave XIV, and confirm the
identification of the skeleten as that of a man. In their shapes and decoration the vases
combine a number of late Geometric features; our grave must date from the end of the
eighth century.
XXV 1. Skyphos. Fig. 72
P 3645. H., 0.062m. Diam. at rim, 0.154m.
Low base and shallow convex body with widely flaring lip;
long horizontal rolled handles,
set low. The lower body, and the outer faces of the handles,
glazed; bands below the handle-
102
RODNEY S. YOUNG

zone and on the inside and outside of the lip. A latticed lozenge at the centre of the handlezone, front and back, with opposed triangles to each side. The side wall is glazed inside; the
floor is reserved, and filled at the centire by an eight-spoked -wheel suilrrounded by fouirteen
concentric rings. Thin fabric of Attic clay with dull brownish-black glaze.
In shape the skyphos belongs to the class of metallic imitations listed by Kunze, Kretische
Bronzereliefs, p. 76, note 6; such skyphoi have, like ours, decoration on the inside as w\-ell as
on the outside; compare the two from Anavysos, Praktika, 1911, p. 121, 18-19, and from Spata
Grave 3 (Delt., VI, 1920-21, p. 134, fig. 8). The ornament is almost always early orientalizing
or subgeometric. The simple motives used in the handle-zone of our example are usually late;
the latticed lozenge appeairs most often as a filling oirnament under hoirses on late Geometrlic
Fig. 72. Grave XXV, Vases (XXV 1-4)

vases, and the tiriangles with opposzd points aire popular as filling oirnament on subgeometric
and early orientalizing pottery. A fragment of a skyphos like ours was found in the seventh
century well; see below, C 40, where the type is discussed.
XXV 2. Pitcher with Lid. Fig. 72

P 3647. H. to lip, 0.192m. Max. Diam., 0.143m. H. of lid, 0.066 m.
Flat bottom and rather deep convex lower body meeting the wide, slightly flaring upper
body at an angle; rising band handle from the lip to the lower body, joined to the upper body
by a strut. Solid glaze, and bands, around the bottom; a zone filled by wavy verticals at the
level of the handle attachment. On the shoulder, interlocking latticed triangles. A wide zone
decorated with meander on the upper body; a dotted lozenge chain above and below. A glaze
band inside the lip; eight series of dots decorate its upper face. The handle is barred, and
decorated in two places with eight-armed crosses in panels. The shallow concave lid has its
rim fluted at the point where it fits against the handle of the pitcher; the spike handle at the
centre of the lid is banded. The upper face of the lid is also banded; at the edge, seven dot
rosettes alternate with six series of short wavy glaze lines, tw-o rosettes coming togethe
opposite the pitcher-handle. Attic clay with dull black glaze, badly peeled.
103
The shape, not quite the same as that of XVIII 1 and XVII 18, or of XIV 1, finds a late
Geometric parallel in the big pitcher Wide, fig. 77, which has a plump body and wide, not very
high upper part. The zone of wavy verticals is comparable to the decoration in the handlezone of XXIII 1. It has already been noted that dotted lozenge chains and interlocking latticed
triangles are motives used in late Geometric of the end of the eighth century.

XXV 5.
Jug.
Fig. 72
P 3646. H. to lip, 0.085m. Max. Diam., 0.079m.

Flat bottom, low convex lower body and high flaring upper body; rising band handle.
The angle at which upper and lower body meet has become very shallow. Glaze and bands
around the bottom; a dotted lozenge chain at the level of the handle attachment. On the upper
body, latticed round-ended petals, outlined with glaze; between each pair of petals a column
of thiree dotted rings linked by tangents, pendant from downward-pointed latticed tiriangles.
A glaze band inside the lip, and series of short verticals on its upper edge. The handle is
barred, and decorated with a St. Andrew's crloss. Attic clay with dull black glaze, badly peeled.
The jug belongs to the same type as XVIII 1-2 and XVII 18, but it is later in shape and
approaches the Protoattic form of Wide, fig. 80. Similar in shape, and covered with subgeometric decoration, is the jug from Grave 3 at Spata (Delt., VI, 1920-21, p. 134, fig. 8). Two
jugs from Anavysos have the same latticed-petal decoration (Prc ktika, 1911, p. 117, 6 and
p. 119, 14), a decoiration suitable for the ornamentation of vases made w-ith godroons in
imitation of metal (Boston 271; Fairbanks, Catalogue, pl. XXII).
XXV 4. Hand-made Aryballos.
Fig. 72
P 3644. H., 0.081 m. Max. Diam., 0.075 m.

Spherical body, flattened at the bottom, with narrow neck flaring to a round mouth, and
one band-handle. Fine buff clay, slightly micaceous, and polished on the outside, after being
worked smooth by a flat-edged implement.
An aryballos of the same type as XVII 22, but bigger.
THE JEWELLERY.
No discoveries
of metal work or jewellery
Fig. 73
were made among
the sporadic
finds in the
grave area, nor did any come from the well deposit. The iron and bronze objects from
the graves are discussed here because they help to throw light on the chronology of the
burials. For the influence of metal work on pottery, see below, p. 223.
The rings of bronze and iron found in Graves IX, XVII, and XVIII, and the bracelet
from the sacrificial pyre Grave XII are all of undistinguished type, and are very poorly
preserved. The spiral rings XVII 24-25 are too small to have been worn on the finger;
they may have been used as ornaments for the hair. Similar spirals, but more elaborately
made and of gold, were found in a grave at Corinth.1 In the same group of graves at
Corinth were found long bronze pins, over half a metre in length. Our pin XVII 26 may
have been of this type; two pins of the same sort, presumably Attic in origin, are in the
Toronto Museum.2 The purpose for which such pins were used is uncertain; as fasteners
for drapery they must have been very clumsy and dangerous.
1 A.J.A., XLII,
1938, p. 152, fig. 5.
2
J.H.S., LI, 1931, p. 166, figs. 2-3.
RODNEY S. YOUNG
104
The iron knives found in Graves XI and XIX are of a type commonly found in the late
Geometric period, and apparently used at least until the end of the seventh century.'

The fibulae are of greater interest. They all belong to Blinkenberg's Attico-Boeotian
type,2 which Hampe3 has called Boeotian. Hampe argues that most of the fibulae
of this type have been found in Boeotia, and that the elaborate incised decoration
of many examples is stylistically similar to the decoration of Boeotian vases of the
late eighth and early seventh century. Examples found in Attic graves are few;
Hampe lists fibulae from the Isis Grave and from Grave a at Eleusis; a silver fibula from
Thorikos, and one in Toronto.4
Hampe believes the Isis Grave, Grave a, and the group of
29-?30
O'
X:VU^26
^
...X:
108
L'
29-50 ^
~ X1
Fig. 73.
?.,_S
Bronze and Iron Jewellery
and Knives from the Graves
vases in Toronto to belong in the ninth century; he is therefore forced reluctantly to the
suggestion that fibulae of the type used in the late Geometric and orientalizing period in
Boeotia had been used in Attica a-century earlier, and then ceased to be made. The Agora
graves XVII-XVIII furnish examples of this type of fibula found in late eighth century
graves in Attica. The Isis Grave and Grave a, moreover, are also late Geometric graves 5
of the end of the eighth century. The vases in the Toronto Museumare published together
One was found in Schiff's Grave at Thera: Thera, II, p. 304, fig. 491 F.
3 Hampe, pp. 1 ff.
Blinkenberg Type VIII; pp. 147 ff.
4
Hampe, p. 5; catalogue nos. 10, 24-27, 148. The silver fibula from Thorikos apparently has no
context.
Other examples, said to be from Attica, are listed; they are scattered through many museums,
and have nothing more than their own internal evidence as to date.
5 On the Isis
Grave, see Appendix II.
2

105
with two bronze pins, a bronze fibula, a crystal bead, and a whorl, as the contents of an
Attic grave.1 The whorl is of a type often found in sixth and fifth century deposits, never
in Geometric;2 its presence in the Toronto " grave " group destroys credence in the unity
of the group, so that the vases (early eighth century) cannot be used as evidence for the
date of the fibula.
Thus it appears that fibulae of the sort found in eighth and seventh century graves in
Boeotia are found also in late eighth century Attic graves, and that none can be assigned to
the ninth century. That fibulae of the same sort should have been used at the same time in
Attica and Boeotia is much more probable than that they should have gone out of favor
in Attica nearly a hundred years before they came into favor in Boeotia. Their use in
both districts at the same time suggests that they were made in both districts, and that it
is safer to cling to Blinkenberg's term, Attico-Boeotian, than without reserve to adopt
Hampe's, Boeotian.
It may seem to be an argumzentum in circulo to date our Agora graves by the fibulae
found in them, and at the same time to attempt to date the fibulae by the graves in which
they were found. We do not, however, rely only on the evidence of the fibulae for the
dating of the pottery; many criteria other than the fibulae are used for the dating of the
graves in the late eighth century. Hampe, on the other hand, has produced excellent
evidence for the dating of the fibulae in the same period. Since both graves and fibulae
are contemporary, we cannot be surprised at finding fibulae of this type in our graves. The
misfortune is that of the only other Attic grave groups in which such fibulae have been
found, two should have been for many years dated too early, and the third should be untrustworthy as a group because of an experiment in synthesis on the part of an antiquity dealer.
To Hampe's list of fibulae might be added a silver fibula from Eretria: Ath. Mitt.,
XXXVIII, 1913, p. 295, fig. 4, in addition to those noticed by Kunze, Gott. Gel. Anz., 1937,
pp. 281 ff.
II
SPORADIC FINDS FROM IN AND NEAR THE GRAVE PRECINCT
A number of vases and fragments from various parts of the grave area are
published
in a second catalogue, Group B. It has been thought best to
publish these fragments as
groups according to finding places, rather than to divide them according to shapes.
J.H.S., LI, 1931,pp. 164ff., and pl. VI; the whorl, no 12.
' Seven whorls of this
type have been found in the Agora: two from disturbedareas, the other five
(two found togethel), in four different deposits which were all consistently late sixth and early fifth
century in character,with no Geometricsherds in any. Two more, from the East Cave of the Acropolis, have been publishedby Miss Pease in Hesperia,V, 1936, p. 269, fig. 19, nos. 28-29. No whorls of
this sort have been found in any of the Geometricdeposits at the Agora, the
Kerameikos,or Eleusis.
The Geometrictype of whorl is double-convex;see Hesperia,II, 1933, p.
602, fig. 70, no. 255, and our
C 176-180,fig. 142.

106
RODNEY S. YOUNG
Although some of them are important in themselves they carry with them no evidence
from their contexts as to their origin or dating. Others, on the other hand, throw interesting sidelights on the history of the grave area. Middle Helladic objects (B 22-25)
suggest by their presence that the site was inhabited, and perhaps used for burials, long
before the Geometric period. They serve also as an example of the finding by chance of
antiquities as early as the eighth century. Fragments found in the trench from which
blocks of the parapet wall had been taken away, among them a number of bits of black
figure (B 34-51), and from the bedding made for the late sixth century reconstruction of
the wall (B 52-58), serve to demonstrate that the terrace had become much dilapidated by
the latter part of the sixth century. Fragments from Layers II (B 59-63) and III (B 85-86)
of the road, and from a mass of earth dumped over the surface of Layer III (B 64-84),
illustrate the gradual accumulation of the road filling and the raising of its level during
the course of time. Large fragments of vases, found near Graves IX (B 6-7) and XX
(B 8) may have belonged to graves disturbed in ancient times; fragments found in Well B
(B 26-29) and Well C (B 30-33) may have come from graves disturbed by the well diggers.
A large number of fragments found scattered through the disturbed filling of Pit A may
also have been thrown out from rifled graves, or have been used and broken in the performance of rites honoring the dead. Most of these fragments are earlier than the middle
of the seventh century, and so fail to bridge the lapse of time between Graves I-II and the
earlier series of burials in the cemetery.
The fragments B 1-5 come from a filling of greenish clay thrown in between Pit A and
Well B (plan, fig. 1), and overlying the fill in which the graves were cut. Fragments of
B 1 and B 2 were scattered through this filling, showing that they were already broken
when it was dumped, at some time after the middle of the seventh century. The five objects
from the greenish clay dump may have come together from quite different original sources.
CATALOGUEOF OBJECTS
B 1. Protoattic Oinochoe. Figs. 74-75
P 4611. H. (as restored),0.32m. Max.Diam. (restored),0.18m.
Restored; preservedare most of the low ring foot, a large section of the front of the body,
and a smaller one at the side, most of the double rolled handle, and a fragment of the neck
with the vertical lines setting off the handle panel and, along its upper edge, the beginning
of the outward flare to the trefoil lip. Above the low ring foot, rays. On the body, two
sphinxes stand facing each other; both have lion's bodies, wings, and women's heads with the
faces drawn in outline. Of the sphinx at the left the back legs are preserved, with the
curving tail hanging down between them; the front legs, and part of the face and wing. The
feathers of the wing are incised and have rounded ends; part of three ranks of feathers is
preserved. A triple band across the neck, in front of the mass of hair that falls down the back
of the neck, indicates a necklace. The artist made and corrected a mistake in the drawing
of the face; a thin line, hardly visible, curves upward and outward from the point where the
neck and jaw-line meet, to the lower lip. This was probablythe original sketch for the outline
of the neck and chin, and the artist, realizing the disproportionof his sketch in time, corrected
it. The other sphinx is similarly drawn, except that the feathers of her wing are drawn in
107

outline instead of being incised. She also wears a triple-band necklace; her ear, which is
preserved, is set at the base of the jaw. Incision is sparingly used on the bodies of both
sphinxes for the indication of interior details. The space between the two sphinxes is filled
by a lairge almette coss,seds ith inwaid-tuined palmette filling the upper and lower arieas
enclosed by intertwvined tendrils; another palmette is added at each side of the crossing. The
?'
, Q:
~F?i~1
~ ~a~~~~~~~~
~
~
L~~
t
81
kbs^
Fig. 74. Protoattic Oinochoe (B 1)

neck \vas decoirated with floiral ornament, and the handle panel set off by vertical glaze lines.
Lozenges and short sections of zigzag are sparingly uIsed as filling ornament on the neck and
body; narrow glaze bands run down the back and side faces of the handle. A small fragment
of the body covered with floral decoration probably belongs at the back below the handle
attachment. Attic clay, with glaze varying from metallic to streaky black, and thin brown.

108
RODNEY S. YOUNG
The shape, developed from that of the late Geometric oinochoe, is what we should expect
the
middle of the seventh century. An oinochoe in New York (Myres, Handbook of the
by
Cesnola Collection, p. 288, 1702) dating probably from the beginning of the century, has
a straight neck and less pointed body than ours. Although full-sized Protoattic oinochoai of
the same shape as ours have not been found, miniatures from Phaleron (Delt., II, 1916, p. 39,
figs. 37-38) illustrate the tendency toward pointed body and tapering neck. Other Protoattic
examples (Jhb., II, 1887, pp. 45 ff., figs. 3, 5, 6, 8, and 12) show the same tendency, which is
already visible on such subgeometric oinochoai as C 118 (fig. 122 below).
The decoration shows not only an astonishing mastery of drawing, but also a fine sense
for arrangement and restraint in the ornament. The sphinxes fill the body of the pot without
crowding, and the floral ornament between them emphasizes the vertical axis of the vase
without distracting attention from the more important figures. The same arrangement of
l,
:.
t:$
*AL
Fig. 75. Protoattic Oinochoe B 1. Irawing by Piet de Jong
opposed sphinxes with floral ornament between them appears on the shoulder of a Cycladic
orientalizing amphora, and is repeated on the back with horses instead of sphinxes (Delos,
XVII, pls. XII-XIII, Bc 19). The floral ornament of the Cycladic vase is very close to that of
our oinochoe, although the drawing is more coarse. The floral ornament finds
many parallels
in the second quarter and at the middle of the seventh century; comparable is the ornament
on the neck of the oinochoe, Jhb., II, 1887, p. 52, fig. 14, on the cup A.A.,
1934, p. 220, fig. 15,
and on the kantharos C 65 (fig. 113 below). Our oinochoe, however, shows a
regularity and
a discipline. lacking in most Protoattic work, which seems often to take special
pains to
achieve asymmetry. Similar floral ornament appears again on vases with faces drawn in outline
from the Kerameikos; A. A., 1934, pp. 211-214, figs. 9-11, vases of the mid-seventh century.
The sphinxes of our oinochoe, though more finely drawn, are no more advanced in the
technique of drawing than the mourning women of the Kerameikos fragment, fig. 11, and
only slightly more advanced than the figures on the Nessos amphora in New York (J.H.S.,
XXXII, 1912, pls. X-XII; the floral ornament on the back of the same vase, p. 377, fig. 3, is
also illustrated
in Johansen, p. 116, fig. 60). The outline drawing of the human face has been
?~~~~~~~~~

109
perfected, and the time has come for further experiment. On the amphora from Kynosarges
(J.H.S., XXII, 1902, pl. III) we have the same fine sharp outline drawing; but now the outlined face is filled with white paint representing flesh-a device still in the experimental stage
in the seventh century, when the white is usually added directly on the clay of the pot, but
used regularly thrloughout the black-figured style, when the white is applied over a glazed
silhouette.
Our oinochoe, made at about the middle of the seventh century, is a link between the
New Yor-k and the Kynosarges amphoras; the former cannot be much more than ten years
earlier, the latter much more than ten years later. Outline drawing is very rare in Protocorinthian; but by comparing the examples that exist with our sphinxes, we may get an outside
check on their dating. Two aryballoi of Johansen's Class B Archaic Style have sphinxes and
a chimaera with their heads drawn in outline (Johansen, pls. XXVI, 5 b, and XXVII, 1 b;
Payne, PV, pl. 20, 1-"second
black-figured style"); these airyballoi date from the second
quarter of the seventh century. The Protocorinthian sphinxes are clearly less advanced than
our Prlotoattic ones; the chimaera, somewhat later, provides a fair parallel, and confirms our
mid-century dating. Many Cycladic and Melian vases have figures w-ith their faces drawn
in outline; the technique was certainly moire at home on the islands than on the mainland,
which they may have influenced. Unfortunately the Delos and Rheneia finds provide no
external evidence for the dating of the Cycladic pottery which will eventually have to be
dated by comparison with the better established Protocorinthian and Protoattic chronology.
Our oinochoe, and fragments of a bowl found in Athens (Ath. Mitt., XX, 1895, pi. III, 2)
demonstrate the skill in drawing attained by the Attic artisans by the middle of the
seventh century.
B"2. Protoattic
Figs. 76-77
Fragment.
P 6469. P.H., 0.159m. P.W., 0.162m.
A fragment from the lower body of a closed pot, probably a hydria. Double rays around
the bottom; the downward-pointed triangles between the bases of the lower series of rays are
filled with white. Above, part of a procession of women to the right. Parts of
three women are preserved; the first and
t
'
third are dressed in long skirts, with an\
overgarment the pointed corners of which
|
hang dowSnfront
in
and behind; their
'
clothes and feet are painted white. The
figure in the middle w-ears a skirt drawn in
YS
outline and filled with dots. In the field
between the figures, bands of zigzags, florlal
volutes, and vertical guilloche bands. Attic
clay, covered with thick creamy slip, which
l
has p)eeled badly, carrying with it much of
the black glaze and vwhite paint.
The
restoration in the drawing, fig. 76, is certain.
Comp)are the garment with that worn by
the figure at the left on the Kynosarges
amphora, J.H.S., XXII, 1902, pl. III, which is
B2
somewhat later. The lavish use of w-hite is
still comparatively rare before the middle of the seventh century, although on the Kynosalrges amphora, a few yearls later than 630,
Fig. 76. lProtoattic Fragment B 2. Drawring by
blotll \hite and red are use(d in quantity.
iet de
de Jolg
Piet
Jonig
110
RODNEY S. YOUNG

A hydria neck at the Agora, found in a deposit of the first and second quarters of the century,
is decorated with a procession of women wearing white skirts (unpublished; inventory P 10229);
they are somewhat more primitive in their drawing than the ladies on our fragment.
The floral volutes are comparable to those on a cup from a Phaleron grave of the second
quarter of the seventh century (Grave 48, Delt., II, 1916, p. 43, fig. 45, 1). Our fragment must
belong at about the same time, when experimentation- with white iwas going on, and while the old
subgeometric decoration (as on the skirt of the middle woman) still continued in use. A Protoattic fragment of about the same time -was found on the Acropolis (Graef-Langlotz, 364, p)l. 13;
the fragment ibid., 411 a, is published as Protocorinthian; but clay and glaze, no less than style,
indicate that it is Protoattic of the same stage of development).
B 3.
B 4.
Geometric Oinochoe Fragment.
Fig. 77
P 4641. P.H., 0.115m. Diam., 0.065m.

The neck is preserved; at the top it starts to flare into a trefoil mouth. The preserved part
of the shoulder glazed black; the handle panel at the back set off by columns of diagonals,
and glazed black. The neck decoration, bordered above and below
by
a band
of zigzag,
consists
of
three panels filled at the sides by

birds, at the centre by a swastika.
Filling ornament in the panels of
iows of dots, dot rosettes, and
chevr-on columns. Attic clay, with
black glaze shading to broown. Late
eighth
theiesde- or
another,century;
paroficie compare
way
coration of the jug XVIII 1 (fig. 60).
B3
eel
cred
soldrth
abndoB5
opo
Incised Household Ware Fragment. Fig. 77

P 6468.
Max. Diam., 0.042m.

Rinm flagment of a pitcher or Fiig. 77. Geometric and Protoattic Fragments (B 2-5)
amphora. A double wavy line is
incised below the rim; farther down,
another pair of incised wavy lines, more deeply curved. On the shoulder the top of a band of
key pattern is preserved. Coarse fabric of gritty micaceous red clay.
Compare the two amphoras from Anavysos, Praktika, 1911,
pl. 124. 26 an(l 28. On incise
household ware, see below, p. 19 and C 156-164.
B 5. Whorl Fragment.
Fig. 77
MC 132. P.H., 0.04m. Diam. at bottom (est.), 0.07 m.

Less than half of a conical whorl is preserved; it was probably pierced vertically through
the middle. .At one point a small hole has been bored vertically through the lower edge. On
the side, a zone of checker-boarld separlated by bands frlom two zigzags, one above, and the
other below. The bottom is divided into squares by crossed lines; alterlnating squar'es are
latticed, and filled with dot rosettes. Greyish buff clay with badly peeled black glaze; the
whorl gives the appearance of having been burned.
The type is unlike that of any other whorl found in geometiric or Protoattic context; it
may belong in the second half of the seventh centur'y, or later. On early whorls, see below,
p. 191 and C 176-180.

B6.
111
Fragmentary Amphora. Fig. 78

P 4978. P.H., 0.026m. Max. Diam., 0.215 m.

The fragments of this vase were found scattered through the disturbed fill above Grave IX;
the amphora may have been used originally for another infant's burial, destroyed by one of the
later glaves, or by one of the pits and wells in the grave precinct. Slender ovoid body on
a vertical ring foot; preserved to the shoulder, where there is a trace of the attachment of one
Fig. 78. Fragmentary Amphora and Basin (B (i-7) from near Grave IX
of the band-handles. The foot glazed; two fairly wide glaze bands around the body. Attic
clay, with dull brown glaze.
Probably somewhat earlier than the amphoras from Graves VII and VIII; the foot is
straight, and the glaze bands are wide and few in number.
B 7. Basin Fragment.
Fig. 78
P 4979. P. H., 0.21 m. Diam. at rim (est.), 0.50 m.

Found in the fill to the east of Grave IX; fig. 22. The bottom is missing. Deep convex
body with plain rim very slightly concave in profile, and horizontal rolled handles. Decorated
with three broad glaze bands, one of which is on the rim; a wavy line in the handle-zone. The
inside unglazed, except at the lip. Attic clay with streaky black glaze; the basin was probably
put upside down on the wheel to be painted, and the glaze has run toward the rim. The handle,
on the other hand, was stuck on with glaze which has run toward the base.
Probably to be dated about the middle of the seventh century, or later.
B 8. Krater Fragment.
Fig. 79
P 4756. P.H., 0.18m. P. L., 0.245 m.

Found in the fill just to the east of Grave XX.
Part of the side wall of a large krater, with a "goathead" handle. The rim is turned slightly outward, and
decorated with bands and a row of dots. Below the
handle, a zone of tooth-pattern. On the horizontal rolled
handles, ladders with diagonal rungs; on the vertical
band handle, bars. Herring-bone pattern on the face of
the "goat," and opposed diagonals above. Attic clay
with much-peeled black glaze; the inside glazed. Attic
kraters with "goat-head" handles must be about contemliorary with Colinthian geometric kraters that have
I.*
-- - -
. . ---.e . ..
B8
Fig. 79. Krater Fragment (B 8) from

near Grave XX
112
RODNEY S. YOUNG
single-arched handles joined to the rim by vertical bands, as A.J.A., XXXIV, 1930, pp. 411-413,
figs. 5-7.
The following fragments, B 9-20, were found mostly in the mixed late fill in the bottom
of Pit A:

B 9.
B 10.
Corinthianizing Skyphos Fragment.
P 6475. P.H., 0.067 m. Diam. at rim, 0.16m.

Two non-joining fragments of an Attic skyphos of Protocorinthian shape, and with conventional Protocorinthian decoration. The body of the skyphos is not preserved below the banded
zone, so that it is not apparent whether the lower part was glazed, or decorated with rays. Attic
clay with dull black glaze; glazed inside.
On Corinthianizing Attic skyphoi, see below, p. 146 and C 19-34.
Geometric Skyphos Fragment.
Fig. 80
P 6476. H., 0.105 m.

No trace of a handle is preserved; the fragment may be from a skyphos, or a one-handled
cup; probably from the former, since it has a low base. Rounded shoulder, and short, slightly
flaring rim. Covered inside and out with firm black glaze except for the rim, which is banded
outside, and filled by series of short vertical glaze strokes in a reserved band inside.
B 11. Geometric Skyphos Fragment.
B 12.
Fig. 80
Fig. 80
P 6479. P.H., 0.132m. Diam. at rim (est.), 0.19m.

The bottom is not preserved. Rounded shoulder and a short vertical rim decorated with
bands. In the handle-zone, series of fine vertical lines, interrupted at intervals by heavier vertical
glaze bands. Glazed inside, with a reserved band filled by series of short vertical glaze-strokes
at the rim. Attic clay with thick black glaze.
For the decoration of the handle zone, compare the kantharos XI 5, and the krater fragment
C 103 (figs. 32 and 119).
Geometric Skyphos Fragment.
Fig. 80
P 5081. P.H., 0.083m.

The bottom is missing. Part of a deep convex skyphos with shallow rounded shoulder and
high vertical rim. The lower body glazed, and the rim decorated with bands and a row of dots;
in the handle-zone, a procession of birds. Attic clay with black glaze; a reserved band around
the lip inside.
The birds are like those on the lid of the big pitcher from Grave XIII in the Dipylon
(Hamnpe,
pl. 32, N.M. 771). On the shape, see below B 52.
B 15. Subgeometric Skyphos.
Fig. 80
P 6477. H., 0.045 m. Diam. at rim (rest.), 0.07 m.

Restored; the profile is complete. A low flat base and short, slightly flaring rim. Glazed on the
lower body and inside; a reserved band inside the rim, and glaze bands outside it. In the handlezone, two horses to the right. Attic clay with much-peeled black glaze, slightly metallic in places.
The shallow shape, wide at the bottom, suggests that the skyphos
belongs after the middle
of the seventh century. The hastily drawn animals, however, are
comparable to those of the
middle Protocorinthian oinochoe: Johansen, pl. XVII, 5.
LATE GEOMETRIC GRAVES AND A SEVENTII CENTURY WELL, ETC.

*infli
113
?'~
?i
.2
B20
~'~
..
..
..-4
B^^ES^
_--
89
B 15
^~<^^?
r.
i!*''
'
13'
..1
8 13
B18
/_,
Fig. 80. Geometric and Protoattic Fragments fiom the Grave Precinct (B 9-16, 18-20)
B 14. Geometric Plate.
Fig. 80
P 6474. H., 0.039m. Diam. at rim (rest.), 0.18 m.

Restored. Low base and slightly convex side wall; rolled horizontal handles turned out at
the ends. Glazed inside, with a reserved band halfway down the side, and a dot at the centre
of the floor. On the upper face of the rim, series of short glaze-strokes. A band filled with a row
of dots below the rim outside, and a zone of diagonally hatched leaves around the body below.
On the bottom, a wheel surrounded by a dot ring, and a wavy snake-ring outlined on both sides
with dots; a dotted ring in each loop of the snake. Attic clay with black glaze shading to red.
The decoration of thz bottom is much like that of the bottom of the pyxis XVIII 6.
B 15.
Geometric Plate Fragment.
Fig. 80
P 6473. H., 0.041 m. Diam. at rim (est.), 0.18m.

The profile complete, with flat bottom, straight side wall, and thickened rim, slightly projecting outside. The body banded, with a row of short verticals in the handle-zone; a four-spoked
wheel on the bottom. Attic clay with badly peeled black glaze.
Later than B 14; see below, p. 205 and C 79-82.
114
B 16.
RODNEY S. YOUNG
Geometric Bowl Fragment.
Fig. 80
P 6579. P.H., 0.099 m. Diam. at rim (est.), 0.25 m.

From a large two-handled bowl with short vertical rim. The body banded; in the handlezone, a coursing hound to the right, with zigzag filling ornament in the field. The handle panel
set off by multiple vertical lines and a zigzag; the rim banded. Glazed inside; the glaze dull
black to thin brown.
On the shape, see below, p. 206 and C 97-99; on the coursing hound decoration, C 99.

B 17. Spouted Basin Fragment.
Fig. 81
P 6547. P.H., 0.157m. Diam. at rim, 0.339m.

The bottom is missing, and the body in part restored.
Deep convex body with a sharply flaring rim and a spout
bridged by the rim; horizontal rolled handles set at the
shoulder. Two glaze bands around the body below the
handles; glaze on the handles, the spout, and the rim.
The inside glazed. Attic clay with thick black glaze
for the bands outside, and thin streaky black glaze
81. Spouted Basin (B 17)
inside.
F~~ig.
~~~~~~~~~inside.
Shape and fabric suggest that the basin was made
after the middle of the seventh century; the glaze begins to approach in quality the black glaze
of the classical period.
B 18. Geometric Amphora Fragment.
Fig. 80
P 6546. P.H., 0.199m. Diam., 0.178m.

A fragment of the neck of a large amphora, preserving an edge of t.e oanded shoulder;
the rim is missing. Decorated in zones separated by triple horizontal bands: upward from the
shoulder, a zigzag, a zone of interlocking hatched triangles, a wider zone divided into panels
filled with a swastika and a lozenge-star, a zone of sigmas, and a lozenge chain. Attic clay
with red glaze.
Probably from a late Geometric amphora with nearly straight neck and heavily rounded
rim, like XV 1 and C 156 (figs. 48 and 131).
B 19. Protoattic Sherds: Light-on-Dark.
B 20.
Fig. 80
P 6580.
Two fragments from the wall of a closed pot, probably an oinochoe. Red glaze outside, and
decoration in added white; horizontal lines, with vertical bands of running dog between them.
Compare the decoration of the Protoattic oinochoe C 123 (fig. 127).
Geometric Sherd. Fig. 80

P 5298.
A small fragment of the wall of a large closed pot. A wide zigzag glaze band, dotted
with spots of added white; rings and lozenges in the field. Attic clay with dull brownish
glaze. Dotting with added white appears at the end of the Geometric style, often on
plastic snakes. Compare the very late Geometric sherd from the Acropolis, Graef-Langlotz,
pl. XI, 303.
LATE GEOMETRIC GRAVES AND A SEVENTH CENTURY WELL. ETC.

B 21.
Geometric Amphora Fragment.

Fig. 82
B27'
P 5025. H. (as restored), 0.168m..

Found in Late Roman fill just
to the south of the grave precinct.
A number of non-joining fragments,
restored to make one. From a large
closed pot, presumably an amphora.
A broad zone filled by a procession
of mourners with their arms raised
to their heads;
a many-pointed
an intricate
meander.
Below, a dotted
'
M.
'
.
,'
'
.:
star
and a vertical blob surrounded by

dots between each pair. The nude
figures are presumably those of men.
Above, a zone of latticed triangles, and
farther up, part of a zone filled by
115
'
'i
.".
5,
j
^
-X
<
^ -~
.
.^-
lozenge chain, with verticals extending upward and downward from the
apices of the lozenges. Farther down,
part of another zone filled by a
Fig. 82. Geometric Amphora Fragment (B 21)
meander. Pink to greyish clay, with
a fine smooth grey-buff surface, and
dull black glaze, badly peeled. The amphora, with its band of mourners, must have been
a funerary vase like the amphora XII 1 and the hydria XI 7. A fragment in the Louvre has
very similar decoration: the same nude mourners, pinheaded like those of our fragment (Pottier,
Vases antiques du Louvre, pl. 20, A 541). The decoration of our fragment includes most of the
motives that have been pointed out as late, and serves in a way to summarize late ornament:
vertical blobs surrounded by dots, many-pointed blob stars, intricate meander, latticed triangles,
and dotted lozenge chain. End of the eighth century.
PREHISTORIC:B 22-25
Human bones and a large fragment of a Grey Minyan goblet were found in Grave XVII,
suggesting that a Middle Helladic burial had been disturbed. Scattered through the early
fill in the northern part of the grave precinct were found a number of fragments of Grey
and Yellow Minyan ware, and a few small bits of obsidian. Three fragments preserve
recognizable profiles; the rest were either of the same shape, or simply wall fragments.
The large fragment B 22 was found in Grave XVII. If these sherds come from a disturbed
Middle Helladic burial, then the burial must have been disturbed in late Geometric times,
as no traces were found in the vicinity of the grave area of Late IHelladic or Proto-
geometric occupation. A number of Minyan sherds were found, moreover, in a shaft burial
farther to the north.' It is interesting to find here evidence for the fortuitous bringing to
light of antiquities in Geometric times, an occurrence probably by no means rare. Chance
finds of Grey Minyan goblets may well have given rise to the Boeotian kantharos shape;
Hesperia, V, 1936, pp. 20-21.
8*
116
RODNEY S. YOUNG
compare the Minyan goblets from Korakou with Boeotian bird kantharoi, possibly modified
adaptations of the same shape.'
B 22.
Grey Minyan Goblet Fragment.
Fig. 83

P 5075. P.H., 0.06m. Diam. of foot (est.), 0.115m.

Found in Grave XVII.
Flaring foot, and stem with a raised ring around it; the body of the goblet broken away.
From a goblet similar to one from Korakou: Blegen, Korakoit, )p. 16, fig. 20.
B 25.
B 24.
B 25.
Grey Minyan Goblet Fragment.
Fig. 83
P 5082. P. L., 0.074 m.

Found in the fill over bedrock near Grave I.
Rim fragment, with one end, and the edge of the other end, of the arched handle. The outward splayed rim and the inward slanting shouldei meet at a sharp angle; the vertical arched
handle is set outside the rim.
A fragment of a goblet like one from Eutresis: GoldB25 w
man, Excavations at Eutresis, p. 136, fig. 184, 3-4; the
from
Eleusis:
22
profile, p. 137, fig. 185, 6. Similar goblets
_Z
Mylonas, nHoiaro,oxr 'EI.va?, pp. 67-68, figs. 41-42.
Yellow Minyan Goblet Fragment.
Fig. 83
P 5083. P.L., 0.057 m.

Found in the fill above bedrock near Grave I.
From a goblet of the same shape as B 25.
Obsidian Blade Fragment.
Fig. 83
823
Fig. 83. Grey. and Yellow Minyan
Fragments; Obsidian Blade (B 22-25)
ST 94. P.L., 0.023 m. W., 0.009 m.

Found in disturbed Geometric fill just to the south of the heal) of covering slabs from
Grave XIII, in Pit A.
Both ends broken off, and the edges chipped; one side flat, a ridge down the centre of
the other.
A few fragments of Geometric and Protoattic were found in the Turkish fill of Well B.
They undoubtedly came originally from the grave precinct; fragments from the body of
a banded amphora may be from the body of the amphora from Grave VIII. The pyxis and
pyxis lids B 26-28 are probably from a grave, perhaps Grave XVI or XXI. From the well
B 26-29.
B 26. Pyxis Fragment. Fig. 84

P 3847. H. (rest), 0.11 m. Diam. at rim (est.), 0.235 m.
Nine fragments, restored with plaster to make about half the circumference of the body; the
bottom is missing, and almost all the rim. Convex side wall. Around the bottom a band of
1 From Korakou, Blegen, Korakou, p. 15, figs. 18-19. Examples of bird kantharoi, Sieveking and
Ilackl, Vasensammling zu Miinchen, pl. 15, 414-415.
117
tooth pattern; above, a zone filled with wavy diagonals. Below the rim, a zigzag with bands
above and below. In the wide zone around the body, a meander. The glaze black to light brown.
In shape, glaze, and decoration very much like XVI 2.
B 27. Pyxis Lid. Fig. 84

P 3848. H. (rest.), 0.035 m. Diam. (rest.), 0.234 m.
Probably the lid of B 26. A number of fragments, restored with plaster to make a shallow
convex lid. Pairs of tieholes pierced near the edge. Solid glaze around the middle; zones filled
with tooth pattern, dots, and near the edge, short diagonals. Clay and glaze as on B 26.

B 28.
Pyxis Lid Fragment.
Fig. 84
P 3849. P.H., 0.02m. Diam. (est.), 0.17m.

Somewhat less than a quarter of the lid preserved, with the stump of the handle. Flat;
rim decorated with wavy diagonals at the edge, and a zone filled by a triple zigzag farther in.
Three reserved rings half-way to the handle. Black to brown glaze.
B 29. Protoattic Sherd. Fig. 84

P 3850. P. H., 0.061 m. P. W., 0.05 m.
From the wall of a large open pot glazed inside. Around the lower body outside, bands;
above, the hoof and lower leg of an animal to the right, with lozenge and chevron column as
filling ornament. Buff clay with dull black glaze.
ff830
~
33
31
~~~52
'?f-P
~~~I
- HB 9
c#?
is
~B26
Fig. 84. Geometric and Protoattic Fragments from Wells B and C (B 26-33)
RODNEY S. YOUNG
118
Well C, which had disturbed Graves XXI and XXII, was dug in the sixth century;
fairly late black-figured sherds were found in its filling. As might be expected, a number
of Geometric and Protoattic sherds, undoubtedly from the grave area, were found among
the sixth century pottery of the well. From Well C, B 30-33.
B 30. Pyxis Lid Handle.
Fig. 84

P 4796. H., 0.053 m. Max. Diam., 0.026 m.
Broken off at the base. A ribbedstem and roundedknob surmountedby a flat knob; a blunt
spike at the top. The stem glazed, and the upper parts banded.
B 51.
Fig. 84
P 6585. P. H., 0.023m. Diam. at rim (est.), 0.095m.
Convex lid with down-turnededge; the handle missing. Bands around the rim and the base
of the handle; a zone of leaves around the middle. Attic clay with dull black glaze, much peeled.
Protoattic Lid.
B 52. Geometric Fragments. Fig. 84

P 9838. Max.P.H., 0.096m.
Three fragments of heavy fabric from the side of a narrow closed pot with straight wall
flaring slightly toward the top; probablythe base of a krater, or a stand. Glaze bands around
the top; below, part of a procession of warriors wearing plumed helmets and carrying each two
spears and a round shield decorated with a many-spokedwheel at the centre; filling ornament
of zigzags. Attic clay with dull black glaze, badly peeled.
An amphora with very similarly drawn warriors was found at Eretria: Eph.Arch., 1903,
p. 14, fig. 7; latest Geometricof the end of the eighth or early seventh century.
B 33.
Goblet Fragments. Fig. 84

P 6581.
Two non-joining fragments from a large goblet of Protogeometricshape (like Hesperia, V,
1936, p. 24, fig. 22), with slightly flaring rim and rolled handle. Glazed inside, on the rim and
handle, glaze-bands,and in the handle-zonethe edge of a set of concentric circles. The body
below the handle-zoneis covered with glaze; but under the glaze appears a set of at least seven
compass-drawnconcentric circles, showing now as raised rings in the glaze, with the compass
point at the centre. Attic clay, with thick black glaze.
Shape, fabric and decoration seem to be perfectly normal Protogeometric. The purpose of
decorating the lower body with concentric circles, and then covering them with glaze, is not
clear, although it often occurs that fully drawn circles are partially glazed over (examplesfrom
Sparta and Thessaly are cited by Skeat, The Dorians in Archaeology,p. 33). Our fragments
are among the very few Protogeometricsherds found in the neighborhoodof the grave area.
A goblet of this shape is illustrated in Thera,II. p. 186, fig. 379b.
The trench along the north side of the road from which the blocks of the reconstructed
precinct wall had been taken contained, from somewhat east of Well D to its corner,
a rather mixed red fill. Partly of sand and partly of red earth and small stones, the filling
seemed to be a mixture of the packing of earth and stones thrown onto the Geometric wall
as a bedding for the sixth century reconstruction, and of sand and gravel from Layer I of
LATE (GE,OMETRICGRAVES AND A SEVENTH CENTURY WELL, ETC.
119
the road fill (section, fig. 2). The sherds were very mixed, seventh and sixth century
together, and running to nearly the end of the sixth century (B 39). There was nothing
later in the fill than B 39; the sherds from the undisturbed bedding below, where it was
preserved, were earlier. The filling in the trench above the Geometric wall, where undisturbed, proves that the precinct wall, and probably the precinct, were in a state of
dilapidation by the mid-sixth century. From the fill in the wall trench, B 34-51.

B 34. Black-Figured Amphora Fragment.
Fig. 85
P 4626. P.H., 0.13 m. Diam. at rim (est.), 0.27 m.

Neck fragment, with projecting rim, slightly overhanging.
Between the pairs of bands which border the rim, wavy
verticals. In the preserved upper part of the neck panel,
the head and neck of a cock to the right. The details of the
head and the comb are rendered by careful incision; the
feathers of the neck by rather careless latticing incisions.
83i
Purple red added on the comb, the wattles. and the beak,
and in streaks on the feathers of the neck. In the field,
pendant hooks, dot and blob rosettes, zigzags, and a squared Fig. 85. Black-Figured Amphora
reverse spiral. Attic clay with buff slip; the glaze dull
Fragment (B 31)
brown to red.
A second fragment preserves the rounded end of the wing, bordered with a band of purple
ied, and with incisions to indicate the feathers. A third fragment p)reserves the upper corner of
the panel on the other side of the neck.
Our fragments are from an amphora of the same shape, and with the same decoration, as that
of the Peiraeus amphora (Eph. Arch., 1897, pls. 5-6 and pp. 67 ff.). The shape of the rim and the
decoration of the neck panels with cocks are the same, and the filling ornament is very similar.
Payne (NC, pp. 344 and 374) has dated the Peiraeus amphora about 620; our fragments must
belong at about the same time, or perhaps a very little earlier.
B 35-41.
Black-Figured Fragments.
Fig. 86
r:
The sherds from the wall trench extend
seventh
century;
B 41, East
Greek, part of
s39
i?~~~~~~~~~~~-
P 4630, 4629, 4631, 4628, 4638, 6457,

4639.
B 35, a fragment of a Little-Master cup;

B 36-37, animal frieze style; B 38, Polos
style; B 40, is probably of the end of the
liI
B42
U
'
~~~838L
.i;'B40 -_-_
B43
a cothon; B 39 is the most important piece

Fig. 8.
for our purposes, because it is the latest.
lack-Figred Fragments (B 3543)
Late sixth century skyphoi of this type,
which probably continued to be made into the alrly fifth century, were found in great numbers at
Rhitsona.1
P. N. Ure, Sixth and Fifth Century Pottery from Rhitsona,

pp. 57 ff. and pls. XIX-XX.
120
B 42.
RODNEY S. YOUNG
Oinochoe Fragment.
Fig. 86

P 4640. P. H., 0.24 m.

The lower body missing; much of the upper part restored. Deep ovoid body with the pointed
end upward; a moulded ring separates the body from the trefoil mouth. Triple rolled rising
handle. A zone of long incised tongues below the neck-ring; the tongues were filled alternately
with purple and white. Around the body below the handle attachment and at the point of
greatest diameter, double bands of purple edged with white. Attic clay with shiny glaze shading
from black to red-brown and red.
The shape is Attic; an oinochoe of this type was found in the seventh century well (C 123),
and three were found in the Agora votive deposit (Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 592 if., nos. 211-214,
and figs. 59-61). The influence of late Protocorinthian is strongly shown by the neck-ring and
the incised tongue pattern; compare the late Protocorinthian oinochoe, Payne, NC, pl. 11, 3. Our
Attic oinochoe was probably made in the last quarter of the seventh century.
B 43. Basin Fragment.
B 44.
B 45.
Fig. 86
P 4635. P. H., 0.084 m. Diam. at rim. (est.), 0.28 m.

Part of a large, rather deep basin with flat rim, slightly projecting, and horizontal ribbon
handle with out-turned ends. Covered with shiny black glaze, except for the outer faces of the
rim and handle. Two purple bands run around the inside and two around the outside at a level
just below the handle; two more around the upper face of the rim. The purple bands were
bordered with white, which has almost all disappeared; a wavy line on the outer face of the rim
was perhaps also painted white or purple. On the handle, opposed bands of tooth pattern.
The shiny glaze and lavish decoration with added purple and white suggest that this bowl
should be dated in the last quarter of the seventh century. It may have had a spout opposite the
handle, in which case the shape would probably be descended from Protoattic bowls like C 85-88.
Protoattic Bowl.
Fig. 87
P 6456. H., 0.097 m. Diam. at rim (est.), 0.026 m.

Fragmentary; the complete profile preserved. Low base and convex body thickened at the
rim, which is slightly projecting and flat on top. Rays around the base, bands around the body,
and a wavy line below the lip. Glazed inside; series of short glaze strokes on the reserved upper
face of the rim. Glaze rings and a dot on the bottom. Attic clay with dull black glaze, much
peeled inside.
Part of a bowl similar to C 85-88; compare also, from the Agora votive deposit, the fragments
published in Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 586, figs. 47-48.
Protoattic Sherd. Fig. 87

P 4642. P.H., 0.074 m. P. W., 0.072 m.
From the wall of a large closed pot. Preserved are parts of two figures moving to the right.
Of the foremost figure are preserved part of the bodice, decorated with scale pattern, the neck,
around which there is a band representing a necklace, the hair falling down behind the neck, and
one arm. Of the second figure only part of the body and one arm are preserved; the dress, which
is divided diagonally into differently decorated halves, is belted at the waist. The belt is
decorated with purple, and half the bodice is ornamented with purple dots; the other half of the
bodice, reserved, with glaze crescents. A band of running dog between the upper parts of the
C GRA\VES AND A SEVENTH CENTURY WELL, ETC.

LATE GEOMETlRIb
121

figures. Incision is used for the hand of the leading figure. Attic clay with creamy slip; black
to brownish glaze.
The drawing is very crude; the liberal use of added purple, however, suggests that the
fragment is not very early. The hair and necklace of the leading lady are reminiscent of those
of the sphinxes on the oinochoe B 1 (figs. 74-75), although very poorly done by comparison. Of
greater interest is the dress of the second wvoman; other examples of dresses with diagonally
divided bodice or skirt are not unknown in the mid-seventh century. The divinity represented
on the terracotta plaque from the Agora votive deposit (Fesperia, II, 1933, p. 604, no. 277 and
figs. 72-73) iwears a bodice of this sort; a woman on a fragment from the Acropolis is dressed in
a similarly divided skirt (Acropolis 411 a: Graef-Langlotz, pl. 13).
B44*.
B46
?'B48
B
47
B50
B51
Fig. 87. 'Protoattic Slerds, Terracotta Lamp, and Loom Weight (B 44-51)
B 46. Protoattic Sherds. Fig. 87
B 47.
P 6458. Max. Dim., 0.147 m.

Two non-joining fragments from the side of a large vase, probably an amphora. Outlined
areas filled with scale pattern; what is represented is not clear. Similar scale pattern appears as
decoration on the bodice of one of the figures on B 45.
Graffito Sherd.
Figs. 87 and 144
P 4627. Max. Diam., 0.076 m. Th., 0.0165 m.

The sherd is probably the. fragment of a tile; the fabric is thick and very coarse, with many
large grits in the light buff clay. A thin wash of brownish glaze covers one side of the sherd;
the inscription is incised on the unglazed side. The incisions were made on a sherd and not on
a complete tile; the letters are fairly fresh, while the edges of the sherd are much worn. The
scratching of the inscriptin on the unglazed side (inside) of the sherd indicates that it was not
done on a complete tile.
122
RODNEY S. YOUNG
The inscription was written boustrophedon (fig. 144). The letters of the upper line do not
make sense as they are preserved; they may be part of a proper name. The word in the second
line is clearly a feminine name: MEAANOI;, Dark-flower. On early inscriptions on pottery, see
below, p. 225.
B 48.
Loom Weight.
Fig. 87

MC 133. H., 0.05m. W., 0.05 m. Th., 0.03m.

