Fossil Fuel Burning and Generating Handbook

FOSSIL FUEL BURNING AND GENERATING
HANDBOOK
COMBUSTION CALCULATIONS
This calculating method for heat losses in steam generating
units provides quick answers of good accuracy based on either
an ultimate or a proximate fuel analysis.
Because the weight of air required for combustion of a unit
weight of any fuel is more nearly proportional to the unit heat
value than to the unit weight of that fuel, the weights of air, dry
gas, moisture, wet gas, etc., are expressed in pounds per mil-
lion Btu fired. 1
The weight of fuel, F, in the gaseous products, P, per million
Btu as fired, is shown in Fig. 1. These curves are based on the
formula : 1
11
F=
lo4(100 - % ash - % solid combustible loss) I
High Heat Value as fired., Btu/lb
The air weight curves in Fig. 2 give the relationship of air weight
to excess air, C02 and oxygen. The term "atmospheric air"
means that an arbitrary amount of moisture has been added to
the air. Usually 0.013 Ib of water vapor per Ib 'of dry air. Air
weights for solid fuel must be corrected for solid combustible
loss. Air weights for oil may be used without correction.
Hence P = F + CA where A is the air weight in pounds per

million Btu fired, and
C = l - Percent solid combustible weight loss

100
Moisture from fuel, Wt is separately reported in an A.S.M.E.
4
FOR LIQUID AND SOLID FUELS
Pest Code balance and also in a predicted heat balance. Wt
includes the combined surface and inherent moisture, W,
from the fuel and the moisture formed by the combustion of
hydrogen, W h . The values of moisture content, W, for various
fuels are indicated by curves, Fig. 3. Fig. 4 is an approximate
way of establishing the percent hydrogen in coal. Fig. 5 and 6
can be used for obtaining Wh,the moisture from hydrogen; Fig.
5 is approximate, Fig. 6 is exact. Heat losses due to H2 and
H20 in fuel and moisture in air are indicated in Figs. 7 and 8,
suitable for preliminary calculations.
Dry gas products, P d , are required for calculating the dry gas
loss item of the heat balance. The dry gas in Ib per million Btu
in fuel may be determined by subtracting the total water vapor
from the total products, thus:
Pd = P - (wa -k Wf)
where Wa is the moisture in air. Fig. 9 indicates the approxi-
mate percent dry gas loss. Room temperature, T,, and fuel tem-
perature, Tf, assumed 80 F.
Radiation heat loss depends on construction and condition of
walls and temperatures on both sides of the walls. Read ap-
proximation of this loss from Fig. 10.
Unburned carbon heat loss depends on the kind of coal,
method and rate of firing, furnace design, etc. To calculate this
loss, the percent carbon in the refuse must be known. For a
heat balance the combustible weight loss must be converted to
percent heat loss. This can be done by dividing the percent
solid combustible weight loss by the heat value of the fuel as
fired, and multiplying it by 14,500, the heat value for com-
bustible in refuse recommended by the A.S.M.E. Power Test
Code for Steam Generating Units PTC 4.1-1964.
5
FUEL IN PRODUCTS
HHV-High Heat Value- Btu per Lb as Fired
10,000 20,000 30,000
3000 5000 7000 9000

1.000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10,000
-
HHV- High Heat Value Btu per Lb as Fired
Fig. 1
The wide variation in excess air for a given COP, as shown by

the curves in Fig. 2, proves that it is not wise to think of C02 as
synonymous with excess air except when dealing with one particu-
lar fuel. These curves indicate that oxygen is the best indicator
of excess air for combination firing of two or more fuels.
Additional n'otes and charts on cornbustion calculations for natural
gas appear on pages 28 thru 33 and 36.
6
-
Excess Air Percent
Fig. 2
7
TOTAL MOISTURE IN FUEL
LB. PER MILLION BTU
(SURFACE AND INHERENT MOISTURE)
WC-Total Moisture-Lb per Million Btu as Fired
Fig. 3
DETERMINATION 'OF HYDROGEN IN COAL
MOISTURE FROM HYDROGEN

70
f
s a
u)
\. 50
n
x40
I
E
g 30
LL
2 20
c,
.-
v)
2 lo
Co
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Fixed Carbon /Volatile Matter
Fig. 5
9
W,-Moisture from Combustion of H2-Lb/106 Btu as Fired

Fig. 6
10
HEAT LOSSES DUE TO MOISTURE
4 4
z!
0
11
-
v)
tn
s
c
aa
Fig. 7
LOSS DUE TO MOISTURE IN AIR
Pounds of Moisture-(W,)
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Pounds of Dry Air