Discoid loom weight, flattened at the bottom and pierced near the top. Attic clay.
B 49.
B 50.
B51.
Terracotta Plaque Fragment.
Fig. 87
T 673. P.H., 0.058 m. W. at top, 0.064 m.

Mended from two pieces. One fragment was found in the wall trench; the other, two months
later, in the fifth century dump over the road.
The lower part is broken off. Flat rectangular plaque, pierced by a suspension hole near the
upper edge. The front and the edges are covered with thick white paint applied directly on the
clay. A tripod is drawn over the white surface; the bowl and legs in red, the big ring handles in
orange. Fine pinkish buff clay.
The plaque seems to be the only clearly votive offering found in the grave area; it was
probably offered elsewhere, however, and brought in the earth in which it lay after having been
discarded, to be used as a filling. It should probably be associated with the votive deposit which
lay about a hundred metres to the southeast; fragments of the same vases were found in the
votive deposit and in the grave area (B 58 and B 71). Votive plaques of the same type were
found in the votive deposit (Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 604 ff.), and date from about the middle of the
seventh century. The representation of a tripod on a votive plaque is quite appropriate; real
tripods were often dedicated by the wealthy, at shrines, while more humble worshippers offered
merely pictures of votive tripods.
Terracotta Horse. Fig. 87

T 672. P.H., 0.048m. L., 0.068m.
The head, legs and tail are broken off. The mane is pinched to a sharp ridge, slightly wavy
at the edge; the legs seem to have been widely spread, and the tail to have been applied against
one of the back legs. Attic clay, entirely covered with purplish red paint.
Similar Protoattic horses covered with red paint were found in the Agora votive deposit:
Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 617 ff., esp. no. 306, fig. 85.
Lamp Fragment.
Fig. 87
L 1635. H. (to rim), 0.039 m. P. W., 0.097 m.

About half of the body is preserved, from the back. Flat bottom and shallow convex body,
with wide inward-slanting rim. Large band-handle looped from the base to the lower edge of the
rim. A double zigzag line is incised around the rim, with pits made by a sharp point to each side
of it; similar pits on the handle. Hand-made of coarse gritty micaceous clay; unglazed.
The lamp had a spout-like unbridged nozzle at the front; fragments from the front of such
lamps have been found in seventh century Agora deposits. The fabric and decoration are the
same as those of the household ware also found in seventh century deposits
(C 157-165
below).
123

Under the sixth century fill in the wall trench there was a filling about 30 cm. thick of
red earth with many small stones. This earth rested on top of the Geometric precinct wall,
and was probably thrown there in the late sixth century as a bedding for the limestone
parapet built at that time along the west side of the road. The fill was not distinctly
marked off from the road filling of Layer II, which was of red gravel also containing small
stones, but fewer and more scattered. The sherds from the bedding over the Geometric
wall were subgeometric and seventh century; they may have come originally from the grave
area. The completeness of several of the vases suggests that they did. From this filling
B 52-58.
B52.
Subgeometric Skyphos.
Fig. 88

Most of the upper body missing; the profile complete. Small flat-bottomed cup with rounded
body and high straight rim. Glazed to the handle-zone; in the handle-zone a latticed panel
55_"
'B
54
5 52
356
B58
Fig. 88. Protoattic and Subgeometric Sherds (B 52-54, 56-58)

bordered by verticals, and a bird at each side; stars behind the birds, and rows of dots in front.
The rim banded. Glazed inside. Attic clay with red glaze.
A number of small late Geometric skyphoi of this shape exist; most of them have subgeometric decoration. They occur in a number of different fabrics and have stereotyped decoration
of birds facing across a latticed panel, or a column of diagonals. Our Attic example with its
careful decoration and ornament of birds with rows of dots is comparable in style to the lid of
the pitcher from Dipylon Grave XIII: Hampe, pl. 32, N.M. 771; late eighth century. Two other
Attic examples from the Kerameikos, in Leyden (Brants, Beschrijving, pl. VI, 29 and 30) are,
like ours, careful in their decoration and dateable in the late eighth century. Examples of the
type belonging to other fabrics are covered with more or less careless subgeometric decoration:
124
RODNEY S. YOUNG

Thera, Ath. Mitt., XXVIII, 1903, Beilage XI, 7; " Ionian Ware," E. Gjerstad, The Swedish Cyprus
Expedition, II, pl. XV, fourth row from the bottom, fourth and fifth from the left. The skyphoi
from Cyprus were found in Tomb 9 at Amathus (P. 55 ff., nos. 76 and 122) together with a number
of scarabs of the XXVIth dynasty and Saite period; they can hardly be earlier than the first
quarter of the seventh century. That they may be Attic exports is not unlikely; birds like the
ones on no. 122 appear also on our krater fragment from the seventh century well, C 106; the
same type of bird is common on subgeometric Boeotian vases (Hampe, pl. 21, V 30). The finding
of such subgeometric cups in a dateable context in Cyprus gives proof of the continuation of Geometric shapes and decoration well into the seventh century.
B 53.
Fig. 88
P 4659. H., 0.059 m. Diam. at rim, 0.089 m.

Deep flat-bottomed body with flaring lip; rolled handles. Entirely covered with reddish-brown
glaze, except for a reserved band in the handle-zone and fine reserved lines inside the lip. Attic
clay.
Subgeometric skyphoi of this type are common in the first half of the seventh century. A
number were found in the seventh century well; C 45-47. The type continued to be made after
the middle of the seventh century: see Hesperia, VII, 1938, pp. 413 ff. and fig. 1, D 4-5.
B 54. Subgeometric Skyphos.
Fig. 88

Both of the handles, and most of the rim missing.
to B 55.
B 55. Skyphos: Graffito. Figs. 89-90.
Similar in shape, fabric, and decoration
Hesperia, V, 1936, p. 34, fig. 34

Low ring foot and wide shallow body; high straight rim, tilted outward. About half the body
is preserved, with the complete profile. The entire body inside and outside was covered with thick
black glaze, excepting only a reserved band in the handle-zone; all the glaze has peeled off except
for a few small patches inside, on the foot, and above the handle-zone. Attic clay. The inscription DAPIO 1-IMI POTrP'ION
gives the name of the owner of the cup. The letters are
well and regularly formed with wide, rather shallow, incisions which do not snow the ragged edges
usually to be noticed on graffiti scratched through glaze. The instrument used was apparently
rather blunt. The straightness of the strokes, the evenness of the curved lines, and the absence
of overlapping and of incisions over-running the desired length, all combine to suggest that the
inscription was incised before the vase was fired; otherwise a sharp-pointed instrument would have
been used, leaving deeper, narrower, scratches, and clearer traces of the greater difficulty of incision. The skyphos may then have been made to order for its owner by the potter, who put in
the inscription.
The inscription gives not only the name of the owner, but also a name for the shape. The
term poterion is a generic one applied to any vessel used for drinking; it is commonly so used
by early Greek authors, and inscriptions similar to ours are found on cups as different from it
in shape and date as the Little Master kylikes (cf. Pottier, Vases antiques, F 66, pl. 68, and Beazley,
J.H.S., LII, 1932, p. 178, note 21; also Clara Rhodos, III, p. 34, fig. 18).
Our skyphos should be about a hundred years earlier than the Little Master cups. Large
skyphoi of the seventh century are rare; the small subgeometric type, B 53-54, C 45-47, with its
one-handled counterpart, C 48-50, seems to have been the favorite Attic form, together with Protocorinthian, and Attic imitations of Protocorinthian, skyphoi. A large vase like ours, with geometric decoration of the end of the eighth century, was found in Eleusis: Eph. Arch., 1898,
pi. 5, 1. Our (or rather, Tharios') cup is more developed in shape; the rim is higher, and more
125
. *

\
%
q?
jI
I
I
-9
-"~~~
F-__~~m-ummummi
Fig. 89. Skyphos with Graffito (B 55)
B r-5
-ft
ft
--R pk- l--Tr*?-
---.
Fig. 90. Skyphos B 55. Restored Drawing by Pict do Jong

126
RODNEY S. YOUNG
sharply offset; it has a ring foot instead of the usual late Geometric low base. Much closer in
shape is another skyphos, whose owner must remain anonymous, from the seventh century well:
C 39. Both of the Agora skyphoi have the same form of body, and both the same straight offset
lip. The decoration of the cup from the well is probahly to be dated near the middle of the
seventh century. Tharios' cup has no decoration beyond a reserved band in the handle-zone:
but such bands are characteristic of Attic subgeometric skyphoi of the first half of the seventh
century and later. The simple narrow reserve(l handle-zone, characteristic of subgeometric vases.
is Inot used on Geometric; the only example of which I know is our XVII 4, where the reserved
band is very much wider than that of the seventh century skyphoi. Tharios' cup should probably
be (lated with the skyphos from the mell, C 39, at about the middle of the seventh century. or
perhaps in the third quarter. The dull quality of the glaze where it is preserved shows that the
fine shiny black glaze that makes its appearance in the second half of the centlury was not yet in
use, so our skyphos probably should not be brought down too near the end of the century. All
of the fragments found with it in the fillinfr of red earth and small stones are. moreover, dateable
in the seventh century rather than in the eighth. For a (liscussion of early inscriptions on
pottery, see p. 22;5.
B 56. Amphora Fragment: Graffito. Figs. 88, 144

P 4664. P. H., 0.065 m. P. W., 0.057 m.
Sherd from the wall of a large amphora covered outside with streaky red glaze. Fabric and
glaze are like those of the amphoras .II 1, an(d VI 1: the sherd is probably then frolm a seventh
century Attic oil-amphora; see below, C 127 and fig. 128.
The letters show clearly the ragged edges made by incision through hard-fired glaze: several
slips of the incising-point demonstrate the difficulty of incision on a pot already fired. The
letters contrast very strongly wvith those of the skyphos B 55. which seems to have been inscribed before firing. Our sherd suggests too that it had been broken before being inscribed:
it has been subsequently broken at the right, but at the left and along the top margins are left.
The position of the inscription in relation to the breaks is so similar to that on many ostraka as
to suggest very strongly that the lettering was done on a sherd and not on a complete vase.
The inscription itself is difficult of interpretation. The first word may have been some form of
the verb rovtnw to pierce or bore, perhaps here to broach. The word in the second line, xouosuggests that the inscription was an exhortation by a reveller to his companions to broach a new
vessel of wine. The use of a koppa instead of a kappa is interesting.
B 57. Protoattic Sherd. Fig. 88
B 58.
P 6464. Max. Diam., 0.031 m.

From the wall of a small open vase glazed inside. Across the top, the ends of verticals and
the bottom of a column of chevrons. Below, a zone filled by a chain of latticed lozenges. At the
bottom, part of a zone or panel filled with incised rosettes and wavy verticals. Attic clay with
bright red glaze.
Incised rosettes probably do not begin to appear in Attica, or at Corinth, until after the
middle of the seventh century-.
Protoattic
Sherd.
Fig. 88.
Hesperia,
II, 1933, p. 576, no. 1:37, and fig. 34, and p. 575,
fig. 33
P 641
A new fragment joining one already published gives most of the other half of the octopus.
The publisher remarks of her fragment "light on dark style. probably to be dated in the last half
of the seventh century."
LATE (;EOMETRIC GRAVES ANDI)A SEVENTH CENTURY WELL. ETC.
127
Layer II of the roa(l produced plentiful late geometric and( Protoattic sherds, mixe(I
with some black glaze and early black figure. A few sherds are publishe(d because they
are of intrinsic interest. The bulk of the pottery was late seventh and early sixth century.
)From Layer II, B 59-65.

B 59.
B 60.
Fig. 91
P 6472. I'. H., 0.236 m. Diam. at rim (est.), 0.32 m.

l'art of the neck an(d iim of a large amphora, mended from several fragments. Straight wide
neck and heavy round rim. The rim and shoulder glazed; hands around the top and bottom of
the neck. The handle panel set off by verticals: a zone filled by a lozenge chain, and four glaze
bands. below the neck panel, which is filled by
'
sets of concentric rings, with latticed triangles
below. Attic clay, with black to brownish glaze,
somewhat peeled.
I'art of a late (eometric
amphora like C 154
&
B62
863
(fig. 130) and Eph. Arch., 1898, p1. 3. 1.

Geometric
Kantharos
Fragment.
P 6491. P.1., 0.037m.
B 67
Fig. 91
Diam. at rim (est.),
B59
In.
0.13 In.
__
Part of the upper body and plain rim, glazed
885
. . "
-__._
inside. On the outside, part of an exaggerated

hour-glass shield, and of a column filled with
liagonals. The column may be either down the
middle of the front. or beside the handle panel;
Fig. 91. Geometric and Protoattic Sherds froin
in either case there were probably two shields.
Layers II and II of the Road (B 59-63, 85-86;)
Attic clay with black glaze.
Probably from a kantharos like C 65. Similar shields are carried by the warriors on the late
Geometric oinochoe XIII 1: they are used by themselves as a decorative motive on subgreometric
and P'rotoattic vases. Compare Jhb.. II. 1887. p. 54, fig. 17.
B 61. Skyphos Fragment.
Fig. 91
P 6490. P.H.. 0.028m.

An Attic imitation of early or middle Protocorinthian. Corinthianizing skyphoi similarly
decorated with white were found at Anavysos: Praktika, 1911, p. 120, 15 and 16.
B 62. Bowl Fragment.
Fig. 91
P 6471. P.H., 0.028 m. Diam. of foot (est.), 0.125 m.

The lower part of a shallow bowl with flaring ring foot. Short rays above the foot. and
a glaze ring on its under side. The inside is banded, with purple added over alternate bands.
Attic clay, covered with a fine light cream slip; reddish brown glaze, black under the foot
outside.
The fabric seems to be Attic, slipped in imitation of Corinthian. The fragment may be from
the bottom of a late seventh century lekanis or bowl. of the sort found at Vourva. and more
recently at Vari.
RODNEY S. YOUNG
128
B 63.
Lamp Fragment.
Fig. 91
L 1942. P.H., 0.071 m. P.W., 0.099 m.

Part of the body at the back, and the beginning of the vertical band-handle. Flat bottom,
shallow convex side wall, and short inward-slanting rim. The handle pierced by a row of holes.
Coarse micaceous red clay with grits; unglazed.
Part of a lamp similar to B 51. The fabric is the same as that of the seventh century incised household ware, C 156-165. Probably late seventh century.

Important as giving a terminus ante quemnfor the accumulation of Layer III of the road
filling beside the grave precinct was a fill of brown earth dumped on the surface of the road
between Layer II and Layer III (section, fig. 2). This earth filling was perhaps brought
from elsewhere, possibly from near the shrine from which the Agora votive deposit was
thrown out (Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 542 ff.). A number of fragments from the grave area,
one of which was from the brown earth layer (B 71), joined with fragments from the votive
deposit. The dump over Layer III of the road contained many fragments of late Geometric
and Protoattic pottery, some of which mended up into nearly complete vases. The Protoattic fragments belong in the first half of the seventh century; a few (B 64, 68-69, 71) must
belong at about the middle of the century. From this fill B 64-84.
B 64.
Protoattic Stamnos.
Figs. 92-93.
Hesperia, V, 1936, p. 35, fig. 35
P 4948. H. as restored, 0.375 m. Max. Diam., 0.31 m.

Fragmentary and restored; many pieces from the body, and all of the lower part of the foot
are missing. Plump ovoid body on a slightly flaring foot or base; double rolled handles, one
inside the other, on the shoulder. The shallow inward-turned rim is slightly concave on its upper
face. Above the glazed foot, rays, with a dotted ring between each pair; above, a zone filled
by a row of sigmas. The handle panels are set off by triple verticals and filled, under the
handles, with floral ornament; on the handles themselves, glaze stripes. The rim glazed, with
a double band below it. On each side of the body, two ducks facing; they are drawn in silhouette
with reserved rings for eyes. Their legs are formed by downward converging lines meeting well
above the feet, and enclosing reserved triangles. A large dot rosette with spokes linking the
dots to the centre, and with a flat stemmed knob at the outer edge of each dot, fills the space
between the ducks on one side; on the other, although the central part and most of one of the
birds is missing, the decoration was presumably the same. In the field, beaked reverse spirals,
hanging hooked triangles, zigzags, swastikas, and crosses with triangles between their arms.
Floral ornament grows from the ground behind each duck. Attic clay with dull glaze, shading
from black to red, and somewhat peeled.
Stamnoi of this shape, usually on a high perforated base, were popular in the seventh
century; a number of Protoattic examples exist and are listed by Greifenhagen in A.A., 1935,
pp. 408 if., no. 1. Greifenhagen illustrates (pp. 411-414, figs. 1-4) a stamnos in Bonn and a subgeometric stamnos in Athens from which the shape may be derived. Attention is drawn to the
similarity of the decoration of the Athens stamnos to that of the Berlin amphora F 3901 (Neugebauer, Fiihrer, pl. 3; from Thera) which we have already noticed in connection with our
fragment IV 2, remarking that it is Attic (not island) ware and dates from the very end of the
eighth century or early seventh. The Athens stamnos is then relatively late; another Attic
example of the shape, in the Louvre, dates from about the same time or slightly later (Louvre 514
in Pottier's catalogue; illustrated in Stackelberg, Grdber der Hellenen, pl.
IX, 1). The Louvre
stamnos has retouching with accessory white on its meander, and, under one
handle, a sow with
LATE
GEOMETRIC
GRAVES
AND A SEVENTH
CENTURY
WELL,
ETC.
129

her piglets-a species of animal used on only one other early vase in Attica, the amphora from
Pikrodaphne (B.C.H., XVII, 1893, pls. II-III). The two earliest Attic stamnoi of this shape,
then, hardly go back into he eith h centu; the shape must have been impoited from outside at
a relatively late date. The form of the body of such stamnoi is like that of dee) (Geometiric
Fig. 92. Protoattic Stainnos (B 61). Restored Drawing by Piet de Jong

pyxides such as A.-A., 1914, p. 467, no. 1: but Attic pyxides of this sort did not have handles.
A Corinthian late Geometric pyxis with the body of the same shape but with handles on the
shoulder is illustrated by Johansen, pi. III 1; it was found at Thebes, and is shown to be late
by the running spiral in the zone below the rim and by the interlocking meander-hooks in the
handle-zone. That this Corinthian form was adopted in Boeotia is shown by the Boeotian stamnos
in Copenhagen, C. V.A., II, pl. 67, 5. The more common early Protocorinthian pyxis type
(.Johansen, 1)1.XI, 1-4) was also adopted by Boeotia, which seems to have invented the multiple
9

130
RODNEY S. YOUNG
rolled handle and applied it especially to this shape; tNwoBoeotian stamnoi of the type are
illustrated, pl. 21, by Hampe, who lists a number of vases of this shape, calling them, apparlently
indiscriminately, pyxis, stamnos, or situla. Attica probably got the shape from Boeotia in the
early seventh century; the Bonn stamnos published by Greifenhagen, with its misshapen bird and
latticed triangle decoration, is probably Boeotian and not Protoattic (compare the Boeotian
oinochoe decoration, Hampe, pl. 21, V 37), and should date from the second quarter of the seventh
century. Our Attic stamnos should date at about the middle of the century; the shape was
especially popular in the second half of the seventh, and lasted into the early sixth centlury
(compare the Attic "stamniskos"
Delos, XVII, pl. LIII, 39, with bird
decoration like that of the little
vases from our Grave I). Dr. Kurt
Gebauer has kindly shown me picturles of magnificently decorated
.
:
Protoattic stamnoi of this shape, from
\
Aegina, and dating after the middle
of the seventh century. A fragment
of a stamnos of this shape, with subgeometric decoration, was found in
_
fx
the deposit in our seventh centur
well: C 112 below.
Closest of the Protoattic group
'
in shape and decoration to our vase
is the stamnos in Cambridge, C.V.A.,
I, III H, pl. II, 7. Our example probably had a high ring foot like that
of the Boeotian vase in Copenhagen
,sie
(C.V. A., Denmark, II, pl. 67, 5) instead of a high perforated base. The
Cambridge stamnos is more elaborate
in its decoriation than ours, and pers.
haps a little earlier; both have as
filling ornament the same beaked
reverse spirals. The vase in Cambridge is very close in its drawing
:
and ornament to the Nessos amphora
in New York (J.H.S., XXXII, 1912,
B4
Even closer to our

pls. X-XII).
stamnos in its decoration than the
Fig. 93. Protoattic Stalmnos (B (;l), Side View
Cambridge vase is a high footed bowl
from the Kerameikos: A. A., 1934,
p. 219, fig. 14; the cup beside it, fig. 15, was found with it in the same grave, dated by Kiibler
at about the middle, or the beginning of the third quarter, of the seventh centul..
On our
stamnos and on the stand of the Kerameikos bowl appear similar ducks, and, as filling ornament,
the same spoked dot rosettes and swastikas. In one of the panels of the upper series of the
stand a cascading ornament is used which appears on the neck of an oinochoe from a Phaleron
grave of the second quarter of the century (Phaleron Grave 32; Delt., II, 1916, p. 39, fig. 38, 2).
The cup, fig. 15, is decorated with floral ornament very- much like that of the kantharos from ouIr
seventh century well, C 65 (fig. 113). Some of the floral ornament of the stamnos itself is also
like that of the kantharos and the Kerameikos cup. A number of lines of e-idence thus suggest
a dating for our stamnos at about the middle of the seventh century. That the Attic potters
had by this time developed great skill in drawing we have seen on our oinochoe B 1; that they
131
also had a sense of humor is shown on the stamnos by the entertaining caricatuling of the ducks
in the filling ornament and in the floral decoration under the handles.
B 65. Protoattic Sherd.
Fig. 94

P 4949. P. H., 0.067 m. P. W., 0.088 m.

Fragment from the wall of a large open bowl, glazed black inside. Along the top of the
sherd, part of a guilloche band; below, a zone filled by a procession of wild goats to the right.
The goats are drawn in silhouette, with outlined faces and ears, and long curving horns. Pendant
hooks, dots, and zigzags in the field. Attic clay with badly peeled black glaze.
B 66.
Fig. 94. Geometric and Protoattic Fraglnents (1B65--67, 72, 74-79, 81-84)
The wild goats with their outlined faces and long horns seem clearly to be influenced by the
goats of Camiran ware (Rumpf, Jhb., XLVIII, 1933, pp. 69 ff.), iwhich was especially fond of
decoration with guilloche and zones of goats. Our fragment is decorated on a small scale which
does not allow of elaborate detail in the drawing; the filling olrnament seems to be normal
Protoattic.
Sil)geometric
Krater Fragment.
Fig. 94
P 4957. P. H., 0.054 in. P. W., 0.098 m.

From the upper wall, with part of the low rim. Series of short glaze strokes on the upper
face of the rim, and zigzag sections on its outer face; glazed inside. On the body, part of the
shoulder and neck of a grazing horse, right, and, in front of him, the head of another horse left.
Zigzags in the field. Attic clay, with very badly peeled black glaze.
From a krater like C 102-104. The subgeometric decoration of spiky-maned horses we have
seen before, IV 2; also on the Berlin amphora F3901 (Neugebauer, Fiihrer, pi. 3), and on our
fragment B 67, which may be from the same amphora as IV 2. The fragments with horses are
132
RODNEY S. YOUNG
very close in fabric and decoration to those -with hounds, B 16 and C 99; all may come from the
same workshop, and all date at the very end of the eighth centuir! and beginning of the seventll.

B 67.
Subgeometric Amphora Fragment.
P 4612b. P.H., 0.128 m.

Part of an amphora neck, slightly concave and with slightly flaring rounded lip. On the
preserved edge of the shoulder, pendant triangles, and zigzags. On the neck, part of a grazing
horse or deer right. Between the hind legs, a plant; under the body, a lozenge formed of smaller
lozenges, and between the forelegs a zigzag. Attic clay with dull black glaze.
The fragment may be from the same amphora as IV 2 (fig. 13); it is of the same size and
fabric, and the decoration is very similar.
B 68. Fragmentary Protoattic Amphora.
B 69.
Fig. 94
Fig. 95
P 6481. P. H. (of neck), 0.235 m.

Preserved are part of the neck, with one handle, and four fragments from the body. The
high neck flares sharply at the rim, which is divided into two planes on its outer edge. The
double rolled handle is decorated with
'
wide spiral bands; a similar ornament is
used on the outer edge of the lip. The
back of the neck was decorated with
"tied loops" and elaborate floral orn'aB68
ment; the front with a winged beast of
which only the wing-tip with incised
feathers is preserved. The fragments from
^
the body suggest that it was decorated
behind with twining floral decoration,
and on the front by a figured scene, probably with a chariot; one fragment preserves the front of the neck and part of
_
the head of a horse, and another a num-ber of lines which may be reins over the
horses' backs. Attic clay; elaborate incision on the figured scenes, outline drawFig. 95. Fragmcnts of l'rotoattic Amphora (B (8)
ing in the floral ornament.
The floral ornament, especially the "tied loops," is like that on the Nessos amphora in
New York (J.H.S., XXXII, 1912, pls. X-XII; the " tied loops " on the front below the figure scene).
The elaborate incision of the figures (especially the wing) recalls a fragment from the Acropolis
(387; Graef-Langlotz, pl. 15). Our amphora when it was complete must have been one of the
handsomest and most elaborate vases of the mid-seventh century.
Protoattic Amphora Fragment.
Fig. 96
P 4950. P.H., 0.13 m. P.W., 0.115 m.

Most of one side of the neck is preserved, with the edge of the shoulder, which was decorated
with pendant hooked triangles, alternately glazed and filled with white. In the neck panel, which
is bordered by multiple horizontal and vertical glaze bands, a feeding cock to the right. His
body is drawn in outline with heavy lines; the inner details drawn in finer lines. A thin transparent wash of white was laid over the whole body, the lines of the inner drawing appearing
through it. In the field, a cross-rosette and a band of running dog, dotted. Attic clay with
creamy slip; glaze black to reddish.

B 70.
133
The amphora must have been shaped very

much like the Nessos amphora in New York
(J.H.S., XXXII, 1912, pls. X-XII). The elaboiate outline drawing is advanced, comparable to
the drawing of the sphinxes on our oinochoe
B 1, and to that of Herakles on the New York
amphora. On the New York amphora appears
too the same method of drawing in outline,
filling in the inner details with glaze lines, and
then covering the surface with a thin wash of
white. Our fragment, like the New York vase,
must belong near the middle of the seventh
century.
Protoattic Amphora Fragment.
Fig. 97
P 6463. P. H., 0.31 m. Diam. at lip, 0.225 m.

A number of fragments from the upper
body, with part of the neck and rim, and of one
of the rolled handles; restored to below the
Fig. 96. Protoattic Amphora Fragment (B 69)
shoulder. Balloon body with short concave
neck and rounded lip. Entirely covered with black glaze;
a reserved band filled by four horizontal bands around the
body just below the handle attachments, and reserved
panels on the shoulder at the front and the back. The
panels are filled each by a pair of sets of concentric rings.
Attic clay.
An amphora belonging in shape to the class of Attic
oil amphoras, like C 127. The band below the handles is
quite normal on such amphoras; the concentric circle is,
however, usually drawn on the neck. Our fragment, like
the amphora from Grave II, has a concave neck with
no raised ring below the lip; it is probably of the middle
of the seventh century or later.
B 71. Protoattic Oinochoe. Fig. 98
Fig. 97. Fragmentary Protoattic

Amphora (B 70)
P 4956. H. as restored, 0.175 m. Max. Diam., 0.14 m.

Very fragmentary, and restored. Fragments of this vase were found among the stored sherds
from the votive deposit published in Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 542 ff. The handle, trefoil mouth, and
foot entirely restored. Rounded body and short, rather wide, neck. Above the foot, a zone of
hooked rays. On the body, a pair of lions facing; they stand each with one front paw raised,
their curling tails hanging between their hind legs. The bodies are drawn in silhouette, the feet
ending in long curving claws; faces are outlined, and the muzzles dotted. In the field, floral
ornament, zigzags, lozenges, and lozenge stars. Attic clay; the dull black glaze much peeled.
The fragments preserved were sufficiently numerous and well enough placed to make the
restoration of the shape certain. It finds parallels in the Phaleron cemetery: Delt., II, 1916, l). 41,
fig. 41, 2 and 4. The first of the Phaleron oinochoai is from a grave (no. 50) of just after the
middle of the seventh century; the second from a grave (no. 33) of the last quarter. The development of the shape is apparent; the plump round body of our oinochoe becomes slimmer and
more pointed, and the neck narrower. Our oinochoe, earlier in shape than the first Phaleron
RODNEY S. YOUNG

134
oinochoe, belongs probably in the second quarter of the century. The lions resemlble very nuch
those on the krater from Thebes (Jhb., XXII, 1907, pl. 1); they have the same curling claws, the
same stippled snouts, and the same arched eyebrows curved back at the ends. Our oinochoe and
the krater have in common even the zone of
hooked rays above the foot. The charioteers
of the krater have faces well-drawn in
',
outline, but not quite as advanced as those
of our sphinx oinochoe; the vase belongs
to the same style as does the Nessos
_
amphora in New York, at about the middle
of the second quarter of the century. Our
oinochoe should be dated at about the
same time; the oinochoe from the Agora,
Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 596, fig. 61, the Burgon
I
]ebes (Pfuhl, MuZ, pl. 17, 82), and the
oinochoe Pfuhl, pl. 17, 83 are slightly later
and belong at about the middle of the
71
7
century.
B 72. Protoattic Oinochoe Fragment. Fig. 94
B 73.
B 74.
Fig. 98. Protoattic Oinochoai (B 71 and 73)
P 6496. P.H., 0.106 m. Diam. at bottom, 0.08 m.

Several subgeometric and early orientalizing oinochoe necks found in the seventh century
well are, like B 72, long and slightly tapering: C 118-120 (figs. 122 and 125). The palmette is
like one used under the handle of the Analatos hydria (Jhb., 11, 1887, pl. 3; also, p. 52, fig. 12,
on the oinochoe found with the Hymettos amphora) and on the Boston amphora which may
well be from the same workshop as the Hymettos amphora (Boston 262; Fairbanks, Catalogue,
pl. XXI; Hymettos amphora, Jhb., II, 1887, pl. 5). The H!-mettos amphora belongs in the first
quarter of the seventh century.
Oinochoe. Fig. 98
P 6497. H., 0.153 m. Diam. at lip, 0.068 m.
The band handle is missing; gaps in the body restored. Low base and deep abody
iaitli
straight neck flaring to a round mouth. Glazed, w ith two reserved bands, to the level of the
handle attachment. On the shoulder, downward pointed rays. Buff clay with grits; dull brownish
glaze, somewhat peeled.
Possibly not Attic; a fragmentary oinochoe of the third quarter of the seventh century has
much the same shape and decorative scheme: Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 418, and fig. 2, D 20.
Corinthianizing Oinochoe Fragment.
Fig. 94
P 6459. P. H., 0.057 m. Diam. at lip, 0.113 m.

Part of the concave neck and flaring round mouth; rotelles beside the handle attachnment.
The holes through the wall between the rotelles suggest that the handle was broken off and
mended in antiquity with lead clamps. Entirely covered with brownish glaze except for the
faces of the rotelles, which are decorated with eight armed crosses. Five purple bands around
the inside of the rim.
Probably imitated from a late Protocorinthian olpe shaped like the Chigi vase (Johansen,
pi. XXIX).

B 75. Protoattic Oinochoe Fragment.
135
Fig. 94
P 6494. P. H., 0.07 m. Diam. at lip (est.), 0.06 m.

Part of a round-bodied vase with short narrow neck and flaring round lip; one wide bandhandle, lip to shoulder. The body and neck glazed; on the upper face of the lip, a band of short
rays surrounded by glaze rings. A guilloche runs down the outer face of the handle. Attic clay
with black glaze, brown where thin.

B 76.
P 6460. H., 0.048m. Diam. at rim (est.), 0.24 m.

Low base and shallow body with straight wall. On the bottom a sexfoil, with latticed
triangles between the points of the leaves. A row of dots around the base, and a zone of
leaves around the body; dots linked by tangents on the rim. Glazed inside, with a reserved band.
Attic clay with red glaze.
The decoration is nearly the same as that of the plate found with subgeometric vases in
Grave 2 at Spata (Delt., VI, 1920-21, p. 134, fig. 4).
B 77. Protoattic Bowl Fragment.
B 78.
Fig. 94
Fig. 94

Low base and fairly deep convex body, thickened and projecting slightly at the rim. A
shallow notch on the upper face of the rim served for pouring. Below the lip, a wavy line, and
three horizontal glaze bands. On the body, a double series of rays. Glazed inside; Attic clay
with creamy slip and black glaze shading to red.
Fragments of a number of Protoattic bowls of this shape, one decorated with rays, were
found in the Agora votive deposit (Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 586, figs. 47-48, 185-192). Bowls of the
type were also found in our seventh century well; C 85-88.
Cup Fragment.
Fig. 94

Part of a deep flat-bottomed cup with straight side wall flaring slightly at the lip; it probably had no handle. Attic clay, entirely covered with black glaze which is dull and somewhat
peeled outside, slightly metallic inside. A reserved band filled with fine glaze lines inside the lip.
A fragmentary handleless cup of the same shape was found in another (unpublished) Agora
deposit of the first half of the seventh century. The fabric and decoration inside the lip are
like that of the class of one-handled seventh century cups (C 48-50) from our well. The only
published example of a cup of this type without handles is later, from a Phaleron grave of the
last quarter of the century (Phaleron Grave 16; Delt., II, 1916, p. 42, fig. 44, 1).
B 79. Protoattic Cup Fragments.
Fig. 94
P 6495. Diam. at rim (est.), 0.14 m.

Three non-joining fragments, one from the rim. The rim fragment suggests that the vase
was a skyphos of Corinthian shape. Around the rim, a guilloche of alternating black and
reserved strands; multiple bands above and below. On the body, floral decoration of elaborately
interlacing tendrils, and palmette-like flowers. Glazed inside, with a reserved band at the lip.
Attic clay with dull black glaze.
A number of Corinthianizing skyphoi were found in the seventh century well; C 19-34. All
are imitated from middle Protocorinthian models. The floral decoration on our cup may have
been like that on the back of the neck of the Nessos amphora in New York: Johansen, p. 116,
fig. 60.
136

B 80.
RODNEY S. YOUNG
Protoattic Lid Fragment.
Fig. 99
P 4658. P. H., 0.037 m. Max. Diam., 0.114 m.

Part of a shallow convex pyxis lid, with a short knob handle at the middle. The lhandle,
concave on its upper face, is decorated around its vertical face with a band of running dog.
Hooked rays radiate around the handle; each hook ends in a flower. In the wide zone around
the middle of the lid is drawn a chariot procession to the right; parts of two chariots are
preserved. Of the first, parts of the horses and chariot are preserved, and the charioteer, who
wears a long dress. He stands upright in the car, holding in each hand the three reins that
guide each of the two horses; in one hand he grasps also the whip. Behind the chariot, and
standing with his back to it, is a warrior with a square shield; he holds by the bridles two horses
F 9o P c
dg'
B80
Fig. 99. Protoattic Lid Fragment (B 80)

which draw a second chariot; they are missing from the shoulder. The faces of the men are
drawn in outline; the glaze has run together on that of the standing warrior, probably because
the scale was very small for fine outline drawing. The faces of the horses are also drawn in
outline; their two heads grow from the end of one neck. Flame-like incisions are used for the
representation of the manes; the seven-leaved rosette shield-device, and the outline of the shield,
are also incised. Zigzags, running dog, and pendant hooks are used sparingly in the field.
Attic clay with dull black glaze.
Two Protoattic lids have the same decoration with procession of chariots. One, from
Phaleron (Jhb., II, 1887, p. 55, figs. 19-20) was found with its pyxis; an Attic pyxis imitating
a Protocorinthian model of the first quarter of the seventh century (Johansen, pl. XII, 2; from
Phaleron Grave 11, which contained also the ovoid aryballos, Johansen, pl. XVI, 7). The decoration of the Phaleron lid is in a hasty Geometric style, employing a few orientalizing motives; it
is perhaps a little earlier than our lid. The other Protoattic lid, from the Kerameikos (A.A., 1934,
pp. 213-214, fig. 10) is slightly later than ours; Kiibler dates it at -about the middle of the century. The outline drawing of the face on the Kerameikos lid is more accomplished than that
of ours, and the filling ornament is somewhat later. The faces of the horses on the Kerameikos

B 81.
B 82.
137
lid are drawn in silhouette; the period of experiment has passed, and the black-figured horse type
has been evolved. In its manner of drawing and choice of filling ornament, the lid from the
Kerameikos belongs in the orbit of the Kynosarges amphora (J. H.S., XXII, 1902, pp. 29 ff. and
pls. II-IV) in the decade after the middle of the seventh century-about 640. Our lid, on the
other hand, belongs in the circle of the Nessos amphora in New York (J.H.S., XXXII, 1912,
pp. 370 ff. and pls. X-XII), perhaps twenty years earlier. The same outlined faces for the horses,
growing all from one neck, appear on both vases, and the same incised flame manes. The same
floral ornament is used, and the same filling ornament, thinner on the lid than on the amphora.
Somewhat earlier is a fragment from Phaleron, on which appears another chariot scene (Eph. Arch.,
1911, p. 249, fig. 11); the Phaleron fragment uses the same outlining for the drawing of faces,
though somewhat more hasty and careless, the same convention for the representation of horses
one behind the other, and a looped-arc mane decoration that is equivalent in drawing of the
incised manes of our horses. The sharp-pointed beard jutting outward from the chin, which is
characteristic of men of the earlier seventh century, first appears on such vases of the first
quarter as the Phaleron fragment and an amphora in New York (Metropolitan Museum Bulletin,
1923, p. 176, fig. 1), and is used on almost every male figure down to the time of the Kynosarges
amphora. The New York amphora is drawn in a style very similar to that of the Phaleron
fragment, but more carefully and somewhat more conservatively, so that it gives an impression
of being older. A bird of a peculiar sort is drawn on its neck; the same bird appears on a middle
Protocorinthian aryballos of the first quarter of the seventh century (Johansen, pl. XXII, 2 a-d).
Our lid shows the combination of conservatism in drawing with innovation of invention that is
characteristic of many Protoattic vases; it took nearly half a century to outgrow the Geometric
manner in drawing figures, while at the same time elaborate floral and other designs were introduced and the power of invention given free rein. A Cretan urn (Annuario, 10-12, 1927-29, p. 135,
fig. 122) from Arkades demonstrates the free play of the imagination in the orientalizing period:
it has a band of hooks, like those around the handle of our lid, but the hooks end in little
feline heads instead of flowers.
Fig. 94

Part of a very big convex lid with plain rim. Between bands at the edge, alternating glazed
and reserved rectangles; bands around the middle. In the zone around the body, voluted tendrils
from which spring palmettes, pointed alternately inward and outward. The petals of the palmettes are separated by incision. Attic clay with dull black glaze, somewhat peeled.
The palmette design with incised leaves, all of which are glazed, is well developed. A comparable Protoattic palmette is used on the Agora oinochoe Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 595, fig. 60; here
the volutes are beaked like the spirals on the stamnos B 64; lid and oinochoe belong, like the
stamnos, at about the middle of the century. The same sort of palmette appears on two orientalizing vases from Arkades in Crete. The first, an oinochoe (Annuario, 10-12, 1927-29, p. 114,
fig. 93) was found in a pithos burial with a late Protocorinthian aryballos. The second, an urn
(ibid., p. 192, fig. 212), was found with an aryballos of Corinthian rather than Protocorinthian
type. Noticeably contrasted with the almost chaotic anomaly and asymmetry of the first half
of the seventh century is the regularity of ornament in the second, as it settles down to the
order of the symmetrical lotus and palmette chain used in the black-figured style.
Incised Household Ware Fragment.
Fig. 94
P 6493. P. H., 0.122 m. Diam. of rim (est.), 0.17 m.

The flat band handle of a hand-made pitcher of coarse micaceous clay, like VI 5 and C 156.
Two incised wavy lines run around the outside just below the lip, and three pairs of incised
138
RODNEY S. YOUNG
wavy lines run down the edges and middle of the handle. On incised householdware, see below,
p. 199 and C 156-165;the fabric was common in the seventh century.

B 83. Terracotta Horse Fragment. Fig. 94

T 680. P. H., 0.07m. P. L., 0.045m.
The front of the body is preserved,with most of the neck and the stumps of the front legs.
Bands of clay were applied along each side of the body at the shoulder,perhapsto representthe
shafts of a chariot. Bands of black glaze on the body and neck have peeled off.
B 84. Terracotta Horse Fragment. Fig. 94
T 681. P. H., 0.035m.
The head and neck preserved. Glaze dots representedthe eyes, and wavy lines run down
the neck to indicate the mane.
The two horses B 85-84 are of the same type as those found in the seventh century well; see
below, p. 224 and C 181-184.
The lowest fill of the road, Layer III (section, fig. 2) underlying the dump of brown earth
thrown on the road at some time after the middle of the seventh century, was of sand and
gravel which went to bedrock. A number of large rough blocks of limestone lying in this
fill may have fallen from early parapet walls beside the road. Because of the action of the
water draining over the road it was not possible to distinguish successive levels representing the raising of the road surface with the passage of time; the burned deposit, Grave XII,
must represent one of these stages. The sherds from Layer III were late Geometric and
early orientalizing, with nothing as late as the middle of the seventh century. From
Layer III, B 85-86.
B 85.
Corinthianizing Skyphos Fragment. Fig. 91

P 5286. P.H., 0.086m. Diam. at rim, 0.165m.
The bottom missing. Part of an open skyphos of early Protocorinthianshape, with curving
side wall. Banded to the handle-zone;grills interruptedby opposed triangles beside the handle,
and a panel at the centre filled by a grazing deer. A bird, opposed triangles, and a lozenge-star
in the field. Glazed inside, with three reserved bands at the rim. Attic clay with creamy slip;
dull brownish glaze.
A similar Attic imitation of Protocorinthianwas found in Grave 1 at Spata: Delt., VI,
1920-21, p. 133, fig. 3. Our fragment should date from the very end of the eighth century, or
beginning of the seventh.
B 86. Protoattic Fragment. Fig. 91

P 5285. P.H., 0.082m.
From a closed pot, small amphoraor oinochoe. On the shoulder, a panel filled by a horse,
left; filling ornamentof running dog, dotted, zigzags, and a lozenge-star. Below, part of a zone
filled by sigmas. Attic clay with creamy slip and peeled dull black glaze.
The horse is subgeometricin style; compare the subgeometrichorse on the oinochoe C 118
(fig. 124). The early orientalizingfilling ornamentprobably belongs in the first quarter of the
seventh century.
139
III
THE SEVENTH CEINT'URYWEILL

The well lies on top of Kolonos Agoraios near its eastern edge, about eighty metres to
the south of the east end of the Hephaisteion. The round well-shaft, of which the diameter
is about 1.90 m., went to a depth of 16.95 m. below the surface of the rock. It was straight
and well cut; in the first four metres below the mouth the diggers ran into difficulties
because of the soft crumbling nature of the rock. Below, the shaft was cut in good firm
rock; the great diameter of the cutting probably made the work of well-digging easier than
it would have been in a narrower shaft. Geometric wells in the Agora, while they also
are often well cut, are usually narrow in diameter, and rather shallow. The Kolonos well
is by far the deepest of the early wells; it may have been cut at a place where the water
did not penetrate easily through the rock, for even at the depth of nearly seventeen metres
the well gathered water to a depth of only half a metre in its bottom.
The filling of the well, uniform throughout its depth, was of green broken hardpan
mixed with brown earth. The sherds found scattered through this filling indicated that it
had been thrown in all at once, since fragments of the same vases were often found at
widely different levels. Much Protocorinthian, Protoattic, Geometric and subgeometric
pottery was found. The fragments of Protocorinthian were mostly in the upper half of the
well, though some came from near the bottom. A very great number of fragments of twohandled cups, coarsely made and unglazed, were found at all depths; the Geometric sherds
appeared in as great numbers near the top as at the bottom. The well, in short, was not
stratified, and had been filled at one time.
The nature of the filling, which was mostly of broken hardpan, suggested that the
earth from operations in which the hilltop was levelled or otherwise cut was used to fill
the well. Unfortunately, a Roman villa and a late drain at each side of the well had
destroyed any signs of the surface activities of earlier times. The pottery found in the
well-filling was all of the first half of the seventh century, with little that goes back into
the eighth, and none that goes below the middle of the seventh. The vases may be from
graves destroyed in the levelling of the hilltop, or from a nearby shrine. The former
supposition seems unlikely because graves would have been respected, at least for a time.
If there had been any great time lapse between the digging of the graves and their destruction, a few sherds later than those from the graves, as well as bones from the graves
themselves, would have found their way into the well filling. The great number of
fragments of coarsely made unglazed cups, of which there must have been at least ninety,
suggests, on the other hand, that our well filling may be part of a deposit of offerings from
a shrine. Such a deposit was found in the Agora and has been published.1 The character
i Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 542 ff.
RODNEY S. YOUNG
140
of the pottery from our well is the same as that from the votive deposit; figurines, however,
were few, and votive plaques were not found.'

Although the ultimate origin of the well deposit cannot be certain, the vases clearly
show that it had accumulated over a period of about fifty years. A few earlier fragments
were naturally found among the seventh century pottery, as early fragments are found
scattered through every deposit; thus our well contained a small piece of Grey Minyan,

about twenty bits of Protogeometric, and an unusual early Geometric fragment. The vases
and sherds selected for publication represent the most complete vases as well as the most
interesting; a few small bits are included because they represent a type of vase or decoration characteristic of the period, but not otherwise found in the deposit. Of many of the
vase types published a large number of additional fragments are stored without publication;
thus there are fragments of several rayed Protocorinthian skyphoi and Attic imitations of
them; of banded plates with conventional Protocorinthian ornament (verticals and vertical
zigzags) in the handle-zone; of subgeometric skyphoi and one-handled cups, and of seventh
century oil amphoras. A large number of whorls and of disks cut from vase fragments are
not published.
The vases and sherds published form, then, a representative collection from the deposit
in the well. Of these, about ten per cent are Protocorinthian. All of the Protocorinthian
vases and fragments belong to the second (" subgeometric") Protocorinthian style, dated
in the first half of the seventh century.2 It might be assumed from these alone that the
Attic vases from the same deposit date from the same time. The assumption is confirmed
by the Attic vases themselves, many of which are direct imitations of Protocorinthian of
the same style and period.
1 It is not impossible that the villa above the mouth of the well
may have been a sanctuary. It had
been built at least as early as Hellenistic times, and
subsequently rebuilt at least twice. In two of the
cisterns connected with it were found a krater of the Hellenistic
period, which had been dedicated to
Dionysos and Artemis, and a faience amulet of Anubis together with a Hadra vase (Hesperia, VI, 1937,
pp. 374 ff. and figs. 39-41).
2 The chronology for Protocorinthian followed is that
given by Payne in his Protokorinthische
Vasenmalerei, p. 20; the linear subgeometric vases are contemporary with the first and second blackfigured styles. Payne's dating is somewhat later than Johansen's; the first Protocorinthian style covers
the second half, instead of the first three quarters of the eighth
century, and the second style is moved
down into the first half of the seventh century. The difference in
dating is the result of a more conservative estimate of the antiquity of Cumae as a Greek colony (about 750; for a discussion of dates in
early Greek history, see the article by A. R. Burn, J.H.S., LV, 1935, p. 130; also the article by A. W.
Byvanck, Mnemosyne, 3rd Series, IV, 1936-37, pp. 181 ff. He suggests, p. 201, that Payne's dating of the
first Protocorinthian style in the second half of the eighth century is somewhat too
early. Whether or
not ByvAnck's chronology is correct, his suggestion that allowance must be made for a
lapse of time
between the foundation date of a colony and its first graves, is
sensible). If the earliest orientalizing
vases of Crete are to be dated in the middle of the eighth century, as
suggested by Payne (B.S.A.,
XXIX, 1927-28, p. 230), and if Corinth derived its repertory of orientalizing motives from Crete (Payne,
Necrocorinthia, p. 4; Johansen, pp. 58 ff.), then it seems clear that the earliest Protocorinthian vases
cannot go back beyond the middle of the eighth century, and Payne's modification of Johansen's
chronology must be accepted.
141
The dating for the deposit, 700-650, suggested by the Protocorinthian vases and the
Protoattic imitations, is confirmed by the finding of Protoattic pottery of the same sort as
that in the well together with middle Protocorinthian in the Agora votive deposit and in

the Phaleron cemetery. Thus in three different kinds of deposit: in a votive dump from
a shrine, in a well deposit, and in a group of graves, the contemporaneity of Protoattic and
middle Protocorinthian is demonstrated. Confirmation of the dating of the Protoattic is
given by the finding-places of coarse Attic oil amphoras: Gela and Daphne, both founded
in the first half of the seventh century. Thus many of the amphoras which are of the same
type as those found in the late-founded colonies, and which were used for child-burials in
the Phaleron cemetery, must belong in the seventh century. Fragments of a number of
these amphoras were found in the well and in the Agora votive deposit.
A large number of subgeometric vases and sherds was found in the well. These were
The subgeometric style, which is the discontemporary with the earlier Protoattic.
integration of the Geometric, must have continued well into the first quarter of the seventh
century; certain motives were used, in combination with orientalizing decoration, well past
the middle of the century. Subgeometric pottery was found together with Protoattic not
only in the filling of the Kolonos well, but also in the Agora votive deposit. Boeotian subgeometric has been dated by Hampe in the early seventh century.l Strong confirmation
for the suggestion that subgeometric vases free of orientalizing decoration were made in
the first quarter of the seventh century, and perhaps later, is given by the finding of three
imported skyphoi, two with late bird decoration, in a tomb in Cyprus which also contained
a number of scarabs of the Saite period.2
A number of subgeometric vases and fragments from the well are nearly identical in
shape, fabric, and decoration with vases from some of the burials in the grave precinct.
Since the dating for these vases can be approximately fixed not only by their style but by
their context, the graves with similar vases can be dated at the same time. We may thus
safely date Graves V and VI in the first quarter of the seventh century, Graves III and IV
perhaps somewhat later, and Graves VII--XII in the years around 700.
CATALOGUEOF OBJECTS FROM THE WELL
PROTOCORINTHIAN:
C 1-18
Protocorinthian sherds were scattered through the well deposit at all depths and in
relatively large numbers. in addition to the skyphoi published, fragments of a number of
others with rays above the foot were found; the skyphos was the shape most commonly
represented. The Protocorinthian pottery is quite consistent in style and period, belonging
to Johansen's Middle Protocorinthian (" subgeometric") group, and covering the first half
1 Hampe,pp. 20 ff.
Amathus,Tomb 9. E. Gjerstad,The Swedish Cyprus Expedition, II, Stockholm, 1935, pp. 55 ff.,
nos. 19, 76, and 122, and pl. XV.
2
142
RODNEY S. YOUNG
of the seventh century with very little (possibly C 1 and C 6-7) that can be carried back
into the eighth. Nothing was found, on the other hand, of the Late Protocorinthian or
Transitional style belonging in the second half of the century. Our Protocorinthian vases,
then, dated 700-650, furnish the key to the dating of the Attic pottery found with them.
The large number of Attic imitations of Middle Protocorinthian (C 19-34), moreover, gives
further assurance that the Attic and Protocorinthian vases are closely contemporary.

C 1. Protocorinthian Aryballos Fragments.
Fig. 100
P 7454. P. H., 0.035 m.

Two non-joining fragments, one from the shoulder, the other from the lower body. Wide and
naow glaze bands around the body; on the
a spiral, and the hindlegs and tail of a dog
tshoulder
running to the right. Brownish glaze, somewhat peeled.
,
.. ; .1
U',
,1
Fig. 100. Protocorinthian (C 1 5, 7, 16-18) and Protoattic (C 29) Fragments

The running hound is probably part of a hare-hunt. The hare-hunt is rare in Protocorinthian
befole the first black-figured style (Johansen's Class A); it has not been found at Cumae, and only
two early examples have been found at Syracuse; cf. Johansen, p. 86. Although our aryballos
is very fragmentary, its shape can be restored with probability as that of the intermediate type,
like Johansen, pl. XIV, 3 and 9, dated by Payne about 700 or slightly later.
C 2. Protocorinthian Aryballos Fragment.
Fig. 100
P 8345. P. H., 0.034 m.

The lower body and part of the ring foot only are preserved. Wide and narrow glaze bands;
the glaze has almost entirely peeled off. The rather plointed shape is that of Johansen's second
class, which belongs in the seventh century.

C 3. Protocorinthian Pyxis Fragment.
143
Fig. 100

P 7012. H., 0.046 m. Diam. at rim, 0.086 m.

About half preserved, with one handle. Flat bottom and very slightly concave side wall,
somewhat thickened at the rim. Around the rim, dotted latticing with butterflies in panels at the
ends. The broad bands below the handle and around the base are painted purple. Glaze black to
brownish, brown inside, much peeled.
The shape is closest to the subgeometric pyxides Johansen, pl. XVIII, 1, 3-4. The use of
broad bands of added purple indicates a relatively late date.
C 4. Protocorinthian Pyxis Lid Fragment.
Fig. 100
P 7453. Max. Dim., 0.033 m.

A small fragment from the rim; a flange underneath, set well back from the edge. Bands,
checker-board, and rays; badly peeled red glaze. Part of a lid similar to the subgeometric lid
Johansen, pl. XVIII, 3.
C 5. Protocorinthian Oinochoe Fragment.
Fig. 100
P 7455. P. H., 0.028 m. Diam. bottom (est.), 0.165 m.

From a flat-bottomed conical oinochoe like Johansen, pi. XVIII, 5-6. Fine glaze bands, almost
entirely peeled.
C 6. Protocorinthian Kotyle.
Fig. 102

Restored in plaster; about half preserved, with nothing of the handles. Low flat base. Three
bands of added white around the upper margin of the solidly glazed lower body. Outside the
rim, verticals and zigzags; inside it, two reserved bands. Glaze black to red, and much peeled
inside.
Restored as kotyle like Johansen, pl. X, 2 and 5. The shape is rare, and Johansen (p. 34)
dates it early on stylistic grounds. Our example is deeper and less open than the two illustrated
by Johansen, and therefore later; the bands of added white also suggest that it is later. It is
probably to be dated at the end of the eighth century, or the very beginning of the seventh.
C 7. Protocorinthian Kotyle Handle.
Fig. 100
P 8346. P. H., 0.047 m.

From a kotyle similar to C 6. Bars on the handle, vertical lines setting off the handle panel.
Red glaze.
C 8. Protocorinthian Skyphos.
Figs. 101, 104
P 7143. H., 0.125 m. Diam. at rim, 0.143 m.

Both handles and parts of the body restored. Fine ring foot. Glazed inside, with two
reserved bands at the rim; glaze rings and a dot on the bottom inside the foot. Glaze dull black
to brown, and somewhat peeled.
The deep skyphoi with rays belong to Johansen's subgeometric group, and should be dated
in the first half of the seventh century. Our present example has a body still markedly convex,
and must belong near the beginning of the century. Cf. Johansen, pl. IX, 6.
144
RODNEY S. YOUNG
C 9. Protocorinthian Skyphos.
Fig. 101

P 7142. H., 0.122 m. Diam. at rim, 0.14 m.

One handle and parts of the body restored. Ring foot. Fine bands between the rays and the
handle-zone; a glaze band on the upper face of the preserved landle. Glaze brown to yellowish.
and badly peeled.
27
-1;
C9
C10
C8
Fig. 101. Protocorinthian (C 8-10) and Protoattic (C 23, 25 26) Skyphoi

Slightly later than C 8; the body is deeper and more pointed, and the side wall somewhat less
convex.
C 10. ProtocorinthianSkyphos. Fig. 101

P 7145. H., 0.101 m. Diam. at rim, 0.109 m.
One handle and parts of the body restored. Ring foot; red glaze, somewhat streaky inside.
Again slightly later; the body is still convex, but more pointed and( narrower at the foot.

About half the body, and one handle, restored. Ring foot; glaze (dull black to brownish.

P 7148. H. (rest), 0.086 m. Diam. at rim (rest.), 0.097 m.
The foot, about half the body, and one handle, restored. Glaze red to light brown.
The restoration of the bottom must be approximately correct, since the bases of the rays
must come near meeting above the foot. The deep pointed shape with nearly straight side
wall is late; this skyphos must belong close to the middle of the seventh century; cf. Johansen,
pl. XVII, 3.
145
A
ETC.
A SEVENTH CENTURY WELL,I~~~~~~~14
AND
GRAVES
GEOMETRIC
LATE GEOMETRICLATE
C 15. Protocorinthian Skyphos. Fig. 102
P 7459. Diam. of foot, 0.038m.
Only the lower body and ring foot are preserved. Glazed, with two reselrvedbands; the
decorationof the handle-zonewas probablylike that of C 8-12. Firm red glaze.

C 14.
Protocorinthian Skyphos. Fig. 102

P 7144. H., 0.094m. Diam. at rim (rest.), 0.098m.
About one third of the body and one handle restored. Fine ring foot. Two glaze bands
above the rays; the handle-zone is set off below by a line of added -white, and the handle panels
by vertical white lines. Glaze black to red; peeled red inside.

Skyphoi with simple decoration in added white are discussed by Johansen, pp. 68ff. Such
deco ration begins in the early Protocorinthian style and extends through the subgeometric phase.
y Piotocoiiiritbianstyle and extends thi..
012
C11
C13
C15
C14
C6
Fig. 102. Protocorinthian Skyploi (C 6, 11-15)

A favorite ornament is the hour-glass either added in -white or reserved between two nearly
tangent arcs of glaze, as on our C 16-17 below. The skyphos C 14 is shown by the rays to belong
to the subgeometricstyle; its deep pointed shape shows that it is late.

P 7147. 1I. (rest.), 0.079.m. Diam. at rim (rest.), 0.099m.
The bottom restored as on C 12. The handle-zone is set off below by three fine bands of
added pulple between two of added white.
In shape and decoration similar to C 14; the addition of fine bands of purple is common on
transitional skyphoi of the third quarter of the century; cf. C. V. A., Oxford, I, pi. 1, 32--the type
"begins before the middle of the seventh century and lasts at least until the end."

1P7159. H., 0.084m. Diam. at rim (est), 0.105m.
A fragment preserving the complete profile to the foot. The handle-zoneset off below by
a line of added white. Reserved at the centre of the handle-zone an hour-glass between two
nearly tangent arcs of glaze; the vertical lines beside it are added in white. Red glaze; a band
of added white below the rim inside.
10
146
C 17.
RODNEY S. YOUNG
Protocorinthian Skyphos Fragment.
Fig. 100

Rim fragment. Reserved hour-glass with added white verticals beside it as on C 16. Inside
the rim a reserved band, and a band of added white below it. Much peeled brownish black glaze.

C 18. Protocorinthian Skyphos Fragment.
Fig. 100
P 8347. P. H., 0.024 m.

Rim fragment; birds in the handle-zone, bands below. Black glaze, somewhat peeled. A subgeometric skyphos with a similar bird-band on the rim, Johansen, pl. XVII, 1.
PROTOATTIC
SKYPHOI
OF PROTOCORINTHIAN
SHAPE: C 19-34
Although Attica undoubtedly borrowed many decorative motives from Protocorinthian,

the class " Attic imitations " is here limited to shapes that quite clearly are not Attic, and
quite as clearly are Corinthian; chiefly skyphoi with plain, slightly in-turned rim of the
shape C 8-16 (Payne, Necrocorinthia, p. 294-" the shape must have been invented at
Corinth"). The stereotyped Protocorinthian decoration is sometimes copied; often however
the more imaginative Attic potter gave rein to his ingenuity and departed from the canon.
The contrast between the over-refined subgeometric of Corinth and the careless disintegrating subg,eometric of Attica noted by Hampe (p. 27) is most obvious when the Attic potter
is making a direct copy from his Protocorinthian model; even without the clear difference
in fabric it would be easy to tell the original and the imitation apart. The Attic vases have
usually a flat base or a false ring foot instead of the fine Corinthian foot; their rays are
usually much too long (the Protocorinthian rays are always about half the height of the
pot) and their zone of horizontal bands is careless and uneven, varying in width according to the length of the rays. In fabric, the relatively coarse pink Attic clay can usually
be distinguished without difficulty from the much finer buff clay from Corinth, and the
Attic glaze lacks the tendency to peel. The Attic imitations must of course be closely
contemporary with their Corinthian models; they are all taken, in fact, from Protocorinthian
of the subgeometric style, and belong to the same class as the true Protocorinthian found
with them in the well.
C 19. Corinthianizing Skyphos. Fig. 103

P 7153. H., 0.083m. Diam. at rim., 0.10m.
One handle restored,with rim and body fragments. Low flat base; verticals and zigzags in
the handle-zone. Attic clay; the glaze somewhatmetallic on the lower body, dull and badly peeled
above, and streaky brown inside.
The prototype is a subgeometricProtocorinthianskyphos like Johansen, pi. XVII, 4 and
Payne, PV, pl. X, 4; Payne calls this skyphos a "linear vase of the late eighth or early seventh
century." One of the earliest graves at Phaleron, belonging at the end of the eighth century,
contained a transitional Protocorinthianskyphos of the same type (Delt., II, 1916, p. 32 and
fig. 22, 1; Johansen,pl. IX, 6, Grave47). The differencebetween Johansen'stransitionaland subgeometric examples is barely perceptible-a slight deepening,and proportionatenarrowingat the
147
top, of the later skyphos. Ours is a fairly close imitation of the subgeometric type; another similar
Attic imitation was found with an early Protoattic amphora in a grave at Eleusis which surely
belongs in the first quarter of the seventh century (Eph. Arch., 1898, p. 91; the amphora, pl. IllI, 2).

C 20.
Fig. 103
Skyphos.
P 7152. H., 0.131 m. Diam. at rim, 0.14 m.
Both handles and parts of the body restored. Low ring foot; the lower part of the body
solidly glazed. Two glaze bands on the outer face of the handle, as far as preserved; three
reserved bands inside the rim. Attic clay; glaze black to brownish, and dull black inside, where
it is somewhat peeled.
The skyphoi C 20-22 are deeper and narrower at the top than C 19, and therefore somewhat
later; in shape they resemble the rayed Protocorinthian skyphoi C 9-10.
Corinthianizing
C 19
C27
C24
Fig. 103. Protoattic Skyphoi (C 19-22, 24, 27)
C 21. Corinthianizing Skyphos.
Fig. 103
P 7151. H., 0.126 m. Diam. at rim, 0.14 m.

All of one handle, most of the other. and several body fragments, restored. Flat base. Attic
clay; glaze red to thin brown outside, red inside.
Fig. 103
P 7457. H., 0.10 m. Diam. at rim, 0.115 m.

Both handles and fragments of the body restored. Flat base. Attic clay; glaze streaky brown
on the lower bo(dv red on the upper body and inside.
Fig. 101
P 7154. H., 0.093 m. Diam. at rim, 0.104 m.

Parts of the body restored. Low flat base. Attic clay; glaze brownish outside, streaky black inside.
An imitation of the ra!ed Protocorinthian type C 8-11.
10*
148
C 24.
RODNEY S. YOUNG
Corinthianizing Skyphos.
Fig. 103
P 7149. H., 0.123 m. Diam. at rim. 0.15 m.

Both handles and parts of the body restored.
Attic clay, dull red glaze.
C 25.
Flat base with a glaze-ring on the bottom.
Fig. 101

P 7150. lI.. 0.123 m. Diam. at rim. 0.14 m.
C 26.
C 27.
C 28.
One handle and body fragments restored. Low flat base. Careless decoration. with very
much exaggerated rays. Attic clay; dull black glaze. streaky inside.
Fig. 101
P 7155. II., 0.11 m. Diam. at rim, 0.14 m.

About half the body and one handle restored. A very low flat ring foot. In the handle-zone.
signmaspaired in panels. Attic clay; glaze red to brownish.
'The shape and decorative scheme are those of the subgeometlic Protocorinthian skyphoi:
only the conventional decoration of the handle-zone is varied. The band of sigmas is a not
uncommon motive in Protocorinthian. Cycladic, or late Attic Geometric; btut the division into
equal panels is an Attic rather than a Corinthian feature. For Protoattic kantharoi witli sigmas.
single and paired. in panels, see Hesperia, 11, 1933, pp. 588 and 591. figs. 51 and 54.
Fig. 103
P 7458. H., 0.128 m. Diam. at rim, 0.15 m.

Fragmentary; restored in plaster. Flat base; the rays above are alternately black and white.
From a horizontal glaze line linking the lrays at half their height springs a hooked triangle
between each pair of rays. In the handle-zone a procession of stylized birds. A double reserved
band inside the rim. Glaze dull brown and somewhat peeled inside.
The white-painted rays and hooked triangles are Attic variations on the otherwise faithful
copy of a subgeometric Protocorinthian type. For a similar bird procession, cf. Johansen,
pl. XVII, 1. Stylized birds on transitional Protocorinthian are usually drawn with two legs;
cf. Johansen. pi. XI, 2.
Fig. 109
P 7157. P. H., 0.08 m. Diam. at rim, 0.15 m.

A fragment; about half the upper body preserved.
bands; the verticals at the ends of the handle-zones
a procession of subgeometric birds like those of C 18.
of each handle. Glaze black to brownish, and streaky
C 29. Corinthianizing Skyphos Fragment.
The lower body was glazed, with reserved

are interrupted by ladders; in the middle
A row of short verticals on the outer face
inside.
Fig. 100
P 7460. P.H., 0.063 m.

Rim fragment; in the handle-zone, birds and vertical zigzags; fine horizontal bands below.
Glaze red to brownish.
The type of bird is like the late Attic Geometric bird.
14!)
ComrinthianizingSkyphos Fragmennt. Fig. 109
C 30.
1) 71.)56. P. [.. 0.076

I( . iam.
at rim (est.). 0.14 im.
Partt of tlhe rim andil ipper body, with onte handle.
In the handle-zone. a dog chasing a fox

with a long bushy tail. A latdder on the handle. ])ull glaze. black to brown.
The fox ihunt is knoiwn on Protocorinthian vases: cf. .ohansen.. l. 13(. Another Attic sky!phos
imitating 'lrotocorinthian an(l decoratedl with a fox huint was fouind in (rave 1 at Spata (I)elf.,
VI, 1921. 1). 133 antd figs. 2-3). lThe shalpe of tle skyp!hos fromi Spata, and )probably of that of
the p)resent fragiment. resembles the more
schallow and op)(encarly1Pi-'otocorinthiian t!pl:e Johansen.

pl. IX. I and X, 1, and should belong at the end of the eighth century.
C 31.
C 32.
C 33.
Corinthianizing Sklphos.
1936, l). 1208 andl fig. 8
Figs. 104, 105.
Illustrated London Neus fori July 1,8
1' 70)23. I. 0.12 m. l)iam. at rim, 0.14 m.

Both handles and fragmlents of the body restoredl. Ring foot: above, plain and hooked rays
alternating. 'The body between the rays and tlhe handle-zone is divided by triple vertical lines
into seven panels, variously filled: with
dliagonal bands of running dog; with a
lhorizontal band of running
dog between
half-circles above and below: with run-f

ning dof and scale pattern: with diagonal
wav-y lines: and with various kinds of
vegetable ornament. In the handle-zone.
ruinninf dog that resembles wave-pattern.
]Black to brownish rlaze, somewhat
'--
leeled.
llllllf!_
C8
C3
The shape, and the framework of

the the
decoration.
are ProtocorinthianProtocorinthian: but
decor-ation.in
ae
biit
Fig. 104. Protocorinthian (C 8) and Protoattic (C 31)
in the selection and application of decoSkyplioi. Drawing by Piet de Jong
rative motives a chaotic effect is
achieved of which only the Protoattic
potter was capable. The decoration of this skyphos is reminiscent of the filling ornament of the
Analatos hydria and the Nessos amphora in New York. It should probably be dated by reason
both of its shape and of its decoration near the middle of the seventh centuri-.
Fig. 105
P 7158. Ii.. 0.073 m. Diam. at rim. 0.11 m.

Both handles and much of the body restored. Low flat base. Entirely covered with carelessly
appllied black glaze, somewhat peeled. A band of added white at the base and at the lip: double
bands around the lower body and below the handle-zone. Vertical white lines beside the handle
panels and the ornament at the centre of the handle-zone (broken away; probably an hour-glass).
The decoration resembles that of the Protocorinthian skyphoi C 14-17; the smooth and shiny
black glaze is characteristic of later Corinthian pottery. Our example shows in its shape that
it is taken from a prototype slightly earlier than the Early Corinthian skyphos A.J.A., XLI, 1937,
p. 219, fig. 2, and it must date about the middle of the seventh century. The shape is much the
same, on a smaller scale, as that of C 51.
Corinthianizing Skyphos. Fig. 105

P 7456. H., 0.06m. Diam. at rim, 0.081m.
150
RODNEY
S. YOUJNG
One handle and part of the body restored. Flat bottoin. The lower body glazed; below the
handle-zone three careless glaze lines. In the handle-zone, a wavy line barbed at one end, perhaps meant to represent a snake. Thin streaky brownish glaze.
A later skyphos of the same shape and with the same decoration, but with a large flaring
base, was found in a grave of the second half of the seventh centiury at Phaleron (Grave 59;
Delt., II, 1916, p. 32, fig. 23, 2). Our skyphos
is shallow and open by comparison with the
subgeometric
Protocorinthian
type;
it
pro-
E~--L

bablv stands with Corinthian vases at the

head of the transitional and early Corinthian
C 34.
C 55.
C 36.
C 37.
series with the shallower
shape,
Payne,
Corinthianizing
Skyphos.
C35
c32
NC,
p. 279, fig. 120B and p. 23, fig. 9 C, and

A.J.A., XLI, 1937, p. 219, figs. 2-3 and 5; it
probably dates from about the middle of the
seventh century.
Fig. 105
'
\
C33
C36
C3
Fig. 105. Protoattic Skyphoi (C 31-36)

1' 7(18. H., 0.095 in. l)iam. at rim, 0.141 ill.
One handle and small iim fragmients
restored. Ring foot; concentric circles and a dot on the bottoml. In the handle-zone, verticals,
and three sets of opposed triangles at the middle. Attic clay, dull black glaze.
Somewhat more squat and open than C 53, but derived from the same Corinthian prototypes.
The short rays of the band above the foot are characteristic of Corinthian, rather than Protocorinthian, skyphoi; cf. A.J.A., XLI, 1937, pp. 219 ff.
SU13GEOMETRIC
AND PROTOATTIC
SKYPIlOI: C 35-47
Subleometric
Skyphos.
Fig. 105
P 7462. H. (as rest.), 0.097 m. Diam. at rim, 0.143 mi.

The bottom is missing; both handles and much of the body restored. Deepish body with
straight rim, tilted slightly outward. Attic clay with streaky black glaze; a reserved band inside
the rim.
Subgeometric in shape and decoration, with deep body and very slightly rounded shoulder;
cf. V 5 above. The conventional handle-zone decoration is that used in Protocorinthian; cf.
A.J.A., XXXV, 1931, p. 11, fig. 6 (late Geometric) and Johansen, pl. IX, 4 (from Phaleron
Grave 64, dating about 700). Payne dates a similar skyphos at Oxford "late eighth or early
seventh century" (C. V.A., Oxford, I, pi. I, 28).
Fragmentary Subgeometric Skyphos.
Fig. 105
P 8348. P. H., 0.056 m. Diam. at rim, 0.104 m.

Similar in shape and decoration to C 35.
Skyphos.
Fig. 106
P 7471. H. (rest.), 0.069 m. Diam. at rim, 0.127 m.

The bottom and several body fragments, restored. Reserved bands inside the rim. Bands
on the rim and in the handle-zone. Shiny black glaze, streaky in places.
Slightly more pointed than C 35, and flatter at the shoulder; in shape much like V 3.

Geometric Skyphos.

C 38.
Fig. 106
P 7291. H., 0.076 m. Max. Diam.,

0.127 m.
One handle and fragments of the
body restored. Flat bottom and low
vertical rim; in the handle-zone, compass-drawn concentric circles. Attic
clay with somewhat peeled red glaze.
The shape is much like that of
the late Geometric skyphos with
battle scenes from Eleusis, Eph. Arch.,
1898, 1)l. V, 1; our skyphos however
has no foot. Compass-drawn circles are
almost the only filling ornament used
on the krater from Dipylon Grave 11I.
C 39.
Protoattic Skyphos.
1937, p. 370, fig. 34
151
Fig. 107.
C52
C 43
C38
Fig. 1(0. Skyphoi (C 37-38, 43-11) and One-handled Cups

(C 51-52)
A.J.A.,
XL, 1936, 1). 194, fig. 10; Hesperia, VI,
P 7014. H., 0.085 in. Diami. at rim (rest.), 0.15 m.

Most of the body and both handles restored; the profile is, however, preserved colmplete.
Similar in shape to C 38, but with a low ring foot. Above the foot, rays; then a broad band,
and a second series of rays ending in hooks. Above, two fishes swimming to the right; their
interior details incised. In the field, dot rosettes and horizontal zigzag lines. The rim is
divided into panels, in two of which are the glaze-painted letters -YlO 4a1l. Inside the rim
similar panels, each of which is filled by a reverse spiral. At the centre of the floor, four
crossed wavy lines inside a glaze ring, making a wheel with eight crooked spokes. On the
bottom, a Maltese crosS. Purple is added over the glaze on alternate rays of the lower series,
Fig. 107. Protoattic Skyphos with Dipinto (C 39)

152
RODNEY S. YOUNG
on the band above, on the triangles inside the bases of the hooked rays of the second series,
and on the bellies of the fishes. Three purple bands inside. Well levigated buff Attic clay
with a creamy slip; glaze red to brownish outside, red inside.
The inscription on the rim gave the name of the owner of the cup; since the letters are
painted on with glaze, the cup must have been made to order. The use of the Attic lambda
shows that, in spite of strong Protocorinthian influence on the technique (the slip was probably
used to give the appearance of Corinthian clay) and on the decoration, the vase was made in
Attica by an Attic potter. The fineness of the letter forms is of course partly due to the skill in
drawing of the practiced hand of the potter. On inscribed pots see below, p. 225. The shape is
the same as that of C 58 and the late Geometric skyphos from Eleusis cited in connection with it;
also of the inscribed cup B 55, but somewhat more developed. The hooked rays and liberal use
of added purple (white is used in late Geometric times) are among the late features of this vase.
The fish appears very late and rarely in Attic Geometric; it is more common in Protocorinthian
(cf. Johansen, pi. IV, 3 and IX, 3; Payne, PV, pl. VI, 3-4-all early), but apparently not iused in
Corinthian. Our skyphos is closest in feeling to the vases of Johansen's second archaic group,
of the second quarter of the seventh century. Its decoration suggests almost that the fishes are,
as far as possible, put into their ow-n element-the hooked rays below suggest a wave pattern, and
the long horizontal zigzags used as filling ornament carry out the illusion of water. A similar
tentative feeling after landscape is given by the presence of bushes in the hare-hunt zone of the
Protocorinthian Chigi vase (Payne, PV, pls. 27 and 28, 3).
C 40. Subgeometric Skyphos.
Fig. 108
P 7464. H., 0.045 m. Diam. at rim, 0.13 m.

One handle and fragments of the body restored. Very shallow open body with flat bottom
and widely flaring lip. The handles are set low, and are almost horizontal. Bands to the handlezone and on the rim; a careless zigzag in the handle-zone. Ladders on the handles, and dots on
the edge of the rim. The entire inside
decorated with concentric glaze rings.
Attic clay, dull glaze, black to brown.
The shape, with open spreading body
and rim and long low-set handles, is ob-7
C47
C40
c 45
c46
viously
metallic
in origin.
Clay
cups
of
this shape appear in late Geometric times,

at about the end of the eighth century,
most of them already with orientalizing
decoration. One of these, from Thera, is^
discussed and illustrated by Pfuhl (Ath.
M.tt., XXVIII,
1903, p.
182 and
pl.
IIl),
_
4
I
C49
C50
C4
,
who remarks on the metallic character of.
Fig. 108. Skyphoi (C 40, 45-47), One-handled Cups
the shape. Later (MuZ, p. 1) he suggests
48 50) ad Kalthos ( 84)
that the shape is derived, not from a metallic prototype, but from vases of the type
Wide, fig. 96, upper left. Kunze follows him in this later interpretation, and gives the latest
list of the skyphoi comprising the group (Kretische Bronzereliefs, p. 76 and note 6; to his list
add the skyphos at Wflrzburg, Griechische Vasen in Wiirzburg, 58, pl. 4 and 5; Langlotz calls
this skyphos, which is very close to ours, "Phalerongattung"; add also five examples in the
Empedocles Collection at Athens). The vase from which the type is supposed to develop is very
different in shape and proportions, and only very slightly, if any, earlier than the earliest
examples of the "metallic" type. Pfuhl's first theory seems clearly to be the correct one. The
group now comprises, as far as I am aware, twenty-five pieces, all but two of which (from Thera)
were found, as far as is known, in Attica. No doubt has ever been cast on their Attic origin.
153
If, then, the type is Attic and derived from metal prototypes, and the shape is unfamiliar to
other Geometric fabrics, it is not too much to assume that the metal prototypes -were also Attic.
Our skyphos is a late member of a late gl'oup; its zigzag decoration in the handle-zone, very
carelessly and unevenly drawn, and its lack of a foot, are thoroughly in keeping with the same
characteristics apparent in other subgeometric vases of the early seventh century.

C 41.
Subgteometric Skyphos Fragment.
Fig. 109

A rim fragment with one handle attachment. From a shallow cup with plain rim, perhaps of
the Protocorinthian type, and decorated inside and outside. Outside, the handle panel is set off
by verticals interrupted by a column of chevrons and a zigzag. A ladder on the handle, and
dots below it, perhaps dot rosettes linked by dotted tangents. Around the rim a band of interlock. Inside, at the rim, series of short verticals above three bands; below, a horse to the right,
with zigzag filling ornament in the field. Attic clay with badly peeled black to brown glaze.
The shape is hard to restore; the plain
rim with the handle just below it suggests;-.;
'
a skyphos of the Protocorinthian type,
-L
i
but the body of the vase is too shallow;
"
nor could a skyphos of Protocorinthian
_
C83
c28
shape have been conveniently decorated
inside. Perhaps from a shallow skyphos
like C 40, but with plain rim. The decora.. ^
tion inside is thoroughly subgeometric;
C61
cf. the fragment IV 2 above, fig. 13.
'
tn~
~k
_
G
C42. Protoattic SkylhosFragment. rFig.109

1l)
Il
P 7465. P. H., 0.034 m. Diam. at rim
(est.), 0.08 m.
,,< Cr,
C3
C 30
^
c42
c59
C57
A fragment comprising about a third

Fig. 109. Subgeometric and Protoattic Fragments (C 28,
of the upper body, with one handle; the
30, 41-42, 57-59, 61-62, 68, 83)
base is missing.
Inward-turned rim,
in
concave
rolled
handle
slightly
section;
with out-turned ends, decorated with a ladder. The body and rim are banded; in the handle-zone,
part of a procession of stalking-birds to the right. Glazed inside; Attic clay with metallic glaze,
black to brown.
Lidded skyphoi of the same shape were found in Phaleron (Delt., II, 1916, p. 35, fig. 28, from
Grave 32, and p. 36, fig. 30, from Grave 48) in a grave of the second quarter of the seventh
century (Grave 32) and in another probably of about the same time (Grave 48; Payne, C.V.A.,
Oxford, ]I, p. 59, no. 10, dates this grave not earlier than the first quarter of the seventh century;
but a Protocorinthian skyphos, Johansen, pl. XVII, 2, found in it, is very deep and pointed, like
our C 12 above, and should belong in the second quarter of the century). Another was found in
Dipylon Grave VIII (Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pl. VIII, 1, 6), a grave which must also belong in the
early seventh century-probably at about the end of the first quarter, since it is clearly even later
than Dipylon Grave IX (ibid., pl. VIII, 2). The type continues into the later seventh century; the
lidded skyphos from Phaleron Grave 18 A (Delt., 1I, 1916, p. 35, fig. 29) belongs near the end of
the seventh century and has the same bird decoration as have the pyxis and oinochoe from our
Grave II (II 3 and II 4 above, fig. 9). A fragment of a skyphos of this shape from an Agora
group of the third quarter of the seventh century has been published in Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 419,
and fig. 8, D 9. The rather comic birds are frequent enough on orientalizing pottery: in Attica,
154
RODNEY S. YOUNG
on the Phaleron fragments, Eph. Arch., 1911, p. 250, fig. 14, and Delt., II, 1916, p. 39, fig. 37 (from
Grave 19, a grave of the first quarter of the century), and the oinochoe Jhb., II, 1887, p. 45,
fig. 3; in the Cyclades, Delos, XVII, pls. XXVI-XXVII; and at Corinth, Johansen, pl. V, 6 b.

Fig. 106
P 7463. H., 0.062 m. Diam. at rim, 0.11 m.

One handle and about half the body restored. Flat bottom and rounded body with flaring
rim. Entirely covered with rather poor dull reddish-brown glaze; four fine reserved bands inside
the rim, and another halfway down the wall inside.
The shape is not unlike that of the skyphoi from Grave XX (XX 1-3 above, fig. 67), although
it is somewhat more developed-the body is deeper and more pointed, and the rim more flaiing.
There still remains a slight swelling at the shouilder; the skyphos V 3 (fig. 15 above) has almost
exactly the same profile, and another of the same shape was found at Phaleron (Delt., II, 1916,
p. 42, fig. 44, 4: from Grave 31. The pursuit of the contents and dating of this grave was given
up as hopeless). The stubby carelessly made handles and the poor quality of the glaze give this
skyphos a subgeometric character; it must belong early in the seventh century.
C 44.
Fig. 106
P 7163. P. H., 0.053 m. Diam. at rim, 0.098 m.

The base and most of one side are restored. The shape the same as that of C 43; dull black
glaze over all, except for two reserved bands outside the rim and two inside it, and a band filled
with elongated dots on its edge.
C 45.
Fig. 108
P 7161. H., 0.065 m. Diam. at rim, 0.096 m.

Small fragments of the body restored. Flat bottom, and deep, rather pointed body with no
shoulder; flaring rim. A reserved band at the handle-zone, and three reserved bands inside the
rim. Streaky red glaze, somewhat peeled.
Later than C 43, as shown by the depth of the body and the flatness of the shoulder, in keeping with the seventh century trend toward deep narrow shapes observed in the Protocorinthian
skyphoi. Two similar skyphoi with reserved handle-zone were found in graves of the first
quarter of the seventh century at Phaleron: Graves 23 and 58 (the skyphoi are not illustrated).
Two more, from the seventh century Agora deposit, are published in Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 560,
fig. 19, 64, and p. 564, fig. 23, 79. Another Agora deposit, unpublished, of the first half of the
century, contains several examples (it is dated by Protocorinthian similar to that from the well
deposit published here). The type is the common undecorated cheap skyphos of the orientalizing
period; it does not seem to be found with true Geometric. The development of the shape goes
through the same phases as does that of the Corinthian skyphos; after the middle of the century,
up to which time it has been becoming deeper and more pointed, it becomes rather shallow and
open, and its rim is much less flaring. Two shallow skyphoi from a deposit in the third quarter
of the seventh century at the Agora have been published in Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 413 and
fig. 1, D 4-5. The development of the shape is also illustrated at Phaleron (Delt., II, 1916, p. 43,
fig. 45, 3 and 5, from Graves 55 and 16, both of the latter half of the seventh century).
Fig. 108
P 7162. H., 0.065 m. Diam. at rim, 0.095 m.

About half the body, and both handles, restored. Flat bottom, deep body, and flaring rim.
A reserved band at the handle-zone, and another, filled with series of short verticals, on the rim.
Streaky dull black glaze. Slightly deeper and more pointed in its proportions than C 45.
LATE GEOMETRIC GRAVES AND A SEVENT'I CENTURY WELL, ETC.

155
Fig. 108
P 7160. H., 0.063 m. Diam. at rim, 0.09 m.

Both handles and parts of the body restored. Flat bottom, deep pointed body, and flaring rim.
Thin streaky brownish glaze except under the handles; three reserved bands inside the lip, the
uppermost filled with dots, some of which have run a little down the rim outside. Still deeper
and more pointed than C 45-46.
ONE-hIANDLEDCUPS: C 48--60

C 48. Sulgeomletric One-handled Cull. Figs. 108, 110
C 49.
P 7165. H., 0.083 m. Diam. at rim, 0.105 m.

The bottom and much of the side restored. Flat bottomi (the restoration is certain) and
shoulderless body with flaring rim and band handle. Bars on the handle; the body glazed inside
and out, with four ireserved bands inside the rim, the uppermost filled with careless short verticals.
Brownish-black glaze, almost entirely peeled off.
A meaningless (?) graffito on the outside below the rim (fig. 110). Another cup almiost
exactly like this one and also with a sciratched graffito was found at Eleusis, unfortunately
without context (Eph. Arch., 1898, p. 58, fig. 4). The graffito on the
Eleusis cup has been thought to represent a theta; our graffito (to use
an equal amount of imagination) bears as much resemblance to a liga.- ture zeta-upsilon followed by a tau. Cups of this type were popular
for scribbling; of the twenty-one graffiti from Hymettos, sixteen are
on fragments of such cups (or of skyphoi of the type C 45-47; A.J. A.,
48
XXXVIII, 1934, pp. 10 ff. and pl. I-III). The Hymettos sherds have
been used as evidence in favor of the early introduction of the alphabet
into Greece, and so have assumed an importance quite out of proporFig. 110. Subgeometric
tion to their beauty. Our examples (C 48-50) were found in a seventh
Cup C 48. Irawing
by Piet de Jong
century context. From the Agora come also fragments of another,
found in a deposit whose lower limit is about 640 B.C. (Hesperia, II,
1933, p. 560, fig. 19, 65; the number should be 64 to correspond to the
description in the catalogue and the profile, p. 563, fig. 22; the smaller fragmlent has a triple line
of added white decoration-in itself evidence that the cup should be dated in the seventh century).
The presence of three cups of this type in an Agora deposit of the third quarter of the seventh
century (Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 413 and fig. 1, D 6-8) shows that such cups were made also in the
later seventh century. Such cups have not been found in Geometric graves. Turning to Phaleron
for confirmation of the Agora evidence, we find two more published examples: Delt., II, 1916, p. 42,
fig. 44, 2 and 6, from Graves 48 and 32 respectively, both of which graves contained Protocorinthian vases more probably of the second than of the first quarter of the century, and both of
which have been referred to above in connection with C 42. A glance at the shape and the fabric
is enough to convince one that these cups are the one-handled counterparts of the cheap subgeometric skyphoi of the type to which belong our C 45-47. Both types extend down into the
second half of the century, while neither is found with true Geometric; if they were used over
a long period of time, the evidence indicates that, beginning in the seventh century, they ran late,
rather than they began in the eighth and ran into the seventh.
Subgeometric One-handled Cup. Fig. 108

P 7468. H., 0.07 m, Diam. at rim, 0.094 m.
A large part of the body restored, and the handle. Flat bottom, deep shoulderless body,
flaring rim, and band handle. Three reserved bands inside the rim, the uppermost filled with
series of short verticals. Glaze black to red.
156
RODNEY S. YOUNG
Similar to C 48; perhaps a trifle deeper and more pointed.
Beschrijving, pl. IX, 58.
Another in Leyden: Brants,
C 50. Subgeometric One-handled Cup. Fig. 108

P 7164. H., 0.072 m. Diam. at rim, 0.095 m.
The bottom and fragments of the body restored. Bars on the handle, six reserved bands inside the rim. The clay burned grey, the glaze black to brown.

C 51.
Geometric One-handled Cup. Fig. 106

P 7470. H., 0.061 m. Diam. at rim, 0.095 m.
About half the body restored. Flat bottom, rounded shoulder, straight rim, and band handle.
Entiirely covered with dull reddish-brown glaze, except the rim, which is banded inside and out,
and the handle which is barred.
The black-glazed one-handled cup with flat bottom, barred handle, and banded lip is a type
used throughout the Geometric period with no perceptible development of the shape, although
there are enough variations of the profile and the handle. A cup of the type from a late Geometric grave, X 2 above; from an early Geometric grave, A.A., 1934, pp. 241-242, fig. 27 left.
Possible signs of lateness are the relatively high rim, and the length of the handle.
C 52.
Geometric One-handled Cup. Fig. 106

P 7469. H., 0.062 m. Diam. at rim, 0.092 m.
The handle and fragments of the body restored. Banded rim and reserved handle-zone; otherwise covered with streaky dull red glaze.
The shape is very similar to that of C 51, but with the rim slightly more outward tilted. In
proportions and decoration this vase would seem to be the one-handled counterpart of the skyphos
C 38.
C 53. Phaleron Cup. Fig. 111
C 54.
C 55.
P 7005. H., 0.04 m. Diam. at rim, 0.083 m.

The handle restored. Flat bottom and flaring, slightly concave, side wall. Series of dots on
the lip, and a wavy line in the handle-zone. Dull brownish glaze.
For Phaleron cups, see above, VII 2 and IX 2. The variations of the shape are numerous. In
connection with the wavy-line decoration it is interesting to note the difference in its drawing on
the two cups Delt., II, 1916, p. 43, fig. 45, 6 and 7; the former, from Grave 71 of the third quarter
of the seventh century, has, like ours; a line with short deep waves, while the latter from Grave 11
of the first quarter, has wide shallow waves.
Phaleron Cup. Fig. 111

P 8352. H., 0.037m. Diam. at rim (est.), 0.075m.
The handle and parts of the body restored. Low flat base and slightly concave flaring side
wall. Covered with dull black glaze, badly peeled; a reserved band outside the lip, and three
inside it.
Phaleron Cup. Fig. 111

P 8353. H., 0.05 m. Diam. at rim, 0.066 m.
The handle and small fragments of the rim and body restored. Flat bottom, convex body, and
flaring rim. A glazed band around the bottom of the body; a wavy band around the lower body,
157
and another band below the rim. Dull black glaze, much peeled; three reserved bands inside
the rim.
A small cup of nearly the same shape was found in Dipylon Grave IX; it was not included in
the drawing published (Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, p. 117 and pi. VIII, 2).
C 56. Phaleron Cup. Fig. 111


Most of the rim restored. Flat bottom and band handle. Glaze bands around the body at
the levels of the handle attachments; bars on the handle. The inside glazed, with reserved bands
at the rim. Dull black glaze, much peeled.
This cup is almost exactly the same in shape and decoration as cups from Graves VII and IX.
C 53
C 70
C 74
C 72
Fig. 111.
C 71
C 76
C 75
C 57.
C56
C 54
Phlaleron (C 53-56)
Phaleron Cup Fragment.
and Coarse 'Two-handled Cups (C
0 55
C 73
C69
9 -7(;)
Fig. 109

Very slightly flaring vertical rim and shallow, nearly flat, shoulder. Careless verticals in the
handle-zone; the inside glazed, with a reserved band at the rim. Streaky brownish glaze.
Another cup almost exactly like this, V 2 above (fig. 15).
C 58.
Phaleron Cup Fragment.

P 8355.
Fig. 109
P. H., 0.043m.
158
RODNEY S. YOUNG
Bands on the rim and lower body; a quadruple zigzag band in the handle-zone. A reserved
band filled with short verticals inside the rim. Pink clay with buff surface; red glaze. Carelessly
made on the wheel.
The fabric and decoration recall those of the small vases from Graves XI and XII.

C 59. Phaleron Cup Fragment. Fig. 109

P 8356. P. H., 0.023 m.
A small rim fragment. Part of a wavy line outside the rim; below, the head and neck, with
the mane, of a horse to the right. Glaze and fabric similar to those of C 58.
The cup was very small, so that neither the potter nor the painter had scope to exercise his
best abilities. Similar tiny careless cups were found at Phaleron: Delt., II, 1916, p. 42, fig. 44, 5
and p. 46, fig. 50, in the middle.
C 60. GeometricTrefoil Cup. Fig. 112

P 7477. H., 0.055 m. L. at rim, 0.10 m.
Much of the body, and the handle, restored. Flat bottom and slightly convex side wall made
trefoil at the rim by two very shallow pinches; band handle. Around the body in the handle-
Fig. 112. Trefoil Cup (C 60) and Snbgeomctric and Protoattic Kantharoi (C 63-64, 66-67)
zone a procession of birds, with a swastika between each pair. Series of short verticals outside
the lip, and a reserved band inside it. Slightly metallic black glaze.
Other trefoil cups: Wide, fig. 95 and, at Eleusis, Eph. Arch., 1898, pl. IV, 9. Our example,
with its birds carefully drawn in silhouette and compairable to those of the pitcher lid from
Dipylon Grave XIII (Hampe, pl. 32, N. M. 771), must belong in the late eighth century, and be
one of the earliest vases in the well deposit.
C 61. Subgeometric Fragment. Fig. 109

159
From the upper body and rim. Shallow convex shoulder and straight rim, banded. Vertical
wavy lines (probably sigmas) in the handle-zone. Attic clay, black to reddish glaze, somewhat
peeled; a reserved band inside the rim.
Uncertain whether it is from a skyphos, a cup, or a small krater; but it is probably too big
to be from a cup. The rim as on C 38 and C 52.

C 62.
C 63.
Geometric Fragment.
Fig. 109

Rim fragment; the shoulder very shallow, and the rim sharply flaring and flat on its upper
face which is reserved. Covered with firm chocolate-brown glaze inside; in the handle-zone,
which is reserved, dotted circles, plain and surrounded by dot rings.
Like C 61, probably from a skyphos. The decoration of the handle-zone is much like that
of C 38.
AND PROTOATTIC
KANTIIAROI: C 63-68
SUBGEOMETRIC
Subgeometric Kantharos.
Fig. 112
P 7474. H. to rim, 0.052 m. W. at handles, 0.073 m.

Much of the body, and the band handles, restored. Flat bottom and convex side wall with
plain lip; the lip is oval, somewhat narrower between the handles than from back to front. On each
side of the body, two horses to the right; filling ornament of lozenges, swastikas, and zigzags in
the field. The handle panels set off by verticals and columns of diagonals. Glazed inside, with
a reserved band at the rim, and dot at the centre of the floor. Reddish brown glaze.
A little kantharos of much the same shape and decoration was found in Dipylon Grave IX
(Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pl. VIII, 2, 3). Another, in Cambridge, is published in C.V. A., Cambridge,
I, pl. I, 15. All belong to the same careful archaizing subgeometric style of the beginning of the
seventh century; in the same group, the cup and oinochoe from Grave VI, and the small vases
from Graves XI and XII above. The same phase of Protocorinthian is illustrated in the aryballos
Johansen, pl. XX, 1 and C.V.A., Oxford, II, pl. I, 5, an aryballos which Payne calls " clearly
archaizing"' and dates at the end of the first quarter of the seventh century. Compare also our
kantharos IX 10.
C 64. Subgeometric Kantharos.
Fig. 112

Most of the body restored in plaster; the profile complete. Flat bottom and deep convex
body oval at the lip. The band handles barred at their bases and curved tops; on their vertical
faces, St. Andrew's crosses. In the handle-zone on each side, a pair of tethered horses, facing;
dot rosettes in the field. The inside glazed.
A large number of kantharoi of this shape and with an almost stereotyped decoration of
tethered horses or facing birds has been found in Boeotia, where the type is certainly much more
common than it is in Attica; cf. Hampe, pl. 26 and 28; Boston 285 (Fairbanks, Catalogue, pl. XXV),
and Athens (Nicole, Supplement, pl. III, 774); these Boeotian kantharoi are sometimes, as Hampe,
pl. 23 and 25, more elaborately decorated. The clay of Attic and Boeotian pottery is often so
similar that it is difficult to tell them apart; there is nothing, however, about the clay of our kantharos that is obviously non-Attic. But whether or not it is actually an import is of relative
unimportance; the type is Boeotian and certainly imported. Ilampe dates his Boeotian examples,
of the latest Geometric and subgeometric phases of the Boeotian style, at the end of the eighth
and in the early seventh century.
160
RODNEY S. YOUNG
C 65. Protoattic Kantharos.

Fig. 113. A.J.A., XL, 1936, p. 194, fig. 9; A.A., 1936, p. 118,
fig. 8; J.H.S., XLVI, 1936, p. 137, fig. 1; Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 370, fig. 33

Low flat base and convex body with plain rim, oval and narrowed between the band handles.
Above the base, rays, with a pendant hook between the ends of each pair. In the handle-zone,
elaborate scrolled and petalled floral ornament; the decoration on each side arranged off-centre.
On each handle a pair of interlacing wavy verticals with dotted circles inside their loops. Glazed
inside, with a band of alternating black and reserved rectangles at the rim. Concentric circles
and a dot on the bottom. Brownish-black glaze, somewhat streaky and slightly metallic.
A somewhat metallic effect is given by the handles, the lower ends of which are
applied
against the vase-wall, instead of springing from it. The decoration gives the effect of a struc-
Fig. 113. Protoattic Kantharos (C 65)

tural division of the cup into lower body and high straight rim even though the curve of the
side wall is continuous; on C 66, of the same shape, the division is marked by a shallow
groove.
The elaborate floral ornament is characteristic of the mid-seventh century; compare the
cup from
the Kerameikos, A.A., 1934, pp. 219-220, fig. 15, and the Nessos amphora in New York, J.H.S.,
XXXII, 1912, pls. X-XII. An oinochoe with nearly the same floral ornament was found with an
aryballos of late Protocorinthian type in a pithos grave at Arkades in Crete (Pithos 35; Annuario,
10-12, 1927-29, p. 114, figs. 92-93; compare the aryballos with the Class C aryballos of Johansen,
pi. XXXVII). On these vases of the middle of the century the ornament has reached its full
elaboration; it is somewhat more simple and tentative on a cup, an oinochoe, and an amphora
from Phaleron graves of the second quarter (the amphora, from Grave
18, Delt., II, 1916, p. 29,
figs. 15-16; the cup and the oinochoe from Grave 48, ibid., p. 39, fig. 38, 4 and p. 43,
fig. 45, 1).

C 66.
Orientalizing Kantharos.
161
Fig. 112
P 7475. H. (rest.), 0.077 m. W. at handles, 0.07 m.