Fig. 8
11
12
No. of Coolad hrmoc. Walls
4 2 0
A furnace wall must have at least,one third its
projected surface covered by water cooled surface
before reduction in radiation loss is permitted. Air
through cooled walls must be used for combustion
if reduction in radiation loss is to be made.
cxample: Unit guar. for max. cont. output of 400
million 6.t.u. per hour with three water
c
4
cooled walls.
W
t Loss at 400 mill. 6.t.u. per hr. = 0.33 percent
ul
m Loss at 200 mill. 6.t.u. per hr. = 0.68 percent
0
a
0
t
0
t
5
0
6
a
0.75
0.07
TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF FUEL OILS
GRADE *NO. 1 NO. 2 NO. 4 NO. 5. NO. 6
FUEL OIL FUEL OIL FUEL OIL FUEL OIL FUEL OIL
VERY LIGHT LIGHT
TYPE DISTILLATE RESIDUAL RESIDUAL RESIDUAL
COLOR LIGHT AMBER BLACK BLACK BLACK
API Gravity, 60F 40 32 21 17 12
Specific Gravity, SO/SOF 0.8251 0.8654 0.9279 0.9529 0.986 1
Lb per U.S. Gallon, 6OF 6.870 7.206 7.727 7.935 8.212
Viscos., Centistokes, 1OOF' 1.6 2.68 15.0 50.0 360.0
Viscos., Saybolt Univ.; lOOF 31 35 77 . 232 -
CI
T
Viscos., Saybolt Furol, 122F - - - - 170
Pour Point, F Below Zero Below Zero 10 .30 65
Temp. for Pumping, F Atmospheric Atmospheric 15 min. 35 min. 100
Temp. for Atomizing, F Atmospheric Atmospheric 25 min. 130 200
Carbon Residue, Percent Trace Trace 2.5 5.0 12.0
Sulphur. Percent 0.1 0.4-0.7 0.4-1.5 2.0 max. 2.8 rnax.
Sqdimeit & Water, Percent Trace Trace 0.5 Max. 1.0 max. 2.0 max.
Aqh, Percent Trace Trace Low 0.05 0.08
Btb per Gallon
I -
137,000 141.000 146.OOO 148.000 150,000
141.5
Specific gravity at 60 F = 131.5 + API Gravitv
-
Courtesyof Humblestandard Oil Company *Kerosene
I
TYPICAL ANALYSES OF FUEL OILS
FLASH
NO. DESCRIPTION POINT
F min.
SULPHUR 0, + NP H2 C ASH
~ ~~ ~
Distillate oil intended for vapor- 100

1 izing pot-type burners and other or 0.1 0.2 13.2 86.5 Trace
burners requiring this grade Legal
Distillate oil for general purpose 100
2 domestic heating for use in or 0.7 0.2 12.7 86.4 Trace
burners not requiring No. 1 Legal
)I
I
ul This grade was dropped in 1948
and No. 4 grade was established
- - - - - -
Oil for burner installations not 130
4 equipped with any preheating or 1.50 0.48 11.9 86-10 0.02
facilities Legal
Residual-type oil for burner in- 130
5 stallations equipped with pre- or 2.00 0.70 11.7 85.55 0.05
heating facilities Legal
Oil for use in burners equipped 150
6 with preheaters, permitting a or 2.80 0.92 10.5 85.70 0.08
highMscosity fuel Legal
TYPICAL ANALYSES OF WOOD AND BAGASSE, DRY
C H* S 0 2 N P Ash HHV Btu/Lb
Cedar, white 48.8 6.4 - 44.5 - 0.4 8400*
Cypress 55.0 6.5 - 38.1 - 0.4 9870*
Fir, Douglas 52.3 6.3 - 40.5 0.1 0.8 9050
Hemlock, western 50.4 5.8 0.1 41.4 0.1 2.2 8620
Pine, pitch 59.0 7.2 - 32.7 - 1.1 11320*
white 52.6 6.1 - 41.3 - 0.1 8900*
yellow 52.6 7.0 - 40.1 - 0.3 9610*
Redwood 53.5 5.9 - 40.3 0.1 0.2 9040
Ash, white 49.7 6.9 - 43.0 - 0.3 8920*
Birch, white 49.8 6.5 - 43.5 - 0.3 8650*
~1 Hickory 49.7 6.5 - 43.1 - 0.7 8670*
Maple 50.6 6.0 - 41.7 0.3 1.4 8580
Oak, red 49.5 6.6 - 43.7 - 0.2 8690*
white 50.4 6.6 - 42.7 - 0.2 =lo*
Poplar 51.6 6.3 - 41.5 - 0.7 8920*
Bagasse, Hawaii 46.2 6.4 - 45.9 - 1.5 8160
Hawai i** 22.5 3.1 - 22.4 - 5.0 3980.
Java 46.0 6.6 - 45.6 0.2 1.7 8680
Mexico 47.3 6.1 - 45.3 7 1.3 8740
Peru 49.0 5.9 - 43.4 - 1.8 8380
Puerto Rico 44.2 6.3 - 47.7 0.4 1.4 8390
*Cfalculatedfrom high heating value of kiln-dried wood assumed to contain 8% H20.
**Diffusion process-moisture 47.0%, fibre 41.5%.
TYPICAL ANALYSIS OF BARK
Balsam Spruce Jack Birch Maple Elm Tama- Hemlock

(All (All Pine Poplar White& (Hard& soft Beech rack Eastern
Var.) Var.) Yellow Soft)
No. Samples 27 34 16 6 6 4 1 2 1 2
Heating B.t.u./Lb. 9102 8589 8930 9870 8190 7600 7635 9010 8885
Value (oven dry) 8808
Proximate Ash 2.6 3.1 2.1 3.9 2.0 4.3 8.1 7.9 4.2 2.5
Analysis:
77.4 72,7 74.3 78.9 78.5 76.1 73.1 75.2 69.5 72.0
% by wt.
Dry Fixed Carbon 20.0 24.2 23.6 17.2 19.5 19.6 18.8 16.9 26.3 25.5
Ultimate Carbon 52.8 52.1 53.4 51.8 57.4 50.4 46.9 47.5 55.2 53.6
Analysis : Hydrogen
6.1 5.7 5.9 6.5 6.7 5.9 5.3 5.5 5.9 5.8
Dryby Sulphur 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nitrogen 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.2
Ash 2.3 3.1 2.0 3.4 1.a 4.1 8.1 7.9 4.2 2.5
Oxygen 38.6 38.9 38.6 38.0 33.8 39.1 39.1 38.5 34.0 37.9
(By Diff.)
~~ ~ _ _ _ _ ~ -___
Source: The Above Data Were Obtained And Compiled By The Steam And Steam Power Committee, Technical Section, C.P.P.A.
COALS OF THE U.S.A. PROGRESSIVE STAGES OF TRANSFORMATION OF VEGETAL MAlTER INTO COAL
n
$% ANALYSIS ON DRY BASIS e
-x
FUEL CLASSIFICATION LOCALITY

3;
8. PROXIMATE ULTIMATE
P-
nCQ,
am=
G-z
-iM V.M. F.C. Ash S H C N 0

3 s
U
Wood 46.9 78.1 20.4 1.5 .. 6.0 51.4 0.1 41.0 8840
Peat Minnesota 64.3 67.3 22.7 10.0 0.4 5.3 52.2 1.8 30.3 9060
Lignite North Dakota 36.0 49.8 38.1 12.1 1.8 4.0 64.7 1.9 15.5 11040
Lignite. Texas 33.7 44.1 44.9 11.0 0.8 4.6 64.1 1.2 18.3 11080
)Ir
00 Subbituminous C Wyoming 22.3 40.4 44.7 14.9 3.4 4.1 61.7 1.3 14.6 10600
Subbituminous B Wyoming 15.3 39.7 53.6 . 6.7 2.7 5.2 67.3 1.9 16.2 12100
Subbituminous A Wyoming 12.8 39.0 55.2 5.8 0.4 5.2 73.1 0.9 14.6 12900
Bituminous High Volatile C Colorado 12.0 38.9 53.9 7.2 0.6 5.0 73.1 1.5 12.6 13060
Bituminous High Volatile B Illinois 8.6 35.4 56.2 8.4 1.8 4.8 74.6 1.5 8.9 13390
Bituminous HighVolatileA Pennsylvania 1.4 34.3 59.2 6.5 1.3 5.2 79.5 1.4 6.1 14400
Bituminous Medium Volatile West Virginia 3.4 22.2 74.9 2.9 0.6 4.9 86.4 1.6 3.6 15180
Bituminous Low Volatile West Virginia 3.6 16.0 79.1 4.9 0.8 4.8 85.4 1.5 2.6 15000
Semi-anthracite Arkansas 5.2 11.0 74.2 14.8 2.2 3.4 76.4 0.5 2.7 13140
Anthracite Pennsylvania 5.4 7.4 75.9 16.7 0.8 2.6 76.8 0.8 2.3 12740
Meta-anthracite Rhode Island 4.5 3.2 82.4 14.4 0.9 0.5 82.4 0.1 1.7 11620
COALS OF THE U.S.A.
% (Moisture'andAsh Free)
HHV, lo00 Btu/Lb