The bottom, fragments of the body, and both handles restored. Lower body and rim form
a continuous convex curve, but are delimited by a shallow groove at their junction. On the
lower body, rays; on the rim, wave pattern. Glazed inside. Very pale buff clay with creamy
surface; badly peeled brownish glaze.
The fabric is the same as that of the kantharos IX 11, and similar to that of the so-called
Monochrome Argive group.

C 67.
Protoattic Kantharos.
Fig. 112

Low base and deep convex body with rounded shoulder and offset, slightly flaring rim. Rays;
interlocking meander-hooks on the shoulder, and detached spirals on the rim; a vertical down
the centre of each handle, and another down each side. Glazed inside; black glaze, slightly
metallic.
The kantharos shape with rounded shoulder and relatively high rim, the commonest Protoattic type, is probably developed from late Geometric kantharoi like one in Copenhagen, C.V.A.,
Il, pl. 73, 5 a-b. Several orientalizing kantharoi like ours were found in the Agora votive deposit
published in Hesperia, II, 1933 (pp. 585 ff.; numbers 200, 204, and 205; figs. 51 and 55-57). The
shape is much like that of the somewhat later Boeotian bird kantharoi (cf. Sieveking and Hackl,
Munich Catalogue, pl. XV, 415); it is not unlikely that Boeotia imitated this trpe from Attica,
taking it in return for the borrowing of the Boeotian type discussed above, C 64.
C 68. Kantharos Fragment.
Fig. 109
P 8350. P. H., 0.094 m.

The handle, with part of the rim, of a very large kantharos of heavy fabric. The handle
panel set off by verticals. Wide alternating glazed and reserved bands on the handle. Dull
black glaze, somewhat peeled.
UNGLAZED
CUPS: C 69-76
Fragments of small two-handled cups, roughly made on the wheel and unglazed, were
found in the well in great numbers, scattered throughout its depth. In addition to those
published, the bases of eighty more were counted; with other fragments from rims and
handles, there were probably at least a hundred altogether. A cup of this type was found
in the Agora deposit dated after the middle of the seventh century: Hesperia, VII, 1938,
p. 415 and fig. 8, D 10. Such cups are too small to have been of any use in daily life.
They are perhaps votive cups of a crude miniature type often offered at sanctuaries, and
usually found in great numbers; compare a late fourth century votive deposit of miniature
unglazed vases, Hesperia, VI, 1937, pp. 207 ff. All our cups are of pink Attic clay with
rough spirals left on their bottoms by their careless removal from the wheel. There are
small variations of shape; flat-bottomed cups may be distinguished from those with low
bases and those with ring foot; hut otherwise little can be learned from a group of vases
so small and so roughly made.
if
162

C 69.
RODNEY S. YOUNG
Two-handled Cup. Fig. 111
P 7196. H., 0.08m. Diam. at rim, 0.095 m.
Parts of the body, and one handle, restored. High flaring ring foot and deep pointed body
with slightly flaring rim.
The shape is rare; probably derived from Protogeometric goblets, which sometimes have two
vertical handles; the conical foot has become truncated. A black-glazed example was found in an
early Geometric child's grave in the Agora (Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 553, fig. 11, 2), and another in
an unpublished well, together with simple Geometric pottery of the first half of the eighth century;
three more, unglazed, came from another Agora well of about the same period. The shape, then,
though rare, seems to have been made continuously throughout the Geometric period. The present
example belongs to the early type, but with rather deeper and more pointed body; the other
examples from the deposit (C 70-76) dispense with the foot and have deep narrow bodies, following the development noted also in other shapes. The original type, however, that of C 69, seems
to have continued to be made contemporaneously with the later cups of the shape developed
from it.
C 70-71.
P 6998, P 7186. H., 0.045 m. and 0.052 m. Diam. at rim, 0.062 m. and 0.067 m.
One handle of C 71 restored. Both have a low flat base and slightly flaring lip, and are
similar in shape to C 69 except at the bottom.
C 72-73.
C 77.
Two-handled Cups. Fig. 111
Both handles of C 73 restored. Similar in shape, but deeper and wider in the lower body;
flat bottomed. C 73 has been burned and the clay is grey.
C 74-75.
C 76.
One handle of C 75 restored. Similar in shape to C 72-73, but with high, nearly vertical,
rims. C 75 rather shallow and open in the body.
Two-handled Cup. Fig. 111

P 7019. H., 0.047 m. Diam. at rim, 0.064 m.
Both handles restored. Flat bottom and very flaring rim; body deep and pointed, much
resembling in shape the glazed cups C 48-50.
PLATESAND BOWLS:C 77-92

Fig. 115
Two fragments of the rim, one with one of the rolled handles, from a large plate, fairly deep
and with convex side walls. Around the body, a zone of leaves filled with diagonals; in the
handle-zone, dots linked by tangents. Two reserved bands inside, and series of short glaze
strokes on the upper face of the rim. Black to red glaze, somewhat metallic.
A plate of the same shape and with nearly the same decoration was found in a grave at
Spata together with subgeometric vases of the very early seventh century (Spata Grave IT;
163
Delt., VI, 1920-21, p. 134, fig. 4); the plate in the Spata grave appears to be the earliest vase in
the grave group. Both are slightly shallower than our XX 6, and have flatter side walls. Compare the degenerated leaf pattern on the plates from our Grave VI and from Eleusis, Eph. Arch.,
1912, p. 33, fig. 14, both of the first quarter of the seventh century. Our plate, and that from the
Spata grave, must belong near the end of the eighth.

C 78. Geometric Plate Fragment.
C 79.
Fig. 115
P 8367. Max. Diam., 0.11 m.

A fragment of the slightly convex side wall, preserving also part of the low flat base.
Decorated with bands, a lozenge chain, and a hatched meander. Brown to reddish glaze. Heavy
fabric; from a large, rather shallow plate.
Late Geometric; a plate of similar shape is illustrated in Collignon-Couve, Catalogue, pl. XV,
347. A lid in Wiirzburg (Langlotz, Griechische Vasen in Wiirzburg, 53, and pl. 5) is decorated with
the same sort of meander hatched with nearly straight, instead of diagonal, lines. Both the Wiirzburg lid and the Athens plate have zones of interlocking latticed triangles, a favorite late Geometric motive, and should belong, with our plate, at the end of the eighth century.
Subgeometric Plate.
Figs. 114, 116
P 7487. H., 0.04 m. Diam. at rim, 0.117 m.

Body fragments restored. Low flat base and shallow, slightly convex body; rolled handles
with out-turned ends. Banded outside and on the bottom; a reverse spiral at the centre on the
bottom, and a succession of short
verticals in the handle-zone. Glazed
J""
inside, with a reserved band halfs
*.l:
A
.
,
way down the body; series of short
jl
glaze strokes on the upper face of the
:
rim. Glaze red to brown, and much
worn.
The body is shallower and less con-
vex, as well as considerably smaller,

than XX 6. The glaze bands ale stillwide like those on late Geomnetric
pots, but the reverse spiral on the
bottom is an orientalizing feature.
...
C81
:1
C82
.
C 80. Subgeometric Plate. Figs. 114,116
C 81.
P 7290. H., 0.0.5i. Diam. at rim,

7o
C80
0.207 m.
Fig. 114. Subgeometric Plates (C 79-82)
Much of the body restkored. Low
rim
the
ring foot and rolled handles;
is very slightly concave. The body shaped much as C 79, but more curved. The outside banded,
with verticals to set off the handle panels; an eight-armed cross on the bottom. The inside glazed;
series of short glaze strokes on the upper face of the rim. Dull black glaze.
Subgeometric Plate.
Figs. 114, 116
P 7171. H., 0.036 m. Diam. at rim, 0.151 m.

Both the handles and much of the body restored. Low flat base and shallow, very slightly
convex body. Narrow glaze bands; in the handle zone, verticals beside the handle panels and
n11
164
RODNEY S. YOUNG
9I"

CL
q .90
C94
31
.
Ci1l
I
C89
C88
Fig. 115.
Fragments
of Plates (C 77-78), Bowls (C 88-92),

and Krater Handle (C 111)
Fig. 116.
Lids (C 93-95)
Profiles of Plates, Bowls, and Lids

165
short vertical zigzags at the centre. Series of short glaze strokes on the upper face of the rim,
and a reserved band half-way down the body inside. Black to red glaze.
Again shallower and less convex than C 79-80, and somewhat later. The bands around the
body are no longer of the fairly wide Geometric bands, but the careless Attic lines used in imitation of the Protocorinthian. The decoration of the handle-zone, too, is the conventional Protocorinthian handle-zone ornament. Fragments of similar plates, with wavy lines in the handlezone, were found in the seventh century Agora votive deposit (Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 585-586,
figs. 46-47, 185; note especially the profile, fig. 46). A similar plate was found in Dipylon
Grave VIII, which should probably be dated late in the first quarter of the seventh century (Ath.
Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pl. VIII, 1, 3). Plates of this type continued to be made after the middle of
the seventh century; one was found in our Agora group of the third quarter of the century;
Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 415 and fig. 2, D 12.
C 82.
C 83.
Subgeometric Plate.
Figs. 114, 116
P 7172. H., 0.03 m. Diam. at rim, 0.17 m.

About half the body, and both handles, restored. Similar in shape and decoration to C 81.
Subgeometric Saucer Fragment.
P 7179. H., 0.033m. Diam. at rim (est.), 0.13 m.

The profile completely preserved. Part of a small, shallow slightly convex saucer with a neat
round hole through the bottom. Inside, bands; series of short glaze strokes on the upper face of
the rim. The outside unglazed and decorated with four shallow wheel-run grooves between two
bands of grooved slanting strokes resembling rouletting. Attic clay, red glaze.
The vase was probably too shallow to have been used as a funnel; it may have served as the
lid of a round-mouthed pot, with a finger-hole at the centre as a handle. Compare, however, the
similar saucer, Argive Heraeum, II, p. 125, fig. 50, which has a boss instead of a hole at the centre.
C 84. Subgeometric Kalathos.
C 85.
Figs. 109, 116
Fig. 108
P 7166. H., 0.046 m. Diam. at rim, 0.095 m.

About half preserved. Handleless bowl with low base, slightly rounded at the edge, convex
side wall, and plain rim. Glazed inside, with three reserved bands at the rim. Series of short
glaze strokes on the upper face of the rim. Attic clay; dull glaze, black to brown.
Similar in shape to the kalathos from Grave XVII 5, fig. 54. The banded decoration is like
that of the Protocorinthian kalathoi discussed by Johansen, pp. 66 ff. and figs. 43-44. The Protocorinthian examples, from the Argive Heraeum and Aegina, have no context that demands an
early dating. Similar kalathoi found in graves in Eleusis and Syracuse should be dated from their
contexts in the late eighth or early seventh century. Fragments of others were found in seventh
century context in the Agora Votive Deposit (Hesperia, II, 1933, nos. 186 and 188, pp. 584 ff. and
figs. 46-47).
Subgeometric Bowl.
Fig. 117
P 7170. H., 0.064 m. Diam. at rim, 0.244 m.

Most of the rolled handle, the fragments of the body, restored. Convex body on a low flat
base; plain rim. A spout in the rim at one side, and a horizontal handle applied against its face
at the opposite side. Glaze bands outside, and a row of dots in the handle-zone; three reserved
bands around the body inside. Highly metallic black glaze, shading to brown outside, and somewhat peeled.
166
RODNEY S. YOUNG
The shape is very like that of such late Geometric plates as C 77, but shallower than XX 6;
the glaze is very similar in quality to that of the grave pitcher XIV 1. Probably late eighth
century; spouts appear on such late Geometric bowls as Wide, fig. 92.

C 86.
C 87.
Protoattic Bowl.
Fig. 117
P 7169. H., 0.08 m. Diam. at rim, 0.22 m.

Rather high base and convex body with
Many fragments of the body restored.
thickened, slightly flaring, rim, flat on top. No handles preserved; a very shallow depression on the upper face of the rim, covered v -ith a spot of glaze, served as a soirt of irudimentary pour-channel; there may have
been one handle at the opposite side of
the rim. Fine glaze lines above the base
and below the wavy line just under the
rim outside; on the body between, large
glaze circles. Glazed inside, with a reserved
band half-way down the hody; series of
C a86
87
C85
short glaze strokes on the upper face of
the rim. Black glaze, streaky and slightly
metallic.
The bowl shape has become slightly
deeper than that of the Geometric plate
XX 6. The decoration with a wavy band
at the rim is used on plates and bowls from
the seventh century votive deposit from the
Agora, Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 586, fig. 47;
the circle decoration on a kantharos lip,
Fig. 117. Subgeometric and 1Protoattic Bowls
(C 85-87, 96-97)
ibid., p. 592, fig. 57.
Protoattic Bowl.
Figs. 117-118.
Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 371, fig. 35
P 7168. H., 0.097m. Diam. at rim, 0.26m.

Restored; about half the body preserved, with gaps. Low ring foot and convex body some-what deeper than that of C 86; the same flat thickened rim, and the same rudimentary pourchannel on it. A cross on the bottom, and flame-like tongues below the rim outside. The restoration of the decoration on the body is fairly certain; parts of three lions marching to the left are
preserved, and there is room for a fourth. The bodies of the lions are drawn in silhouette, their
heads in outline. Between and under the lions, filling ornament of floral patterns, dotted running
dog, lozenges, and zigzag columns. Glazed inside; series of short glaze strokes on the upper face
of the rim. Dull glaze, black to brownish.
Very like our bowl is another from the Agora, decorated with deer; both use the bands
below the rim as groundline for their animals, which are then upside-down when the bowl stands
on its foot. It is probable, then, that the bowls of this sort had a handle on the rim opposite
the pour-channel or spout, like C 85, so that they could be hung against the wall and their
decoration seen. Processions of lions with faces drawn in outline appear on the krater in Munich
(Jhb., XXII, 1907, pl. 1) and on the bowl from Thebes (Jhb., II, 1887, pi. IV), together with a rich
floral ornament that must belong in the second quarter of the seventh century, and that approaches
in lushness that of the Nessos amphora in New York (J. H. S., XXXII, 1912, pls. X-XII) of nearly
the middle of the century. In shape, compare the bowl from Thebes with the one from Aegina
by the Nessos painter, which belongs in the last quarter of the century (Berlin F 1682; Neugebauer, Fiihrer, pl. 8; see also Payne, NC, p. 344, and J. D. Beazley, Attic Black Figure, p. 11).
Earlier lions in Attica, drawn entirely in silhouette on late Geometric vases, begin to appear at
167

about the end of the eifrhth century; drawing in outline, more popular and probably earlier in the
Cyclades, may have been borrowed by Attica from the islands. The technique, at best rare in
Protocolinthian, appears there in the second black-figured style near the middle of the seventh
century; sec the remarks of Johansen on outline drawing, pp. 112 ff. (the early Protocorinthian
aryballoi, Johansen, pi. V, correspond in drawing rather with the late Geometric Attic pbhaseusing
reserved dots for eyes, outlined skirts filled with dots as on the Analatos hydria, and outlined
fishes, than with the true realistic outlining used in the Cyclades and applied to human and
animal heads; Corinth preferred incision). Our bowl finds another parallel on an oinochoe of near
C 88.
Fig. 118. Protoattic Bowl (C 87). Restored Drawing by Piet de Jong

the middle of the seventh century from the Agora: Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 596, fig. 61. The painter
of the bowl has drawn the teeth of the lions in the same way (but slightly more pointed) as the
petals of the floral ornament, running them quite out of the mouthl and a little way down the chin.
Protoattic Bowl Fragment.
Figs. 115-116

Shape as C 86-87, but with slightly projecting rim. Below the rim outside, a wavy line; under
it a banded zone. On the lower body, reverse-curved lines from above the base to the zone of
bands, with a small glaze ring between each pair; the same decoration as that of tlhe rim of
C 87, but with single curved lines. Series of short glaze strokes on the upper face of the rim;
the inside glazed, with a reserved band half-way down the body. Red glaze, rather thick and streaky.
A bowl somewhat similarly decorated, Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 586, fig. 48, 191.
1,68
RODNEY S. YOUNG

C 89. Protoattic Bowl Fragment.
Figs. 115-116

The shape is the same. On the upper face of the rim, series of short glaze strokes. Below the
rim outside a line meander; in the zone underneath, a band of running dog. Glazed inside.
Meander and key-pattern on Geometric vases are drawn double and hatched with diagonals;
both appear drawn single, however, on late Geometric vases (Grave XV I above; Isis Grave,
C.V.A., Athens, I, pl. IV, 4, 6 and 8, and pl. V, 5). In Boeotia the decoration is popular on
late and subgeometric vases (cf. Hampe, pl. 18). It is even more frequently used on P:otoattic
vases, which pass it down as an ornament for narrow bands at the rim to the black-figured style.
A similar line meander is used on the kantharos from the Agora, Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 588, fig. 51.
C 90.
Protoattic Bowl Fragment. Figs. 115-116

From a bowl of the same shape but much bigger and of heavy fabric. Glazed inside; a series
of short glaze strokes on the upper face of the rim. Below the rim outside, a band of linear keypattern; under it a zone filled with triangles, from the apices of which spring spirals. Black glaze.
Compare the band of key-pattern on the rim with that on the lip of the late Geometric
amphora XV 1, fig. 48 above.
C 91. Protoattic Bowl Fragment.
Figs. 115--116

Same shape as C 89. Below the rim outside, series of vertical zigzags. On the body, bands,
and a zone of running dog. Series of short glaze strokes on the upper face of the rim; glazed
inside. Thick black glaze.
C 92.
Protoattic Bowl Fragment.
Figs. 115-116
P 7486. P. H., 0.07 m. Diam. of rim (est.), 0.23 m.

From another similar bowl; the rim hardly projects at the outside. On the upper face of the
rim, series of short glaze strokes and a depressed glazed rudimentary pour-channel. Below the
rim outside, series of vertical zigzags, with dots between; below, bands and a zone of interrupted
zigzag. On the lower body parallel zigzags, running diagonally downward. Glazed inside;
slightly metallic black glaze, somewhat peeled.
Bands filled with vertical and diagonal zigzags are one of the most frequently used decorations on late Boeotian Geometric (Hampe, pls. 18-19) and Cycladic vases (Delos, XV, especially
the vases of class A b, pls. XV-XVII). Similar bands of diagonal zigzag are used more rarely in
Attica on subgeometric and Protoattic vases (Collignon-Couve 254, pl. XIV; Jhb., II, 1887, pi. IV,
the Analatos hydria), often, on later pots, hastily drawn and resembling wavy lines. A number
of orientalizing fragments with this decoration were found in the Agora votive deposit: Hesperia,
11, 1933, pp. 570 ff.
LIDS: C 93-95
C 95. Protoattic Lid Fragment. Figs. 115-116
P 8370. P. H., 0.078m. Diam. of rim (est.), 0.26m.
Plain rim, slightly thickened, and somewhat convex wall. Outside, at the edge, rays with
dots between their ends, and, above, bands interruptedby a zone of running dog. Dull black
glaze, badly peeled.
An Agora fragmentwith the same decoration,Hesperia,II, 1933,p. 588, fig. 50, 198.

C 94.
169
Figs. 115-116

Plain downward-curved rim. Above the rim outside, pendant hooks with a dot between the
ends of each pair; there was probably a figured scene of some sort above, perhaps an animal
procession as on Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 582, fig. 41, fragments of lids of the same shape and with
the same sort of decoration. Thick black glaze.

C 95. Protoattic Lid Fragment.
Figs. 115-116
P 8368. P.H., 0.078m.

Compare the running spiral (made by joining the ends of interlacing reverse spirals) with that
on the Nessos amphora in New York (J. H. S., XXXII, 1912, pls. X-XII), and that on the Kerameikos oinochoe of the same date and perhaps by the same hand as the New York vase (A. A.,
1934, pp. 215-216, fig. 12).
BOWLS:C 96-101
TWO-HANIDLED
C 96. Subgeometric Bowl.
Fig. 117
P 7484. H., 0.135 m. Diam. at rim, 0.195 m.

One handle and fragments of the body restored. Flat bottom and deep body, with plain rim
slightly in-turned. Upward tilted horizontal rolled handles. Glazed to the handle-zone, with
a reserved-band. In the handle-zone, two panels separated by three columns of diagonals between
vertical bands down the middle. In each panel, bands and a wavy line. Banded to the lip above
the handle-zone. Dull red glaze, much peeled; glazed inside.
C 97. Protoattic Two-handled Bowl Fragment.
C 98.
Fig. 117
P 7173. P. H., 0.152 m. Diam. at rim, 0.335 m.

About half the upper body preserved; the handle restored on the stumps of its attachmlents.
Low straight rim. The body decorated with fine glaze bands, and the handle panel set off by
multiple vertical bands; in the handle-zone running loops with short sections of zigzag between
them below, and, above, between the top of each pair, a conventional flower rising from a holizontal band of glaze. A floral ornament under the handle. Glazed inside; rather streaky red
glaze.
There was probably a spout at the missing side of the rim. The shape is much like that of
the late Geometric bowl, Hampe, pl. 22 below; the decoration of running loops appears on another
similar bowl from Phaleron (Delt., II, 1916, p. 30, fig. 18, from Grave 29, of the first quarter of the
seventh century). The decoration of the amphora from Phaleron Grave 18 (ibid., p. 29, figs. 15-16)
is also very close to that of our fragment.
Protoattic Two-handled Bowl Fragment.
Fig. 119

The shape as C 97, with slightly lower rim. Banded body; in the handle-zone, floral ornament.
Slightly metallic glaze, brownish-black outside, red inside.
On the floral ornament, see above, the kantharos C 65. The decoration of this fragment is
also very close to that of the amphora from Phaleron Grave 18, which dates at about the beginning
of the second quarter of the seventh century.
170
RODNEY S. YOUNG
C 99. Subgeometric Two-handled Bowl Fragment.
Figs. 116 and 121

Straight rim and convex shoulder; the beginning of a spout is preserved at the right edge.

The bowl probably had rolled handles like those of C 97. On the shoulder below the spout,
multiple vertical bands; in the handle-zone
beside them, part of a hound running to
the left, probably one of a succession. Zigzags for filling ornament. Dull black glaze,
somewhat peeled.
The bowl when complete was of much
the same shape as Hampe, pl. 22, below.
.i
41111!
Coursing hounds, as noted above (C 30),
C103
appear in Protocorinthianat the time of

the transition from the early to the middle
style-at the end of the eighth century; cf.
Johansen, pl. 73, and p. 86. The hunted
hare is a favoiite Boeotian panel ornament
from the end of the eighth century on (cf.

c io9t
Hampe, pl. 18). The earliest Attic coursing
hounds are on the Corinthianizing skyphos
Fig. 119. Protoattic Bowl (C 98) and Geometric
from Grave I at Spata (Delt., VI, 1920'21,
Krater (C 102-104) Fragments
pp. 132-133 and figs. 2 and 3; late eighth
century), and on the amphora in the
National Museum at Athens (N. M. 897; Wide, fig. 114 in Jhb., 1900, p. 53; two bands of coursing
hounds) which is of the same shape as our XI 1 (fig. 32 above) and has subgeometric decoration;
it is dateableat the very end of the eighth century or the beginning of the seventh. The oinochoe
in Copenhagen (C. V. A., II, pl. 73, 4 a-b) with a hare-hunt on its shoulder is of about the same
time. The deep cup Copenhagen, C.V. A., II, pl. 73, 1 and the fragment Graef-Langlotz, pl. IX, 284,
are Protoattic. Compare also B 16 above (fig. 80). The amphora in Wiirzburg (Langlotz 79, pl. 7)
is probably Attic; it has a number of orientalizing motives (winged horses, plant ornament, and
a reverse spiral), and must belong in the first quarter of the seventh century. Shape and decoration suggest for our fragments with coursing hounds (C 30, and C 99, C 143; B 16) a dating around
700 B.C. or slightly later. In the first quarter of the seventh century a hound is used as a shield
device on the Hymettos amphora; Jhb., II, 1887, pl. 5.
C 100.
Protoattic Bowl Fragment: Base.
Fig. 120
P 7182. H., 0.155 m. Diam. of foot, 0.22 m.

High hollow flaring base from a two-handled bowl like Wide,
fig. 92. Bands around the bottom; above, a row of reserved rays
below a band of upright rays alternating with them. The centre
of the floor of the bowl is preserved, covered with glaze. Attic
clay, black glaze.
The flaring type of base is probably metallic in origin, and
borrowed by Attica from elsewhere. The Attic potters made the
bases of their kraters nearly vertical, and only very slightly flaring
at the bottom (as in Collignon-Couve, 214, pl. XII); they did not
indulge in the impractical flaring bases of Corinthian (A. J. A.,
XXXIV, 1930, p. 412, fig. 6) and of Boeotian (Hampe, pi. 19, V 38)
metal and often ribbed in their upper part, invariably were snapped
foot by the weight of the vases they were intended to support. The
[a __.
Co
100
Fig. 120. Protoattic Base
(C 100)
vases which, imitated from
off around the edges of the
bowl Wide, fig. 92, with its
171
very flaring base and band handles with out-turned ends is clearly an imitation of a metal vase.
The base C 100 may be borrowed from Boeotian or Cycladic; the alternating reversed and upright
rays are a common Cycladic decoration (cf. Delos, XV, pls. XVIII-XIX and XXXIV-XXXV).
C 101.
Protoattic Bowl Fragment: Base.
Fig. 121

P 7489. P. H., 0.037 m. Diam. of foot, 0.059 m.

Much smaller, and somewhat more flaring than C 100. Wide and narrow glaze bands; in
a zone around the edge of the foot, short verticals, slightly diagonal. Attic clay, much peeled
black glaze.
KRATER FRAGMENTS:C 102-112
C 102. SubgeometricKrater Fragment. Fig. 119

Short straight rim and horizontal band handle below the shoulder. Glazed inside and on the
rim; the body banded. Attic clay with creamy slip; shiny black glaze, somewhat peeled.
The shape is like that of Wide, fig. 93; the rounded handle-end, raised above the side of the
vase, suggests imitation of a metallic prototype. The fabric and decoration are reminiscent of
those of the banded amphoras from Graves VII and VIII above.
C 103. GeometricKrater Fragment. Fig. 119

The shape as C 102; short straight rim and band handle, but without a raised metallic end
against the wall of the vase. Glazed inside; on the reserved upper face of the rim, series of short
glaze strokes. Ladder pattern on the handle, and a wavy line above it in the handle panel. Beside
the handle panel series of fine vertical lines, interrupted at regular intervals by heavier vertical
glaze bands. In the handle-zone, a meander hatched with nearly straight, instead of diagonal,
lines. Brownish-black glaze.
The meander is hatched in the same way as that of C 78 above. The decoration beside the
handle-zone is the same as that used on the kantharos from Grave XI (fig. 32). About 700, or
slightly later.

P 7495. P. H., 0.10m.
Part of a similar krater. Glazed inside; the rim banded. On the shoulder, panels separated
by vertical bands, a rectangle filled with checker-board, and a vertical chain of hatched lozenges.
In one panel, a dot rosette, each dot surrounded by a small glaze ring, and the whole surrounded
in turn by glaze and dot rings. The other panel is divided horizontally; in the upper compartment,
a series of latticed triangles, and in the preserved upper part of the lower, dotted rings linked by
tangents.
Late Geometric ornament; decorative system has broken down into a chaos of irregular and
subdivided panels. The elaborate dotted circle decoration appears on a late ribbon-handled bowl,
Ath. Mitt., XLIII, 1918, pl. VI, 7.
C 105. GeometricKrater Fragments. Fig. 121

P 8358. Max. Diam., 0.135 m.
172
RODNEY S. YOUNG
Multiple horizontal bands above dotted rings linked by tangents; above, panels. One is divided
horizontally into three by triple bands; the next is filled by an octofoil. Glazed inside; black to
brownish glaze, somewhat metallic. The same chaotic panel decoration as on C 104.


P 8362. Max. Dim., 0.085 m.
The edge of the handle attachment preserved at the left. In the handle-zone, which is
bordered by multiple horizontal and vertical bands, a fish-tailed bird. Attic clay, black glaze;
glazed inside.
A seventh century Boeotian fish-tailed bird very like ours, Hampe, pl. 21, V 30. Decoration,
glaze, and fabric very similar to that of C 105; all the fragments may be different parts of the
same pot.

P 7496.
Glazed inside. A hatched wavy band (snake?), and a zigzag, below part of a figured scene;
a man, right, followed by a horse. The horse seems either to be very hollow-chested, like those
on the amphora Metropolitan Museum Bulletin, VI, 1911, p. 33, fig. 6, or to have his head tulned
back like the deer on the kantharos, Copenhagen, C.V. A., II, pl. 73, 5 a-b.
C 108.
Dipylon Krater Fragment.
Fig: 121
P 7184. P. H., 0.165 m.

From the wall of a very big open vase glazed inside; heavy fabric. Probably from
a "colossal" krater of the kind used as grave monuments; shape as A. J. A., XIX, 1915,
pis. XVII-XXIII. Part of a chariot procession to the right; most of one horse and chariot, and part
of the wheel of the chariot in front, preserved. Zigzags, wavy lines, and hour-glasses in the field;
a lozenge-star under the horse. Below, a reticulated band. Attic clay; glaze black inside, red
outside.
The horse is in motion, walking like the horses on the bowl J.H.S., XIX, 1899, pl. VIII.
Horses on the great Dipylon amphoras and kraters are usually static; partly because they are
usually drawn in teams of two and three, and partly because the painter was accustomed to draw
them static before the breath of a new era impelled him to put them in motion. The reticulated
band below, and the filling ornament of our fragment, are thoroughly subgeometric; compare the
grazing-deer band, and the reticulated zone below it, of the Analatos hydrlia (Jhb., II, 1887,
pls. III-IV).
C 109. Dipylon Krater Fragments. Fig. 121

P 8357.
Banded decoration; tooth pattern, zigzag, and hatched key-pattern; another band of zigzag
below a zone divided into panels. Heavy fabric; from a very large open krater. Red glaze inside
and out. Rather conventional decoration, carefully drawn. Compare, however, the decoration of
the great late eighth century Dipylon amphora, Pfuhl, MuZ, pl. I.
A late Geometric krater in New York (Metropolitan Museum Bulletin, 1934, pp. 169 ff., and
figs. 1-3) has meander and key-pattern decoration like that of our fragments. It has also the
concentric rings filled at the centre by Maltese crosses which we have noticed on our amphoriskos
XVII 19. The New York krater has two prothesis scenes, and two naval scenes; Miss Richter
suggests that it was set up over the grave of a sea captain, and that the naval scenes represent
the battle in which he lost his life. The drawing of the battle-scene is like that on the Eleusis
173
skyphos, Eph. Arch., 1898, pl. 5; the little stylized figures in violent motion are characteristic of
the very end of the eighth century, and the beginning of the seventh.
C 110.
Dipylon
Krater Fragment.
Fig. 121

P 7498. P.H., 0.18m.

Part of the wall, with a handle-stump, of a similar krater. On the handle, interlocked triangles
of diagonals; under it, probably diminishing triangles. A bird in the upper corner of the handle
panel. Glazed inside; somewhat peeled black glaze, slightly metallic.
c noC7l0
C 112
co09
C1r0
C 171
Fig. 121. Geoinetric and Sibgeometric Krater Fragminents(C 101, 105-111), Bowl Fragment (C 99)
and Stamnos Fragment (C 112)
The krater in the Metropolitan Museum, A.J.A., XIX, 1915, pls. XVIII and XX, also fills the
coiner of its handle panel with a bird. Our bird is like those on the late Geometric pitcher, Wide,
fig. 72. Late eighth century.
C 111.
Subgeometric
Krater Fragment:
Handle.
Figs. 115, 121
P 7006. W., 0.06m. L., 0.067m.

The handle of a column krater. The flat rectangular lug that projected from the rim of the
krater is itself complete except for the little rounded knob at one corner, which has chipped off;
along the bottom it has been broken away on the line of the join with the krater rim. Underneath
are preserved the stumps of two rolled handles, running diagonally downward and inward to join
the krater handle rising from the shoulder. On the upper face, which is framed on three sides by
glaze bands, a centaur with human forelegs, facing right; with his right arm he waves a branch.
while his left is held up before his face. His club appears between his front legs. Attic clay with
dull black glaze; the eye is incised.
The column krater was thought by Payne (NC, p. 300) to be a Corinthian invention of the late
seventh century. He notes that the shape was adapted from the Geometric form with slanting
band from the handle to the rim. The Geometric form, however, is often very metallic in

174
RODNEY S. YOUNG
character; the Corinthian krater A.J.A., XXXIV, 1930, p. 411, fig. 5, shows decided metallic influence in its flaring foot and flat band handles, projected for some little distance beyond the join
along the edge of the rim, the flat form of which is also metallic. Bronze kraters may well have
had flat lug handles projecting from the rim and supported below by metal struts; these were
adapted rather than copied by the potters for their vases. Our handle would then be a copy and
not an adaptation; it is certainly the earliest fragment of a column krater known, antedating
by more than half a century the earliest Corinthian example. The centaur is a gentleman of the
same sort as the centaur on the late eighth century amphora in Copenhagen (C.V.A., II, pl. 73, 3;
Johansen, p. 146, fig. 110); he is, however, somewhat more substantial in his proportions. The
filling and rounding out of the bodies of humans as well as animals progressed in the early
seventh century, until, by its middle, some of the figures were almost chubby. Our centaur, with
his more natural proportions and incised eye, should date from the first quarter of the seventh
century.
C 112. SubgeometricStamnos Fragment. Fig. 121

P 8361. P. H., 0.063 m.
Part of the handle and in-turned rim preserved, the rim slightly concave, to receive a lid.
Double rolled handle, one roll inside the other. Glaze on the rim; on the handles, ladders, and,
under them, a four-spoked wheel with dots between the spokes. Pinkish buff clay, dull black glaze.
The lidded stamnos with single or double rolled handles was a favorite Boeotian subgeometric
shape. Taken over in Attica, it reached its fullest development by the middle of the third quarter
of the seventh century (see above, B 64). Our fragment is from a humble subgeometric stamnos;
it is difficult to tell from its fabric whether it is Attic or Boeotian, and its decoration is insufficiently preserved to be decisive on the question.
OINOCHOAI: C 11 -126
C 115. Geometric Oinochoe Fragment.
Fig. 125
P 7482. P. H., 0.12 m.

The handle and trefoil mouth, and gaps in the shoulder, restored; the bottom is missing.
Rounded body and slightly concave neck. A dotted lozenge chain around the bottom of the neck;
the shoulder banded, with a panel filled by an eight-armed cross at the front. On the body, widely
spaced vertical zigzags, probably sigmas. Pink clay and creamy slip; dull black glaze.
Round-bodied, late Geometric oinochoe shape as XIII 1. An oinochoe of the same shape, and
with the banded shoulder decorated at the front with a panel was found in Dipylon Grave III
(Wide, fig. 88); it belongs at about the end of the eighth century. The widely spaced zigzags
(or sigmas) in the zone around the body appear on the kalathos XVII 5, and on the lid handle of
Boston 265 (Fairbanks, Catalogue, pl. XXI); this decoration, rare in Attica, is popular in Boeotia
and the Cyclades.
C 114. GeometricOinochoeFragment. Fig. 133

P 7483. P. H., 0.042 m. Max. Diam. pres., 0.075 m.
Part of the shoulder, with the base of the neck and the stump of the rolled handle, preserved;
the neck seems to have been glazed. Concentric rings on the front and two side faces of the
body; dot rosettes in the spandrels in front. Pale pink clay, rather coarse; heavy white slip and
dull black glaze, badly peeled.
The shape, as far as preserved, is similar to that of C 115; the fabric may be Attic or Boeotian.
The concentric circle body decoration for oinochoai is not uncommon in late Attic Geometric;
Schweitzer (Ath. Mitt., XLIII, 1918, p. 143) has listed the examples found up to 1915; he derives
175
the decoration from Cyprus. Most

of the oinochoai of this shape and
with this decoration are therefore
of the second half of the eighth century, some possibly going down a
little into the seventh.

C 115. Subgeometric Oinochoe.

Figs. 122-123
P 7478. H., 0.16 m. Max. Diani.,
0.108 m.
The handle and fragments of the
body restored. Plump rounded body,
flat on the bottom, and with straight,
very slightly concave neck. The
body banded to the shoulder, which
is glazed. In the panel at the front
of the neck, two birds with long
snaky necks facing each other across
a tripod-like structure consisting of
a pendant half circle supported at
either end by a pair of vertical lines.
A small glaze ring behind the neck
of each bird, and another in front;
C117
C 127
under the "tripod" a pair of dots,
and a latticed triangle.
Fig. 122. Subgeometric Oinochoai (C 115, 117-118, 121-122)
The same shape as C 113; compare also the oinochoe from Dipylon
Grave IX of the early seventh century, Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pl. VIII, 2, 8. The long-necked
birds are of a subgeometric type.
IS
C 116.
Subgeometric Oinochoe Fragment.
Fig. 125
P 8372. P. H., 0.057 m.

The neck preserved, and part of the trefoil mouth. The neck slightly concave; it is divided
into three zones by bands. In the upper and lower zones, a single zigzag; in the slightly wider
middle zone, a double zigzag, interrupted by latticed triangles. Red glaze.
The decoration is subgeometric; the bands in the panels cannot decide whether they are
zigzags or wavy lines (as is the case also on most of the vases firom Dipylon Grave VIII,
Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pl. VIII 1). The fabric is the same as that of the Phaleron cup
fragments C 58-59.
C 117. Subgeometric Oinochoe.
Fig. 122
P 7479. P.H., 0.135 m. Max. Diam., 0.153 m.

The body preserved, with gaps, to the base of the neck; the
shape the same as that of C 115. Flat bottom. A wide glaze
band around the bottom of the body, and another on the shoulder;
the body between decorated with nairrow glaze bands. Attic
clay; dull black glaze, somewhat peeled.
Fig. 123. Oinochoe C 115.

Drawing of Neck Panel by
Piet de Jong
176
RODNEY S. YOUNG
C 118.
Subgeometric Oinochoe.
Figs. 122, 124
"ll!

P 7177. P. H., 0.217 m.
- -IMMOURP
Fragmentary; the bottom is missing, and most of the body

restored. Deep body and slightly tapering neck; trefoil mouth,
and a double rolled handle. The body banded to the shoulder,
which is glazed. In the reserved panel on the front of the
neck, a horse right, with a lozenge under him. In the field,
a chain of three lozenges, a chevron column, and two arcs
against the side of the panel. Very badly peeled black glaze.
The shape is not far from that of the Protoattic oinochoe
B 1 (fig. 74); the type is the same as that of the oinochoai
Drawing of Neck Panel by liet
C 113-117, but the body has deepened again, and the neck
de Jong
become slightly tapering. The horse in the neck panel is
a typically rickety subgeometric beast; compare him with the
horses of the kantharos C 65, fig. 112, and on the small vases from Dipylon Graves VIII and TIX
(Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pl. VIII, 1, 7 and 2, 3 and 8; another oinochlioo with an cvea Imore
rickety horse is not illustrated).
C 119. Protoattic Oinochoe Fragment.
Figs. 125-126
P 7175. P. H., 0.10 m.

The neck and trefoil mouth, with part of the shoulder, preserved; the upper part of the double
rolled handle restored. In the neck panel a beast-deer?-with
six legs and a head at either end;
the faces are drawn in outline. The painter apparently intended to draw a deer walking to the
left, and then had the happy inspiration to put on another head and neck at the other end. In
the process of alteration, he added two extra legs at one end, making a total of six, with t-rwoat
one end, and four at the other; a compromise seems to have been arrive(l at by making three of
the feet face one way, and three the other. Fortunately, one serious problem could be
evaded because the absence of the tail on a deer (or two deer) is not very noticeable. Brownish
glaze, very badly peeled.
The tapering neck is like that of C 118. The two-headed monster may have been inspired
by some such object as the eared device at the end of the handle-zone of the bowl from Peiraeus
Street, Ath. Mitt., XVII, 1892, pi. X.
Subgeometric Oinochoe Fragment.

Fig. 125
C 120.
P 7480. P. H., 0.15 m.

The bottom missing; neck and shoulder
much restored. Slightly tapering 'neck and
double rolled handle. Dull black glaze, somewhat peeled. Similar to C 118-119 in shape
and decoration, except that the neck panel
(of which only a little of the edge is preserved) is at one side, instead of at the front,
of the neck.
'I~~-vC
*
--- C116
C"12z4
C 125
C
I1220
P 7178.
0.131 m.
C
^^
C 121. Protoattic Oinochoe.
'
,13
|`r~~~~~~~~~I
isCL
m3 I
Fig. 122
P.H., 0.167m.
Max. Diam.,
Fig. 125.
Geometric and Protoattic
Oinochoe
Fragments (C 113, 116, 119-120, 121-125)

177
The handle and mouth, and most of the neck, missing; the
body restored. Low flat base and deep convex body; narrow neck.
Glaze bands above the base and near the upper edge of the
shoulder; between them, widely spaced vertical bands. The neck
glazed. Pink clay; dull black glaze.
The shape is similar to that of C 118. The decoration with
widely spaced vertical bands is a variation on the similar decoration with vertical lines between the bands, as on XI 5 and C 103
above; both decorations are probably derived from Mycenaean.
A small vertically banded Mycenaean oinochoe from Nauplia (FurtDrawing of Neck Panel by
Piet de Jong
wangler and Loeschcke, Mykenische Vasen, pl. XV, 102) is strikingly like ours. The revival of this Mycenaean mode of decoration
is another link in the chain connecting the Mycenaean and Orientalizing periods; Johansen and
Bohlau (Jhb., II, 1887, pp. 33 ff.) both derive the vast majority of the orientalizing devices and
ornaments of Protocorinthian and Protoattic decoration from Mycenaean. A similarly banded
oinochoe, but of another shape, and decorated with an amphora on the front, was found in the
Agora in the 1937 campaign in a deposit of the third quarter of the seventh century (A.J. A., XLI,
1937, p. 179, fig. 3; Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 417, fig. 5, D 17). An oinochoe of late Geometric shape
at The Hague (C. V. A., Pays-Bas, I, II f., pi. 1, 5) uses approximately the same decoration, but
alternate straight and wavy vertical bands; from the description of its fabric it does not sound
Attic. Compare also the zones with widely spaced verticals around the bodies of Cycladic
oinochoai: Delos, XV, pl. XXXVII, 14-15 and 29.
C 122.
Subgeometric
Oinochoe. Fig. 122
P 7176. P.H., 0.14m. Max. Diam., 0.107m.

The missing bottom, and gaps in the body, restored. Round body with long, slightly concave
neck, flaring at the lip; round mouth and band handle from the shoulder to the middle of the neck.
The body is banded to the shoulder, which is glazed. On the neck, columns of short horizontal
dashes. Pink clay with yellow-buff slip and black glaze; both slip and glaze badly flaked and
peeled.
An oinochoe of a similar shape was found in Dipylon Grave IX (Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893,
pi. VIII 2, 6), and another in a grave at Liossia (C. V.A., Copenhagen, II, pl. 70, 6; the vases from
the grave are 2-8, and 10 on the same plate); both graves contain very late Geometric and subgeometric vases. The shape, late and rare, seems to be found chiefly in Attica; an example from
Thera is published as Cretan (Ath. Mitt., XXVIII, 1903, Beilage XX,
3; C66). The columns of short dashes on the neck are probably
a subgeometric "shorthand" intended to represent zigzags.
C 125.
Protoattic Oinochoe. Fig. 127
P 7013. P.H., 0.235 m. Max. Diam., 0.185 m.

The missing bottom, and gaps in the body, restored. Plump
neckless body with trefoil mouth and band handle. Attic clay with
somewhat peeled led glaze; decoration in added white as follows:
double lines around the lower body and below the handle attachment,
and a single line below the necking; on the shoulder, interlacing
wavy vertical lines, alternating with vertical bands of running dog.
The shape is developed from the late Geometric type like IX 17,
but has become bigger and slightly slimmer. Protoattic examples
of this shape were found in the Agora votive deposit; one, like ours,
c 123
Fig. 127. Protoattic
Oinochoe (C 123)
12
178
RODNEY S. YOUNG
has light-on-dark decoration (Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 594-595. figs. 59-60; the oinochoe fig. 59 has
been restored about three centimetres too high. The correct shape is best seen in the Protoattic
oinochoe, ibid., p. 597, fig. 61). The type was popular in the seventh century; another was found
in a context of the third quarter of the century (A.J.A., XLI, 1937, p. 179, fig. 3). Our oinochoe
and the light-on-dark oinochoe from the votive deposit, fig. 59, with their rather plump bodies
and fairly wide necking, are probably slightly earlier than the oinochoe fig. 60, which has floral
decoration of about the middle of the seventh century, and is transitional to the example of the
third quarter with its shallow mouth and sharp narrow necking. For the decoration with white,
compare the fragments B 19, fig. 80.

C 124.
Protoattic Oinochoe Fragment.
Fig. 125
P 8371. P.H., 0.105 m.

Broken off at the shoulder; the handle is missing. Short, rather tapering neck, and widely
spreading trefoil mouth. Streaky brownish glaze.
From a fairly large, round-bodied vase, coarsely made and glazed.
C 125.
Subgeometric Oinochoe.
Fig. 125
P 7481. H., 0.064m. Max. Diam., 0.046m.

Small flat-bottomed vase with narrow neck and flaring round lip; the band handle missing.
A ring of dots on the upper face of the lip. The body covered with dull black glaze, except for
a triple reserved band at the point of greatest diameter, and a single one above, with another
below.
A little oinochoe similar to this was found in an early seventh century grave at Phaleron
(Delt., II, 1916, p. 44, fig. 46; Grave 25). Our example is slightly taller and slimmer than the
one from Phaleron, and therefore somewhat later.
C 126. Protoattic Oinochoe Fragment: Handle.
Fig. 133
P 8373. P.H., 0.135m. W., 0.035m.

Band handle; possibly from an amphora, but more probably from an oinochoe. On the outer
face, a double column of squared spirals. Attic clay, black glaze.
Linear patterns, usually zones composed of squared spirals running diagonally downward,
and filling ornaments such as reverse spirals with the spirals squared, are very much in use on
large vessels of the second half of the seventh century; compare the zone on the lower body of
the Peiraeus amphora, and some of its filling ornament (Eph. Arch., 1897, pls. 5-6).
AMPHORAS: C 127-147
C 127. Protoattic Amphora. Fig. 128

P 7185. H. (without foot), 0.68m. Max. Diam., 0.54m.
The high ring foot missing; gaps in the body, and most of one handle, restored. Balloon
body and short straight neck with heavy rim; rolled handles. A flat raised band around the
neck below the rim. Wavy vertical lines on the neck beside the handles, and a latticed triangle
at the centre; an incised compass-drawn dot and circle at each side of the triangle. Attic clay
with black glaze shading to red, and metallic in places; somewhat peeled. Five reserved bands
around the shoulder just below the handle attachments.
The development of the shape can be traced. An amphora from a grave of the end of the
eighth or beginning of the seventh century at Phaleron (Grave 47; Delt., II, 1916, p. 27, fig. 11)

has a very round balloon body, straight neck with a
sharp raised ring below the rim, a slimmer and more
pointed body, and a more flaring foot; another Phaleron
example of the same shape is published in Eph. Arch.,
1911, p. 248, fig. 6, where the neck has become slightly
concave. The fragment from Daphne, which must be of
the second quarter of the century, or later, has a slightly

concave
neck
(Petrie,
Tanis, II, pl. XXIV, 9).
179
.
/
Another,
'
from Phaleron Grave 33, which contained early Corinthian
;
of
vases
the last quarter of the seventh century, is not
illustrated; but a note is made of the fait that it has no
neck-ring. The amphora from our Grave I belongs to
this type; it dates from the very end of the seventh
century and shows in its flaring foot and definitely concave neck the further logical development of the shape.
That the type continued to be made into the sixth
century is suggested by the shape and decoration of the
amphora carried by Dionysos on the Francois vase
c127
(Furtwtngler and Reichhold, Griechische Vasenmalerei, I,
pls. I-II); the body has by now become rather slim and
Fig. 128. Protoattic Amphora (C 127)
pointed, and the foot very flaring. Although a great
number of these amphoras were found in the Phaleron cemetery, only the four discussed above
are illustrated in the publications; the rounded and the echinus rim seem to be used equally,
but the echinus rim is never exaggerated to the proportions attained by Pfuhl's Ionic or Euboean
examples. The graffiti often found on amphoras of this type (at Thera, Gela, and Phaleron;
several in the Louvre from Etruria) must then fall in the seventh century. The example from our
well deposit is one of the earlier members of the series.
C 128. Amphora Fragment.
Fig. 129
P 8378. P.H., 0.053 m.

Fragment from the neck of a similar amphora, with part of the shoulder. Straight vertical
neck. The body glazed; at the centre of the neck, diminishing triangles, above two horizontal bands.
Fig. 129
P 8374. P.H., 0.095m. Diam. of mouth (est.), 0.17 m.

Neck fragment of a similar amphora. Heavily rounded rim; a pair of wavy verticals to
each side of the handle attachment. Attic clay, red to
black glaze.
Fig. 129
P 8376. Max. Diam., 0.06m.