(Moisture and Ash Free)
TYPICAL-ANALYSES OF COALS OF THE U. S. A.
THESE ANALYSES ARE BASED ON MINE SAMPLES-NOT DELIVERED COAL. A prox.
Mining
R
As Soft'
Tez, O f
Grind-
ability
STATE AND COUNTY District or TYPICAL ANALYSIS-AS RECEIVED HHV (R ucing (Hard-
Seam M Vol. F. C. Ash Sul. Btullb Atm.) grove)
ALA., Jefferson Mary Lee 2.6 28.1 58.4 10.9 1.0 13,300 2850 62-87
Walker Mary Lee 3.4 30.8 52.8 13.0 0.7 12,360 2880 51-65
ARK., Franklin Denning 2.2 14.3 74.0 . 9.5 1.9 14,000 2200 99-102
COLO., El Paso Colo. Springs 22.3 33.3 38.2 6.2 0.4 8,625 2225 38-39
8 Las Animas Trinidad 2.3 29.8 58.7 9.2 0.5 13,780 2445 44-54
ILL., Franklin Franklin 10.0 32.8 49.3 7.9 1.0 11,857 2375 53-63
Williamson Williamson 8.8 32.6 51.4 7.2 1.1 12,177 2310 52-59
Sangamon Springfield 13.1 36.5 41.1 9.3 3.8 10,935 2115 54-68
St. Clair BelleviIle-Saunton 11.2 39.3 39.2 10.3 4.2 11,223 1995 57-62
Peoria Peoria 15.4 34.4 38.5 11.7 ' 3.0 10,422 1970 65-67
Fulton Fulton 16.3 35.5 37.0 11.2 2.9 10,220 1930 51-68
IND., Clay, Greene, Vigo No. 3 11.5 38.2 40.5 9.8 4.6 11,550 2125 62-66
Greene, Sullivan No. 4 13.5 33.6 45.4 7.5 0.9 11,740 2580 53-60
Greene, Sullivan, Gibson No. 5 11.2 35.7 42.6 10.5 4.2 - 11,370 2095 60
Greene, Sullivan, Knox No. 6 14.9 31.6 46.2 7.3 2.2 11,325 2065 60-65
IOWA, Appanwse, Wayne Mystic 7.3 36.0 47.5 9.2 3.8 11,500 2050 60-70
Marion. 6.5 39.0 46.7 7.8 5.0 10,200 . ... ......
Monroe 5.3 41.0 46.2 7.5 5.2 11,750 .. . . ......
Polk 10.3 38.2 39.7 11.8 5.0 10,500 2000 62-66
Boone 12.3 38.2 43.8 5.7 4.8 10,500 2200 61
KAN., Cherokee Cherokee 5.0 33.1 52.9 9.0 4.6 12,930 1950 61
Leavenworth Leavenworth 11.5 35.3 40.0 13.2 4.2 10,900 1965 70
E. KY., Floyd, Letcher, Pike Elkhorn 3.4 36.8 55.8 4.0 0.8 14,000 2425 50-60
Perry, Breathitt, Knott, Hazard No. 4 3.8 36.7 55.3 4.2 0.7 13,755 2800 45-55
Letcher
Y Harlan Harlan 3.2 36.9 56.0 3.9 0.8 13,960 2720 47-58
W. KY.,. Union, Webster, Eastern Interior) 4.8 36.7 49,5 9.0 3.3 12,490 2106 60-65
Hopkins, Muhlenburg Seam No. 9
MD., kllegany Georges Creek . 2.6 19.1 71.4 6.9 1.2 14,135 2410 95-100
MICH., Saginaw Saginaw 9.0 34.0 53.2 3.8 1.0 12,750 2200 50-67
MO., Adair Bevier 11.8 34.5 40.7 13.0 4.8 11,150 1985 72-75
MONT., Carbon Red Lodge, 11.4 35.3. 42.8 10.5 1.7 9,900 2145 50-55
Carbon Bear Creek 9.4 35.6 45.6 9.4 2.4 10,700 2050 47-56
N. MEX., McKinley San Juan 11.5 39.1 42.6 6.8 ' 0.7 11,300 2100 29-41
Santa Fe Cerillos 3.7 35.0 49.5 11.8 1.0 12,800 2350 65
TYPICAL ANALYSES OF COALS OF THE U. S. A.-Continued
- - ~~ ~ - -
THESE ANALYSES ARE BASED ON MINE SAMPLES-NOT DELIVERED COAL. A prox.

Mining Te?
R
As Soft'
Of
Grind-
ability
STATE AND COUNTY District or TYPICAL ANALYSIS-AS RECEIVED -HHV (Re uhng (Hard-
Seam M Vol. F. C. Ash Sul. Btullb Atm.) grove)
N. O., Most Middle and\ (General)
Western Counties f 38.0 26.0 30.0 6.0 0.6 6,770 2290 50
OHIO, Morgan, Noble, Meigs 'Creek