Neck fragment; straight vertical neck. A fourspoked wheel, the spokes ending in triangles; beside it,
a wavy vertical line.
C 151.
Amphora Fragment.
Fig. 129
P 8375. Max. Diam., 0.10m.

Neck fragment. A four-spoked wheel, compassdrawn.
C
35
c129
32
C133
C131
C130
Fig. 129. AmphoraFragments (C 128-133,

135)
12'
RODNEY S. YOUNG
180
Fig. 129
P 8377. Max. Diam., 0.072 m.

Neck fragment. Part of an eight-spoked wheel, compass-drawn.
Fig. 129
P 8379. H., 0.058 m. Diam., 0.14 m.

High, slightly flaring, ring foot of an amphora, like C 127. Red glaze.

C 154.
Fig. 130
P 7024. P.H., 0.305 m. Diam. at rim (est.), 0.49m.

Neck fragment, with part of the heavy rounded rim; the neck nearly straight in profile. The
rim glazed, with a reserved band filled with a dotted lozenge chain; another below the rim. The
I
I
Fig. 130. Geometric Amphora Fragment (C 134)

neck is divided down the middle by a meander running downward between bands of glaze; the
two sections of the neck, at each side, are divided into narrow panels by horizontal glazp..bands.
In the topmost panel, a compass-drawn toothed iwheel with four spokes; a snake, outlined with
dots, to each side. In the second panel, a row of bearded goats with their heads turned back;
below, a larger panel, probably almost square, filled by a horse to the right, of which only part
of the head is preserved. Filling ornament in all the panels of opposed triangles, round dots or
lines outlined with dots, and chains of dotted lozenges. The panels on the other side of the
meander-band were similarly filled. Attic clay; glaze varying from black to red and brown. From
a very large amphora.
An amphora of the same shape, and with almost exactly the same neck-decoration, is in the
museum at Leyden (Brants, Beschrijving, 52, pl. VII). The Leyden amphora has rings of dots
instead of teeth around the wheels, and repeats the decoration of the top panel in the bottom one,
substituting also a (lotted lozenge chain for the row of goats in the middle one. The filling

181
ornament is the same. The decoration of the body of the Leyden amphora, which must be at
least from the same workshop as our fragment, shows many late features: two zonies of latticed
triangles; a meander band with nearly vertical hatching, as on C 78 and C 103, instead of diagonal
hatching; and a chariot procession with the horses drawn so nearly like those of our oinochoe
XIII1 that the decoration of both pots may quite conceivably be by the same hand. The popularity
of the dotted lozenge chain s a decorative band on late Geometric pottery is forcibly demonstrated on the Leyden amphora, which has no less than nine bands so decorated. A fragment
of a krater in the Louvre (Pottier, Vases antiques, I, A 519, pl. 20) has similar decoration of
dotted lozenge chains, toothed -wheels, and the same filling ornament; it is probably early sev-enth
century, and has figured bands with one, and possibly two, mythological scenes represented in
them: the battle of Herakles with the Molione in the lower zone (Hampe, p. 48), and perhaps the
slaying of the suitors in the upper. The Leyden amphora and the Agora fragment, slightly earlier
than the Louvre fragment, should belong at about the end of the eighth century. Another
amphora of the same time and with the same shape and decorative scheme for the neck, but
with figurle decoration more like that of the fragment in the Louvre was found in Eleusis;
a picture of it is published by Wide, fig. 57.
C 155.
Geometric
Amphora Fragment.
Fig. 129
P 8383.
Neck fragment from a very big vase with straight neck divided into panels. Part of two
panels preserved; in each, concentric circles, compass-diawn, and filled at the centre by a wavy
vertical; another wavy vertical to each side, and dot rings around the circles. Attic clay with
badly peeled black glaze.
C 136.
Geometric
Amphora Fragment.
Fig. 131, 144.
A.J.A.,
XL, 1936, p. 193, fig. 8
P.H., 0.415m. Diam. at lip, 0.21 m.

Preserved to below the shoulder;
one handle and much of the body
restored. Slightly concave neck, flaring
to a rounded lip; band handles decorated with St. Andrew's crosses bisected by wavy vertical lines. The
Ibody glazed; just below the shoulder
''?
,' " r
i
and at the centre of the front and back,
a reserved circle filled by a four-spoked
rpc?...
P
5
i
wheel with rouind holes between the
,sqp
a
neck
of
the
the
bottom
At
spokes.
zone decorated with a row of large
round dots linked by tangents, and in
the zone above the handle attachments,
a hatched double zigzag. In the neck
panels (the decoration is the same front
and back) large water birds with
herring-bone pattern on their bodies,
i
facing across a four-spoked wheel like
the one on the body; a star behind the
neck of each bird. At the upper edge
? C136
of the wheel on one side are incised
one
above
horizontal
three short
dashes,
the other, and a short vertical to the
Fig. 131. Geometric Amphora Fragment (C 136)
P 7180.

182
RODNEY S. YOUNG
left, not quite touching the ends of the upper two horizontals; possibly meant to be an epsilon.
Attic clay, with glaze shading from black to brown and red, and peeled in places.
The shape of the amphora must have been much like that of the grave amphoras VII 1 and
VYll 1, and of the amphora Wide, fig. 53, which has somewhat similar neck decoration of birds
facing across a panel filled by a quatrefoil, and a banded body. The same bird-and-wheel combination is used on a cup from a late grave with subgeometric pottery in Tiryns (Grave 37;
Tiryns, I, pl. XVIII, 17; from the same grave, ibid., 1, with decoration like that of our XI 5.
and 13, with columns of dashes as on our C 122). The birds are like Boeotian birds of the latest
Geometric phase at the end of the eighth century and beginning of the seventh (Hampe, V 11
and V27; p. 25, fig. 7, and pl. 21). The bird and wheel decoration is itself not uncommon on
Boeotian kantharoi; compare the birds (eating a snake) and wheels on the Boston kantharos
which falls into Hampe's subgeometric group (Boston 285; Fairbanks, Catalogue, pl. XXV;
Hampe's V43). The Tiryns amphora from another grave with subgeometric vases has the same
wheel ornament on the neck; its glazed body, slightly more slim than that of our amphora, ends
in a very heavy flaring foot like the feet of the balloon-bodied Attic oil amphoras (Grave 38;
Tiryns, I, pl. XVII, 1; from the same grave, the oinochoe pl. XIV, 2; the coarse pitcher with
sharply flaring rim and the bowl pl. XV, 8 and 7; and the subgeometric cups and kantharos
pl. XVIII, 3, 8 and 10). The four-spoked wheel is used at Thera on an amphora that has
already an orientalizing band of wave-pattern; Dragendorff remarks that it represents the wagonwheel of the period (Thera, II, p. 136, figs. 316-317, and p. 161). In Attica it is used, together
with the more usual kind of four-spoked wheel, for chariots on late Geometric vases, as on the
krater in New York, A.J.A., XIX, 1915, pl. XX, and on the amphora Wide, fig. 56. As an independent decorative ornament it appears on such late cups of metallic shape as Atlh. Mitt.,
XXVIII, 1903, pl. I (see above, C 40, for a discussion of cups of this shape). The same type of
wheel is used, interestingly enough, as a device on early Athenian coins; Seitman suggests that
it may represent the badge of the Alkmaeonid house, famous for its love of chariot racing (Seltman,
Athens, Its History and Coinage, pp. 34 if., and pl. II, A 23-A 28). The variations in the type of
wheel used on the necks of amphoras, as on early coins, may have significance; though the wheel
may be in origin a solar symbol with magical connotations, by the end of the eighth century
and in the seventh, when it is used on wine and oil amphoras and later on coins, it seems that
its symbolism is more likely to be of commercial significance (a different kind of magic). On
the graffiti from our Agora groups, see below, p. 225.
C 157. Geometric Amphora Fragment.
Fig. 133
P 7493. P.H., 0.155 m.

Neck fragment, with part of the shoulder. Slightly concave neck, flaring to a rounded lip.
The body of the amphora was glazed at the shoulder, and the reserved band on the outer face
of the lip was decorated with series of short verticals. The neck was divided by a column of
dotted circles between vertical bands into two panels; in each panel there was a four-spoked
wheel with dotted circles between the spokes. At the corners of the panels, St. Andrew's crosses
in square boxes. Attic clay with slightly metallic black glaze.
C 138-159.
Pair of Geometric Amphoras.
Fig. 132
P 7491-7492. H. (rest.), 0.44 m. Max. Diam. (rest.), 0.23 m.

A pair of exactly similar amphoras, both fragmentary; the upper part of one is preserved,
and the lower part of the other; both have been restored completely. Deep, rather slender,
body on a very slightly flaring foot; long neck, flaring to a round lip, and band handles. The
lower body glazed, with reserved bands, to the point of greatest diameter, which is decorated
with a zone of leaves. In the panel on the neck, a meander; toothed bands above and below.

Triple wavy lines down the handles. Attic clay
with black glaze, metallic in places.
The tall slender shape and the foot profile are
late. The leaf band was a favorite decoration for
and orientalizing styles.
handle

the earlier St. Andrew's
cross; we have seen it used on the subgeometric

IV 1.
The wavy line as a
ornament replaces
amphora
,.
of the shape and with
Amphoras
the decorative scheme of the two

are fairly common and must come
workshop; a complete example, now
Museum in Athens, was found in
117; Wide, p. 196, note 7).
C 141.
Geometric
-^-
;-
:j
-
here published
from the same
in the National
Cyprus (N. M.
C 140.
183
,'
c I3
C13^
Fig. 133
Fig. 132. Geometric Almphoras (C 138-139)

P 8382. P.H., 0.17m.
The neck is preserved, with one handle. The shape the same as that of C 138-159;
the decoration, which follows the same scheme, slightly more elaborate. On the handle,
a ladder.
Foot.
Amphora Fragment:
Fig. 133
P 8381. P.II., 0.05m.

Slightly
C 1S8-139.
flaring
Diam. of foot, 0.115m.

ring foot, decorated with
143
U4
glaze
bands.
From an
hi
'iSI Ise
4
.
,-
C 137
C137
z "= -C-144l
.
C142
_C
114
C126_
- 141
I1
C
Fig. 133. Oinochoe (C 114, 126) and Amphora (C 137, 140-144) Fragments
amphora like
184
RODNEY S. YOUNG
C 142. Geometric Amphora Fragments.
Fig. 133
P 8385.
From two similar tall slim amphoras of the same shape. The body of one is banded, with
two fine lines in each reserved band, and a dotted lozenge chain just below the shoulder. The
other has a zigzag band in addition to the dotted lozenge bands.

Fig. 133
P 8386. Max. Diam., 0.039m.

A small fragment from the body of a closed pot, presumably an amphora. Part of a zone
is preserved, filled with a band of coursing hounds; zigzag filling ornament. Attic clay with
dull black glaze.
On the coursing hound as a decoration, see above, C 99.
C 144. Protoattic Amphora Fragment.
Fig. 133
P 8384. P.H., 0.075 m.

Neck fragment from a closed pot, presumably an amphora. Veretical bands bordering a
panel; in it, the head and one leg of a grazing deer. Dull black glaze, almost entirely peeled off.
The deer resembles the deer grazing in a band around the lower body of the Analatos
Hydria, and the ones attacked by centaurs on the bowl from Thebes (Jhb., IT, 1887, pi. 4).
C 145.
Protoattic
Amphora Fragments.
Fig. 134
P 7183.
L ---- _m-,
.
i
, -- IAI
..-
I'Li
D
Fig. 134. Fragments of 1'rotoattic Amphoras and Stands (C 145, 150-153)

185
Three non-joining fragments from the wall of a large closed pot, probably an amphora,
decorated with animal friezes; the fragments preserve parts of three zones; on one fragment,
part of a band of lions, and, below it, a band filled with a procession of horses to the right.
The other two fragments are considerably thicker and probably come from lower down in
the amphora wall; they preserve parts of two horses, one galloping hard toward the right.
The faces of the horses are drawn in outline in purple, which is also applied over the glaze
on the manes. Orientalizing filling ornament of volute-plants, beaked reverse spirals, running
dog and wavy lines. Brown clay with a purplish tinge; dull black glaze. The fabric is probably Attic that has fired an unusual color; the clay resembles at any rate that of no othel
fabric. The filling ornament is easily paralleled on other Protoattic vases: for the beaked
reversed spiral, see the stamnos B 64 above, and for the volute plant, the bowl from
Thebes (Jhb., II, 1887, pD. 4). Galloping horses appear on orientalizing pottery from Eretria
(Eph. Arch., 1903, p. 31, fig. 18) and in the Cyclades (Delos, XVII, pl. IX, 2). The filling ornament and the drawing of the horses are characteristic of the mid-seventh century; the banded
oerlions toether with the liberal use of added purple, are intimations
decoration, and the frieze of
of what is to follow in the second half. Drawing in outline with purple is an entirely new
experiment.
C 146.
Protoattic Amphora.
Fig. 135
P 7490. P.H., 0.275m. Max. Diam., 0.275:).

The bottom missing; one handle, and gaps in the body restored.
Ovoid body with wide concave neck and rounded lip; band handles
decorated with a wavy vertical line down their outei faces. Glaze
iu
bands around the bold and on the lip. Attic clay with red to
blownish glaze.
C146
The shape and decoration are the same as those of the amphora from Grave IV above, found with a subgeometlic sherd.
Another was found in an unpublished Agora well of the seventh
Fig. 135. Fragmentary
century. Similar amphoras of the same type, which is different
Amphora (C 14(i)
fiom the type with higher, narrower neck like the amphoras from
Gr:ave VII and VIII, were made thrloughout the eighth century,
but they had somewhat narrower necks and plumper bodies, always with St. Andrew's crosses on
the handles. Ouriamphora should have a flaring foot like that of IV 1; earlier amphoras of the
type have a nearly straight vertical foot. The two amphoras, one from the well deposit, and the
other froml the grave, arc sevennth cntury,
robably of near tle liddle.
C 147.
HIand-made, Amphora Fragment.
Fig. 136
P.H., 0.128m. Diam. at lip, 0.125 m.

l'he lower body missing; one handle restolred,
an(d gaps in the body. Shorlt straight neck withl
nearly flat projecting rim, and band lhandles. lHandmade of fine smooth yellow-buff clay, and smoothed
vertically on the 'surface with a flat-edged implement;
P 7181.
unglazed.
'he clay is probably Corinthian; the fablic is very
Iiuch like that of the fine hand-made vases with polished
surface found in graves in Corinth (A.J.A., XI1, 1937,
p. 137, figs. 1-2); Iprobably late Geometric of the end
of the eighth century or beginning of the seventh.
Cn
Fig. 133(. Fragmentary Hand-made

Amphora (C 147) and Coarse 1Pitcher
(C 15(i)
186
RODNEY S. YOUNG
HYDRIA

C 148.
Subgeoimetric
Hydria.
Fig. 137
P 7499. P.H., 0.30m. Max. Diam., 0.312 m.

The bottom, the neck, and the vertical band-handle missing; gaps
in the body, and most of one rolled horizontal handle restored. The
body banded; a triple band below the handles, and a wide band at the
shoulder. A wavy line in the handle-zone; on the upper shoulder, short
tails pendant from the base of the neck. Glaze bands on the horizontal handles, and loops with pendant tails over their attachments.
Attic clay with dull black glaze, badly peeled in places.
The shape, decoration, and fabric are the same as those of the
two hvdriai V 1 and X 1. Subgeometric; the fabric is quite different from Protogeometric. See above, V 1.
Fig. 137. Subgeometric

Hydria (C 148)
HUT MODEL
Very few examples of an interesting form of vase, the house-model, have been found in
the Greek world. Prehistoric models from Melos and Crete are known, and rather elaborate
late Geometric and early orientalizing houses with peaked roofs from Perachora and from
the Argive Heraeum (F. Behn, Hausurnen, Berlin, 1924; see also the article Hausurnen in
Ebert, Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte, especially the note by Karo, Agaischer Kreis). A hut
model from Corinth in the Berlin Museum consists of three tall round structures pointed
like beehives and peaked at the top, with small rectangular doors in front high up
under the peaks (Inventory No. 4503; Behn, pl. 29e; Ebert, pl. 73e). The Corinthian
huts, taken to be Mycenaean, are thought to represent granaries, and to show the same
stage of development as the beehive tombs. In a period when the rectangular plan
was already used for house-building, the old round plan continues to live on, employed
in grave and barnyard architecture (Behn, pp. 65 ff.). Three late Geometrichut models on
the same plan exist, with the only difference that individual huts are represented, instead of
a triple hut. One was found in a Grave at Eleusis (Eph. Arch., 1898, p. 112, fig. 32);
another, from the Kerameikos, has never been published; it has a peak at the top above the
door, and careless subgeometric decoration of dots, triangles, zigzags, and birds (N. M. Inventory, 698). Fragments of yet another similar model were found in our seventh century
well deposit; decorated also in subgeometric style. With its vertical lines radiating
structure made of
os withe with their
downward from the peak at the top, it suggests aatrct
ends stuck in the ground, woven together with other withes to a certain height to make
a straight cylindrical wall, and then with their upper ends bent and gathered together at
the top and there tied; the upper part of the structure was perhaps afterward thatched.
A ladder up the front gave access to the high door, through which grain could be dumped
for storage inside. Such a granary would of course be a magnet for the attraction of
hungry birds, which arc quite appropriately represented not only on the Kerameikos model,
LATE GEOMETRIC GRAVES AND A SEXVENTH CENTURY WELL, ETC.
187

but also on the Agora granary, where they walk in procession around the outside, seeking
ingress to the feast. The Berlin model is very simply decorated with stripes of glaze; it
would be interesting to know whether it is really Mycenaean, or, like the other examples
preserved, late Geometric or subgeometric; the only way of telling would probably be
a careful examination of its fabric. If it is Mycenaean, then our subgeometric hut models of the
:
same type furnish another link in the chain of
i
evidence connecting the Mycenaean with the
orientalizing period.
C 149.
Hut Model. Fig. 138
P 7292. H. as restored, 0.073 m. Diam. at bottom,

as restored, 0.043 m.
Two non-joining fragments; restored, the height
given by the birds, heads of which are preserved on
the upper fragment. Flat bottom and cylindrical side
wall, with beehive shaped top, ending in a peak; a
door at the front under the peak. Vertical bands
radiating downward from the peak to the top of the
side wall. A procession of birds walks around the
body toward the right, with dot rosettes between each
pair of birds; the procession is interrupted at the
front by a ladder leading up to the door. A multiple
cross on the bottom. Attic clay, with dull black to
brown glaze.
c 149
Fig. 138. Subgeometric Hut Model (C 149)
STANDS: C 150-152
C 150. Protoattic Stand Fragment.
Fig. 134
P 7188. P.H., 0.105m. P.L., 0.18m.

Fragment from half-way up a stand with two zones perforated by long narrow slots. Above
the solid band ornamented with wavy diagonals, the bottom of a slot separating two panels
decorated with horses standing in a crowd of filling ornaments; the top of another slot is preserved
on the lower edge, the slots falling one below the other. Attic clay with black to brownish glaze.
On stands, see C.V.A., California, I, pp. 10 ff., and pl. I, 2. Our stand, with the slots placed
one above the other, is like the stands of ribbon-handled bowls and imitation tripods of late Geometric fabric (XII2 and 3, above). The zone of diagonal lines is often used on such Protoattic
vases as the Analatos hydria (Jhb., II, 1887, pl. 4; also on three similar Protoattic hydriai in a private collection in Athens). Subgeometric horses and deer too are often used in subsidiary places
in the decoration of orientalizing vases.
C 151.
Protoattic Stand Fragment.
Fig. 134
P 7015. P.H., 0.105m.

Fromnthe wall of a very large cylindrical stand, tapering slightly upward. Parts of two
levels are preserved, separated by a projecting rounded band fluted at the edge. On the lower

188
RODNEY S. YOUNG
zone part of a procession of large birds toward the right is preserved. The upper zone seems to
have consisted of panels with perforations between them; at. the left a panel is broken away,
while at the right the bottom of a perforation is preserved; standing in it, part of a human foot,
modelled in clay and with incised toes, is preserved. The gaps between the panels, then, seem to
have been filled by figurines standing in them. Attic clay with red glaze for the birds, on the
projecting fluted band, and on the floor of the window in which stands the figurine.
Just enough is preserved of our stand to whet the curiosity as to the appearance of so
elaborate a structure when it was complete. The fabric, the fluted rim, and the drawing of the
birds are Protoattic; although I know of no Protoattic vase decorated like this one with figures
standing in windows, Protoattic vases with figurines for ornamentation exist, cf. .A.A., 1932,
p. 198, fig. 5, and A.A., 1933, pp. 271-274, figs. 6-8.
C 152. Geometric Tripod-Basin Fragment.
Fig. 134
P 7497. Diam. of foot (est.), 0.29 m.

Part of a large open basin with a flat floor; underneath, a ring foot, from which a leg
projecting downward is broken off at the left end. Since about a fifth of the total circumference
is preserved, with the stump of only one leg, it seems that there can have been room for only
three legs at most; and since three is the least number of legs that it was possible to have, our
basin becomes a tripod. The floor is glazed, with a reserved dot at the middle; on the outer face
of the ring foot bands, and a zone of tooth pattern; the decoration of the ring foot is interrupted
above the foot, where its face is solidly glazed. Attic clay with black glaze metallic in places.
Our tripod may be part of a bowl constructed with a base on the same model as the tripod
stands from the Warrior Grave at the Kerameikos, A.A., 1934, pp. 241-242, fig. 27, and from
Eleusis, Eph. Arch., 1898, pl. 4, 3. No trace is preserved on the bottom of the foot, however, of
the brace that arches from foot to foot of such stands, supporting the rim from below.
C 153. Protoattic Sherd: Amphora Fragment.
Fig. 134
P 7488.
Fragment from low down in the wall of a very big vase, unglazed inside and therefore closed;
perhaps an amphora. Glaze bands; their diameter is already too small to allow of their encircling
a neck above them. The head of a long-necked bird surrounded by orientalizing filling ornament
is preserved above the glaze rings; the bird drawn with its head toward the foot of the pot (if
we have placed the fragment rightly). Attic clay with red glaze. The bird is reminiscent of
those on Acropolis 345 (Graef-Langlotz, pl. 12).
FINE HAND-MADEWARE: C 154-155
C 154.
Oinochoe Fragment.
Fig. 139
P 8389. P.H., 0.035m.

The neck is preserved, with part of the trefoil mouth and band handle. Fine yellow-buff clay,
hand-made and smoothed vertically outside with a flat-edged implement, and polished.
The fabric is the same as that of the amphora fragment C 148; probably Corinthian.
C 155. Aryballos Fragment.
Fig. 139
P 7187. Max. Diam., 0.045 m.

Part of the shoulder of a small round-bodied hand-made aryballos like XVII 22 and
XXV 4. Around the shoulder, two bands of rouletted ornament; below, a reverse-curved
189

C 164
C 162
C 160
a
' "
J71---'
--.-'..--
Fig. 139.
Fine Hand-made (C 151-155)
^:;?
C154
C 158 _Lz-- -~
'.:..
and Household Ware (C 157-1(4)
4
715
Fragments
imlpression, probably intended to represent a bird, and framed above, below, and at the sides,
by double lines.
buff clay.
The aryballos
All the ornament was impressed

belongs
to the so-called
Monochrome
HOUSEIIOLD WARE:
C 156. Coarse Pitcher.

P 7180.
in the soft clay before firing.

Argive
Micaceous
pale
group.
C 156-165
Fig. 136
H., 0.193 m.
Max. Diam., 0.155 m.
Much of the body restored.

Flat bottom and band handle: the neck is widely and deeply
curved, and flaring at the lip, like that of the litcher from Grave IX (fig. 25 above) and the
pitcher from the Agora votive deposit (Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 598, fig. 64).
C 157-158.
Pitcher Fragments.
Fig. 139
1) 8390, 8397.
Handle
and rim fragments.
C 157 has double wavy
lines
incised
on the handle,
forming
a St. Andrew's cross, and horizontal double wavy lines incised below the lip and above the handle
attachment.
its top.
C 158 has incised
wavy
lines running
down the edges
of the handle,
and across
190
RODNEY S. YOUNG
C 159. Pitcher Fragment.
Figs. 139-140
P 8391.
Part of the rim of a similarly shaped pot, with a shallow pouring spout. The vase may have
been a spouted amphora, like the ones from Anavysos,
Praktika, 1911, p. 124, 27-28. Incised cross-hatching
riSMw
on the shoulder; thin fabric.
Figs. 139-140

C 160. Basin Fragment.
*,
P 8395.
CBasin
Frag
160.
1
t. Fs.
140. Profiles of Hoisehold Ware
10Fig.
Fig 140. Profiles of Household Ware
From a basin with thickened
rim, slightly
projecting, and flat on top, with a shallow pour-agm
ing spout, like the basin from Grave III above
(fig. 10) and the one from the votive deposit, Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 597, fig. 63, and p. 601,
fig. 69, No. 234.
Figs. 139-140
C 161. Basin Fragment.
P 8393. Diam. at rim (est.), 0.25 m.

Rim fragment; the rim is much thickened, flaring outside, straight inside, and flat on top.
Incised rows of St. Andrew's crosses on the outer face of the lip and on the rim below it.
Figs. 139-140
C 162. Bowl Fragment.
P 8392.
Part of the rim and shallow concave floor preserved. The rim is straight, keeled along its
lower edge, and sharply undercut; a fluted band of clay runs along the upper surface of the keel.
Incised on the outer face of the rim, a wavy band between straight horizontal lines.
C 163. Bowl Fragment.
Figs. 139-140
P 8394.
Part of a shallow bowl with a vertical band handle, on a high stand. An incised zigzag runs
around the upper part of the stand, and a double wavy line at the level of the handle attachment.
Another double wavy line runs around the floor of the bowl inside surrounded by a band of zigzag.
Possibly from a lamp like B 51 (fig. 87 above), but on a stand.
C 164. Sherd. Fig. 139

P 7452. Max. Diam., 0.088 m. T., 0.02 m.
Thick fabric; perhaps from the wall of a pithos. Two raised ridges; one is ornamented with
incised diagonals to make a cable pattern, and the other, running diagonally on it, with impressed
rings. A row of impressed rings runs beside the cable band, another above, and a single ring is
impressed near the centre of the angle between the two ridges.
C 165. Brazier. Fig. 141

P 8396. H., 0.135 m. Diam., 0.175 m.
The rolled handle, and fragments of the body, restored. The straight vertical wall forms about
two thirds of a cylinder open at the top and bottom; the front is also open. The upper and lower
edges of the wall are slightly thickened; three small lugs project inward from the rim at the top:
one at the middle, the others near each end by the opening; on these rested the pot over the fire in

LATE
GEOMETRIC
GRAVES
AND A SEVENTH CENTURY WELL, ETC.
191
the brazier. Below the rim at the back,

a horizontal rolled handle, with a small
round airhole through the wall below
"
each of the side lugs inside the rim.
Coarse red clay with white grits, burned
:
'f
grey around the lower part inside.
A fragment of another similar brazier
was found during the 1937 campaign in
.'
the Agora in the seventh centuury deposit; otherwise, our brazier is, to my
knowledge, unique. Miniature braziers
of the same fabric, but made with a bowl
attached above, and with incised decoration, were found at Rhitsona in a
grave of the later seventh century
(Grave 13, J.H.S., XXX, 1910, p. 346,
C165
figs. 9-10). The Rhitsona braziers were
probably incense burners specially made
for use at burials. There is another of
Fig. 141. Brazier (C 165)
the same type, but considerably bigger
than the ones from Rhitsona, in the National Museum at Athens; it is said to be from Crete
(N.M. Inventory, 12692). The traces of burning on the inside of our brazier show that it was
actually used; probably burning charcoal was heaped inside at the bottom, and the cooking pot
set on the lugs above.
Discs: C 166-173
Twenty-seven round discs cut from the walls of Geometric and Protoattic pots, and
two discs of stone, were found in the well deposit; some are pierced by a small hole through
the centre. These discs have been thought to have been used as counters for a game, or as
lids for small open vases. Occasionally discs are found on which the edges of the hole are
worn smooth, and a groove is worn around it inside, as though a string has been passed
through and either knotted inside, or tied to a short pin; others have the hole big enough
for the finger to pass through; in either case the disc would seem to have been used as a lid.
Similar discs were found in the Agora votive deposit; see Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 603, fig. 71.
C 166-173.
Clay discs.
Fig. 142
P 7448-7451; P 8398-8401.
C 166-168 are cut from Geometric pots; on 166 a leaf band, and on 167 part of a meander
with perpendicular hatching. 169-170 are orientalizing; on 169 is preserved the end of a tongue
between scrolls. 171-173 are from pots with very thick walls of coarse gritty micaceous clay;
perhaps pithoi. 171 is unbored, 172 is bored, and 173 has a hole in one side that does not go
through to the other.
LooMi WEIGHTSAND WHORLS: C 174-180
Loom weights and whorls of the same types as those found in the Agora votive deposit
were profusely represented in the well. Two (C 176 and C 177) are interesting because
192
RODNEY S. YOUNG
they have late Geometric connections: one with Grave a and the Isis Grave at Eleusis, and
the other with Dipylon Grave VII. Four loom weights were found, and nineteen whorls.
C 174-175.
Loom Weights.
Fig. 142
MC246, 268.

C 174 is pyramidal, and C 175 flat pyramidal, with a smear of red glaze on one side. These
are of the same type as the Protoattic loom weights from the votive deposit, Hesperia, II, 1933,
p. 602, fig. 70, Nos. 250-253.
Fig. 142. Discs (C 16G-173), Loom Weights (C 174-175), Clay Ball (C 176), and Whorls (C 177-180)
C 176.
Clay Ball.
MC267.
Fig. 142
Spherical, with a small hole bored off-centre. Attic clay. Such balls were found in pumbers
in the Isis Grave and in Grave a at Eleusis; sometimes they were unpierced, and sometimes
speckled all over with dots of glaze. In fabric they are the same as the Geometric pots, and quite
different from the incised clay balls found in the Agora votive deposit (Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 565,
fig. 24, Nos. 94-95); in shape, however, and probably in use, they were the same.
C 177-180.
Clay Whorls.
Fig. 142
MC 254; MC 265-266; MC 306.

Double-convex whorls pierced through the centre. C 177 has two star-shaped stamps on each
side; these are like the stamps on the loom weight from the votive deposit, fig. 70, No. 246. Three
whorls with little stamped stars were reported from Dipylon Grave VII (Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893,
p. 115). C 178 has a ring of glaze around one side; C 180 an unusually large hole.
193
The double-convex type of whorl is the kind used throughout the Geometric period; it has
been found in Geometric well deposits in the Agora extending well back into the eighth century.
So far as has been shown by Geometric finds made to date, such double-convex whorls, and
spherical whorls like C 176 are the only Geometric whorls. No Geometric parallel has yet been
found for the whorl published as Geometric with a group of pots supposed to be a glave group,
in the Museum at Toronto (J.H.S., LI, 1931, pl. VI; whorl No. 12).
TERRACOTTAFIGURINES: C 181-187

C 181.
Terracotta Horse. Fig. 143
T 1114. P.H., 0.033m. P.L., 0.062m.

The legs, the tail, and the head are broken off. The legs were rather widely spread. Glaze
stripes along the body and bands around the neck. Thin dull brownish glaze, mostly peeled off.
i..-
C187
C182
C184
C 183
181
Fig. 143. Fragments of Terracotta Figurines (C 181-187)
C 182.
Terracotta Horse Fragment.
Fig. 143
T 1063. P.H., 0.08m.

The neck is preserved, with much of the front of the body; the face is broken off. Covered
with thick white paint with bands of red paint over the white.
Similar horses were found in the Agora votive deposit; Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 617, fig. 83.
C 183-184.
Terracotta Horse Fragments.
Fig. 143
T 1271, 1272.
Two fragments from the hindquarters of horses; the legs are broken off. On the backs of both
traces are preserved showing that riders were attached; both had the tail attached along one of the
hindlegs, and both are decorated with thin streaky black-to-blown glaze. C 183 has a multiples18
194
RODNEY S. YOUNG
spoked wheel painted on its haunch on one side, and a dotted ring on the other; C 184 is
decorated with irregular bands and stripes of glaze. Both are of the seventh century; the manner
of plastering the tail along the hindleg is Protoattic, and the glaze is subgeometric. Similar glazedecorated horses were found in the Agora votive deposit; Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 620, fig. 86.
C 185. Terracotta Quadriga Fragment.
Fig. 143

T 1064. W., 0.13 m.

Part of a flat base, T-shaped, on which stood a quadriga; the base broken off in front and
behind. The chariot stood on the narrow stem of the T, the horses in front on the wider part. The
attachments of the hindlegs of the four horses are preserved on the base, and a support for the
chariot behind them. Red paint on the vertical edge of the base; traces of red paint on the feet
of the two outer horses, and of white on the feet of the two inner, show that two of the horses
were painted red and the other two white. The chariot and the horses may have looked like
a chariot and horses from the Agora votive deposit, Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 618-619, figs. 84-85.
C 186. Terracotta Chair-leg. Fig. 143

T 1273. P.H., 0.093 m.
A complete leg, tapering downward, and broken above from the flat horizontal seat. Glaze
bands down the front and sides, with short horizontal dashes linking them.
Probably from a throne like XII 25 above (fig. 41), and Metropolitan Museum Studies, V, p. 164,
fig. 10.
C 187.
Terracotta Head: Mycenaean.
Fig. 143
T 1274. P. H., 0.025 m.

Round at the top, and concave on the upper surface; below, a narrow pinched face with
dotted eyes and a glaze band down the nose.
The fabric is Mycenaean, and the type is a common Mycenaean one. The presence of a
fragment of a Mycenaean figurine may or may not be of significance in an orientalizing deposit;
fragments of Mycenaean figurines, however, have been found together with orientalizing figurines
in other seventh century Agora groups, and the similarity between Mycenaean and Archaic figures
of standing women with pinched faces is often very striking.
IV
THE POTTERY
The pottery included in our three groups, A-C, was made over a period of about three
quarters of a century, from about 725 to 650; a period of rapid change, in which the
orientalizing style displaced the Geometric. Our vases, indeed, represent three styles: the
late Geometric, the subgeometric, and the orientalizing. Some of the Geometric vases
already show the quickening influence of orientalizing art; all of the orientalizing vases
continue to show the influence of the Geometric art that had gone before. The sub-
195

geometric vases serve as a link between the two styles.1 While remaining free of orientalizing motives, they employ an ever-degenerating Geometric ornamentation that continues to
be used in subordinate places on fully orientalizing vases. Through the subgeometric
vases we may watch the degeneration of Geometric decoration as it becomes the conventional filling and subsidiary ornament of Protoattic-, and, indeed, of early Black-figured
vases.
It is the purpose here to discuss the changes of fabric, shape, and decoration that took
place during this period of transition, noting the characteristic shapes and ornaments of
the late Geometric style, and observing which were used and abandoned and which transformed by continued use in the subgeometric and Protoattic styles. As might be expected
in a mass of material as great as that found in our Agora groups, many pieces are included
which are of great interest in themselves or for details of their decoration, but which fall
outside the scope of such a discussion. These vases are discussed in full in their places
in the catalogue, to which the reader is referred.
FABRICANDTECHNIQUE
The material used by the late Geometric potters was Attic clay, usually carefully
cleaned and free of grits, baked hard, and varying in color from buff to pink. The surface was often well smoothed and polished before firing; particularly fine examples of the
care taken in the preparation of the clay and the polishing of its surface are the amphora
and kantharos from Grave XV (fig. 48) and the oinochoe XllI 1 (fig. 43). Most, though not
all, of the Geometric vases are well made; even the smaller pots, as the skyphoi from
Graves XVII and XX, are of good fabric. The subgeometric vases, on the other hand, are
of poor fabric. The clay was almost never properly cleaned, contains many grits, and
was not smoothed and polished on the surface before firing. A few of the earlier small cups,
from Graves VII and IX, were carefully made; the large amphora XI 2 (fig. 32), on the
other hand, is of relatively poor fabric. The carelessness of the preparation of the clay for
subgeometric vases is, in general, characteristic also of orientalizing ware. The Attic
skyphoi made in imitation of Protocorinthian (C 19-33) are as careless in fabric as they
are in decoration. Some of the more elaborately decorated Protoattic vases such as B 1
and C 65 (figs. 74 and 113), on the other hand, are of excellent fabric. It may be said
that the early seventh century shows a definite decline in the quality of fabric, but that
the potters were capable of producing vases of fabric as good as the late Geometric when
they considered it worth their while.
1 Subgeometricpottery might be called the pottery to which R. Carpenterrefers as the " Geometric
Overlap"
in A. J. A., XLII, 1938, pp. 61 ff.
The estimate
of the length of the "Geometric
Overlap"
at
twenty-five years is too short; vases which may properly be called subgeometricseem to have been
The parallel between the survival of subgeometric
made almost to the end of the seventh century.
See also Hesperia, VII, 1938, pp. 421 if.
late black figure has already been suggested.
13"
and
196
RODNEY S. YOUNG
On occasion slip was used throughout the period under consideration. Three late Geometric pyxides (XVI 1, XVII 7 and 17) and an oinochoe (VII 8) are covered with a thick
creamy slip. There is no reason to doubt that they were made and decorated in Attica.'
Slip is sometimes used on Protoattic vases of the first half of the seventh century, as on
our B 2 and C 39, C 66, and C 95.2 Although the use of slip is not the normal, nor even
a frequent, procedure on the part of seventh century Attic potters, experimentation with
it is not surprising at a time when Attica was open to external influences of all sorts.

A beginning of such experimentation seems to have been made, perhaps under Boeotian or
Cycladic influence, in the late eighth century.

The change for the worse that we have observed in the quality of clay is noticeable
also in the quality of glaze. The Geometric vases are decorated with a firm, slightly
lustrous glaze, generously applied.' The glaze is put on evenly and thickly so that the clay
does not show through it. Where it is thinned (for hatching and latticing, for example)
it is thinned purposely and applied evenly to give a slight color contrast. Horizontal glaze
bands were usually applied while the pot was on the wheel; the brush was held steady,
and the glaze applied so evenly that it is often difficult to tell where the beginning and
end of a band meet. Contrast the banded decoration of the vases from Grave XVIII
(fig. 60) with that of the two amphoras from Grave XI (fig. 32); the later painter, although he also ran off his banded decoration while the pot was on the wheel, neither
held his brush steady, nor kept an even supply of glaze in it, nor troubled himself.
to smooth over the junctions at beginning and end of the bands. The glaze used by
1 The presence of slip on the krater and oinochoe from Cyprus in New York (Myres, Handbook of
the Cesnola Collection, p. 286 and nos. 1701-1702) does not preclude the possibility of these vases being
Attic, as is suggested by Smith, A.J.A., XXXIX, 1935, p. 414. The decorative system, as well as most
of the motives, of these pots is Attic. The heraldically opposed deer nibbling at a tree, on the krater,
can be matched on an Attic pyxis discussed by Graef in Ath. Mitt., XXI, 1896, p. 448. The only
distinctly non-Attic motive used is the hanging double-axe, common in Boeotia (e. g. Hampe, V 5, pl. 20).
The fondness for quatrefoils and octofoils in panels, with dot rosettes between their petals, is frequently
displayed on late Attic Geometric vases; we have seen it on our XX 5. Two vases in Copenhagen,
a spouted bowl and a kantharos (C. V.A., Copenhagen, II, pl. 72, 4 and 73, 5) which were found in the
Dipylon and of which the Attic fabric has never been doubted, have not only the same multifoil-dot
rosette decoration, but display the same fondness for deer with crumpled legs as does the krater from
Cyprus. A bowl with the same decoration, now at the Hague, is published as Boeotian simply because
it is covered with slip (C.V. A., Pays-Bas, I, III G, pl. 1, 3). In publishing as Attic a stand with the same
decoration (C. V. A., California, I, pl. 1, 2 a-d) Smith felt that in all conscientiousness he must mention
an impression he had had that the stand might have been slipped.
In scale (H. 3 feet, 10 7/8 inches, or about 1.17m.) as well as in shape the Cesnola krater finds its
best parallels in Attica. The krater itself has the same shape as the Attic krater in the Metropolitan
Museum, A.J.A., XIX, 1915, pl. XVII-XIX. The handles are unusual, but similar handles are found on
such Attic amphoras as Wide, figs. 62-63. On the Cesnola krater they are multiplied to four, perhaps
in imitation of Cretan pithoi like B.S.A., XXIX, 1927-28, pl. VII, 9. The amphoriskos (or rather
hydriskos) used as a handle on the lid is like our XV11 9. If the Cesnola krater is Attic, as seems
probable, it is late and must belong at the very end of the eighth century or the beginning of the
seventh; it shows a number of non-Attic influences.
2
Also, e. g., on the bowl from Thebes, Jhb., II, 1887, pl. 4.
197

subgeometric potters is usually thin, streaky, and rather dull. When it was applied thickly
it often became highly metallic in firing (IX 13 and 16, XIV 1; figs. 24 and 46). The glaze
used on Protoattic vases is the same as that on subgeometric. It is often carefully and
generously applied so as to make an evenly-colored surface; but however carefully applied
it lacks the lustrous quality of the late Geometric glaze. The shiny black glaze of the
Classical period was perfected in the latter part of the seventh century; the first half of
the century marks a decline from the standard of late Geometric ware in the quality of
glaze as in the quality of fabric.
Clay and glaze probably did not interest the potter of the early orientalizing period.
lie was occupied either in making careless, hastily decorated subgeometric vases, or in
experimenting with new shapes and decorative ornaments. Two new technical devices,
however, also presented themselves for experiment: the use of added color, and incision.
Both may have come to him by way of Corinth.
The Attic potters were much slower to use added color than were the Corinthian. Of
the two accessory colors, purple and white, the former appears only three times among
our Agora groups, and each time on one of the later Protoattic vases: B 45 (fig. 87), C 39
(fig. 107), and C 145 (fig. 134).1 Although purple is freely used in Middle Protocorinthian,
it appears very rarely in Attica before the middle of the seventh century. White, on the
other hand, which appears at the end of the Geometric period both in Attica and in
Corinth and is occasionally used in both during the first half of the seventh century, was
adopted by the Protocorinthian potters as a regular part of their palette later than was
purple. The use of added color was no doubt one of the devices brought from the east in
the second half of the eighth century.
White was first used both at Athens and in Corinth at the end of the eighth century
for the drawing or adornment of snakes. A Corinthian Geometric krater is adorned with
a white snake outlined by white dots. Two Attic amphoras are decorated with plastic
snakes dotted with white; 2 perhaps it is significant that the publisher of one of them
called it Protoattic because of the use of white. Snakes decorated with added white dots
are not uncommon on Early Protocorinthian.3 In our Group A we can find only one
fragment, XI 14 (fig. 35), a skypos handle from one of the later graves, which has white
decoration. Two subgeometric fragments, B 20 and B 61 (figs. 80 and 91) are decorated
with white. A number of Corinthianizing pieces (C 27 and C 32, figs. 103 and 105) use
a system of decoration with white that was taken over from Protocorinthian models.
A number of vases and fragments (B 19, fig. 80; B 58, fig. 88; C 125, fig. 127) belong to
1 The vases of the second half of the seventh century, such as the small pots from Grave II, are,
of course, not under discussion. The use of purple becomes commonafter the middle of the century.
2
The krater from Corinth, A.J.A., XXXIV, 1930, p. 411 and fig. 5.
The Attic amphoras, Wide,
Jhb., XIV, 1899,pp. 196ff., no. 14 and fig. 61; A.A., 1892,p. 100. The white dots on the former of the
two amphoras seem to have escaped the notice of Wide, but they exist and are quite visible to any
visitor to the National Museum in Athens.
3 On Early Protocorinthian, Johansen, pl. V 2, VIII 5, etc., and p. 54.
RODNEY S. YOUNG
198
the so-called Light-on-Dark style.'
On only one fragment (B 2, fig. 76) is white used to
cover broad areas, as it came to be used on late Protoattic and early black-figured vases
in the second half of the seventh century. The varied uses to which white was put show
that the potters were in a stage of experimentation. They received the new technique
of adding white at the end of the eighth century, and of adding purple somewhat later;
they did not decide on how to use it until well past the middle of the seventh.
The same may be said of incision. Johansen states that incision was first used only

occasionally and without system in the late stages of the Early Protocorinthian style 2-that
is, at the end of the eighth century. If Attica took the technique of incision from Corinth,
we should expect to find our first crude attempt made very early in the seventh century in
Attica. The earliest fragment with incision from our Agora group is the subgeometric
column-krater handle C 111 (fig. 121) decorated with a centaur; the date suggested for the
fragment (p. 173) was early seventh century. Only a few other pieces were found on which
incision had been used.3 On one of them, B 68, the incision is elaborate and careful; the
vase is developed Protoattic of about the mid-seventh century. Conventional use of incision for separating the petals of a rosette and of palmettes was made on B 57 and B 81
(figs. 88 and 94). A late fragment which also employs added purple has black-figured
incision-that is, incision used to mark off interior details (B 45, fig. 87); the same sort
of incision is used on the cup C 39 (fig. 107). On the Protoattic oil amphora C 127 (fig. 128)
incised rings on the neck replace the conventional glaze-ring neck ornament of that type
of amphora. From the foregoing examples of the rather haphazard use of incision we can
see that the potters were engaged in experimentation with it, just as they were in the use
of white. But the reason why incision did not take immediate hold in Attica as it did in
Corinth is shown by two other examples: B 1 (figs. 74-75) and B 80 (fig. 99). On the
oinochoe B 1 two sphinxes are seated confronting each other. The wing of one is solidly
glazed, and the feathers are incised; the wing of the other is outlined, and the feathers are
drawn in finer glaze lines. In both cases the artist achieved the samresort of wing and the
same sort of feathers. The Protoattic lid B 80 shows horses with flame-like incisions representing the manes. A slightly earlier Protoattic amphora in New York 4 has horses with
manes drawn by wavy lines which make very nearly the same flame-like locks. The
1
Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 629.

2 Johansen,
p. 71. Need attention again be called to Payne's revised dating for the Early Protocorinthian style-750 to 700?
3 Incised
inscriptions are discussed below, p. 225. Presumably alphabetical inscriptions were not
incised before the knowledge had come to Greece of the technique of incision.
4
Metropolitan Museum Bulletin, 1923, p. 176, fig. 1; Corolla Ludwig Curtius, Stuttgart, 1937, pl. 41.
The New York amphora belongs in the first quarter of the seventh century, and is probably by the same
hand as fragments of an amphora from Phaleron: Eph. Arch., 1911, p. 249, fig. 11, p. 250, figs. 12-13.
The peculiar bird on the neck of the New York amphora appears on a Protocorinthian aryballos of the
first black-figured style-first quarter of the seventh century: Johansen, pl. XXII, 2d; Payne, PV,
pl. XI, 3.
199

Protoattic artist, then, was able to draw very much the same sort of wing or mane either
by incision or in outline; it took him a long time to decide finally in favor of incision.
The Protocorinthian artist, on the other hand, habitually used incision; his experiments
in outline drawing were very rare. There was undoubtedly strong island influence in the
Attica of the early seventh century. The Protoattic artist made use of the two techniques,
Corinthian incision and Cycladic outline-drawing, side by side over a long period. Drawing in outline was not entirely abandoned until well after the seventh century. The faces of
women were drawn in outline and then filled with white down to the time of Sophilos.
Although outline drawing was, in general, favored in Attica in the first half of the
seventh century, incision was seized upon immediately for the decoration of coarse household ware. None of the hand-made pitchers of this fabric found in the graves of Group A
was decorated with incision; on the other hand a number of fragments with rather
elaborate incised decoration are to be noted among the sporadic finds of the seventh century
from the grave area, and in Group C (B 4, 51, 82; C 157-164). Such decoration of household pottery probably started in the late eighth century.1 The fabric of household ware
is quite different from that of ordinary Attic pottery. It was made, however, for a special
purpose and therefore adapted to that purpose; the clay may have been taken from
a different bed than was the clay for ordinary Attic ware, and certainly it was differently
mixed. Household ware, with very little change in fabric, is found in abundance in Attica
throughout antiquity, from the Protogeometric to the Late Roman period; its presence in
great quantity over so long a period indicates that it was made locally. Large pithoi like
IX 1 (fig. 23) were probably used for storage. One-handled pitchers of the sort found in
Graves VI-X were used for cooking; pitchers of this sort are often burned on the outside. The fabric was probably intended to withstand fire; it was used for lamps (B 51 and
63, figs. 87 and 91) and a brazier (C 165, fig. 141) as well as for cooking pots. It is uncertain why pottery of this fabric was always made by hand instead of on the wheel.
A few hand-made aryballoi of different fabric were found: XVII 22, XXV 5, and C 155
(figs. 54, 72, and 139). Two of the three examples are decorated with incised ornament.
They belong to the fabric known as Monochrome Argive.2 Vases of this fabric have been
found in abundance on many Greek sites; not only aryballoi but also oinochoai with trefoil
mouth or long-necked with conical body, as well as small kantharoi, belong to the group.
The aryballoi may have been made to contain oil or perfume of manufacture other than
Corinthian. Small vases made by hand of pale buff clay, and sometimes decorated with
incision, have been found in great quantity at Eleusis. It is quite probable that the vases
of the so-called Monochroine Argive group were made locally at a number of places. Two
of the kantharoi from the Agora, IX 11 and C 66, are made of clay like that of the aryballoi;
they were turned on the wheel, however, and decorated in the normal manner with glaze.
1 Late eighth century examples: from Anavysos, Praktika, 1911, pp. 124-125, nos. 24-29; from the
Dipylon (Grave X), Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, p. 119, fig. 12.
2
Pfuhl, MuZ, pp. 82-83, discusses the group, and gives references.
RODNEY S. YOUNG
200
SHAPES
In the pottery of the late eighth century three types may be noted: vases made for
ordinary use in the daily life of adults, vases made for children, and vases specially made
for funerary use. The children's vases are often miniature imitations of larger models, but
among them are to be found shapes which have no parallels in pottery of ordinary size.