Washington, Harrison 4.0 36.0 48.5 11.5 4.2 12,250 2400 67
. Belmont Pittsburgh No. 8 5.9 37.8 46.8 9.5 4.2 12,055 2000 50-60
N
IU OKLA., Pittsburgh McAlester 2.0 37.3 56.2 4.5 0.8 13,500 2230 47-67
PENN., Luzerne & Lackawanna Northern Coal Field 3.0 6.1 82.0 8.9 0.7 13,000 3010 25-30
Dauphin, Schuylkill, Carbon Southern Coal Field 4.0 6.4 80.5 9.1 0.9 12,800 3000 35-45
Cambria Upper Kittaning 2.6 16.2 71.9 9.3 2.1 13,865 2275 85-87
{ Lower Kittaning 2.3 18.7 72.4 6.6 1.4 14,400 2640 107
Cambria J Upper Freeport 2.8 21.6 67.4 8.2 1.4 13,930 2375 87
1Lower Freeport . 2.9 22.4 67.0 7.7 1.6 13,960 2465 99
Clearfield Lower Kittaning 2.7 21.1 67.9 8.3 1.8 13,940 2485 106
{ Lower Freeport 3.1 24.8 65.2 6.9 1.6 14,025 2480 87
Upper Kittaning 2.8 17.3 71.0 8.9 1.4 13,810 2300 95-100
Somerset
{ Lower Kittaning 2.8 16.2 73.0 8.0 1.7 13,990 2500 115
Westrnoreland Redstone 2.1 33.2 53.6 11.1 2.4 13,140 2600 60-70
Allegheny Upper Freeport 2.5 34.0 54.5 9.0 2.2 13,400 2350 55-60
TENN., Campbell Jellico 3.5 36.3 52.9 7.3 1.6 13,630 2065 45-55
Bledsoe Swanee 3.2 29.3 59.7 7.8 0.8 13,500 2400 50-60
TEXAS, Bowie S.W. to La Salle Lignite Fields 33.4 40.4 17.2 9.0 1.1 7,600 2250 53-79
UTAH, Carbon Castlegate 5.5 39.2 47.8 7.5 0.6 12,500 2200 43-49
Summit Wasatch 14.0 38.0 43.0 5.0 1.4 10,700 2240 47-50
VA., Tazewell Pocahontas 2.9 21.2 71.5 4.4 0.5 14,550 2400 99-105
Wise Norton 1.4 34.1 58.5 6.0 0.8 14,250 2600 62
WASH., Kittitas Clealurn (Cle Elurn) 8.0 34.6 44.7 12.7 0.4 11,410 2500 49-52
Kittitas Roslyn 3.7 34.3 48.6 13.4 0.3 12,250 2470 52
Pierce High Vol. Carbonado 3.8 36.0 51.2 9.0 0.5 13,400 2700 69
Pierce Med. Vol. Carbonado 3.8 29.3 49.9 17.0 0.5 11,500 2700 55
W. VA., Monongahela, Fairrnont 1.8 37.6 54.1 6.5 2.2 13,850 2300 50-70
Manon, Harrison
Fayette New River 2.1 22.5 72.2 3.2 0.6 14,860 2500 90-100
Mercer Pocahontas 2.6 17.8 75.0 4.6 0.6 14,635 2375 105
Kanawha, Fayette Kanawha 1.8 35.8 55.7 6.7 0.9 13,500 2800 40-60
Mingo Thacker 2.4 35.8 56.4 5.4 0.9 14,100 2500 56
TYPICAL ANALYSES OF COALS OF THE WORLD
TYPICAL ANALYSIS-AS RECElVED HHV,
COUNTRY DISTRICT OR MINE H2O Vol FC Ash Sul CaVkg Btu/Lb
ARGENTINA Turbio River 8.6 34.8 40.9 15.7 0.9 5755 10,360
AUSTRALIA New South Wales
Western Field 2.6 30.0 52.8 14.6 0.7 6455 11,620
Southern Field 0.6 23.29 65.08 11.0 3.7 7275 13,090
Queensland 1.5 37.0 49.9 11.6 ... 6835 12,300
Victoria (Brown Coal) 66.3 17.7 15.3 0.7 0.1 2055 3,700
BELGIUM Batterie and Vidette 1.0 8.5 ' 63.5 27.0 ... 595 10,710
BRAZIL Sao Jeronimo 13.8 24.7 27.1 34.4 3.0 3665 6,600
Iu
Sao Jeronimo-
cn Washed 16.0 23.1 32.9 28.0 0.9 4205 7,570
. Butia 11.5 32.0 42.9 13.6 1.3 ... ...
CANADA Alberta-Drumheller 20.0 28.0 41.0 11.0 ... 5010 9,020
Saskatchewan-Souris 35.0 23.4 34.6 8.0 ... 4050 7,290
British Col.-Crows Nest 1.4 24.5 61.8 12.3 0.5 7420 13,360
Nova Scotia-Emery 4.0 33.7 51.6 10.7 2.5 7000 12,600
CHILE Schwager 2.9 413 52.2 3.6 0.9 7950 14,310
Lota 3.4 39.6 55.4 l.6 0.7 7900 14,220
Mafii 12.6 35.6 40.0 11.8 0.6 5620 10.120
CHINA Kailin 2.5 29.9 44.4 25.7 0.66 5720 10,300
Kew Loon:g Kieng 5.4 29.7 45.0 19.9 ... 6040 10,870
Kiaping 3.5 24.4 41.1 31.0 ... 5160 9,290
TYPICAL ANALYSES OF COALS OF THE WORLD -'continlied
TYPICAL ANMYSS
I -AS RECEIVED HHU,
COUNTRY DISTRICT OR MINE H20 Vol FC Ash Sul CaVkn Btuilb
COLOMBIA Bogota 5.3 23.4 63.7 7.6 0.8 7900 14,220
FRANCE Bethune 8.0 18.0 39.0 35.0 ... 4670 8,410
Anzin 1.6 9.2 44.3 44.9 ... 4275 7,690
GERMANY Frimmersdorf-
Westfield 60.7 20.0 16.7 2.6 0.2 2355 4,240
Saar 9.7 31.8 48.7 9.8 ... 6130 11,040
Saxony 53.1 25.3 18.1 3.5 0.9 2500 4,500
Westphalia 1.7 23.7 69.2 5.4 ... 7760 13,970
Lower Silesia 4.5 25.6 56.1 13.8 ... -
6540 11,770
UNITED KINGDOM
Wales Cardiff 1.5 11.0 85.5 2.0 0.8 8000 14,400
Arley 1.1 36.3 59.0 3.6 2.3 8155 14,680
England Durham 1.5 34.7 60.0 3.8 0.87 7410 13,340
Scotland Lanark 7.5 ~
31.8
~~ ~~ ~
56.7 4.0 0.2 7600 13.680
~ ~~~
GREECE Aliveri . 31.0 30.0 21.0 18.0 ... 3130 5,640