The small vases, made for children, were found in children's graves, and the larger ware
in the graves of adults. Though the two types are contemporary,they are therefore seldom
found together; one burial at Spata,1 however, contained small oinochoai like those from
our Grave IX (fig. 24) together with large pyxides like those from our Grave XVII (fig. 54).
The contrast between the two types is symbolical of a change that took place at the end
of the Geometric period. The potters of the late eighth century had developed high technical ability, and used it in the fabrication of very big pots. Colossal amphoras and
kraters were made to be set up as monuments over graves; comment has often been made
on the skill required for their manufacture.2 Nearly as great skill was necessary for the
making of pitchers, ribbon-handled bowls, and pyxides such as were found in the graves
at Spata, at the Dipylon, and in our Grave XVII (fig. 54).3 Although these vases do not
compare in actual dimensions with the monumental amphoras and kraters, yet the thinness
of their fabric makes them, for their size, triumphs of technique quite as great. Such vases
must have been made over a short period after the potters had acquired the skill necessary
for their manufacture, and while the public taste demanded them; but their very size
rendered them unsuitable for ordinary use, and they must represent merely a vogue of short
duration. The reaction toward smaller vases was strong; almost all the subgeometric and
Protoattic ware is made on a lesser scale than its Geometric predecessors. The reduction
in the size of the pottery made for everyday uses after the end of the eighth century may
have been due in part to reaction against the giantism of many late Geometric vases, in
part to the custom of making miniature vases for children, and in part to the influence of
Protocorinthian ware, which began to make itself felt toward the end of the eighth century.
The trend toward small vases entailed the disappearance of certain Geometric forms.
Most noteworthy among the shapes that ceased to be made after the eighth century is the
pyxis of Geometrictype. Pyxides had been made from early Geometrictimes; several were
found in the Areopagus graves.4 Eatly pyxides, either shallow or deep, were always made
1Spata Grave 3; Delt., VI, 1920-21, pp. 134 ff., and figs. 6-10.
2
e. g. by Miss Richter, who has herself had experience in the throwing of pots. See her remark on
the krater in New York, Metropolitan Museum Bulletin, 1934, p. 172.
3 Dipylon Grave XIII: Wide, fig. 74; B. C. H., 1895, pp. 273 ff.; at Spata in Graves 1, 3 and 4: Delt.,
VI, 1920-21, pp. 132 ff., figs. 2, 6, and 11. Similar pitchers with late Geometric decoration from the
Dipylon, Wide, figs. 71 and 73; from Anavysos, Praktika, 1911, p. 122, 20 and 21. There are nine more
in the Empedokles collection in Athens.
4 C. V.
A., Athens, I, pls. 1-2.
201

with well rounded wall, and usually with ring foot. Pyxides of this shape continued to be
made throughout the Geometric period; two examples from one of our late graves, XVII 8
and 13 (fig. 54), one shallow and the other deep, are of the conventional early shape. Pyxides
of later type were made with flat bottom or a low base, and with but slightly curved sidewall. The latest examples, like our XVII 15 and 17, XVIII 6, and XX 5 (figs. 54, 60, and 67)
are very nearly straight-sided, and, in two cases, slightly greater in diameter at the base
than at the rim. The latest Geometric pyxides, often made of great size, were also often
adorned with plastic representations of horses as handles on their lids (XVI1 15-17,
XVIII 6). The inconvenience of a handleless form, together with the desire for smaller
vases, was perhaps the cause of the disappearance of the Geometric type of pyxis. It was
replaced probably by the more useful bowl with ribbon handle, sometimes lidded,' by the
lidded skyphos with in-turned rim,2 and by the pyxis of Protocorinthian type.
The great one-handled pitchers of the late Geometric period also disappear, although
small jugs of nearly the same shape continued to be mad'e. The making of big vases did
not, of course, stop; but big vases were made for practical use and not for display. Thus
the ordinary amphora performed in a much more satisfactory way the function to which
overgrown one-handled pitchers had been rather unsuitably adapted, and the pitchers were
no longer made.
With the exception of the pyxis and the pitcher, however, most of the Geometric types
continued to be made into the seventh century, usually on a somewhat smaller scale. With
the continued use of Geometric shapes there was a continuing development of them. The
contrast between the well-rounded early Geometric pyxis form and its nearly straight-sided
successor is typical of the change that took place between early and late Geometric forms,
and that continued into the seventh century. Different shapes underwent different developments, but in general the trend was from well rounded to less rounded forms; from plump
to pointed shapes, and from well defined and sharply offset parts to a blurring and blending
of parts running into each other in continuous reverse curves. With the lessening of the
articulation of parts came the disappearance of some members. The ring foot of the early
Geometric style gives place to a low base, which in turn often disappears, leaving a plain
flat bottom. Rims, usually clearly defined from a well-curved shoulder in early Geometric
vases, are in late Geometric and subgeometric vases either continuous with the side wall or
disappear entirely as separate parts. With the general trend in the development of form in
mind, let us look at individual shapes.
The skyphoi from Graves XVII and XX (figs. 54 and 67) are typically late Geometric
in shape. In comparison with early Geometric skyphoi they are relatively deep and narrow;
they have low bases instead of ring feet, and are somewhat more pointed at the bottom.
1 Like the bowl from Dipylon Grave III, Wide, fig. 99.
2 Like the skyphos from Dipylon Grave VIII, Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pl. VIII, 1, 6. Numerous
skyphoi of this type, lidded, were found in the Phaleron cemetery.
202
RODNEY S. YOUNG

The well-rounded early shoulder has become much less marked, and the rim is not so sharply
offset. XVII 1 and XX 1 are still reminiscent of the earlier shape; XVII 2-3, XX 3, and
C 37-38 (fig. 106), narrower at the bottom, taller in proportion to their width, and less
curved at the shoulder, are more developed; they are typical late Geometric skyphoi. Still
more developed are early seventh century examples: V 3 (fig. 15) and C 43-44 (fig. 106);
they are also slightly smaller in scale. The later examples are flat-bottomed and are
becoming definitely pointed; they show almost no inward curve at the shoulder, and in them
the offset lip is beginning to become merely a flaring rim. C 44 stands at the head of
a subgeometric skyphos type which continued to be made through the seventh century;
C 45-47 (fig. 108) are examples of this class, abundantly represented in every seventh
century deposit. C 45 has a flat bottom and its lower wall is no longer convex; it curves
inward scarcely at all at the shoulder and has a flaring rim. C 46-47, later than C 45,
are even deeper, narrower, and more pointed at the bottom. To the same type belong
the skyphoi B 55-54 (fig. 88). After the middle of the seventh century subgeometric skyphoi
of this shape, which has gradually become deeper and more pointed through the first half
of the century, become again shallower and wider at the bottom, and have less emphasis
on the flaring lip. Two examples from a pottery group of the third quarter of the century
at the Agora have been published.' The same development is to be followed at Corinth;
middle Protocorinthian skyphoi become gradually deeper and more pointed until, after the
middle of the century, a reaction in the late Protocorinthian and Transitional style made
for skyphoi of shallower shape and wider at the bottom.
Two large skyphoi, both of which bear inscriptions, B 55 (fig. 90) and C 39 (fig. 107),
were made at about the middle of the century and reflect the change that was to come
about. Each has a ring foot, a shallow open body, a high straight offset rim, and very
slightly convex shoulder. In comparison with late Geometric skyphoi they differ at rim
and foot; it is probable that skyphoi like C 38, of typical late Geometric shape, continued
in the seventh century to be made and decorated with conventional subgeometric ornament,
and served as a link between mid-century examples like our inscribed pieces and the true
late Geometric skyphoi with short lip and low base.2
Two other skyphos types are worthy of mention. The first, very shallow, shoulderless,
and with widely flaring lip, has rather long, almost horizontal handles and is decorated on
the inside as well as on the exterior. XXV 1 (fig. 72) and C 40 (fig. 108) belong to this type,
which was clearly influenced by metal work. Skyphoi of this shape began to be made in
Attica only at the end of the Geometric period, and usually are subgeometric or orientalizing in their decoration. The type seems to have no sequel of later date, and was probably
limited to the period of manufactureof the metallic model from which it was copied-from
Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 413 and fig. 1, D 4-5.
Like a skyphos in Eleusis, Eph. Arch., 1898, pl. 5, 1, decorated with a figured scene of the end of
the eighth century. It has a low base and a short lip, and shoulder more rounded than that of later
examples.
2
203

the end of the eighth into the early seventh century. The second skyphos type, with inturned rim, has already been mentioned as a seventh century substitute for the (eometric
pyxis. It was probably imitated from late Geometric Corinthian pyxides of the same shape.'
One fragment of a skyphos of this type was found in the well, C 42 (fig. 109). A similar
skyphos was found in Grave VIII at the Dipylon, and fairly numerous examples, ranging
in date from the beginning to the end of the seventh century, were found in graves in the
Phaleron cemetery.2 Though used over a long period from the beginning of the seventh
century onward, the type remained comparatively rare.
Cups with one handle were, like skyphoi, made throughout the Geometric period. They
seem, in general, to go through the same development as do the skyphoi-from the shallow,
rounded to the deeper, more pointed, form. The flattening of the shoulder is not so noticeable on cups as on skyphoi; and since cups were made from earliest times without ring foot
or base, it is often difficult to date plain back-glazed examples. It might be suggested,
however, that X 2 (fig. 28) corresponds to late Geometric skyphoi like XVII 1 (fig. 54),
while cups like C 51-52, deeper and more pointed, are the counterparts of later skyphoi
like C 37-38 (fig. 106). The subgeometric skyphoi of the seventh century have also their
one-handled counterparts: to the skyphoi C 45-47 correspond the cups C 48-50 (fig. 108).
C 48, fairly wide at the bottom and flaring at the rim, is of about the same date as C 45;
C 49-50, deeper and more pointed, and with less emphasis on the rim, are, like C 46-47,
somewhat later. As do the skyphoi, the cups become shallower and wider at the bottom
after the middle of the century.3 Skyphoi and cups of this sort are the typical cheap ware
of the seventh century. The great majority (sixteen out of twenty-one) of the early in4
scriptions from Mount Hymettos are incised on one-handled cups of this type.
Some of the miniature cups are small models of the late Geometric type. IX 6-7 (fig. 24),
well rounded and with sharply offset rims, are close in shape to cups like X 2 (fig. 28).
Other cups of the same shape, V 2 (fig. 15), VI 2 (fig. 17), VII 4 (fig. 20), and IX 3 (fig. 24)
are deeper, less rounded, and less sharply defined at the junction of rim and body.
A fragment from the seventh century well, C 57 (fig. 109) corresponds closely in decoration as well as in shape to V 2. Even in the miniature cups, then, the same development
seems to take place-from the well-rounded, rather shallow body with markedly curved
shoulder and offset rim, to the more pointed, deeper body with shallow shoulder and less
marked definition of parts. Other small cups from Graves VII and IX (figs. 20 and 24)
are not imitations of larger models; they find parallels, however, in fragments from the well:
C 53-56
1 e.g.,
(fig. 111), and C 57-59

a fragment
from the votive
(fig. 109).
deposit
of the Agora, Hesperia,
II, 1933, p. 563, no. 80, and
figs. 22-23.
Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pl. VIII, 1, 6; Delt., II, 1916, pp. 13 Tf.
3
Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 415 and fig. 1, D 7-8.
4 A.J.A., XXXVIII, 1934, pp. 10 ff.
204
RODNEY S. YOUNG

Kantharoi show much the same development of shape as do cups and skyphoi. The
kantharos, however, is not an early form; no kantharoi have been found in graves of the
early Geometric period. A fragmentary kantharos was found in a well at the Agora with
vases of simple Geometric style of the first half of the eighth century; the kantharos,
however, is shown by its decoration to be one of the latest members of the group, and
should probably be dated near the middle of the century.1 Kantharoi were probably first
made slightly before the middle of the century and are therefore relatively late-comers in
the Geometric repertory. The oldest examples in our group are XV 2 and XX 4 (figs. 48
and 67). Both are well rounded, with low base and inward-curved shoulder; the rim is
upstanding and clearly defined from the body. Miniatures with subgeometric decoration,
VII 7 and IX 8-9 (figs. 20 and 24), are of the same shape; they show, however, the late
tendency to a lack of clear definition of parts. The tendency is further shown by IX 10
and C 63 (figs. 24 and 112), which are shoulderless and rimless-the former with the
decoration marking off a rim no longer made as a separate member of the pot. C 66 (fig. 112),
a Protoattic kantharos, is of the same rimless shape; the body has become deep and pointed
with straight upper wall marked off from the lower body by a shallow groove, making a sort
of pseudo-rim. The handsomely decorated kantharos C 65 (fig. 113) is of the same shape;
the handles with their lower ends applied against the body suggest that the vase was
influenced by metalwork. C 67 (fig. 112), however, is a kantharos of typically Protoattic
shape-low base, deep, rather pointed body with a shallow shoulder, and high straight rim,
tilted slightly outward. Several kantharoi of this type were found in the votive deposit at
the Agora.2 The shape is close to that of the Boeotian bird-kantharoi; it may have been
common to both Attica and Boeotia. Another kantharos type with flat bottom and wide
body with plain rim slightly incurved (C 64, fig. 112), usually conventionally decorated with
tethered horses or a pair of birds, is very common in Boeotia, rarer in Attica.3 Our example
seems to be Attic in fabric; probably Attic potters made vases of this type under Boeotian
influence. A noteworthy feature of Attic and Boeotian kantharoi of the seventh century
is the oval outline at the rim; the body was slightly pinched before firing, so that the width
at the rim from handle to handle is less than the length from front to back. Geometric
kantharoi have normal round rims; the late vase XI 5 (fig. 32) is, however, oval. It does
not fit into the normal kantharos series; the body is more rounded, and the rim incorporated
into the body in a reverse curve. The effect of form and decoration together is that of
a tulip-like flower; probably the desired effect was considered in advance and the form
adapted to it. Another kantharos, IX 11 (fig. 24), probably shows non-Attic influence; its
nearest parallel is a kantharos from a grave at Tiryns.
Like the kantharoi, the kalathoi in our groups show foreign influence. XVII 5-6 (fig. 54)
are similar in shape to Boeotian kalathoi; XVII 5 shows Boeotian influence not only in its
1 Unpublished; Agora Inventory, P 6402.
2
Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 585 ff., nos. 200, 203--205; figs. 51, 54-57.
3
Hampe, V44 and V20; pls. 26 and 28.
205
shape but also in its decoration. Another kalathos, C 84 (fig. 108), shows the influence of
Protocorinthian models. True Attic kalathoi of the early Geometric period are deep and
pointed, narrow at the bottom, and with flaring concave walls. Later examples are shallower
and wider at the bottom, with straight, outward-tilted walls. Kalathoi of early and late
type were found together in the Isis Grave at Eleusis.1 Open-work or fenestrated kalathoi
of late shape were made in Attica toward the end of the Geometric period.

The ribbon-handled bowl is, like the kantharos, a late Geometric shape. No examples
have been found in early graves on the Areopagus or in early groups at the Agora. Such
bowls were probably first made after the middle of the eighth century, and they became
very popular in the late Geometric period, continuing to be made into the early seventh
century. Ribbon-handled bowls of great size found at the Dipylon in Grave XIII have
already been mentioned. Only two were found in our cemetery, both from the same late
burial, and both subgeometric in decoration: XI 3-4 (fig. 32). XI 4 is deep and narrow,
with a high rim; its lower body is little curved, and the junction of rim and body is not
sharply profiled. In shape it approaches the kalathos XVII 6 (fig. 54), with the addition of
handles. The rim of XI 3 is tilted outward; earlier bowls have straight vertical rims. From
about the end of the eighth century ribbon-handled bowls began to be made with low perforated stands, like our XI 8-9 (fig. 33). Such bowls are often found, as were our examples,
in the remains of pyres; they were probably made originally for ritual purposes, but came
later into more common use, and gradually displaced the earlier type without the stand.
The howl, however, continued to develop in shape on its stand. Our XI 8-9 are of about
the same shape as XI 3; the rim tilts outward and the shoulder curves but little inward.
The lower body is slightly deeper; a transition must be made to the stand. A mid-seventh
century Protoattic bowl from the Kerameikos2 illustrates the later development of the
shape: the stand has become very high and wide, the body very shallow, the rim is tilted
sharply outward, and only a shallow groove now marks the transition froin the shoulderless
body to the rim.
The ribbon handle with outward-turned ends may well have been of metallic origin. As
used on the bowls it is merely decorative. On plates it served a purpose; it was so placed
at the rim that the plate, simply glazed on the inside but often elaborately decorated outside, could be hung by the handle against the wall. Early Geometric plates, designed to
be hung in the same manner, were made with pierced lugs projecting from the rim. The
ribbon handle, admirably suited to the purpose of hanging, probably replaced the pierced
lug at about the middle of the eighth century. Our plate XX 6 (fig. 67), from a grave of
the last quarter of the eighth century, is fairly deep, markedly convex in its wall, and
stands on a low ring foot. Later plates of the end of the century and the beginning of the
seventh, VI 3 (fig. 18), B 14 and B 76 (figs. 80 and 94) and C 77-78 (fig. 115) are shallower,
1
2
C.V.A., Athens, I, pl. 6, 8 of the older type, and 10 (fenestrated) of the later shape.
A.A.. 1934,p. 219, fig. 14.
206
RODNEY S. YOUNG
less convex, and have low bases instead of ring feet. Other plates from the well, C 79-82
(fig. 114), are noticeably smaller and more carelessly made; the handle ends are not turned
sharply outward, and the body has almost entirely lost its convexity. All four, and the
fragment B 15 (fig. 80) show Protocorinthian influence in their decoration bands, and

a conventional ornament in the handle-zone. Plates like C 81-82 continued to be made

well past the middle of the seventh century; 1 late examples are usually very small and
flat bottomed.
Bowls of Protoattic type with deep convex body on a low base and with thickened lip
have no Geometricpredecessors. The shape, however, may have been developed by deepening that of the Geometricplate. C 85 (fig. 117) is fairly close in shape to XX 6; instead
of having two handles it has one handle and a spout. The new arrangement was very
practical; the spout could be used for pouring, and one handle remained by which the bowl
could be hung. A number of fragmentary bowls were found in the grave area and in the
well which must have had the same features: B 44 and 77 (figs. 87 and 94), C 86-92
(figs. 115 and 117). On some the spout is a shallow fluting of the rim; on others it is
a mere depression marked on the upper face of the rim by a spot of glaze. The handle is
not preserved on any of our examples; that there can have been only one is shown in several
cases because the rim is preserved to more than half its circumference. C 87, which has
a rudimentary pour-channel on its rim, proves that there was a handle: the decoration is
so drawn that it is upside down when the bowl stands on its foot, but appears in its correct
position if the bowl hangs by its handle from a peg in the wall.
The large two-handled bowls with short rim from the Agora groups are too fragmentary
to furnish much information as to the development of the shape. The handles seem to have
been of two types: rolled handles tilted sharply upward, as on C 96-97
(fig. 117), and
horizontal band handles, as on C 102-103 (fig. 119). Smaller examples of the same shape
sometimes have shallow depressions for pouring in the rim, as C 99 (fig. 121). The
decoration of bowls of this sort is late Geometric, subgeometric, and Protoattic (C 97--98,
figs. 117 and 119); the type was made from the late eighth century to the middle of the
seventh, and later. Its development can be traced in complete examples preserved in
various museums. A late Geometricbowl has a high base and vertical band handles with
out-turned ends; the influence of metal work is strongly felt.2 Another late Geometric bowl
of the same shape has rolled handles and a vertical ring foot instead of a base.3 Made
at about the end of the eighth century, it has a rather deep body, well curved in the lower
part and widely rounded at the shoulder. A later bowl, from Thebes, belongs early in the
second quarter of the seventh century.4 Its foot is a little more flaring, its body shallower,
1 A small plate from the Agora group of the third quarter of the century, Hesperia, VII, 1938,
415
and fig. 2, D 12. A still later example, unpublished, Agora Inventory, P 5413.
p.
2
Wide, fig. 92.
Hampe, pl. 22, below.

4 Jhb., II, 1887, pl. IV.
3
207

and only slightly convex in its lower part; the shoulder is higher and more sharply
curved, and the rim lower. The bowl from Aegina by the Nessos painter, made early
in the last quarter of the seventh century,l has a very flaring foot, still shallower body,
more sharply curved shoulder, lower rim, and nearly straight lower wall. The time
allowed for the development of the shape, about eighty years, covers very nearly three
generations.
Krater fragments from the grave area and the well are, like the bowl fragments, too
small to give any idea of the development of the shape. B 8 (fig. 79) and C 110 (fig. 121)
are parts of Attic kraters of ordinary type, B 8 with goat-head handle. C 106-109 (fig. 121)
are all very late Geometric in decoration; no Protoattic kraters were found. Probably bowls
like C 97 replaced the krater in the seventh century. The column krater, too, seems to have
been introduced, perhaps under the influence of metal work, at about the beginning of the
century. Our C 111 (figs. 115 and 121), a handle, is the earliest fragment of a column
krater that has been found.
Stamnoi, which began to be made at the end of the eighth century,2 were probably also
put to the uses for which Geometric kraters had been made. A number of subgeometric
and early seventh century Attic stamnoi exist; our C 112 (fig. 121) is a fragment of a small
one. The shape reached its fullest development and greatest popularity after the middle of
the century; our B 64 (fig. 92) is an example dating from about 650. A number of handsome late Protoattic examples from Aegina are unpublished.
Jugs were probably first made at about the same time as were ribbon-handled bowls,
and attained great popularity in the late Geometric period. The two shapes, jug and bowl,
have been found in great numbers and seem to have been the types of vase in most common
use in the second half of the eighth century. Earlier examples of the jug like our XVII 18
and XVIII 1 (figs. 54 and 60) sometimes have a low base; the lower body is always well
rounded, and meets the high slightly flaring rim at a marked angle. Later jugs, like XI 15
(fig. 33), are always flat-bottomed and less rounded; the definition of body and rim becomes
less sharp, until finally Protoattic jugs show in profile a continuous reverse curve.3 The
one-handled jugs are simply reduced versions of larger pitchers. The body is usually about
one third, and the rim two thirds, of the total height; the large pitchers are made with body
and rim about equal in height. Small jugs were sometimes used as handles for the lids of very
large pitchers; in such cases the contrast of the proportions of parts in what is essentially
the same shape is very noticeable.4 Pitchers like our XIV 1 (fig. 46) were made of medium
size; they have deeper bodies and lower rims and are, essentially, of amphora shape, but
made with only one handle, which rises from the lip.
i Berlin F 1682; Neugebauer,Fiihrer,pl. 8; Payne, NC, p. 344.
example is Louvre 514, illustrated in Stackelberg, Grdberder Hellenen, pi. IX.
3 cf.
Wide, fig. 80. An exaggerated example of the late shape, dating from about the middle of the
seventh century,is illustratedin A. A., 1934,pp. 211-212,fig. 9.
4 The
pitcher from Dipylon Grave XIII, Wide, fig. 74.
2 The earliest
208
RODNEY S. YOUNG

Lekythoi such as were found in the pyre, XII 9-12 (figs. 39 and 40), are late and rare.
Our examples, some of which are very small, must have been specially made for funerary
use. Late Geometric lekythoi of greater size were found at Anavysos and date from about
the end of the eighth century. The shape may have been borrowed from Crete; 1 it is not
unlike that of the ordinary Protogeometric lekythos, but no early Geometric examples
pointing to a continuous life and development of the type have been found.
Late Geometric oinochoai are of two types. The first, with tall, rather plump body and
wide trefoil mouth above a shallow necking, seems to be an invention of the late eighth
century and continued to be made through the seventh. Miniature oinochoai of this shape,
but with very round body, have been found in early Geometric groups at the Agora; the
shape is essentially the same as that of our IX 16 (fig. 24). IX 15 and VII 8 are variations
of the shape with nearly conical body. C 123 (fig. 127) is a seventh century example of
full-size oinochoai of the type; similar Protoattic oinochoai were found in the votive deposit.2 A later example of the third quarter of the seventh century3 is taller, narrower,
and slimmer in its proportions; late Geometric examples found in a well group of the late
eighth century at the Agora are lower and plumper, resembling our IX 17 (fig. 24). The
development of the shape, then, is from a short plump body to a taller less rounded one;
in the course of time the necking becomes shorter, and the trefoil mouth wider and flatter.
The second, and commoner, type of oinochoe goes back to early Geometric times. It
has a rather tall neck and rounded body. An early oinochoe of this type was found at the
Dipylon in the Warrior Grave.4 Its body is tall and pointed, and stands on a ring foot;
its neck is slightly concave in profile. As the shape develops the neck becomes nearly
straight and the body lower and plumper; the ring foot is replaced by a low base. XX 7
(fig. 67) illustrates the development; XIIlI (fig. 43) with flat bottom and very plump round
body belongs to a later phase. Oinochoai of the shape of XllI 1 are often decorated with
large concentric rings on their sides, as C 114 (fig. 133); the decoration is Cypriote in origin,
and must have been brought to Attica after the middle of the eighth century.5 The type
was continued into the seventh century; late Geometric and subgeometric examples, VI 4
(fig. 18), IX 12 (fig. 24), and C 113,115 and 117 (figs. 122 and 125) are of the same shape
as XIII 1. Some subgeometric examples, XI 16 (fig. 33), XII 8 (fig. 39) and C 118 (fig. 122)
show a deepening of the body and widening of the neck; they may have been influenced
"
b)y Early Protocorinthian oinochoai. Later Protoattic oinochoai like B 1 (fig. 74) certainly
show Protocorinthian influence.6 Round-bodied Protoattic oinochoai continued to be made;
1Late Geometric and early orientalizing Cretan lekythoi, B. S. A., XXIX, 1927-28, pl. IX, 8-9.
Hesperia, I, 1933, pp. 591 ff. and figs. 59-60; nos. 211-213.
Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 417 and fig. 5; D 17.
4 A.A.,
1934, pp. 241-242, fig. 27.
5 Oinochoai with this decoration are listed and discussed by
Schweitzer, Ath. Mitt., XLIII, 1918,
pp. 143ff. Two examples from Marathon, Praktika, 1934, p. 36, fig. 9. Another is in the Empedokles
collection. See also Wide, figs. 90-91.
" Such Early Protocorinthian oinochoai as Payne, PV, pl. 7.
2

209
examples like C 119-120 (fig. 125) show an upward tapering of the neck not to be found
on earlier vases of the type.
In addition to oinochoai of the two regular Attic types, examples of various shapes were
found which may have been influenced by other seventh century fabrics, or may have been
the results of experimentation on the part of the potters. B 71 (fig. 98) is close in shape
to Late Protocorinthian oinochoai, and may have been made under the influence of Corinth.l
Vases with round mouth and handle to the middle of the neck, like our C 122 (fig. 122),
were occasionally made in the early seventh century. Squat short-necked oinochoai like
IX 13 (fig. 24) may have been made under the influence of Cretan models; 2 similar
oinochoai were found in the Isis Grave. The oinochoe seems to have been a shape that
lent itself to experiment; our IX 14 (fig. 24) and B 73 (fig. 98) are without parallel.
Numerous oinochoai of unique form were found in the Phaleron cemetery; some Protoattic
examples are quite fantastic in shape.':
The three hydriai V 1 (fig. 14), X 1 (fig. 27) and C 148 (fig. 137) are late Geometric
and subgeometric vases of simple decoration which find Geometric (" Parian") and orientalizing parallels in the Cyclades.4 C 148 lacks both neck and foot. V 1, with body more
pointed and less curved in its lower part, and with Ihigher, more flaring ring foot, than X 1,
is later and shows again the trend of the late eighth and seventh century to deeper, more
pointed body, and more flaring foot. The fragmentary hydria XI 7 (fig. 33) would seem
to have been of about the same shape as X 1 and V 1. The well-known hydria from Analatos 5 is of different type. Its body is long, narrow, and pointed, and its neck very wide.
In form it is like our amphoras C 138-139 (fig. 132), but with higher, more flaring foot.
The width of the neck, like that of our oinochoai XI 16, XII 8, and C 118 may be due to
the influence of Protocorinthian. Early seventh century hydriai like the one from Analatos
have pierced walls of clay uniting the vertical handle to the neck; the plastic snakes with
which they are decorated are often put on in Ipairs, Xan(dare very small and thin in coilparison with late Geometric snakes."
Amphora types are numerous. Early Geometric amphoras have tall, rather narrow neck,
slightly concave; plump rounded body, sloping upward at the shoulder, and low, flaring
ring foot.7 With the passage of time the body becomes slimmer an(d more pointed, less
curved in its lower )part; tlhe neck becomes wider an(l shorter, less concave, and more flar1 Comparethe Late Protocorinthianoinochloai,Payne,
NC, fig. 10, shape A, and pl. 11, 3 which is
also illustrated in PV, pl. 30, 5

2 C. V.
A., Oxford, II, pl. I, 2, and( p. 53. "Hellenic Cretan." Cretan aryballoi of this type were
sometimes exported, and influenced Early Protocorlinthian aryballoi.
3 As Jhb., II, 1887, p. 46, figs. 5-6, and p. 48, fig. 8; also p. 53, fig. 15, and
p. 54, fig. 16.
4 Parian
Geometric, Buschor in Ath. Mitt., LIV, 1929, pp. 142 ff. Orientalizing hydriai, D)los, XVII,
pls. XXIV-XXVI, 1-8, and 9.
5 The Analatos hydria, Jhb., II, 1887,
pls. 3-4.
6 Also on the Protoattic krater in Munich, Jhb. XXII, 1907, pl. 1.
7 As the
amphora from the Warrior Grave, A.A., 1934, pp. 241-242, fig. 27.
14
210
RODNEY S. YOUNG

ing at the top; and the foot becomes higher, losing its flare. Our XI 1 (fig. 32) shows most
of the changes that took place. An amphora in Leyden,' made at about the end of the
eighth century, has an ovoid body still well curved in its lower part; the neck is nearly
straight, and the high ring foot flares only slightly. Of nearly the same shape, but with
slightly more flaring neck and foot, is an early seventh century amphora at Eleusis.2 The
Nessos amphora -in New York, of the second quarter, near the middle, of the seventh
century 3 is noticeably more developed: the foot is more flaring, the body more pointed and
straighter in its lower part, the shoulder is flatter, and the neck more flaring. The Peiraeus
amphora,4 dated by Payne early in the last quarter of the seventh century,5 and something
more than a generation later than the Nessos amphora, shows the further development of
the shape. The foot is very flaring, and the body still more pointed; the shoulder is flatter
and meets the neck at a sharp angle. The development is the same as that followed in the
two-handled bowl; the time it took, again slightly less than three generations.
A number of the Agora amphoras of the late eighth and early seventh century have the
same kind of neck and mouth, but bodies of different shape. XI 1-2 (fig. 32) have bodies
of the normal late Geometric ovoid shape; VIII 1 (fig. 21) and XV 1 (fig. 48) are probably
from amphoras of the same shape. XII 1 (figs. 37-38) and C 138-139 (fig. 132) are slimmer
and taller, following the seventh century trend toward tall thin shapes. VI 1 (fig. 16),
VII I (fig. 19) and C 136 (fig. 131), on the other hand, have very plump rounded bodies;
VI 1 has a heavy round lip. These three amphoras fall between the ordinary Geometric
type the development of which we have traced and a balloon-bodied type, C 127 (fig. 128),
made throughout the seventh century and probably used for the export of wine or oil.
Many of the children's burials in the Phaleron cemetery were made in amphoras of this
sort, and many fragments were found in the votive deposit and in our well: C 127-133.
There can be little doubt, then, that they were made in Attica. Their decoration is conventional and very simple; the body is glazed, with reserved bands around the shoulder, and
the neck is reserved and decorated with wheels, concentric circles, or diminishing triangles
between wavy lines. Amphoras of such simple decoration can hardly have been exported
for their own sake as pottery; yet they have been found as far afield as Daphne in Egypt,
Gela, and Etruria. Clearly, then, they were sent out containing some Attic product which
was exported all over the Mediterranean-presumably oil. Amphoras of this shape appear,
moreover, on the early Athenian silver coins. Seltman has suggested, very plausibly, that
the amphoras shown on the coins represent the vessels in which oil was exported from
Attica." Our balloon-bodied amphoras are closer in shape to those represented on the coins
Brants, Beschrijving, 52; pl. VII.
Eph. Arch., 1898, pl. 3, 2.
3 J. H. S., XXXII,
1912, pls. X-XII; Pfuhl, MuZ, pl. 19, 86-87.
4Eph. Arch., 1897, pl. 5; Pfuhl, MuZ, pl. 19, 88.
5
Payne, NC, chronological table of early Attic black figure on p. 344.
" C. 1. Seltman, Athens, Its History and Coinage, pp. 7 ff., fig. 5, and pi. 1.
2
211

than are the Tyrrhenian amphoras, which Seltman suggests contained the Attic oil. Balloonbodied amphoras, moreover, continued to be made until the end of the seventh century and
later; our II 1 (fig. 8) is a late example of the series. A definite development of the shape
may be traced; the two types of lip, torus and echinus, seem to have been equally used
throughout. Early examples have very plump body, high, almost vertical ring foot, and
a short straight neck with a raised ring below the lip. In the course of time the body
becomes slimmer and more pointed toward the bottom, the foot more flaring, and the neck
slightly concave. At some time after the middle of the century the neck-ring disappears.
Our C 127 is a rather early example; the type, however, does not seem to go back into the
Geometric period, and probably began to be made about 700.1 It might be noted here that
C 136, a simply decorated vase with the body of a shape suggesting that it was a vessel
of capacity, is decorated with a wheel ornament which also appears on early coins,2 and
bears a graffito which may have been intended to indicate the number of measures that it
could contain.3
The wheel was used as a neck ornament before balloon-bodied amphoras were made.
The amphora from Dipylon Grave XIII4 has wheel-ornament on its neck; it is of a short,
-plump, shape with wide neck and round lip. The shape continued to be made into the seventh
century; it remains short and plump, but becomes more pointed. The wide neck becomes
slightly concave, and the ring foot more flaring. Our IV 1 (fig. 12) and C 146 (fig. 135)
are well developed seventh century examples of the shape; an amphora of about the end
of the eighth century from the Dipylon is less developed, and falls between our seventh
century amphoras and the amphora from Dipylon Grave XIII.
Our Geometric, subgeometric and Protoattic vases from the Agora show that a continuous development of shapes may be traced through the period during which they were
made. Most vase forms were made with a definite function in view, and as the functions
for which pottery vases were intended cannot have changed very greatly, it is natural that
old forms should continue to be made. A few Geometric shapes died out; and a few Protoattic products resulting from experimentation appeared. Most of the Protoattic forms,
however, were short-lived and had no effect on the subsequent development of shapes; many
were fantastic forms which could not replace well established shapes that had been handed
down from early times and continued to be made for the reason that they best fulfilled the
functions for which they were intended.
1 The earliest amphora of this type found in a dateable context is from Grave 47 at Phaleron, in
which was included a Protocorinthian skyphos (Johansen, pl. IX, 6), of a shape dated by Payne late
eighth and early seventh century: C.V.A., Oxford, pl. 1, 30 and 31. The Phaleron skyphos is more
developed than 31, but is not decorated with rays.
2 Seltman, op. cit., pis. II-IV, and pp. 35 ff.
On the graffito, see below, p. 223.
4Wide, fig. 48; Hampe, pl. 32, N. M. 770.
5 Hampe, pl. 32, Kerameikos 337.
14*
212
RODNEY S. YOUNG
ORNAMENT
The repertory of decorative elements handed down from early Geometric times was

small. The simple hatched meander was the most complicated, as well as the most. significant, of the early ornaments. In addition to the meander, such elementary devices as
chains of lozenges, rows of dots, tooth-pattern, and zigzag, were used. Occasional representations of horses and birds, animals familiar in daily life, appear. The design is applied
either in bands running around the body of the vase, or in small rectangular panels reserved
at the front and back. With the passage of time new devices were invented, and the
scheme of decoration extended to cover the whole surface of the pot. The framework of
band and panel decoration remained; the decoration, however, was adapted to the form of
the vase. Wide bands of decoration emphasize the important parts of the shape-neck and
shoulder; panel decoration fills the handle-zone. The choice of ornament is closely confined
to strictly Geometricmotives, and its application to a rigid decorative scheme.
After the middle of the eighth century. the old band and panel decoration begins to dis-
integrate. The old "triglyph and metope" arrangement of square panels separated by
narrow vertical stripes disappears; the " triglyphs " increase in width and prominence until
they are of greater importance than the " metopes." The metopes themselves are sometimes
divided horizontally into narrow upper and lower panels; often they are used, not as part
of a metope and triglyph system, but as interruptions in what is essentially running banded
decoration. Some of our big pyxides, XVII13-17 (fig. 54), illustrate the break-up of the old
metope and triglyph decoration as well as the combination of band and panel ornament;
XVII14, by way of contrast, illustrates the regularity of the older system. The shaking off
of the bonds of the rigid Geometric decorative scheme was completed by the middle of the
seventh century. Protoattic vases go to the extreme of freedom from any restraint; the
ornamentation is often spread all over the surface with no relation to the form it decorates.
It was the task of the later seventh century to bring order again out of chaos, to reimpose
in modified form the order and discipline of the Geometric tradition, and to create the com-
bination of freedom and restraint that became the hall-mark of Classical art.
Many motives appear on vases from our late eighth century graves which are not found
on early Geometricpottery. Favorite motives of this sort are interlocking latticed triangles,
peaked triangles, chains of dotted lozenges, rows of dots or dotted rings linked by tangents,
lozenge stars, complicated and cascading meanders, and leaf bands. All of these, with the
possible exception of the last, are motives of purely Geometric character; most of them
continued to be used in the orientalizing style. With the first wave of oriental influence
after the middle of the eighth century came in a number of new devices that are not truly
Geometric at all: human figures, snakes, lions, deer and goats, coursing hounds; later,
strange birds, hooks, rays, and vegetable ornament. With the subgeometric decline of
fabric and glaze came a similar decline in the drawing of Geometric motives. Let us look
213

first at the purely Geometric devices as they are drawn on late Geometric, subgeometric,
and orientalizing vases; then let us consider the early orientalizing motives which appear in
the latter half of the eighth century.
The meander, the most important Geometric device, became very elaborate and complicated in the late eighth century. Only two of our vases, Xi I (fig. 32) and B 21 (fig. 82),
show elaborate late meander; more complicated ones were used, however, on the monumental Dipylon amphoras and large pitchers.1 At the same time as the elaboration of the
meander came also its simplification; it began to be drawn as a single line instead of
a double outline with hatching. A number of vases from the Isis Grave in Eleusis show
a simple line meander; 2 although none of our Geometric vases uses the decoration, it
appears on the orientalizing fragment C 89 (fig. 115) and was frequently employed in the
black-figured style. The simple key-pattern, a less complicated kind of meander, began to
be drawn as a single line at about the same time. Single line key pattern appears on our
XI 4 (fig. 32) and XV 1 (fig. 48), both Geometric, and on the orientalizing fragment C 90
(fig. 115). The swastika, earlier outlined and hatched, appears on late vases as a simple
linear hooked cross: XII 9 (fig. 39), XVIII 6 (fig. 61) and C 60 and 63 (fig. 112). Like
the meander, the swastika was often complicated in the late Geometric style; the ends of
the arms were turned inward.' The simple hatched meander did not cease to be made at
the end of the Geometric period; an elaborate Protoattic vase, and a Protocorinthian
skyphos, show that Geometric meander continued to be used into the seventh century.4 In
the late eighth century, though, it was sometimes put to unusual uses, as when it was run
up and down as a division between panels; it is so used on a late amphora from Eleusis 5
and on our C 134 (fig. 130). Late Geometric and subgeometric painters, too, often saved time
in the hatching of meanders and swastikas by making straight strokes perpendicular to the
outlines, instead of filling them with careful diagonals (XX 5, fig. 67; C 78, C 103, figs. 115
and 119). The line meander of the seventh century is paralleled on Protoattic pots by the
running spiral, drawn in much the same way as the meander; running spiral appears on our
fragment C 95 (fig. 115), on the Nessos amphora in New York, and on an oinochoe at
the Dipylon which may be by the same hand.6 The adventures of the Geometric meander
in the seventh century as contrasted with the career of the Protoattic running spiral
typify the experimentation of the seventh century, and much of its result. The line
meander was freely used and abused; on such vases as the Peiraeus amphora 7 it was made
almost incredibly complicated, but it emerged as its simple self in the black-figured
As Pfuhl, MuZ,III, pls. 1 and 3.
2 C.V.A., Athens,
I, pl. 4, 8 and 16; pl. 5, 5.
3 As on the
pitcher from Dipylon Grave XII, Wide, fig. 74.
4
Protoattic, Grlaef-Langlotz, pl. 12; Acropolis 345. Protocorinthib.n, Hampe, pi. 40; mentioned and
dated rather too early, by Payne, NC, p. 8, note 1.

5
Wide, fig. 57.

Amphora, J.H.S., XXXII, 1912, pls. X-XII; the oinochoe A. A., 1934, pp. 215-216, fig. 12.
Eph. Arch., 1897, pl. 5; Pfuhl, MuZ, III, pl. 19, 88.
G Nessos
7
214
RODNEY S. YOUNG

style.1 The Protoattic spiral, on the other hand, disappeared as suddenly as it appeared;
like much Protoattic ornament, it made a strong momentary appeal to the potters, but was
later dropped.
Line meander and key pattern were simplifications that saved time; quick methods used
for the hatching of Geometric meanders have already been noticed. The aim of the sub.
geometric potter seems to have been to produce many small cheap vases; he devised shorthand methods of drawing, and his haste resulted in a loose and careless ornamentation.
Subgeometric versions of Geometric ornament were used in subsidiary zones and as filling
ornament on orientalizing vases down to the middle of the seventh century.
A favorite late motive, the lozenge-star, appears on our B 18 (fig. 80). It is carefully
made; a square was drawn, filled with checker-board, and bordered; then triangles were
added at the sides and latticed. Similar lozenge-stars appear on two of the ribbon-handled
bowls from Dipylon Grave XIII. A later one fills a panel on VI 2 (fig. 17); it is carelessly
drawn, and the triangles have become more pointed. It is subgeometric, but easily recognizable nevertheless. A quick method of making the same motive, used by subgeometric and
orientalizing potters, appears on XII 1 under every team of horses (figs. 37-38); the square
has become a lozenge, and the added triangles have been replaced by a St. Andrew's cross
inside the lozenge, its ends projecting beyond the sides. Hasty shorthand lozenge-stars of
this type or with sharp-pointed triangles added at the sides become the regular filling
ornament under horses and lions of the Protoattic style.2 A glance at the checker-board on
B 18 and on VI 2 shows again the subgeoimetric shorthand method of drawing; the Geometric example is both careful and even, the subgeometric one neither; it looks like a, poorly
constructed wall of small bricks rather than a checkered band. B 18 is decorated with
a zigzag band, and a succession of sigmas. The same motives appear in subgeometric guise
on XI 2 (fig. 32); the zigzag is uneven, and the sigmas have become mere short vertical
wavy lines. The zigzag as it is used on late Geometric vases is very tall, pointed, and
narrow as compared with its drawing in early Geometric; the pyxis XVII 14 (fig. 54) is
decorated with several bands of steep late zigzag, a favorite decoration for narrow bands.
Several lozenge chains appear on the amphora fragments XV 1 (fig. 48) and C 134 (fig. 130);
the decoration is sometimes used ten or twelve times over on a single late Geometric vase.3
Lozenge chains were used fairly early; in late Geometric times they were dotted, and in subgeometric decoration they became crooked and uneven (as on XI 2, fig. 32), were combined
to make net-pattern (as on XI 7, figs. 33-34), or were decorated with hooks at their apices (as
on XII 1, figs. 37-38).
A zone of net pattern decorates the lower body, and a band of
hooked net-pattern the neck, of the Analatos hydria. Net-pattern, often dotted, was
a favorite motive on late Corinthian Geometric and Early Protocorinthian vases.4
1 As, e. g., on Pfuhl, MuZ,pl. 62, 242.
2 Analatos Hydria, Jhb.,
II, 1887, pls. 3-4; krater in Munich,Jhb., XXII, 1907, pl. 1.
3 Like the vases Pfuhl, MuZ,
III, pls. 1 and 3.
4
Like Johansen,p. 9, figs. 5-6, and p. 47, figs. 16 and 19.
215

The degeneration of two other late Geoinetric motives, the leaf-band and the chain of
dots or rings linked by tangents, is perhaps worth noticing. The leaf-band as used on
such late Geometric vases as XVII 15 (fig. 55), B 14, and B 76 (figs. 80 and 94) is composed
of rather thin pointed leaves, sometimes outlined, and always hatched; they are even and
carefully drawn. The leaves on XVII 17 (fig. 56) and C 77 (fig. 115) are plumper and less
pointed; those on XVII 17 consist of diminishing outlines, and are not hatched at the centre.
The bands on C 138-139 (fig. 132) show plump blunt leaves, unevenly drawn, and filled
at the centre by a straight line. VI 3 (fig. 18) is decorated with still more degenerate
leaves; they are not only plump and uneven, filled at the centre by a straight line, but they
have been left open at their outer ends. A zone of leaves drawn in the subgeometric manner
decorates the lower body of the Protoattic krater in Munich.1
Rows of dots linked by tangents decorate XVII 9 and 14 (fig. 54), XX 4 (fig. 67), and
C 136 (fig. 131). The large round dots are carefully drawn and evenly spaced. On XVIII 2
and 6 (fig. 60) dotted rings are used instead of plain dots. VII 7 (fig. 20) and IX 7-8
(fig. 24) show the subgeometric way of making the same ornament; the dots have become
elongated blobs and are no longer evenly spaced.
Two decorative devices which appear at the end of the Geometric period are worthy of
notice. The first, round-ended petals in panels such as decorate XV 2 (fig. 48) and XXV 3
(fig. 72), may have been inspired by metal work. A kantharos in Boston is made with
godroons and clearly inspired by a metal model; the godroons are decorated as round-ended
petals.2 The method of decoration, given the nature of the pot, could hardly have been
avoided; on our examples it has been transferred to flat surfaces.
A second device is vertically banded decoration. On three of our very late Geometric
pots, XI 5 (fig. 32), B 11 (fig. 80) and C 103 (fig. 119), appear widely spaced vertical bands
with filling of fine vertical lines between. The effect is more orientalizing than Geometric;
we have noticed that accentuation of the vertical, as in the expansion of the "'triglyph "
and the vertical use of the meander between panels, begins only at the end of the Geometric
style. Vertical banded decoration was used in the seventh century; our oinochoe C 121
(fig. 122) uses vertical bands, omitting the fine lines between. An oinochoe with similar
decoration, dated in the third quarter of the seventh century, was found in the Agora and
has been published.3
With the close of the eighth century the old handle ornaments, bars and St. Andrew's
crosses, began to be replaced by double and triple wavy lines running down the outer face
of the handles. On the amphora C 136 (fig. 131) the St. Andrew's crosses which decorate
the handles are bisected by wavy verticals; on the very late amphoras C 158-139 (fig. 132)
the handles were decorated with triple wavy verticals; and on the seventh century amphoras
IV 1 (fig. 12) and C 146 (fig. 135) single wavy lines decorate the handles. At the same time
1 Jhb., XXII, 1907,pl. 1.
Boston 271. Fairbanks, Catalogue, pl. XXII.
3 Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 417 and fig. 5, D 17.
RODNEY S. YOUNG
216
we begin to note the influence of Corinth; the old Attic decoration with wide horizontal
bands, as on XIV 1 (fig. 46) begins to be displaced by the narrower linear Protocorinthian
decoration, as on our C 81-82 (fig. 114). C 79-80 with banded decoration are in the Attic
Geometric tradition; C 81-82
with linear decoration and conventional Protocorinthian
ornament in the handle-zone,have been influenced by Corinth.

Perhaps too much has been said about the decline of the Geometric style and about sub-
geometric drawing; the subject is dismal enough. The latter half of the eighth century

did not invent only purely Geometric motives; a new figured decoration began to appear.
The end of the eighth centulry and the first half of the seventh saw not only the decline of
Geometric ornament, but the improvement of figured. The centre of interest had shifted;
the plotters were willing to expend their skill on elaborate figured scenes <andfloral ornament, while they filled in the subordinate zones with Geometric decoration done in a very
perfunctory way. The best Geometric vases are those of the last quarter of the eighth
century, which are decorated with elaborate and carefully done Geometric ornament and
enlivened by figured scenes. Let us look at the various kinds of animal life that began to
appear on Geometric vases toward the end of the eighth century; then let us consider
human figures, horses, and floral ornament, and the development of their drawing.
Snakes, deer, goats, lions, and hounds coursing foxes and rabbits, appear toward the end
of the Geometric style. Winged hybrids and centaurs are somewhat later. Most of the same
animals make their first appearance at Corinth in the Early Protocorinthian style of the
second half of the eighth century. Corinth probably got them from the east; from Rhodes
and Cyprus by way of Crete and Thera. Attica, generally thought to have been backward,
in early Greek times, and to have had no great shipping or commerce of her own, probably
got her new repertory of animal and floral ornamen att second hand from her more enterprising neighbors, Corinth, Aegina, Chalkis and Eretria. For this reason the orientalizing
style was perhaps somewhat retarded in Attica; but also it is highly probable that Attica,
with a stronger tradition of Geometric art than any of her neighbors, confined herself at
first in the choice of new elements to those which fitted well into the Geometric scheme.
When the Attic potters finally yielded to the full orientalizing-at
the end of the eighth
century--the inrush of new motives and experiments was so great and so sudden that the
resulting Protoattic style was one of the most chaotic in all Greek vase painting.
The coursing hound, although he is a comparative late-comer among the animals, may
be consideredfirst because he furnishes a suggestion as to whence he came. Hounds chasing

rabbits and foxes appear on late Boeotian vases, and at Corinth toward the end of the Early
Protocorinthian style.1 Among our examples of coursing hounds, B 16 (fig. 80), C 30

(fig. 109), C 99 (fig. 121) and C 143 (fig. 133), the second is on a skyphos of
Protocorinthian shape. Another early Attic example, from Grave 1 at Spata, is also on
Hampe,pp. 20 ff. On Boeotianvases the hunted hare is often representedalone. Johansen,p. 73
and 86; two aryballoi from Syracuse, Transitionalfrom Early to MiddleProtocorinthian,are the first
examplesof hare-hunts. A third is on anothertransitionalaryballosat Leyden.
217

a skyphos of Protocorinthian shape.' Since in two cases shape and decoration were probably
taken over together from Corinth, the suggestion is very strong that the Attic potters got
the coursing hound, as well as many other early orientalizing animals, through Corinth.
Snakes, which we find on Attic Geometric vases either drawn as snakes (C 134, fig. 130),
applied in plastic form (XII 1, figs. 37-38), or conventionalized into wavy rings (XVIII 6,
fig. 61; B 14, fig. 80), first appear at Corinth in the Early Protocorinthian style.2 The snake
was probably one of the earliest of the oriental motives to reach Attica; he must have been
adopted shortly after the middle of the eighth century. Probably he was of cllt significance;
he is often applied in plastic form to funerary vases.
We know that the snake was
associated with the dead in Mycenaean times and again in the Classical period; probably
the old serlent cult lingered on in the east, to be re-introduced into mainland Greece with
the first wave of orientalizing influence after the middle of the eighth century. rThe snake
outlined with dot rows probally had much influence on late Geometric decoration; perlhaps
from him were derived the wavy line ornament as used on IX 3 and 6 and XIV 1 (figs. 24
and 46) and the wavy dot rows as on XI 2 and XVII 10 and 11 (figs. 32 and 54). Short
wavy lines used as filling ornament on the funeral amphora Xl. 1 (figs. 37-38) were probably intended to represent snakes.
Deer, goats, and fish appear on late Attic Geometric vases. Fish and deer first appear
at Corinth on Early Protocorinthian pottery. Reindeer with branching antlers do not
ap)pear on Attic vases; but they are a favorite ornament on the gold bands of Attic manifacture that often have been found in late Geometric glraves;:; the reindeer first appears in
Corinth on the Early Protocorinthian vases. Goats with head turned back appear on
our C 134 (fig. 130) and on monumental Dipylon amphoras; they are certainly oriental,
and probably Rhodian, in origin.
The lion appears in Attica and in Boeotia at the end of the eighth century.5 The first Attic
lions are drawn on a very late kantharos in Copenhagen; " like many Boeotian lions, they
are engaged in man-eating. Similar man-eaters appear on the Attic gold bands. The late
Geometric lions are very thin matchstick creatures which have need to be fattened; the
Delt., VI, 1920-21, pp. 132-133 and figs. 2-3.

Johansen, pp. 54 ff. A Geometric Corinthian krater, A.J.A., XXXIV, 1930, p. 411, fig. 5, is
decorated with one of the few figured scenes knoiwn on Corinthian Gteometric. Since human figures are
not employed on Early Protocorinthian, the krater, wvhich bears also a snake, must be brought dovwn
to the end of the eighth century; it is incredible that the drawing of the human figure should have been
1
abandonedat Corinth for a half century between the true Geometricand the Middle Protocorinthian
styles. Much Corinthian Geometric pottery must be contemporary wvithEarly Protocorinthian. Payne,
in PV, calls the bowl in Toronto "late Geometric*'; PV, pl. 3; Hampe, pl. 22; Robinson, Ilarcum and
Iliffe, Greek Vases in Toronto, no. 113.
3 The gold bands are listed by Kunze, Kretische Bronzereliefs, Anhang 1, p. 265. Reindeer on Protocorinthian, Johansen, pl. VII, 3, and XIV, 1. One Attic example, C.V.A., Denmark, II, pl. 73, 5.
4 Pfuhl, MUZ, III, pl. 1; C.V.A., Athens, I, pl. 8.
5 Hampe, pl. 24, V 8.
6 C. V. A., Dennark, II, pl. 73, 5 b.
218
RODNEY S. YOUNG

Protoattic painters fattened them. The lions which appear on the Analatos Hydria I have
filled out considerably; they are still drawn in silhouette, with reserved round eyes; they
probably were drawn in the first quarter of the seventh century. The lions on our C 87
(figs. 117-118) seem to have been somewhat more developed; they were made in silhouette,
but with outlined faces. The lions on the krater in Munich are still plumper, and more
developed in their drawing; 2 the krater and our fragment belong in the second quarter of
the seventh century. On the Nessos amphora in New York 3 the lion is well filled out,
but still eating; he is drawn, not too successfully, full-face. The accomplished drawing
of the lion on an oinochoe from the Votive deposit at the Agora suggests that it should
be placed at about the middle of the seventh century, while the Burgon lebes and the
oinochoe from Phaleron,4 which may be by the same hand, are perhaps even later. The
partially preserved lions on our fragment C 145 (fig. 134) seem to be already of the type
used constantly in the later seventh and sixth centuries as members of animal friezes. In
the drawing of ravening lions, sometimes heraldically opposed, and with the heads in
outline, the Attic potters were probably working under the influence of Boeotia and the
Cyclades rather than of Corinth.
The development in the drawing of the lion illustrates the advances made by the painters
of the first half of the seventh century. They filled out the thin angular lions of the Geometric style, added many details, and put them in motion. The same advances were made
in the drawing of men and horses; let us look at the gradual development of drawing from
late Geometric to mid-seventh century chariot scenes.
The chariot procession around the body of a monumental Dipylon krater5 is typical
of the figured scenes of the last quarter of the eighth century. The horses are stiff, thin,
and static; teams of two are represented in a very literal way by the addition of the
forepart of the farther horse in front of the nearer. The human figures in the funerary
scene above are long and very thin, schematically drawn with triangular chests, and
with little attempt at the representation of the features. The filling ornament is sparse and
strictly Geometric-birds and swastikas, zigzag and chevrons, dot rosettes and rows of
dots. A monumental amphora from the Dipylon6 decorated with a prothesis scene has
similar sparse filling ornament and similar tall angular figures. The only attempts made
at the rendering of features are the reservation of a dot for the eye, and the addition
of a projection for nose and chin.
Perhaps twenty years later-more than half a generation-are our XIII 1 (figs. 43-44),
an amphorain the National Museum,the krater from Dipylon Grave III, and a bowl in the
i Jhb., II, 1887, pls. 3-4.
2
Jhb., XXII, 1907, pl. 1.
3 J.H.S., XXXII, 1912, pls. 10-12.
4 Hesperia, II,
1933, p. 596, fig. 61; Pfuhl, MuZ, pi. 17, 82-83.
5 Monumenti,
IX, pl. 40, 1; Buschor, fig. 20.
6
Pfuhl, MuZ, pl. 1; C. V.A., Athens, I, pl. 8.
219

British Museum.1 The horses have filled out and become rounded; they are beginning to
move. Those on the Dipylon krater are trying to gallop; one team on our XIII 1 is walking
forward with stiffly-bent front legs. The human figures, too, have filled out somewhat; they
are not as tall and thin as those on the earlier vases, and they are more rounded. Eyes
are represented by reserved rings instead of dots; noses and chins by loops of glaze instead
of projecting knobs. The filling ornament has thickened; late vases like our XII 1
(figs. 37-38) and C 134 (fig. 130) show new elements in the filling ornament: blob-stars,
plump verticals surrounded by dots, birds, snakes, and wavy lines; our subgeometric
fragment IV 2, fig. 13, shows the first floral filling ornament. Two amphoras in the Metropolitan Museum demonstrate the advances made in the first quarter of the seventh century;
also the disparity in the products of two contemporary artists in a period of experimentation.
The first 2 is very close in style to the hydria from Analatos, and may be by the same hand;
the tall slim shape with wide neck, the drawing of women and of lions, and certain elements
of the filling ornament are the same on both vases. The horses of the New York amphora
show a considerable advance over our earlier examples; not only are they plumper and
closer to reality in their proportions, but they are rendered in greater detail: the eyes and
ears are represented, and looped outlines have replaced the spiky Geometric mane. The
representation of motion has been mastered; the team advances at an even and
dignified pace. The representation of a team, too, has improved; the farther horse has
retired behind the nearer, and only his head and the upper part of his neck are added
at the front. The human figures also show advance in their more natural proportions
and in the addition of such details as hair and clothing. The filling ornament has again
thickened, and oriental elements such as the reverse spiral have been added; no use
was made, however, of the elaborate floral decoration which appears on the Analatos
hydria.
The second amphora in New York3 is in some ways more advanced, in others more
backward, than the first. The horses are very thin and schematic; nevertheless, their
hindquarters are of natural proportions, their manes are represented by loops of glaze, and
they advance at the same stately walk. The representation of a team has, however,
improved; the farther horse has retreated entirely behind the nearer, and now both heads
spring from a single neck. The human figures, like those on the other New York amphora,
have reserved eyes and long hair; they are dressed in long skirts. The faces of figures on
some fragments in Phaleron,4 which may be by the same hand as the second New York
amphora, are drawn crudely in outline. A heraldic orientalizing bird used as filling
Wide, fig. 56; Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pp. 92 and 104 and fig. 4; J.H.S., XIX, 1899, pl. VIII,
and Hampe,pl. 22.
2
MetropolitanMuseumBulletin, 1911, p. 33 right.
3 MetropolitanMuseumBulletin, 1923, p. 176; Corolla
Ludwig Curtius,pl. 41.
4
Eph. Arch., 1911,p. 250 and figs. 11-13. On one of the Phaleronfragments,as on the New York
amphora,a personage is representedas carrying a roll of drapery ending in fringes over his shoulder.
220
RODNEY S. YOUNG

ornament on the neck of the amphora finds an almost exact parallel on a Middle Protocorinthian aryballos.1
The two amphoras in New York are probably again about twenty years-more than
half a generation-later
than our very late Geometric examples. Slightly more advanced
is our B 80 (fig. 99). Of the horses only the necks and heads are preserved. The manes
are rendered in incision; the faces are drawn in careful outline. The human figures, too,
have their faces drawn in outline-well done, considering the scale. The filling ornament
of hooks ending in palmette-like flowers and bands of running dog is orientalizing; but
Geometric zigzags remain.
The Nessos amphora in New York,2 to be dated just before the middle of the seventh
century, is perhaps twenty years later again than the other two New York vases, and
slightly later than B 80. It represents the culmination of Protoattic experiment; on it
are combined all the technical methods-incision,
outline drawing, added color; all the
filling ornaments animal, vegetable, and Geometric; and all the advances in the rendering
of human figures and teams of horses, that can be found on the vases of the first half
of the seventh century. The humans and the horses have reached natural proportions
and are ready to be taken over into the black-figured style. Outline drawing of faces
has been mastered; it needs only to be refined and perfected. By the middle of the century
figures like the sphinxes on our B 1 (figs. 74-75) are being drawn. B 1 shows in advance
what is to be the task and the accomplishment of the third quarter of the century: to
bring symmetry and restraint to the chaos of earlier decoration, to develop the technique
of incision, and to thin out the jungle of vegetation that has overgrown every nook and
cranny. The palmette-cross of B 1, symmetrical and carefully placed in relation to the
rest of the decoration and to the shape of the pot, contrasts strongly with the similar but
asymmetrical floral ornament running wild over the surface of C 65 (fig. 113). Floral
ornament on Protoattic pottery does not follow a gradual development. Although small
plants occasionally appear on such subgeometric vases as on our IV 2 (fig. 13) at the
beginning of the seventh century, elaborate and full-blown vegetation appears suddenly
in the first quarter of the century on vases like the Analatos hydria. Rather less elaborate
floral decoration was used on early orientalizing vases at Corinth in the latter part of the
3
eighth century; an aryballos of the first black-figured style4 has decoration like that of the
Analatos hydria. If we are right in assuming that orientalizing decoration came late to
Attica through Corinth, Aegina, Euboea, and the Cyclades, and that the Attic potters, who
were engaged in making late Geometric vases far in advance of any achieved elsewhere,
excluded all new elements but those which 'fitted into the Geometric scheme, then the
1 Johansen, pl. XXII, 2 d; Payne, PV, pi. XI, 1-5. Late in the first
black-figuredProtocorinthian
style; near the end of the first quarterof the seventh century.
2
J.H.S., XXXII, 1912, pis. X-XII.
3 As
Payne, PV, pls. 6-8.
4 Payne, PV, pl. 9, 3-4.
221

explanation of the unevenness of the Protoattic style is easy: when the barrier of tradition
was finally broken early in the seventh century, new techniques and new decorative motives
were taken over together from all sides, some already well developed. This is demonstrated
by the Protoattic vases themselves. Each painter chose those elements or technical devices
that appealed to him; thus one vase,1 decorated with elaborate incision, is backward in
its drawing of human and animal figures; the Analatos hydria, with advanced floral and
ornithological decoration and heraldically opposed lions, yet has human figures little
better than those on late Geometric vases, and a conventional subgeometric band of
grazing deer; one of the amphoras in New York,2 with little or no filling ornament and
human figures still subgeometric in character, has yet achieved the representation of a
team of horses advancing abreast-but the horses themselves are still like the matchstick
Geometric beasts. An unpublished hydria neck at the Agora 3 bears a procession of women
rather crudely drawn, and early; yet they wear skirts covered with added white. In a
style as mixed and free, but at the same time individual, as the Protoattic it should not
be difficult to pick out the hands of various painters.4 Nevertheless, through the maze
of experimentation with incision, polychromy, and outline drawing, with lions and strange
birds, with floral and animal filling-ornament of all sorts, there runs the thread of a
continuous development in the drawing of the human figure, of lions, horses, and teams.
The thread may be followed directly from the late Geometric to the early black-figured
style. Much of the Protoattic ornament of the first half of the seventh century is highly
appealing and entertaining; but most of it is irrelevant. Before the Attic vase painters
could achieve the black-figured style they had to make trial of every technical and ornamental device. Much had to be discarded in the end; but the half-century of experiment
well served its purpose, and at the same time produced some of the most fascinating and
amusing vases ever made in Attica.
Foreign influence on the shapes and decoration of late Attic Geometric ware has been
noted from time to time. Cyprus, Crete, Corinth, Boeotia, and the Cyclades all contributed.
Corinth, a maritime trading city which began early to export pottery, had the greatest
influence. Early Protocorinthian vases, and Attic imitations of them, are rare in Attica
proper; Eleusis, lying at the crossroads between Attica, Boeotia, and the Isthmus, has
produced more Early Protocorinthian than any other Attic site. Middle Protocorinthian.
on the other hand, has been found in greater quantities not only at Eleusis, but at
Phaleron, Anavysos, and in the Agora. The influence of Corinth, weak in the eighth century,
Acropolis 345; Graef-Langlotz,pl. 12.

2 MetropolitanMuseumBulletin, 1923, p. 176.
3
Inventory P 10229.
4 As the
painter of the Analatos hydria and the amphora in New York, MetropolitanMuseum
Bulletin, 1911,p. 33 right; the painter of the amphora,CorollaLudwig Curtius,pl. 41, and the Phaleron
fragments Eph. Arch., 1911, p. 250, figs. 11-13; the painter of the Hymettos amphora, Jhb., II, 1887.
pl. V, and the amphora,Boston 262, Fairbanks,Catalogue,pl. XXI; the painter of the Nessos amphora
and the oinochoe, A.A., 1934, pp. 215-216, fig. 12.
222
RODNEY S. YOUNG

increased in the seventh. Chronologically, we might equate late Attic Geometric with
late Corinthian Geometric' and Early Protocorinthian; Early Protoattic, at first strongly
influenced by Geometric, and later freely orientalizing, with Middle Protocorinthian;
and Late Protoattic-polychrome
vases of the third quarter of the seventh century,
like the amphora from Kynosarges2-with
Late Protocorinthian and Transitional vases.
Early Protoattic pottery was little exported and very little has been found outside
of Attica; 3 Corinth supplied the market for finer wares. Attica did, however, export
oil throughout the seventh century in simple amphoras like C 127 (fig. 128). With
the beginning of foreign influence and the importation of foreign wares into Attica
after the middle of the eighth century, we should expect to find a corresponding
exportation of Attic ware. Attic Geometric has, in fact, been found outside of Attica.4
For almost all the vases and fragments found outside of Attica, parallels can be
cited in the graves at the Agora, the Dipylon, and Spata. The Geometric exports,
then, like the graves, belong after the middle of the eighth century, and the exportation
of Attic ware began at about the same time as foreign influence began to be felt in Attica.
Corinth, known as an early maritime power, is thought by Payne 5 to have come into
contact with the already orientalizing east through Thera and Crete at about the middle
of the eighth century. Athens, which did not become a considerable maritime and trading
power until nearly two centuries later, and which was hemmed in on all sides during the
period of early commercial expansion by the important trading centres of Chalkis and
Eretria, Aegina and Corinth, probably did her trading with the outer world through her
neighbors. It might be noted here that almost all the Geometric vases imported by the
west, and the local vases made in the west in imitation of imported Geometric,6 are very
late Geometric and subgeometric in style, and should be dated at the very end of the eighth
and in the early seventh century.
1 Late CorinthianGeometric:A.J.A., XXXIV, 1930, p. 411, fig. 5;
Hampe,pl. 22.
J.H.S., XXII, 1902, pp. 29 ff. and pls. II-IV.
3 Most of the Protoattic.fromthe find in Aegina is later than the middle of the seventh
century.
4 Attic exports are listed by Pfuhl, MuZ,p. 72. Finding places are Crete (Vrokastro)and Cyprus
(Curium);Thera (to Pfuhl's references might now be added the amphora,Berlin F3901, Neugebauer,
Fiihrer,pl. 3). The sherds from Delos and Rheneiaare now published,Delos, XV, pp.90 ff. and pls. XLIff.
The fragmentfrom Syracuse,Not. degli Scavi, 1895,p. 189,has been discussed above, in the introduction;
it is a fragment of an amphora like Wide, figs. 64-68. Two amphorasof this sort were among the
Attic importationsfound in Thera. The vase found in Corcyrais mentionedby Smith, J.H.S., XI, 1890,
p. 175. " We have in the tomb of Menekratesfrom the KorinthianCorcyra,among a quantity of fairly
developedKorinthianpottery, one oinochoe which is Dipylon in form, technique,and ornament." The
tomb of Menekrates,a cenotaph, is well known for its archaic inscription: I.G. IX, 1, 867; the date
suggested for it is the beginning of the sixth century, and the vases found in it are described, with
epigraphicalscorn, as " aliquot vasa parva fictilia."
2
Payne, NC, pp. 4 ff.

Blakeway in B.S.A., XXXIII, 1932-33, pp. 170 ff., and in J.R.S., XXV, 1935, pp. 129 ff. Most of
these vases are, as might be expected, Cycladic and Corinthian;the Chalcidianswere the first settlers
in the west, and no doubt the first Greeksto trade there.
223

It is not intended to infer that there was no intercourse between Attica and the outside
world before the middle of the eighth century. Occasional intercourse there must have
been; but of a regular commerce and exchange of manufactured goods there is no trace.
Imports from farther afield than Attica's near neighbors were probably brought by itinerant
traders. The ivory of which were made the figurines found in Grave XIII at the Dipylon
did not come from anywhere in the Greek world.1 Perrot and Kunze are both of the opinion
that the statuettes were carved in Attica. Their context we have seen to be of the late
eighth century. The gold used for the bands found in Attic graves 2 must also have been
imported. The gold bands are thought to have been made in Attica; they give evidence
then of a very flourishing metal working industry in the Attica of the late Geometric period.
The influence of metal work is apparent in many late Geometric vases. Very shallow
skyphoi with widely flaring lip and long handles like our XXV 1 (fig. 72) and C 40
(fig. 108) have been thought to be under such influence; the shape gives every indication that
it is taken from metallic models. Kantharoi and pitchers made with godroons 3 show metallic
influence; the latticed petal decoration often used on jugs may be in imitation of godroons.
Handles with out-turned ends, as used on ribbon-handled bowls and spouted basins,4 are
probably influenced by metalwork. Ribbing as used on krater bases and pyxis handles is
probably also metallic in origin. The strong influence of metal work on Attic vases
suggests, then, that there was a considerable Attic metal industry. A number of bronze
vases has been found in Attica; the number is small, probably because bronze is very
rarely found in a condition that renders its preservation possible.5 Although the number
of bronze vases preserved is small, the Attico-Boeotian fibulae and Attic gold bands are
products of a technically advanced and artistic metal industry.6 A gold necklace and
1 B.C.H., XIX, 1895, pp. 273 ff. (Perrot); Ath. Mitt., LV, 1930, pp. 147 ff. (Kunze). Hampe has dated
these figurines in the late eighth century (pp. 36 ff.); Kunze in the late ninth. We have seen reason to
confirm Hampe's dating and reject Kunze's; the ivory was then imported into Attica after regular commercial relations with the outside world had begun.
2 Listed
by Kunze, Kretische Bronzereliefs, Anhang I, p. 265. A gold band with incised subgeometric decoration was found with the two probably Attic amphoras, Wide, figs. 46-47, in a grave at
Troezen. It is illustrated by a drawing in Delt., 1889, p. 164.
3
Kantharos, Boston 271; Fairbanks, Catalogue, pl. XXII; pitcher, Wide, fig. 77.
4
Spouted basin: Collignon-Couve, pl. XII, 218.
"Une tasse de cuivre " from the Dipylon, Poulsen, p. 11, Wide, p. 127, note 22. A "hemispherical
bronze pot" in Eleusis, which was used as a receptacle for bones, Eph. Arch., 1898, p. 114; a bronze pot
used as a lid over a Geometric vase, also from Eleusis, Eph. Arch., 1889, p. 178. A tripod and basin
from the Pnyx, Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, pp. 414 ff. A bronze urn with a lid from Grave III at the Dipylon,
Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, p. 93 and figs. 4-5. A lid, Annali, 1872, p. 136. At Phaleron, a bronze pyxis and
lid were found in Grave 14; Delt., II, 1916, p. 16. A bronze basin from the Dipylon, A. A., 1934, p. 243.
I have seen a well-preserved bronze bowl from an early Geometric grave in private possession at Athens.
6 The fibulae are listed by
Blinkenberg, pp. 147 ff., under the Attico-Boeotian classification; Hampe,
who calls them Boeotian, lists (pp. 90 ff.) 156 examples; to his list might be added a silver fibula from
Eretria, Ath. Mitt., XXXVIII, 1913, p. 295, fig. 4, and a bronze fibula from Dreros, B.C.H., LX, 1936,
p. 487, fig. 29. We have seen reason to believe this type of fibula to be Attic as well as Boeotian.
224
RODNEY S. YOUNG

bronze bracelets were found in Grave 3 at Spata,l showing that the Attic metal workers
could also turn their hands to fine jewellery. A number of Attic bronze statuettes were
found on the Acropolis and elsewhere.2 There seems, from the number of finds of various
sorts, to be good evidence for a flourishing Attic industry in the later eighth and seventh
century; undoubtedly many bronze vases also were made, which have since perished, but
which had strong influence on the pottery of the period.
THE TERRACOTTA FIGURINES

The making of clay figurines may have been due to the influence of metal working.
Kunze makes a very apt comparison between a group in bronze of a man wrestling with
a centaur, and a similar group in terracotta.3 Bronze figurines have been found plentifully
at Olympia and some of them may be of considerable antiquity.4 Bronze tripods from
Olympia are often decorated on their handles by little plastic birds and horses.5 An Attic
bowl on a high stand, clearly made in imitation of a bronze tripod, probably had similar
horses on its handles; 6 our XII 2-3 (fig. 39), ornamented with plastic birds, are of the
same type. The earliest Geometric figurines from Attica stand on the handles and lids of
vases; and among the vases that they decorate some were obviously adapted from metal
prototypes. We have already noticed a strong metallic influence on late Geometric pottery
both in shape and in decoration. It seems more than likely, then, that the Attic potters
adopted also the practice of making figurines from the metal workers.
The first horses, used as handles on the lids of pyxides like our XVII 15 and 17
and XVIII 6 (figs. 54 and 60) are very crudely modelled. Their bodies are short and
thin; they stand firmly planted, with the feet close together and the free-hanging tail
reaching to the ground. Little attempt is made at modelling of the head; XVII 17 has
a pinched mane, lumps for eyes, and pellets added to represent the ears. The free-standing
horses and dogs from Grave XII (fig. 40) show very little advance. On the dogs the
tail has been shortened; on the horse the mane has been pinched to a sharp ridge wavy
at the edge. Ears are represented on one of the dogs, and on the horse. All the animals
stand with their legs spread wide to give stability. The bird XII 14 (fig. 40), beyond the
use of incision for the tail feathers, the eyes, and the mouth, shows little advance on birds
1 Delt., VI, 1920-21,p. 136, fig. 10. Comparisonof the well-known treasure from Aegina in the
British Museum (J.H.S., XIII, 1893, pp. 195ff.; Marshall,Catalogue of the Jewellery in the British
Museum,pp. 51 ff.)with Geometricand early orientalizingjewelleryleads to the belief that it is orientalizing and not Mycenaean.
2 Ath.
Mitt.,LV, 1930, pp. 141ff. (Kunze);Hampe,pp. 32 ff.
3 Ath.
Mitt.,LV, 1930,pp. 143ff., and Beil. XXXVIII-XXXIX.
4 Olympia,IV. They all come from the "geometlische Schicht"; one would like to see the sherds
found with them.
5 Olympia,IV, pls. XXVII-XXXIV.
6 Ath. Mitt., XVII, 1892, pi. X.
225

used as handle decoration on late Geometric vases.1 The human figures XI 18 (fig. 36),
XII 19-21 (fig. 40) and XII 24 (fig. 42) are very crudely modelled; here and there incision
or added pellets and strings of clay indicate details such as fingers and hair. The subjects
chosen for modelling, however, are of interest. The mourner with arms raised to the head;
the charioteer standing in his car guiding his team; and the enthroned figure-all are
subjects which the Geometric potter painted over and over again on his vases. Bronze
models for chariot groups he may have had; but mourners and enthroned figures were
probably taken from his repertory of painted scenes.
The first coroplast, then, was the potter. He first made figures of horses, birds, and
snakes to ornament his pots; then he made them free-standing. All the early figurines are
made of the same relatively coarse clay as the pots, and are decorated with the same glaze.
A little early seventh century horse from Grave IX at the Dipylon,2 made of potter's clay
and glazed, was covered with decoration of added white. He is the first of the polychrome
figurines of the seventh century in Attica.
Subgeometric figurines of potter's clay,
decorated with glaze, continued to be made through the seventh century; 3 our C 183-184
(fig. 143) are examples. At the same time figures began to be made of fine soft terracotta,
and to be decorated with white, red and blue paint. Our B 50 (fig. 87) and C 182 (fig. 143)
are examples. Horses have become better proportioned, with more barrel-like bodies; the
tails are applied against the back leg, and do not hang to the ground. The terracottas
of poor clay were by-products of the potteries; those of finer terracotta may have been
made by artisans who specialized in figurines and plaques. Probably not until the invention
of the mould, however, did specialization in the making of terracottas begin. No large
terracotta heads of the Dedalic type, dateable to the decade,4 have been found in Attica,
where the art of making terracottas began in an humble way under the influence of
bronzes, and was first used for the ornamentation of vases.5
THE GRAFFITI (Fig. 144)
The earliest Greek inscriptions are incised on vases and sherds. The dating of these
vases may not be decisive on the problem as to when the alphabet was actually introduced
into Greece, since it will always be argued that earlier inscriptions may exist which have
not been recovered. Nevertheless, such dating does give information as to the time by
which alphabetical writing had become known, furnishing a terminus ante quem for the
introduction of the alphabet.
As on the pitcher from Dipylon Grave XIII; Wide, fig. 74, Hampe,pl. 32.
Ath. Mitt.,XVIII, 1893,pl. VIII, 2.
3 Third quarterof the seventh century,
Hesperia,VII, 1938,p. and fig. 10, D 30 and 32.
4 R. Jenkins, Dedalica, Cambridge,1936. SubgeometricDedalic heads can apparently be dated as
2
closely as 700-690 B.C.
5 Since the above was written I have discovered that a small terracotta
horse, which moved on
wheels, is included in an early Geometricgrave group at the Kerameikos.
15
226
RODNEY S. YOUNG
Seven early inscriptions from the Agora are published here,' of which six are graffiti
and the seventh a dipinto. The crosses and bars incised on the rims and lids of pyxides

of the last quarter of the eighth century (as XVI 1, fig. 50) do not necessarily imply a
knowledge of writing, and certainly cannot be interpreted as demonstrating any knowledge

of alphabetical writing. They are simply convenient symbols, quite appropriate to the
technique of the potter, who used them to mark the corresponding parts of the vase and
its lid.
The incision on the amphora from Grave II does not seem to represent a letter of the
alphabet. Since the date of the grave is around 600, the graffito on its amphora can add
no further evidence as to the date of the introduction of the alphabet.
8 47
JC
Fig. 144.
/6\J16
Inscriptions incised on Vases.
-CAL6
Drawing
CM
by Piet de Jong
Four of the Agora inscriptions, demonstrably seventh century or later, do not need
lengthy comment. B 47, incised on a fragment of tile, is probably sixth century and was
found with sherds of the sixth century. B 56 is a fragment of an amphora of a common
seventh century type; its glaze suggests that it belongs in the second half of the century.
C 39 (fig. 107) bears a dipinto inscription giving the name of its owner; we have seen good
reason to date it near the middle of the seventh century. B 55 (figs. 89-90), Tharios'
cup, is of the same shape as C 39; it was decorated in the same manner as subgeometric
skyphoi characteristic of the seventh century. In shape it is more developed than the
1 Two more, Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 563, nos. 81-82, and fig. 23. No. 81 is on a fragment of a subgeometric cup or skyphos like C48-50, fig. 108. No. 82 can give no information as to its shape, style,
or date; nor is the incision sufficiently preserved to give assurance that a letter of the alphabet was
represented. The fabric appears to be subgeometric.
227

skyphos of the end of the eighth century at Eleusis; it should probably be dated, like
C 39, near the middle of the seventh ceritury.. Note has been made of the fact that its
inscription was incised before firing. The excellence of the lettering on Tharios' cup and
on the dipinto skyphos from the seventh century well is probably due to the fact that it was
done by the potter himself, whose hand was-quite used to fine drawing with pencil and brush.
The same may be noted with regard to the "advanced " lettering of the sherds found in Corinth.2
The one-handled cup C 48, from the seventh century well, has a seemingly meaningless
graffito. Another cup of the same sort, also bearing a meaningless graffito, was found at
Eleusis.3 This type of cup is subgeometric and has been fqund in three Agora deposits
of the seventh century; it does not appear in Geometric graves or well groups. The
evidence of the Agora finds is confirmed by grave groups in the Phaleron cemetery, where
such cups,are also found with middle Protocorinthian and Protoattic vases.4 The dating for
this type of cup is important, because, of the twenty-one " Geometric" sherds with incised
lettering found on Mount Hymettos, sixteen are cups, or fragments of cups, of this
shape.5
1
Eph. Arch., 1898, pi. 5, 1.

A. J. A., XXXVII, 1933, pp. 605 ff. The sherds on fig. 1, a-b, wei-e " possibly refired after the lettelrs
were cut...
In later Corinthianpottery incised details were done after a first partial firing." If the
inscribed sherds from Corinth are as early as they are said to be (750-725) then the Corinthian potters
were capable of elaborateand developed incised lettering at a time when they were using incision for
decorative detail in a clumsy and experimentalway, and only r]arely. Johansen notes (p. 51) that
incision was employed only here and there, without method, in the later phases of the early Proto-
corinthian style (750-700; cf. Payne, PV, p. 20-" friiher orientalisierenderStil "). If the incised in-
scription from Corinth dates 750-725, and the earliest Protocoirinthian vases employing incision date
725-700 (probably,in fact, later), then one Corinthianpotter must have mastered the technique of incision, as well as the letter forms of the alphabet,far ahead of any of his contemporaries. The Attic
potters who tried their hands at incising letters did not reach the same level until the middle of the
seventh century, at least seventy-five years later. It might be further noted with regard to the sherds
from Corinth, that though they come from a closed deposit, the date of the closing of the deposit is
not given. Presumablythe drain for which they served as a bedding was not Geometric. The context
of the smaller fragment of the inscriptionA-B, which was found elsewhere,is not given. Fragment C,
on which the glaze has fired orange-red, is marked by three thin lines across the top where the glaze
has fired black. The phenomenoncan be due only to the presence of a triple band of added color-red
crGwhite-when the vase was fired. Decoration with multiple bands of added color was not a Geometric,
noi even an early Protocorinthian, device. The fragment C should probably be dated well down toward
the middle of the seventh century. Since this was written, the sherds from Corinthhave been discussed
by Carpenterin A.J.A., XLII, 1938,pp. 58 ff. He employs some of the same argumentsagainst an early
dating that I have suggested, and adds some others.
3
Eph. Arch., 1898, p. 58, fig. 4.
Delt., II, 1916, pp. 42-43. Fig. 44, 2 and 6, are from Graves 48 and 32; both graves of the second
quarter of the seventh century. Fig. 45, 1 and 2, are decorated cups of the same shape; 45, 11 is a
4
developed form of the same shape, and was found in Grave 18 a, a grave of the last quarter of the
seventh century.
5 A. J. A., XXXVIII, 1934, pp. 10ff., and pls. I-III. They are nos. 1-6, 8-9, 11-14,16-18, and 20. It
might
be noted here that of the other sherds from Mount Hymettos, which are all seventh century, no. 10
(ibid., p. 17, fig. 5) is a shallow plate of the type found in the seventh century well, with a wavy line
decoration below the rim as on sherds from the Agora votive deposit (He-speria, II, 1933, p. 586,
15*
228
RODNEY S. YOUNG

Of the Agora graffiti there remains the sixth, the amphora fragment C 136 (fig. 131).
We have seen reason to date the fragment at the very end of the eighth, or beginning of
the seventh century. The symbol incised on its neck may possibly be intended to represent
If it is, it is unlike any other early epsilon; those incised on the
the letter epsilon.'
oinochoe from the Dipylon and on the sherds from Hymettos2 have downward-slanting
horizontal strokes set above and below, not at, the ends of the vertical hasta. If the bird
and wheel decoration of the amphora is to be interpreted as symbolic or magical,3 a similar
interpretation may be found for the epsilon-like symbol incised on it.4 It is perhaps more
probable that a numerical figure is represented by our graffito; the vertical incision at the
left may stand for a large unit, perhaps five, and each of the horizontals for a single unit;
the "epsilon" then represents the number eight.5 Thus a number of interpretations are
possible for this graffito; since, however, it is no earlier than the earliest incised alphabetical
inscription known, it can afford nothing new as evidence for the dating of the introduction
of the alphabet.
The inscription scratched on the oinochoe from the Dipylon remains the earliest. The
inscription itself has been illustrated countless times; to the best of my knowledge there
has been only one illustration, a poor drawing, of the vase on which it is incised.6 The
drawing does not accurately show the shape of the vase, which is the same as that of our
XIII 1 (fig. 43). In our discussion of XIII 1 we have noted that the shape is often decorated
with Cypriote concentric rings, and that it continues to be made into the seventh century.
The Dipylon oinochoe, evidently more developed in shape than the first of the oinochoai
decorated with Cypriote concentric rings, should be dated, on the evidence of its shape, at
the end of the eighth century or later. The decoration of its neck, grazing deer and bird,
is such as is found on vases of the end of the eighth and the early seventh century. It
would seem difficult to date the Dipylon oinochoe earlier than 700.
fig. 47); no. 15 (p. 21, fig. 7) should probably be restored rather as a Phaleron oinochoe like the one
publishedby Hampe,p. 38, fig. 19; no. 19 (p. 23, fig. 9) is from a Protoattic jug like Jhb., II, 1887,p. 50,
fig. 9, with decoration of subgeometricgrazing horses of a sort used well into the seventh century for
the subsidiarybands of Protoattic vases. Two of the Hymettos sherds, nos. 7 and 21, are nondescript,
with no decoration or indication of shape to enable them to be dated. Blegen notes that no. 22 is
considerablylater than any of the others, coated with excellent black glaze.
A.J.A., XL, 1936, p. 193 and fig. 8.
2 J.
Kirchner,Imagines InscriptionumAtticarum,pl. I, 1-3.
3
On the symbolism of this motive, see the monograph of Miss Roes: Greek Geometric Art, Its
Symbolismand Its Origin,pp. 13 ff. and figs. 4-5.

"
4 The
"mystic epsilon is discussed and traced back into Minoantimes by W. N. Bates in A.J.A.,
XXIX, 1925, pp. 239 ff. I am indebted to D. M. Robinson for this reference.
5 Such a
system of incised horizontal and vertical bars, interpreted as representing prices, was in
use in the fifth century; see Hesperia, IV, 1935, pp. 514ff., nos. 85-88 and fig. 28. Such units, it need
hardly be remarked,cannot on our amphorarepresentunits of coinage.
6 Ath. Mitt.,VI,
1881, pi. III. A numberof other illustrations(in Baumeister,Ducati, and elsewhere)
are all taken from the same drawing.
229

Another sherd has been used as evidence for the early appearance of the alphabet in
Greece,l a small fragment from the Acropolis with painted letters and part of a meander.
The meander, however, is not confined to the Geometric period; a fine meander is used on
the seventh century vase, Acropolis 345.2
A fragmentary oinochoe found in Sicily has on its bottom a scratch which has been
thought to represent letters.3 It appears to be a subgeometric vase of Cycladic fabric.
Although the dating for Cycladic pottery has not yet been established, the decoration on
the oinochoe (verticals and sets of vertical wavy lines) is much the same as that employed
on Early Protocorinthian oinochoai of the late eighth century, and on subgeometric Middle
Protocorinthian vases down to the middle of the seventh. It would seem difficult to date
the oinochoe before 700; on the other hand, it may well be considerably later.
All the inscribed vases and fragments can be dated about 700 and later; a vase bearing
an alphabetical inscription of the eighth century has yet to be found. From the earliest
inscription, that on the oinochoe from the Dipylon, we know that the alphabet was brought
to Greece before 700; how much before seems to be as yet undecided. Perhaps noteworthy
is the fact, however, that the alphabet used on the oinochoe from the Dipylon is not Attic,
(broken-barred iotas, and non-Attic lambdas); the inscription may have been scratched by
a foreigner on a visit to Athens.
CONCLUSION
The comparison of the vases from our group of burials in a family plot at the Agora
with the Geometric, Protoattic, and Protocorinthian pottery from the well has shown that
there is good reason for the belief that the Geometric style reached its highest development
in Attica at about the turn from the third to the last quarter of the eighth century. Geometric vases continued to be made until the end of the century, but there were traces of
degeneration. The subgeometric repertory of shapes and decoration continued in use beside
the orientalizing down to the middle of the seventh century and later. The late Geometric
period was one of activity and mild experiment; a few new motives appropriate to Geometric decoration were adopted from the Orient and used on Geometric vases; horses and
birds were modelled and used to decorate the pottery. At the same time the influence
of a strong local metal working industry made itself felt in the shapes and decoration
of pottery.
Attica lingered behind Corinth in the adoption of orientalizing motives by about twenty
years or a quarter-century. No doubt the reasons were that Attica did not have direct
I Acropolis 309; Graef-Langlotz,pl. XI.

Graef-Langlotz,pl. XII, H.
3 Bullettino di
Paletnologia Italiana, XX, pl. IlI, 8 (Orsi); J.R.S., XXV, 1935, p. 143 and note 55;
B.S.A., XXXIII,1932-33,p. 191 and pl. 27; no. 54 (Blakeway).
2
230
RODNEY S. YOUNG

contact with the east, and that she did have a stronger Geometric tradition than had any
of her neighbors; she carried Geometric decoration to a higher development than did any
other part of Greece. The Geometric style is the true reflection of a feudal and provincial
society, conservative and narrow in its outlook, and strictly confined to agricultural interests
within the limits of small localities. With the opening of the eastern trade routes in the
middle of the eighth century and the sending out of colonies to the west shortly thereafter
came an awakening and a change of outlook. Commerce, bringing in new methods and
new ideas, took its place beside agriculture, and the merchant his place beside the
landowner. Corinth and the cities of Euboea led the way; their colonies and their trade
spread to the north and west. Attica lingered behind; she had no fleet, nor did she have
industries that produced products for export. Her trade was limited, and confined to her
near neighbors. In the seventh century Corinth had monopolized the markets for finer
pottery, Corinth and Aegina the markets for bronzes; down to the time of Solon Attica
was exporting oil, the product of her soil, not of her manufactories, in coarse pots. The
awakening came slightly later to Attica, then, than it did to Corinth; Attica, without a
fleet of ships of her own, did her trading, and took new ideas from the outside world,
through her neighbors.
The change from the Geometric to the Protoattic style is one from restraint and
repetition within a set form to freedom and individual expression. It is the change from
a feudal and agricultural society to an industrial and commercial society. It reflects the
change from epic to lyric poetry. Hesiod, who seems to have lived at the crucial period,
describes the earlier world; his interests were local and agricultural, his poetry in the old
epic tradition, repeated and handed down by rote. He voices a distrust for change and
adventuring; the traditional methods and patterns of life are best. With the new age
comes a new expression. The subjective lyric poets are interested in emotions and personalities; they have been freed from the restraint of traditional forms. Lyric poet and
merchant have replaced epic poet and landowning aristocrat in the new world. The former
for his literary expression, and the latter for his commercial pursuits, have need of a
method of writing; perhaps the Phoenician alphabet was not the least useful or important
of the new devices brought to the orientalizing world of Greece from the east.
The period from 750 to 650, then, was one of extraordinary activity and awakening.
In the first years we note a gradual change and loosening of old styles, ideas, and prejudices; a small but steady intercommunication throughout the Greek world, and a limited
adoption of new devices. Toward the end of the eighth century, while the old society
continues to preponderate in Attica, the new gains strength at Corinth. By the early
have a complete change;
seventh century we whaith
the new outlook on life comes a period
of experimentation from which, after half a century, begin to emerge the outlines of the
more familiar world of archaic Greece.
231
APPENDIX I
A LIST OF GRAVES AND IMPORTANT GEOMETRIC AND PROTOATTIC VASES, WITH THEIR
PROBABLE DATING

A. LAST QUARTER OF THE EIGHTH CENTURY.
Late Geometric vases, many of them very big: monumental amphoras and kraters,
large pitchers, pyxides and bowls. Pyxides with nearly straight side walls; skyphoi,
cups, jugs, and kantharoi with low base instead of ring foot, amphoras and pitchers
with high vertical ring foot. Plastic ornamentation with birds, horses, and snakes.
Good fabric and glaze, careful Geometric decoration. First orientalizing influence on
ornament: figured scenes, snakes, goats; wavy lines and rows of dots. Traces of foreign
influence-Cypriote, Cretan, Boeotian, Early Protocorinthian-on shapes and decoration.
Ivory figurines and gold bands.
Agora: Graves XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XX.
Dipylon: Grave III, Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, p. 104. Wide, figs. 51, 88, 97, 99.
Grave XIII, Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, p. 127. B. C. H., 1895, p. 273. Hampe,
p. 36.
Eleusis: Grave XIX, Eph. Arch., 1898, p. 83.
Spata: Grave 1, Delt., VI, 1920-21, p. 132, figs. 2-3.
Monumental Dipylon Amphora, Pfuhl, pl. I, C.V.A., Athens, pl. 8.
Ivory Statuette, Hampe, pl. 31.
B. LATE EIGHTH-EARLY
SEVENTHCENTURY.
Beginning of the breakup of the Geometric style; careless drawing and the use of
shorthand methods. Small vases flat-bottomed; slightly flaring ring feet on larger vases.
scenes and moving processions. First attempts at
Figured scenes in motion-battle
outline drawing. First appearance of many orientalizing motives: coursing hounds,
fish, lions. Appearance of added white, and of incision. First floral ornament, and first
free-standing terracotta figurines. Stronger Protocorinthian influence.
Agora: Graves VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XXV.
Dipylon: Grave VII, Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, p. 111 and fig. 10; Wide, fig. 75.
Grave IX, Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, p. 117 and pl. VIII, 2.
Grave published by Hampe, p. 38 and fig. 19, pls. 32-33.
Eleusis: Isis Grave. C.V.A., Athens, I, pp. 4ff. and pls. 3-6.
Grave a, Eph. Arch., 1898, pp. 103 ff.
Spata: Grave 3, Delt., VI, 1920-21, pp. 134-137, figs. 5-10.
Grave 4, Delt., VI, 1920-21, pp. 137-138, figs. 11--12.
Liossia: C.V.A., Denmark, II, pl. 70, 2-8 and 10.
RODNEY S. YOUNG
232

Phaleron: Grave 11, Johansen, p. 74.
Grave 47, Delt., II, 1916, p. 21.

Grave 64, Delt., II, 1916, p. 22; Johansen, p. 39.
Amphoraswith added white; Wide, fig. 61; A. A., 1892, p. 100.
Amphora in Leyden; Brants; Beschrijving, no. 52 and pl. 7.
Amphora in Berlin; Neugebauer, Fiihrer, pl. 3, F 3901.
Amphora in Boston; Fairbanks, Catalogue, pl. XXI, 262.
Bowl from Peiraeus Street; Ath. Mitt., XVII, 1892, pl. X.
Bowl in London; J.H.S., XIX, 1899, pl. VIII; Hampe, pl. 22.
Oinochoewith Inscription; Ath. Mitt., VI, 1881, pl. 3; Kirchner, Imagines, no. 1.
Oinochoefrom the Agora; Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 593, fig. 58.
Oinochoe in Eleusis; Eph. Arch., 1898, pl. 5, 2.
Kantharos in Copenhagen; C.V.A., Denmark, II, pl. 73, 5.
Skyphos in Eleusis; Eph. Arch., 1898, pl. 5, 1.
Fragments in Louvre, A 519; Pottier, Vases antiques, pl. 20.
Agora: C 103-104; C 108 and 111; C 127, 134, and 136.
C. FIRST
QUARTER
OF THE SEVENTII
CENTURY.
Small subgeometric vases, very careless in fabric and decoration; deep, pointed
skyphoi, cups and kantharoi. Amphoras and bowls with somewhat flaring foot. Middle
Protocorinthian found in fairly large quantity, and freely imitated. Plentiful floral
ornament; added white and incision used experimentally; considerable advance in the
technique of outline drawing. Great variety in kind and quality of decoration, in
accordance with preferences of various artists for outline drawing or incision, figlred
or floral motives. Debased Geometric motives lingering on as filling ornament and in

subordinate zones of orientalizing vases. Probably the first figurines of fine terracotta
began to be made in addition to those of ordinary pottery clay.
Agora: Graves V, VI.
Dipylon: Grave VIII, Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893, p. 115 and pl. VIII, 1.
Spata: Grave 2, Delt., VI, 1920-21, pp. 134-135, figs. 4-5.
Eleusis: Eph. Arch., 1898, p. 91 and pl. 3, 2; Johansen, p. 40 and pl. X, 4.
Eph. Arch., 1898, p. 92, figs. 19-21.
Eph. Arch., 1912, p. 33, fig. 14.