INDIA Bermo Seam 1.9 21.1 50.4 26.6 0.9 6010 10,820
Damodar Va Iley 4.0 12.8 41.1 42.1 0.3 4365 7,850
Trombay 7.2 20.8 44.7 27.3 1.o 5315 9,560
Umaria Field 5.3 27.1 47.8 19.8 ... 6100 10,980
Palana 41.4 29.2 23.8 5.6 . .. 3730 6,710
ITALY Sardinia 3.6 39.8 33.0 23.6 6.5 5670 10,210
JAPAN' Hiyoshi-Anttfracite 2.7 5.8 75.0 16.5 ... 6960 12,540
Hukuho 8.6 33.8 44.5 13.1 . .. 6830 12,300
Niiura 19.0 24.8 31.2 25.0 .:. 4730 8.520
MEXICO Palu 1.3 21.0 59.0 18.7 0.7 6780 12,200
PERU Chimbote 4.4 4.4 77.5 13.7 ... 4150 7,470
Goyllarisquisga 4.0 35.3 29.5 31.2 . .. 4950 8,910
POLAND Katowice 17.0 21.0 40.0 22.0 . .. . 4500 8,100
Upper Silesia 4.0 31.6 58.4 6.0 ... 7500 13,500
RUSSIA Donetz Anthracite 2.0 3.5 83.0 11.5 0.8 7170 12,910
Donetz Med. Vol. 3.5 21.0 71.0 4.5 3.6 8070 14,530
N Donetz Long Flame 7.0 40.0 31.5 21.5 5.7 6280 11,300
v
SPAIN Asturias 10.2 11.9 47.6 30.3 0.8 4960 8,930
Asturias 5.9 20.0 60.5 14.0 ... 6120 11,020
Za ragoza 19.5 34.6 25.4 20.5 ... 4000 7.200
TURKEY Raihenburg 17.1 34.9 24.8 23.2 0.5 3700 6,660
SOUTH Natal 4.2 16.6 70.5 8.7 4.18 ... ...
AFRICA Orange Free State 5.6 28.4 50.4 15.6 1.5 5910 10,640
TransvaaI 2.2 27.0 57.5 13.3 0.7 6730 12,120
VENEZUELA Barcelona 3.0 36.1 57.5 3.4 1.4 7600 13,680
Y UGOSLAVIA An atolia 1.4 29.4 51.3 17.9 1.0 6510 11,720
COMBUSTION CALCULATIONS
FOR NATURAL GAS
In view of the variable and uncertain moisture content of natural
gas, and in the absence of more'definite determinations, it has
hecome practice in the industry to assume natural gas to be dry
at 60 F and 30 in. Hg.
The calculated density of the gas can be no more accurate than

the volumetric analysis from which it was derived. A natural gas
analysis which groups all hydrocarbons as CH4 and C2Hs, or C2H6
and %He, may indicate a lower density than the actual value.
As with all other gaseous fuels, it is customary to compute the high

heating value of natural gas, in Btu per cu ft at 60 F and 30.0 in.
Hg., by adding together the heat evolved by the combustible com-
ponents reported in the gas analysis. A sample calculation is shown
on page 42 for the first gas listed in the table on the same page.
It may be necessary to correct this value (HHV), for the effects

of higher temperature and of moisture content. The Btu/Ib, (HHV)t
at temperature t, is given by the formula
(HHV)t = M(HHV)m +N
where the values of M and N are read from Fig. 12
The curves in Fig. 13 show the relationship between air weight,

Cop, Oxygen and excess air in the combustion of natural gas at
60 F. They are drawn for standard atmospheric air containing
0.013 Ib. of moisture per Ib. of dry air. If the gas is a t a higher
temperature t, the air weight A, read .from the curves must be
corrected by the following equation to find the true air weight A,:
where Ws is the moisture in the fuel in Ib. of water vapor per Ib.
of dry gas (usually taken to be zero).
For natural gas at 60 F, the moisture produced by the combustion

of hydrogen in the fuel, M, can be read from Fig. 14 in Ib. per
million Btu fired. If the gas is at a higher temperature, the same
correction applied to the air weight is used to obtain the true mois-
ture, ( W t :
28
HHVm
(Wh)t = Wh (HHV)t(l + Ws)
Any moisture contained in the fuel will also appear in the products
of combustion. Fig. 15 shows the amount of this moisture in Ib.
per million Btu fired.
HEATING VALUE CORRECTION '
-
FOR NATURAL GAS al

1.00 =
I- 0.95
2
0
&
W
a
0.90 g
t)
w
I40 0.85.2
=t 120 0.80 w
2
0 0
c
b
W
100 0.75 2
I
80
60
40
20
I100
0 .I 60
0 0.10 0.20 0.30
Ws - WATER VAPOR, LB/LB DRY GAS
Fig. 12
29
0 100 200 300
Sum of Products
(Percent by Vol. of each Component) x (Corresponding Coefficient)
CO2 + CH, + 2C2Hs +3 C 3 h + G H l o + 5CsH12
30
VSm EXCESS AIR FOR NATURAL GAS
IN NATURAL GAS
32
WATER VAPOR IN FUEL GAS
HHV-HIGH HEAT VALUE-BTU PfR LB AS FIRED