Phaleron: Graves 10, 19 and 29, Delt., II, 1916, pp. 18-20.
Elimbo (Hymettos): Jhb., II, 1887, p. 43, note 10; p. 52, fig. 12, and pl. V.
Amphora from Pikrodaphni; B. C. H., XVII, 1893, pls. II-III.
Amphora in New York; Corolla Ludwig Curtius, pl. 41.
Amphorain New York; MetropolitanMuseum Bulletin, 1911, p. 33, right.
233
Fragments from Phaleron; Eph. Arch., 1911, p. 250 and figs. 11-13.
Hydria in Berlin; Ncugebauer, Filhrer, pl. 7, 31312.
Hydria from Analatos; Jhb., II, 1887, pls. 3-4.
Fragments from the Acropolis; Graef-Langlotz 345, pi. XII.
Oinochoe from the Agora; Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 595, fig. 60.

D. SECONDQUARTER
OF THESEVENTIICENTURY.
E.
Elaborate floral ornament and the perfecting of drawing in outline. Rounding and
filling out of the figures of men and horses. Subgeometric ornament continues to be
used, and simple cheap subgeometricvases to be made.
Agora: Graves III-IV.
Dipylon: A.A., 1934, pp. 217-220, figs. 14-15.
Phaleron: Graves 18, 27, 32, 37, 48, Delt., II, 1916, pp. 19 ff.
Grave 18, Johansen, p. 93 and pl. XXI, 1; Delt., II, 1916, p. 29, figs. 15-16.
Grave 32, Johansen, pl. XXIV, 1.
Grave 48, Payne, C.V.A., Oxford, II, p. 59, 10. Payne dates the grave "not
earlier than the first quarter of the seventh century." The skyphos, Delt., II,
1916, p. 32, fig. 22, 2 makes it later.
Amphorain New York; J. H. S., XXXII, 1912, pls. 10-12.
Krater in Munich;Jhb., XXII, 1907, pl. 1.
Bowl from Thebes; Jhb., II, 1887, pl. IV.
Oinochoe from Dipylon; A.A., 1934, pp. 215-216, fig. 12.
Oinochoefrom Agora; Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 596, fig. 61.
Agora B1, B2, B 45, B 55, B 64, B 68, B 69, B 71, B 80, B81; C31, C 39,
C 65, C 87, C 98, C 119, C 145, C 151.
(B 1, B 45, B 64, B 68, B 69; C 39, C 65, C 145 about mid-century).
THIRD
QUA1RTER OF THIE SEVENTH
CENTURY.
The perfecting of the black-figured technique; regular use of incision, plentiful use
of white and purple; gradual thinning of filling ornament.
Phaleron: Graves 71, 78, Delt., II, 1916, pp. 19 ff.
Burgon lebes in London; Pfuhl, pl. 17, 82.
Oinochoe from Phaleron; Pfuhl, pl. 17, 83.
Amphorafrom Kynosarges; J. H.S., XXII, 1902, pls. II-IV.
Fragment, 26tes Hallisches Winckelmannsprogrammn,,
pp. 10 ff., and other
stamnoi, unpublished, from the same find.
Unpublished vases recently found at Vari.
Agora: Well deposit, Hesperia, VII, 1938, pp. 412 if.
234
F.
RODNEY S. YOUNG
LAST QUARTER OF THE SEVENTII
CENTURY.

Early black-figured vases. The Peiraeus amphora, and the Nessos painter. Beginning
of the group of vases decorated with incised birds and rows of dots at about the end
of the century.
Agora: Grave II.
Phaleron: Graves 18 A, 33, 59, Delt., II, 1916, pp. 19 ff.
APPENDIX II
THE ISIS-GRAVE
Eph. Arch., 1898, pp. 76 ff. C.V.A., Athens, I, p. 4, pls. 3-6.

The grave, a rectangular shaft with built walls of small stones, lay in the lowest stratum
of the Eleusis cemetery. A hydria, found outside its covering, may have served as a gravemarker. Three later graves overlay the Isis Grave. The lowest of these contained a miniature krater decorated in a careless subgeometric manner probably to be dated in the early
seventh century (Eph. Arch., 1898, p. 100, fig. 24). The next grave above contained
nothing; in the upperniost was found a hand-made oinochoe with rouletted decoration
(Eph. Arch., 1898, p. 106, fig. 26). The oinochoe is seventh century; it must be later than
the little krater from the grave below that in which it was found. The length of time that
elapsed between each successive burial is unknown. The archaeological evidence afforded
by the position of the Isis Grave, however, proves only that it must be earlier than the
grave immediately above it, or older than the early seventh century. It has been pointed
out long since that the depth of graves in the Eleusis cemetery has no bearing on their
dating (see Johansen, p. 40).

The Isis Grave contained the body of a woman, with numerous grave offerings. Among
the offerings were three Egyptian scarabs and a faience figurine of Isis. The most recent
dating places them in the XX-XXII dynasties (Pendlebury, Aegyptiaca, p. 80, nos. 160--163).
Pendlebury's dating of the scarabs is contested; his no. 161 is called a " perfectly normal
scarab of the XVIII Dynasty" (J.H.S., LII, 1932, p. 126). The scarabs apparently cannot
be dated sufficiently closely to be of use in dating the grave; their presence may be
disregarded, as it was by Skias (Eph. Arch., 1898, p. 120) and by Schweitzer (Ath. Mitt.,
XLIII, 1918, pp. 64 ff.), who thought von Bissing's dating (after 750) of the scarabs too late
for the other contents of the grave. Schweitzer dates the grave, on stylistic grounds, in the
ninth century; Poulsen also (Die Dipylongrdber und die Dipylonvasen, pp. 85 ff.) dates it early
both on stylistic grounds and because it lay in the lowest stratum of the Eleusis cemetery.
Johansen, on the other hand, accepting von Bissing's dating of the scarabs, dates the graves
of the Eleusis cemetery late (Gott. Gel. Anz., 1907, pp. 695 ff.). Furtwangler (Antike
Gemmen, III, 1900, p. 441) states that the Geometric graves of Eleusis belong in the last
235
phase of the period, that they are no older than the eighth century and that, in all probability, they extend down into the seventh.
The establishment of the dating of the Isis Grave is important because the vases found
in it have been used to demonstrate early steps in the Attic Geometric style, and because
fibulae found in it have led Hampe, who accepts Schweitzer's ninth century dating of the

grave, to the unfortunate suggestion that the same type of fibula was used in Attica in the
ninth, and in Boeotia in the late eighth and early seventh centuries (Hampe, pp. 3 and 5;
the fibulae, nos. 24-27). The dating of the Isis Grave might conceivably, too, be of help to
Egyptologists in the dating of their scarabs.

In addition to its scarabs and fibulae, the Isis Grave contained a gold earring and
a fragmentary ivory pin with incised decoration. The gold earring (Eph. Arch., 1898,
pi. 6, 6) is similar in style to the gold necklace found in Grave 3 at Spata (Delt., VI,
1920-21, p. 136, fig. 10), a grave dating from the end of the eighth century. Both earring
and necklace are decorated with pendants and with halved Boeotian shields. Ivories were
found in late eighth century graves at the Dipylon: Graves XI and XIII (Ath. Mitt., XVIII,
1893, pp. 120 if.). Grave a at Eleusis, a grave contemporarywith the Isis grave, contained
a similar earring and a fragment of an ivory pin, similar fibulae, clay spheres, amphoriskoi,
hand-made tripods, and spouted feeders with strainer tops and basket handles. Grave a
contained also a small terracotta horse; the horse may have come from the lid of a late
eighth century pyxis or amphora, or have been made free standing like the one from
Dipylon Grave IX, a grave of the early seventh century (Ath. Mitt., XVIII, 1893,
pl. VIII, 2, 9).
The Isis Grave contained sixty-eight vases, most of which were small and carelessly
made. Not unnaturally among such a large number, some are much earlier than others.
The grave should be dated, however, by the latest objects found in it, and not by the earliest.
Vases that are certainly early are the amphora and the kalathos, C. V.A., Athens, I, pl. 3, 1
and pl. 6, 8. Possibly early also are the pyxides pl. 5, 4, 11 and 12, and the skyphos
on a ribbed stand pl. 6, 5. These vases may have been taken from earlier graves and
re-used; many graves in the Eleusis cemetery were disturbed by later burials. The hydria,
pi. 3, 2, seems to be of the same fabric as our X 1; its shoulder is divided into two panels
by "triglyphs." The small oinochoai, pl. 3, 7 and 10 and 12-13, and pl. 4, 5-7 and 11,
are like the oinochoai from our Grave IX and from Graves 3 and 4 at Spata (Delt., VI,
1920-21, p. 134, fig. 8 and p. 138, fig. 12), all graves of the end of the eighth century.
The jugs, pl. 3, 14-15 and pl. 4, 2-4, find a parallel in the grave from Liossia in Copenhagen (C.V.A., Denmark, II, pl. 70, 8), which also contained a small oinochoe like those
from the Isis Grave (ibid., no. 3). The miniature pot, pl. 3, 5, finds its nearest parallel in
fabric and decoration in Grave 64 at Phaleron (Delt., II, 1916, p. 46, fig. 50). The skyphos,
pi. 6, 4, is of the same shape as the Eleusis skyphos decorated with a late figured scene,
Eph. Arch., 1898, pl. 5, 1-1 a. Two pyxides (pl. 5, 5 and pl. 5, 17-6, 1) are decorated on
the bottom with quatrefoils and leaf bands which find parallels in our Graves XVIII
236
RODNEY S. YOUNG
and XVII. The latter of the two pyxides is decorated with a zone divided into four long
panels filled by zigzags, chevrons, a row of leaves, and a procession of birds. Not only
the scheme of the decoration, but also the drawing of the birds, is late; compare the birds
with those on the pitcher, Wide, fig. 72. The amphoriskoi pl. 4, 10, 12, 15, 17-18, 20-22,
are of a late sagging shape clearly later than that of our amphoriskos, XVII 19. Open
work kalathoi (pl. 6, 10-11) are late, with nearly straight, rather than concave, side walls.
Similar open work is used on the lid-handles of late pitchers: from Anavysos, Praktika,
1911, p. 122, 20; from Dipylon Grave VII, Wide, fig. 75a. Late decorative motives are

used as well as late shapes in the Isis Grave; in addition to leaf bands and late birds,
single-line meander (pl. 4, 6, 8 and 16; pl. 5, 5), wavy rows of dots (pl. 3, 6, 14 and 15;
pl. 4, 2; pl. 5, 10, 11 and 12), and dotted lozenge chain (pl. 6, 6), appear. A clay ball of
the sort found in the Isis Grave and Grave a was found in our seventh-century
well,
C 176 (fig. 142 above).

While some of the favorite late Geometric shapes and decorative motives are lacking
in. the Isis Grave, the jewellery and many of the vases find parallels in Attic graves of the
late eighth century. The Isis Grave should probably be dated shortly before 700; its
pottery is provincial and consists of small careless vases.
APPENDIX III
GEOMETRICATHENIANS
ANGEL
By J. LAWRENCE
This appendix does not report on the racial types of Geometric Athens, nor even
summarizethe racial strains apparent in the burials dealt with by R. S. Young. It considers
only age and sex characters of skeletons of six fragmentary individuals (the seventh has
been sent to the American Museum of Natural History for study), as well as the existence
of family traits in the group, and the conclusion indicated by these characters. A scientifically complete report on this material would require more space and more material for
perspective than are at hand now.
In the case of burials XVII, XX, and XIV, animal bones also were present including pel-
vis, tibia, calcanea, and metapodial fragments plausibly of sheep. Of the four burials which
Young places between 725 and 700 B.C., XVII is that of an adolescent female about fifteen
years old, with short stature (141.3cm. based on femoral length), rather small cranial
capacity (possibly 1200-1250 cc. by Pearson's formula) although the measurements on

this partial skull are not trustworthy, and a cranial index near the borderline of dolicho-
and mesocephalic categories. The only observed anomaly is the retention of the second
milk molars as caps for the second permanent premolars in both jaws, and in spite of
incipient eruption of wisdom teeth.
237
Grave XVIII is that of a subadult female of nineteen, with fused epiphyses and a pubic
symphysial face of the ridge and furrow type usual for this age, but with wisdom teeth
like XVII's quite visible in their opening crypts. The stature of 150.8 cm. is below categorical average for adult females, the skull is probably long, and the estimated cranial
capacity (1230-70 cc.) a little below the European mean for adult females. The only
anomaly is the persistence of a metopic suture dividing the frontal bone.
Burials XIX and XX formed a double grave, with XIX on top hence presumably later,

though time separation of them may be small. XX is a rugged individual of doubtful sex,
middle-aged (40-45), and of tall (160cm.) or medium (164cm.) stature depending on
whether the skeleton be female or male. The skull is mesocephalic (77.84), and large
(1460-80 cc. by the Pearson formula). Its most striking feature is a robusticity of malars
and a face width which recall the Obercassel male and other Upper Paleolithic skulls as
well as certain eskimoid mediaeval Icelanders, although in form these faces are not
mongoloid. In contrast to this, burial XIX is that of a normal male young adult (30-35),
of stature slightly below average (162cm.), and a head-form just brachycephalic (80.8).
The skull's capacity, about 1410cc., is normal for European males. Anomalies include
anterior compression of the tenth thoracic vertebra, which is light enough to indicate merely
a slouching or bent posture, and a metacarpal fracture of the left thumb, evidently healed
with some displacement. Arthritic exotoses are present on the lumbar vertebrae in a mild
degree, and the left fifth metatarsal is damaged and perhaps arthritic at its base.
Burial XIV is dated about 700 B.C. It is a young adult, probably a male, and so fragmentary that no calculations can be made for a stature which may have been average. It is
mesocephalic (76.67) and its skull is smaller than of XIX. It is curious that this man should
have lost almost all of his teeth early in life, though the cause is not obvious: it might have
been pyorrhea. Almost equally fragmentary is burial XXI. This is of a female in late
middle age (50-55), ceramically not dateable since robbed. The stature (161 cm. ?) is tall,
the cranial index (75.5) almost dolichocephalic, and the skull capacity large (1410 cc.).
This cataloguing leads to the conclusion that the Geometric inhumation group examined
is a fairly heterogeneous one of about average growth, despite the slight validity of
indirect derivations of stature and skull capacity. There are no osteologic indications of
cause of death. And if it be assumed that XXI was buried within the span of the others,
the group falls into two generation divisions: an older one, born perhaps in the decades
760-740, which includes XX, XIX, and XXI; and a younger, born perhaps from 735-15 B.C.,
including XVII, XVIII, and XIV. This division alone tends to confirm Young's opinion
that this is a family group, and there is more evidence in this direction.
The evidence consists in strong similarities of detail which stand out in contrast to
general variability of the group. The most striking of these is similarity of lower jaws of
XX, XIX, and XXI. From above these have a roughly trapezoidal form marked by strength
of the divided chin, angular body, and straight gonial regions; while from the front the
crescentic rise of incisor edges above plane of molars is almost identical.
This last feature
238
RODNEY S. YOUNG
is most important in XX and XIX where it combines disharmonically in an edge to edge

bite of the mill-like variety, Qo that the upper incisors have been worn concavely to conform
Nwithconvexity of lower incisor row as if by a grindstonie. Such convexity in lower iiicisors
Fig. 145. Front View of Female Crania XVII and XVIII

-
Fig. 146.
Top View of Female Crania XVII
and XVlII
is normal in an overlapping, more horselike form of bite as seen in XXI. In contrast to

this, the two young girls, XVII and XVIII, have jaws with a gothically arched appearance
from above, a pointed chin, and narrow turned-in gonial region. From the front the teeth
239
are even. The type of bite is a slightly overlapping one which interlocks and scissors
neatly like a crab's claw. And the forms of mouth, marked by wide middle incisors
approaching the shovel form, are almost the same, in spite of difference in palate proportions. XIV probably also had this gothic type of mandible, though its body is more
angular here. All three share the same form of very short and rather wide ascending
ramus. XIV's loss of teeth makes it impossible to decide whether his bite was of the mill
type of XX and XIX or not.

Further, less obvious, similarities occur in type of cheek bones. Similar modelling for
attachments of zygomatic and quadratus labii su)perioris muscles appears in XX, XIX,
and XXI, in spite of gross dimensional variation from very wid(l to narrow in these three
faces; XVIII probably had XX's wide malar
tendency, but her malars are very flat surfaced and unmodelled by muscles. Then XX
and XXI have the same wide swinging but
not complicated sutural pattern, while XIV'
and XXI have the same tendency of the occipital to overlap the parietal bone along the lamboid suture. The glenoid fossae (mandibular
joints) of XVII, XVIII, XX, and XIX are similar in their medium depth with a rounded postglenoid process of weak to medium development; while XIV and XXI share a narrow, deep,
type of fossa with steep articular eminence, in
-:
spite of axial shifting of condylar motion in
XIV as an adaptation to loss of teeth. Finally
the polished granular bone surface of XX, XIX, Fig.
1.17. Riglit Side of 'elvis of XVIII to show
and XIV contrasts with veneered smoothness of
typical Female IsclhiaticNotch
XVII, XVIII, and perhaps XXI.
All these are slight and specific form variations, of which inheritance (by analogy with
breeding of dogs or fruit-flies) is controlled by single or few genes. Such results as the
inheritance of a whole mandible (as opposed to that of a single definite detail of a tootll
depend almost entirely on the linked association of genes in a single chromosome: the combination is not by chance alone. When parts of such a chromosome are split during crossing-over at reduction division of the egg or sperm cell which is going to help form an
individual, that individual can inherit only part of the linkage group. Then the characters
ilfluenced by the rest of the linkage group will be affected by different genes from the
other parent, so that the resulting combination may be disharmonic (tllis assumes that the
germ cell from the second parent does not supply the changed section of chromosome).
Such dishalrmonies, as in creeper fowls, where there is a definite lack or negation of
a specific chromosome or gene in b)oth germ cells, may be lethal. In this case the occurrence
RODNEY S. YOUNG
240

in two people of the same generation of the same type of disharmony in upper and lower
teeth rows probably can be taken as the effect of switching of linkage groups of quite
Fig. 148. Front View of Crania XX (Doubtful) and XIX )Male)
~
.
: -i?
xx
"1
*?\
Fig. 149. Top View of Crania XX (Doubtful) and XIX (Male)
different tendencies, and hence is excellent evidence for family relationship of fairly close
degree. It is also evidence for quite radical hybridization, with difference in dominance
of linkage groups. Further, the crossing-over must have taken place in the previous
241
generation, or earlier. So that the combination of two -diverse elements in this case would
have to be two generations back, or earlier: in the time of XX's grandfather at latest.
Even more indicative of family relationship are the dimensions and proportions of these
skulls: niultiple factor characteristics which are controlled additively by many genes on
many chromosomes, and not by single dominants or recessives whose mosaic effectiveness

is exaggerated by formation and breakage of linkage groups during inbreeding and

outbreeding respectively. The effect of these second genes in the first hybrid generation
is to produce that combination of median and dominant characters with great size anid
energy which animal breeders call hybrid vigor. In later generations, if inbreeding follows,
there is a period of recombination of characters which offer much variety and instability
until selection reduces variety to sameness of a pure-blooded strain: this is the ideal contrast. Now variety in proportions and measurements is typical of the Geometric skulls
Fig
-'
Fig. 1.50. Left
efteB
s (In
) of XX ad XIX, to
iiinominiate Bones (Incoinplete)
of XX and XiIX, to sliow Iselhiatic Notlies
under discussion. There is no gain from premature listing of measurements and indices
here, but in the photographs this should be clear in type of headform observed from above.
Thus an examination of similarities in detailed form against a background of variety in
general proportions leads to calling these six skulls part of a famrily group in which
vigorous mixture has taken place.

The second part of this conclusion gains strength when it comes to sexing these skele.
tons. It is difficult; since sex is itself determinedprobably by balance of autosomes as well
as by indirect and direct effect of sex chromosomesthemselves. In the first place sexing by
secondary characters of pelvis and of skull is always a matter of degree: a contrast between
male direction for structure, size, and strength, and female direction for generation, smallness, and grace. But since these qualities are universal, judgment of theni depends on
16
242
RODNEY S. YOUNG

knowledge of means and extremes in any given racial group whose individuals are to be
sexed skeletally. The second limitation follows: sexing can be done confidently only within
a known group, for since races differ in their virility, size, or strength, a female of one
Fig. 151. Front View of Crania of XXI (Female) and XIV (Male)
. 1.
Tp Vw
of C
Fig. 152. Top View of Crania XXI (Female) and XIV (Male)
group can appear more male in some characteristics than a male of another race. Confusion of sex characters is normal in any one individual, therefore, but usually with those
of one sex clearly predominating. Difficulty in sexing skeletons comes either when there
243

is very little sexual dimorphism, classically as among predynastic Egyptians who tend to
approximate a male norm and among Pueblo Indians who lean toward a female one; or
when there is hybridization of groups differing markedly in balance toward femaleness or
maleness, especially with the added effect of hybrid vigor. In general Europeans show
marked sex distinction, and skeletal sex characters are consistent. But different sub-races
cover the range from ruggedness to gracility; and in mixtures of dissimilar grades unexpected combinations blur the true sex of an individual, since there is no single criterion
or even group of two or three criteria which carry much more weight than many others.
And this sort of mixture best explains the sex criteria of the six Geometric skulls.
Fig. 153.
XVI.
Female Crania XVII and XVIII, to show Similarity in Neat, Slightly

Incisors, and Rounded Type of Mandible
Scissoring Bites,
Shovel
XVIII has capacious pelvis with wide ischiatic notch, light, small-jointed bones, and a
clearly female skull. Likewise XVII. While XIX has a fragmentary pelvis with narrow
ischiatic notch, rugged, large-jointed bones, and male skull characters. But XIV, XXI, and
XX show confusion.
XIV is a male archaeologically (hence culturally). But his skeleton is too broken by
his grave's collapse to show any characters, and the skull has many intermediate ones:
small foramen magnum, smallish brow-ridges, light muscle markings indicate femaleness; but
mastoids, transition from forehead to nose, and form of jaw point to maleness. XXI was
a robbed grave. An innominate fragment with wide ischiatic notch and large attachment
for the sacroiliac ligaments indicates femaleness almost surely. But the skull, in spite of
smoothness and a pure, steep, forehead, has male face size and long mastoids.
XX is the most difficult to sex. Burial furniture shows it socially female. Remains of
pelvis give an ischiatic notch on the wide side of medium, but with small pre-auricular
16*
244
RODNEY S. YOUNG

sulcus, though it is possible that if the whole pelvis were reconstructible it would have
female width. Limbs are robust, large-jointed, and a little larger than those of XIX.
Finally, the skull is large, very vigorous, with a vault like a breaking wave, and muscle
markings for the neck and face of a dictator. Yet the foramen magnum is moderate, and
damaged brow-ridges may not have been heavy. Femaleness can be read into a euryprosopic facial index, and a steep forehead. The palate, also, is not relatively large
(54x62 mm.). But on the whole the physiology of XX is too rugged to be female: her
male counterpart would be an ogre, and he may have been. In any case disharmony of sex
criteria as well as of general proportions suggests that one of the groups forming this
hybrid stock was more virile than the others. Apparently its characters tended to dominate
occasionally, just as did the female characters of Japanese gypsy moths which Goldschmidt
XVIII
Vm
Fig. 154. Jaws of XVII and XVIII, fiom in Front and Above, to show Likeness
mated to European ones with resultant series of intersex offspring. This conclusion is
stronger if XX be thought female.
Further possible evidence for slightly dystrophic mixture appears in combination of milk
molar retention, open epiphyses, and incipient wisdom teeth in XVII when this is compared
with XVIII at the same wisdom tooth stage but with fused epiphyses and a pubic syinphysis
(best single criterion of age) of eighteen or nineteen. This suggests a difference in growth
and perhaps in metabolic rates in the mixing racial groups such as might be brought out
most clearly by a strange environment with strange food. It might even have played some
part in the early deaths of the two girls. Contrast between very light bones of these girls
and those of the others is worth noting, especially since XVII shows a third trochanter on
her femur, a development for larger attachment of gluteal muscles which otherwise would
not have enough surface on this slender bone. XXI also has a third trochanter, probably
just from vigor of function: XX and XIX also show well-marked attachments for these muscles, but since the bones are heavier no third trochanters were developed.
245
A similar effect of muscle action shows in elongated mastoids of XXI and XX, and
medium ones of XVIII when compared to XVII's small and adolescent ones. This results from
an increase in development of neck muscles, and particularly of the balancing sterno-cleidomastoideus, from carrying loads on the head. This is true notably of the women, but also

._
E*'W " **--*/^

*6rA-'s
-*
ii_-'
Fig. 155. Crania XX and XIX, to show Similarity in Mill-like Bites, Worn Teeth, and Strong Mandibles
with High Incisor Rows
-
Fig. 156. Jaws of XXI, XX, and XIX, from in Front and Above, showing Similarity in Angulation and Shape
of the men in this group. This brings up the question of posture, and such living habits as
appear in the skeleton. XVII shows only that her rather bowed femur lacks platymeria,
being quite narrow just below the trochanters. But XVIII shows a nicely correlating combination: from vertebral measureinents she probably had a well-defined forward lumbar
curve which probably meant that her pelvis tilted enough for the hip sockets to be directly
246
RODNEY S. YOUNG
in plane with the centre of gravity, so that there is almost no forward torsion of the necks
of thigh bones. She shows platymeria, but as in the rest of the skeletons of this group there
is no platycnemia. But this skeleton does have medium backward tilting of the tibial head
as well as squatting facets on ankle joints. Thus the girl may have walked with her knees
bent always, and probably she often flexed her foot far at the ankle joint either in walking
up a steep hill or in squatting over her cooking. XXI's fragments are enough only to show
hyperplatymeria,as do femora of XX. XX's thighs also show the same torsion of neck as

XVIII's, but the lumbar vertebrae are lacking so that here torsion does not correlate surely
with a curving waist. XX's tibia has a less tilted head, but has squatting facets.
XIX contrasts with this balanced posture. He has lumbar orthorachy (straightness) in
which the curve probably was low down and very slight. And he has enough feinoral
torsion forward so that the pelvis probably was quite vertical with hip-sockets in front of
centre of gravity. There is also some indication that his back was a little bowed above the
waist. And he has platymeria, a straightening knee joint, and squatting facets.
The significance of these details is slight: that while squatting facets show some degree
of primitiveness usually, here there lacks narrowing of the tibias, platycnemia, which occurs
often in neolithic Europeans and other primitive peoples. There is no consistent indication
of bent-knee gait, but hints at it would be expected among any people living in a steep and
stony country. And platymeria is notably a result of much climbing and hard walking,
though there may be also some structural factor here: perhaps an economy of bone at a
place where sidesway rather than back and forth motion provides the stress to be borne.
But in general these skeletons show no lack of calcium, while their robusticity is of more
note than their primitiveness in a Mediterraneancountry.

Thus these people appear to have had enough to eat. But while they probably drank
much milk certainly they ate tough food, since teeth of all except the two young girls
show pronounced wear, with only rare remnant of top enamel on molar cusps. XIX and
XXI both lost a few molars perhaps from decay which began when the dentine was too
exposed by wear. This wear does not seem to have been from the almost purely grinding
action of some cereal eaters (Pueblo Indians), since the teeth do not have evenly worn top
surfaces. Hence the diet was plausibly carnivorous, but had some ground cereal in it with
enough sand to increase tooth wear beyond the present civilized rate. Caries and abscesses
are not lacking except in the mouths of the two girls.
The conclusions that the skeletons have some primitive features in their robusticity,
belong to a family group, yet show a great deal of hybrid variation, can be of interest in
the formationperiod of the second height of Greek civilization, but are of slight importance
historically until more data show why they became true.
INDEX
Numbers in plain type refer to pages; those in bold face to the descriptionsof the objects in their
respective catalogues

Aegina, 130, 165, 207, 216, 220, 222, 224, 230

Agora, Child's Grave, 4, 19, 162
Aktorione, 68, 71, 181
Alphabet, 2, 3, 152, 225 ff., 230
Amathus Tomb 9, 2, 124, 141
Amphora, I 1, II 1, IV 1-2, VI 1, VII 1, VIII 1,
XI 1-2, XII 1, XV 1, B 6, B 18, B 21, B 34, B 55,
B 59, B 67-70, C 127-147; 200, 209 ff., 213
- Eleusis Amphora, 147, 210, 232
- Hymettos Amphora, 30, 59, 134, 170, 221, 232
- Kynosarges Amphora, 109, 137, 222, 233
- Leyden Amphora, 180, 181, 210, 232
- Nessos Amphora (in New York), 108, 130, 132,
133, 134, 135, 137, 149, 160, 166, 169, 210, 213,
218, 220, 221, 233
- Oil Amphoras, II 1, C 127; 16, 29, 133, 141, 182,
191, 210
- Peiraeus Amphora, 119, 178, 210, 213, 234
- Pikrodaphne Amphora, 25, 26, 129, 232
from Thera in Berlin, 26, 128, 131, 232
Amphoriskos, XVII 19; 43
Anavysos, 4, 32, 34, 37, 41, 48, 60, 70, 74, 77, 102,
103, 110, 127, 190, 199, 200, 236
Animal bones, Graves IX, XI, XII; 19, 20, 36, 44,
55
Anubis, 140
Areopagus, 6
- Graves, 4, 28, 81, 92, 95, 97, 200
Argive Heraeum, 80, 165
Argolid, 29, 32, 40
Arkades, 54, 61, 62, 137, 160
Arrow, X 1
Artemis, 140
Aryballos, XVII 22, XXV 4, C 1-2, C 155; 29, 42,
76, 199
Askos, XII 13
Basin, III 1, B 7, B 17, B 43, C 160-161
XVIII and
Birds, II 3-4, IV 2, VII 5, XI, X 1, 1, XVII
5, B 3, B 12, B 52, B 64, B 69, C 18, C 27-29,
C 42, C 60, C 106, C 110, C 115, C 136, C 149,
C 151, C 153; 71, 137
- plastic, XII 2-3, XII 14; 224
Black Dipylon, 85
Black-figure, B 34-42; 5, 11, 71, 109, 168, 198, 220,
233
Blakeway, 3, 34, 222, 229
Boeotia, 32, 40, 63, 77, 79, 80, 87, 89, 90, 104, 105,
115, 124, 129, 141, 159, 168, 170, 172, 182, 196,
204, 216, 217, 218, 221
Boeotian kantharoi, 116, 159, 161, 204
Bowl, XI 10, B 16, B 44, B 62, B 77, C 85-92, C 98101, C 162-163; 203
- with ribbon handles, XI 3-4; 200, 205
- with stand, XI 8-9, XII 2-3; 205
- with two handles, C 96-97, C 102-103; 206 ff.
- Aegina Bowl in Berlin, 71, 166, 207
- British Museum Bowl, 67, 71, 206, 219, 232
- Peiraeus Street Bowl, 57, 58, 59, 176, 232
- Bowl from Thebes, 71, 166, 184, 185, 206, 233
Bracelet, XII 26; 103
Brazier, C 165; 199
Bronze vases, 223
Burgon Lebes, 134, 218, 233
Camiros, 15, 131
Centaurs, C 111; 173, 174, 224
Chariot scenes, XII 1, XIII 1, B 80, C 108; 218 ff.
- plastic, XII 24-25, C 185; 225
Checkerboard pattern, VI 2, IX 10-11, XI 3, XII 8-9,
XV 1, XVIII4 and 6, B 18, C 3, C 104; 60, 214
Children's cemeteries, 15, 16
Clothing, 17, 49, 54, 56, 63, 64, 66, 120, 121
Coins, 2, 182, 210, 211, 228
Column krater, C 111; 173, 207
Corfu (Corcyra), 4, 222
Corinth, 3, 18, 22, 40, 41, 103, 146, 154, 185, 186,
197, 216, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 229, 230
Corinthian Geometric, 111, 129, 174, 217
Corinthianizing vases, XXIII1, B 9, B 85, C 19-34;
146
Coursing hound, B 16, C 1, C 30, C 99, C 145; 170,
212, 216 ff.
Crete, 61, 70, 137, 140, 177, 186, 191, 208, 209, 216,
221, 222
Cumae, 140, 142
248
RODNEY S. YOUNG
Cup, V 2, VI 2, VII 2-5, IX 2-7, X 2, XII 11-12, B 7879, C 48-60; 203

-
on stand, XII 5-6
- with two handles, XII 7, C 69-76

Cyclades, 3, 28, 108, 109, 148, 154, 168, 171, 177, 185,
196, 209, 218, 220, 221, 229
Cyprus, 2, 70, 124, 141, 175, 183, 208, 216, 221, 222

Daphne, 141, 179, 210

Deer, XVII 16, B 85, C 119, C 144; 212, 216, 217
Delos, 27, 109, 222
Dionysos, 22, 140, 179
Dipylon (Kerameikos), 1, 4, 15, 17, 18, 19, 42, 54,
75, 93, 130, 136, 160, 186, 205
- Grave III, 4, 48, 59, 70, 151, 174, 201, 218, 223, 231
-
Grave V, 86
- Grave VII, 54, 77, 192, 231, 236

- Grave VIII, 4, 59, 60, 153, 165, 175, 176, 201, 203,
232
- Grave IX, 4, 31, 32, 34, 40, 48, 70, 153, 157, 159,
175, 176, 177, 225, 231, 235
-
Grave X, 96
Grave XIII, 2, 4, 25, 29, 48, 61, 77, 83, 89, 96, 112,
123, 158, 200, 205, 211, 213, 214, 223, 225, 231, 235
Grave XVI, 50
- Grave XVIII, 50
Grave XIX, 4
- Grave published by Hampe, 4, 34, 92, 228, 231

- Warrior Grave, 4, 43, 82, 156, 188, 208, 209
- Protoattic vases, 108, 130, 136, 160, 169, 205, 233
Discs, XVII 25, C 166-173; 191
Distribution of Attic pottery, 179, 221 if.
Dogs, XII 15-16; 224
Double burials, Grave IX; 16, 36
Drains, 13, 21
Dreros, 223
East Greek ware, B 41
17
'EyX,VTUetLuos,
Eleusis, 4, 5, 6, 15, 16, 17, 19, 29, 40, 70, 79, 93, 116,
124, 147, 151, 152, 153, 155, 158, 165, 172, 181,
186, 188, 199, 202, 210, 213, 221, 227, 234 ff.
Grave a, 104, 192, 231, 235, 236
Isis Grave, 4, 36, 41, 43, 81, 85, 104, 168, 192,
205, 213, 231, 234 ff.
Grave 19, 82, 92, 231
Enthroned figures, XII 23; 54, 65, 225

Epidemics, 16
Eretria, 105, 118, 185, 216, 222, 223
Euboea, 3, 28, 230
Eutresis, 116
Fibula, XVII 27-32, XVIII 11-14; 17, 18, 71, 104 if.,
223, 235
Figurines, XI 18-19, XII 14-25, B 50, B 85-84, C 181187; 188, 224, 235
Fish, C 39; 70, 152, 217
Floral ornament, IV 2, B 1, B 2, B 64, B 67-68, B 72,
B 79-81, C 31, C 65, C 87, C 97-98; 216, 219 ff.
Food, Graves I, IV, IX, XXV; 17, 19, 21, 25, 36, 101
Foreign influence in Attica, 221 ff.
Francois Vase, 22, 179
Funerary rites, 19, 20, 56
Gela, 141, 179, 210
Goats, B 65, C 134; 131, 180, 212, 216, 217
Goblet, B 33
Godroons, 103, 215, 223
Gold bands, 32, 217, 223
Grave monuments, 15, 18, 71, 200
Graves, see Agora, Areopagus, Dipylon, Eleusis,
Liossia, Phaleron, Pnyx, Spata, Tiryns, Toronto,
Troezen, etc.; also Appendix I, pp. 231 ff.
Hand-made ware, IX 11, XVII 22, XXV 4, C 147,
C 154-155; 29, 199
Helen, 71
Ilephaisteion, 139
Hesiod, 230
Homer, 20
Horses, IV 2, XI 13, XI 17, XII 1, Xill 1, B 15, B 6667, B 80, B 86, C 41, C 59, C 63-64, C 107-108,
C 118, C 134, C 145, C 150; 216, 218 ff.
- plastic, XII 18, XVII15-17, XVIII6, B 50, B 83-84,
C 181-184; 224 ff., 235
Ilousehold ware, III 1, VI 5, VII 9, VIII4, IX 18, X 3,
B 4, B 51, B 63, B 82, C 156-165; 199
Human figures, XI 7, Xii I and 4, XIII1, B 1-2, B 21,
B 32, B 45, B 80; 216 ff.
- plastic, XI 18-19, XII
19-24, C 151, C 187; 224 ff.
Hut urn, C 149; 186
Hydria, V 1, X 1, XI 7, B 2, C 148; 209
- Analatos Hydria, 26, 46, 49, 67, 134, 149, 168,
172, 184, 187, 209, 214, 218, 220, 221, 233
Ialysos, 54
Iliad, 20, 56, 57, 68
Incense, 20, 56, 80, 191
Incision, XI 19, XII 14, 22-23, XVI 1-2, XVII 13-14,
22, B 1, B 45, B 57, B 68, B 80-81, C 39, C 111,
C 127; 197, 198 ff., 220, 224, 225, 227
Inhumation, 13, 14
Inscriptions, II 1, B 47, B 55, B 56, C 39, C 48, C 136;
202, 225 ff.
-
Acropolis, 229

Inscriptions, Agora, 155, 226
-Corinth,
227
- Dipylon, 70, 71, 228, 229, 232

-
Eleusis, 155
- Hymettos, 155, 203, 227-228

--Sicily,
229
Ivory, 67, 223, 231, 235

Jar, XVII20-21
Jewellery, 18, 103 ff., 224, 235
Jug, XI 15, XVII 18, XVIII 1-2, XXV 3; 207, 228, 235
Kalathos, XVII 5-6, C 84; 204, 235-236
Kantharos, VII 7, IX 8-11, XI 5, XV 2, XX 4, B 60,
C 63-68; 204
Kerameikos, see Dipylon
Knife, XI 6, XIX 1; 20, 56, 104
Kolonos Agoraios, 6, 12, 13, 99, 139, 141
Korakou, 116
Kotyle, C 6-7
Krater, B 8, B 66, C 102-112; 200, 207
- column krater, C 111; 207
Cesnola Krater, 85, 97
from Thebes in Munich, 134, 166, 209, 214, 215,

218, 233
Kylix, 119, 124
Lamp, B 51, B 63, C 163; 199

Leaf bands, Vl 3, XVII 15 and 17, XXV 5, B 14, B 76,
C 77, C 138-139; 215
Lekythos, XII 9-12; 20, 208
Lid, B 27-28, B 30-31, B 80-81, C 4, C 93-95
Light on Dark, B 19, B 55, C 125; 198
Line meander and key pattern, XI 4, XV 1, XVII 12,
C 89-90; 213, 236
Lions, B 71, C 87, C 145; 167, 212, 216, 217 ff.
Liossia Grave in Copenhagen, 4, 41, 48, 79, 177, 231,
235
Liquid offerings, Graves VI-X, XIII; 17, 68
Little Master cups, B 35; 124
Loomweight, B 48, C 174-175; 191
Lozenge-stars and chains, 212, 214
Marathon, 4, 15, 16, 70, 208
Megara Hyblaea, 16
Melos, 109, 186
Menekrates, 222
Metal work, 58, 102, 103, 152, 160, 171, 173, 174, 202,
204, 205, 206, 207, 215, 223 ff.
Miniature vases, 18, 200, 203, 208
Minyan ware, B 22-24; 77, 115
Molione, 68, 71, 181
Monochrome Argive, 40, 86, 189, 199
249
Mourners, XI 7, 18-19, XII 1, B 21; 65, 152, 225

Mycenae, 16, 29, 32
Mycenaean, C 187; 49, 54, 61, 177, 186, 187, 217
Mythological representations, XIII 1; 3, 68, 71, 181
Nessos Painter, 59, 71, 166, 207, 234
Nestor, 68
North Slope, 21
Obsidian, B 25; 115
Oil, 20, 40, 56, 210, 222, 230
Oinochoe, II 3,111 2, VI 4, VII 4, IX 12-17, XI 16-17,
XII 8, XIII 1, XX 7, B 1, B 3, B 71-75, C 5, C 113126; 208 ff.
- Cesnola Oinochoe, 60, 97, 108
- with concentric circle decoration, C 114; 70, 174,
208
Olympia, 57, 58, 62, 67, 224
Orientation, 14, 15, 17, 18
Ornament, 212 ff.; see also bird, checkerboard
pattern, horse, etc.
Outline drawing, B 1, B 2, B 45, B 69, B 71, B 80,
C 87, C 119, C 145; 108, 109, 220
Parian Geometric, 28, 209
Patroklos, 20, 56, 57
Perfume, 20, 40, 86
el/EQtetnvov, 19
Persephone, 65
Phaleron, 4, 5, 15, 16, 19, 20, 26, 32, 34, 36, 42, 50,
57, 58, 64, 108, 136, 141, 158, 179, 203, 209, 210,
218, 219, 227
-
Grave 10, 27, 28, 232
-Grave 11, 32, 37, 136, 156, 232

-
Grave 16, 135, 154
Grave 18, 160, 169, 233

Grave 18 A, 23, 153, 234
- Grave 19, 154, 232
- Grave 25, 178

- Grave 27, 37, 233
-Grave 29, 169, 232

- Grave 32, 130, 153, 155, 233
Grave 33, 22, 133, 179, 234

Grave 47, 29, 35, 37, 146, 178, 211, 232
Grave 48, 24, 110, 153, 155, 160, 233
Grave 50, 133
-Grave 59, 150, 234

-
Grave 64, 150, 232, 235
-Grave 71, 32, 37, 156, 233

-Grave
78, 31, 233
-Pyres (Graves 3 a, 14 a, 40, 41), 20

Pigs, 129
Pins, XVII 26; 18, 103
17
RODNEY S. YOUNG
250
Pit A, 11, 13, 14, 21, 31, 67, 75, 106
Pitcher, XIV 1, XXV 2; 200, 201
-
Coarse, VI 5, VII 9, VIII 4, IX 18, X 5, C 156-158;
199
Pithos, IX 1; 199
Plaque, B 49; 121, 129, 140
Plate, VI 5, XX 6, B 14-15, B 76, C 77-82; 205, 206
Pnyx Grave, 4, 48, 74
Pomegranate, 65

Hortr,otov,
124
Prehistoric, B 22-25; 77, 115

Prothesis, XII 1; 20, 56, 172
Protocorinthian, C 1-18; passim-3, 4, 5, 22, 30, 32,
37, 40, 60, 79, 81, 100, 109,'112, 120, 124, 129, 137,
138, 139, 140, 141, 146, 150, 152, 153, 154, 159,
165, 170, 197, 198, 200, 202, 205, 206, 208, 209,
211, 213, 216, 217, 221 ff., 229
-
chronology,
3, 140, 198
Protogeometric, B 33; 2, 4, 27, 42, 60, 118, 140, 199,

208
Purple-red paint, B 34-43, B 45, B 74, C 39, C 145;
197, 225
Pyre, Graves XI-XII; 9, 14, 19, 20, 44, 45, 50, 55
Pyxis, II $, XVI 1-2, XVII 7-17, XVIII 3-7, XX 5,
B 5, B 26, C 3-4; 200 ff.
Rheneia, 26, 27, 109, 222
Rhitsona, 119, 191
Rings, IX 19, XVII 24-25, XVIII 9, 10, 10 B; 18, 103
Ritual vases, 20, 68
Road beside grave terrace, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 19, 55,
128, 138
Running dog, 27, 149
Running figures, XII 4; 59
Sacrifices, 19,. 20, 55, 56
Saucer, XII 4, C 85
Scarabs, 2, 124, 141, 234, 235
Sculpture, 54, 65
Seated figures, XII 19-21
Seventh century well, 139 ff.
Shaft burials, Graves XI, XIII-XXV; 14, 17 ff.
Shorthand drawing, 30, 51, 53, 71, 214
Skeletons, 1, 4, 236 ff.
Skyphos, II 2, V 2, VII 6, XI 13-14, XIV 2, XVII 1-4,
XX 1-3, XXIII1, XXV 1, B 9-15, B 52-55, C 8-18,
C 19-34, C 35-47; 201 ff.
-- of metallic shape, XI 13, XXV 1, C 40; 54, 202 ff.
- with in-turned rim, C 42; 153, 203
Slip, IV 1, V 1, VII 1 and 8, VIII 1, X 1, XVI 1,
XVII 7 and 17, B 2, B 34, B 45, B 62, B 69, C 39,
C 102, C 113-114, C 122; 196
Snake, XI 10, XII 1-3, XVIII6, B 14, C 134; 56, 91,

197, 209, 212, 216, 217
Sparta, 61, 63, 65, 118
Spata, 4, 36, 87, 89, 222
- Grave 1, 48, 77, 100, 138, 149, 170, 200, 231
- Grave 2, 97, 135, 162, 232
- Grave 3, 41, 48, 61, 77, 86, 91, 97, 102, 103, 200,
224, 231, 235
- Grave 4, 41, 48, 50, 77, 202, 231, 235
Stamnos, B 64, C 112; 128, 207
Stand, B 32, C 150-152
Stelai, Grave XIV; 15, 18, 71
Subgeometric, 5, 195, 197, 212, 213
Swastika, 213
Syracuse, 3, 85, 142, 165, 222
Thera, 4, 26, 52, 70, 85, 124, 128, 152, 177, 179, 182,
222
Thessaly, 118
Tholos, 6, 12, 13
Thymiaterion, 20, 56, 191
Tiryns, 32, 204
-
Grave
- Grave
- Grave
- Grave
14,
28,
30,
37,
40
16, 32
18, 43
49, 182
-Grave 38, 32, 182

-
Grave 39, 32
Toronto, Grave from Attica, 1, 4, 105, 193

Trade relations, 1, 3, 5, 222, 230
Tripods, C 152; 48, 50, 51, 57, 58, 74, 122, 175, 188,
224, 235
Troezen, 4, 29, 32, 223
Unbaked vases, Graves VI and X; 29, 42, 86
Urn burials, Graves I-X; 13, 14, 15, 16, 42
Votive cups, C 69-76; 161
Votive Deposit at Agora, 5, 10, 24, 67, 120, 121, 122,
141, 155, 161, 165, 166, 177, 189, 192, 194, 204,
208
Vourva, 127
Wall construction, 6
Well B, 8, 11, 13, 26, 34, 106, 116
Well C, 12, 13, 98, 106, 118
Well D, 11, 13, 118
Well E, 13
White paint, XI 14, B 2, B 19-20, B 42-43, B 58, B 61,
B 69, C 27, C 32, C 123; 109, 128, 197 ff., 221
Whorls, XVIII 8, B 5, C 177-180; 4, 105, 191, 193
Wine, 16, 20, 56
Wreaths, 20, 56
Zigzag, 214

German Excavations Aegina

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THE AMERICAN EXCAVATIONS IN THE ATHENIAN AGORA

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

Reprinted by permission of the

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

Burials and Sacrificial Pyres, XI-XII

Inhumations of Adults, XIII-XXII

Supplementary Graves not in the Precinct, XXIII-XXV

Grave XXIV ....

Sporadic Finds from In and Near the Grave Precinct

Fabric and Technique

AND PARTIAL, BIBLIOGRAPHY

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

Blinkenherg: C. Blinkenberg, Flibules gr-ecqueset orientales, Copenhiagen,1926.

American Journal of Archaeology

MORE IMPORTANT ARTICLES

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

J. B6hlau, " Friihattische Vasen," Jhb., II, 1887, pp. 33 ff.

pottery at Berlin in C.V.A.,

Deutschland II, Berlin I.

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

Plan of the Grave Precinct. Scale, 1:100.

Fig. 32. Grave XI, Vases offered in the Grave

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

Fig. 61. Grave XVIII, Lids and Bottoms of Pyxides

Protoattic Stamnos (B 64), Side View.

LATE GEOMETRICGRAVES AND A SEVENTH CENTURY WELL, ETC.

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

Fig. 145. Front View of Female Crania XVII and

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

LATE GEOMETRIC GRAVES AND A SEVENTH CENTURY WELL, ETC.

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

Jhb., XIV, 1899, p. 190.

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

LA'TE GEOMETRICGRAVES AND A SEVENTH CENTURY WELL, ETC.

century from a well, Group C. A number of Protocorinthianvases and fragments, together

a chronology confirmedby independently dateable Attic vases. Comparisonof our material

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

THE GRAVE PRECINCT

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

1 Hesperia,V, 1936,p. 15,

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

hold back the filling in the east corner of the terrace.

at a probable total original

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

Fig. 2. Section through Grave Area A-A. Scale, 1:100

LATE GEOMETRIC GRAVES AND A SEVENTH CENTURY WELL, ETC.

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

Fig. 3. Geometric Retaining Wall. Inner Face, looking Northeast

Fig. 4. Geometric Retaining Wall.

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

early sixth; from it, B 59-63 (fig. 91 below).

The uppermost layer of road filling, separated

Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 542 ff.

LATE GEOMETRIC GRAVES AND A SEVENTH CENTURY WELL, ETC.

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

' ,,,,;'. '

Retaining WVall: Cut Across Road, showing 6th Century Packing

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

LATE GEOMETRIC GRAVES AND A SEVENTH CENTURY WELL, ETC.

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

American School of Classical Studies at Athens

the graves of the other group.

across the end of Grave XI.