Fig. 15
33
-
COMBUSTION
from COMBUSTION -
Combustion Constants of
c02
Formedl
0 2Reqd.! Cu Ft
Cu Ft of Dry
Chemical of Dry Gas, Gas,
Formula Cu Ft Cu Ft
Gas
Oxygen 02 ... . . .
Nitrogen (atmospheric) N2 . I . . . .
Air .. ... ...
Carbon dioxide c02 ... . . .
Water vapor H20 0 . . . * .
Hydrogen H2 0.5 ...
Hydrogen sulfide H2S 1.5 l.O**
Carbon monoxide co 0.5
~~
1 .o
-~ ~
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Methane CH4 2.0 1.o
Ethane C2H6 3.5 2.0
Propane C3H8 5.0 3.0
Butane C4H10 6.5 4.0
Penta ne C5H12 8.0 5.0
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
or llluminants
Ethylene C2H4 3.0 2.0
PropyIene C3H6 4.5 3.0
Butylene C4H8 6.0 4.0
Penty lene C5HlO 7.5 5.0
Acetylene CzHz 2.5 2.0
Benzene C6H6 7.5 6.0
Toluene C7H8 9.0 7.0
**SO2 rather than CO2
34
. CONSTANTS
Fossil Power Systems 1981
Dry Gases at 60" F and 30 In. Hg

H20
Formed/
Cu Ft
of Dry Density
Gas, of Dry Gas, -HHV of Dry Gas-
Cu Ft Lb/Cu Ft Btu/Cu Ft* Btu/Lb
... 0.0846 1 . . . . . .
... 0.07439 . . . ...
. . I 0.07655 ... . . .
... 0.1170 ... . . .
... 0.04758 ... . .. ..
1.o 0.005327 325 60,991

1.o 0.09109 647 7,100
... 0.07404 32 1 4,323
2.0 0.04246 1014 23,896

3.0 0.08029 1789 22,282
4.0 0.1196 2573 21,523
5.0 0.1582 3392 21,441
6.0 0.1904 4200 22,058
2.0 0.07421 1614 21,647

3.0 0.1110 2383 21,464
4.0 0.1480 3190 21,552
5.0 0.1852 4000 21,600
1.o 0.06971 1488 21,344
3.0 0.2060 3930 19,068
4.0 0.2431 4750 19,537
*if gas is saturated with moisture at 60°F and
30.0 in. Hg. reduce by 1.74%.
35
NATURAL GAS ANALYSIS AND BTU CALCULATION
PERCENT BY VOLUME DENSITY HIGH HEAT VALUE
co* N2 .H2S CH, C2Hb CsHs C4H,o C5H1, LB/CU FT BTU/CU FT BTU/LB
5.50 .... 7.00 77.73 5.56 2.40 1.18 0.63 0.05621 1061 18880
3.51 32.00 0.50 52.54 3.77 2.22 2.02 3.44 0.06610 874 13220
26.2 0.7 .... 59.2 13.9 .... .... .... 0.06747 849 12580
0.17 87.69 .... 10.50 1.64 .... .... .... 0.07120 136 1907
0.20 0.60 .... 99.20 .... .... .... .... 0,04491 1006 22410
.... 0.60 .... .... 79.40 20.00 .... .... 0.08812 1935 21960
.... 0.50 .... .... 21.80 77.70 .... .... 0.11079 2389 21560
w PERCENT BY CU FT PER COMPONENT

OI VOLUME. DRY CU FT OF GAS BTU PER CU FT BTU/CU FT
Hydrogen sulfide, H2S 7.00 0.0700 X 647 -
- 45
Methane, CH, 77.73 0.7773 X 1014.6 -
- 789
Ethane, C2Hs 5.56 0.0556 X 1789 -
- 99
Propane, C3H8 2.40 0.0240 X 2573 -
- 62
Butane, C4Hlo 1.18 0.0118 X 3392 -
- 40
Pentane, C5H12 0.63 0.0063 X 4200 -
- 26
Heating Value of Dry Gas at 60 F - 1061 Btu/Cu Ft
H20 from Combustion of Hydrogen:

Lb/106Btu = w h =
47,300(HZS + 2CH4 + 3CZHs + 4C3H8 + 5C4Hlo + 6C5H12)
Btu per cu ft at 60 F and 30 in Hg, dry
INSTANTANEOUS SPECIFIC HEAT OF WET'
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF TYPICAL FUELS
(AT CONSTANT PRESSURE)
RECOMMENDED EQUIPMENT AND FUEL SIZING
NO. 3 BUCKWHEAT (Barley). All through a 3/16 inch
round hole screen and not more than 15% through a
3/32 inch round hole screen.
/WMWTE NO. 4 BUCKWHEAT. All through a 3/32 inch round
hole screen and not more than 15%through a 3/64
inch round hole screen and not more than 3% through
a 100 mesh screen.
AH through a 5/8 inch round hole screen and not more
than 50% nor less than 25% through a 1/8 inch round
hole screen. Should contain 8 to 10% moisture and not
BREEZE less than 2% volatile matter.
FUEL TO BE DELIVERED ACROSS STOKER HOPPERS
WITHOUT SEGREGATION.
1 lNCH NUT AND SLACK, not more than 50% Slack
MID-WESTERN through 1/4 inch round hole screen. Bituminous Coal
BITUMINoUS
should be tempered up to 15% moisture.
COAL AND FUEL TO BE DELIVERED ACROSS STOKER HOPPERS
LIGNITE
WITHOUT SEGREGATION.
~~
EASTERN 1=1/4OR 14/2 INCH NUT AND SUCK, not more than
BlTUMINOUS 50% Slack through a 1/4 inch round hole screen.
COAL FUEL TO BE DELIVERED ACROSS STOKER HOPPERS
(Friable) WITHOUT SEGREGATION.
EASTERN
(Non-Friable) 3/4 INCH NUT AND SLACK, not more than 50% Slack
AND through a 1/4 inch round hole screen.
MID-WESTERN FUEL TO BE DELIVERED ACROSS STOKER HOPPERS
BITUMINOUS WITHOUT SEGREGATION.
COAL
EASTERN
BITUMINOUS 2 INCH NUT AND SLACK, not more than 50% Slack
COAL through a 1/4 inch round hole screen.
#ria ble)
EASTERN
(Non-Friable)
AND
' 1 INCH TO 1-1/2 INCH NUT AND SLACK, not more
MID-WESTERN than 50% Slack through a 1/4 inch round hole screen.
BITUMINOUS
COAL
BITUMINOUS
AND SUB- All size variations between 1/4 inch x 0 inch and 2
inch x 0 inch.
61TUMlNoUS
COALS
AND LIGNITE
38
CAPACITY CHARTS FOR
COAL-C-E PULVERIZERS
Fig. 17
39
COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS
IN AIR QUALITY CONTROL
Particulate
1Milligram/cu m = 28.32 Micrograms/cu ft
62.43 x 10:' Pounds/cu ft
1Microgram/cu m = 0.001blilligrams/cu m
4.37 x 10-'Grams/cu ft
1Pound/cu ft = 16.02 x 166Milligrams/cu m
16.02 Grams/Liter
7.06 x lO'Grains/cu ft
1Grain/cu ft = 2.29 x lo6Micrograms/cu m
1.43 x lo-' Pounds/cu ft
\
I
Gases
*mw
1PPM by volume = 24.04 Micrograms/liter
mw Micrograms/cu m
0.02404
mw
PPM byweight
28.8
mw Pounds/cu ft
385.1 x lo6
0.375 Milligrams SO,/cu m
1000 PPM by volume = 2.50 Pounds SO,/lO' Btu**
Velocity
1Meter/Sec = 3.281 Ft/Sec
-1Liter/Min = 0.03531 Cubic Ft/Min
1Cubic Meter/Hr = 0.588 Cubic Ft/Min
Liquid-Gas Ratio
10Gal/Min Lbs Liq
1000Cu Ft/Min
= 1.50
Lbs Gas
L/Min
*37M3/Min
* mw = Molecular Weight of Gas
** Based on 3% Sulfur Coal @ 40T/Hr/100 Megawatts and 12,000 Btu/Lb
40
Recommended Boiler Water Limits and Associated Steam Purity
Drum-Type Boilers
Range of Range of Range of
Drum Total Dissolved Solids' Total Alkalinity2 Suspended Solids Total Dissolved Solidsz
PreSSUIl! in Boiler Water in Boiler Water in Boiler Water in Steam
Psig PPm PPm ppm (Maximum) ppm
0-300 700-3500 140-700 15 0.2-1.0
301-450 600-3000 120-600 10 0.2-1.0
451-600 500-2500 100-500 8 0.2-1.0
601-750 400-2000 80-400 6 0.2-1.0
751-900 300-1 500 60-300 4 0.2-1.0
p, 901-1000 250-1250 50-250 2 0.2-1.0
0.2-1.0
1001-1800 100 Note (3) 1 0.10
1801-2350 50 NIA 0.10
2351-2600 25 N/A 0.05
2601-2900 15 N/A 0.05
Once-Through Boilers
1400 and Above 0.05 NIA NiA 0.05
Notes: 1. Actual values within the range reflect the TDS in the feedwater. Highervalues are for high solids; lower values are for low solids
in the feedwater. !
2. Actual values within the range are directly proportional to the actual value of TOS of boiler water. Higher values are for the high
solids; lower values are for low solids in the boiler water.
3. Dictated by boiler water treatment.
4. These values are exclusive of silica.
ENTHALPY, B.T.U. PER LB.
1400 I I
1400
I I I I m
d c)
D
G3
am
sE m
W
;13
rn
c
m
G)
%
m
7
a
m
v)
=o 400 I I- . u I I ' T E T F € R n l I T U R E - O F ! I
I I I I 4Q4
(-I I I I I I ccn
PO
.
... ...
IIBSOLUTE PESSURE. psin
SATURATION TEMP., DEG. FAHR.

PROPERTIES OF HIGH PRESSURE
SUPERHEATED STEAM
PSlA 900 F 1000 F 1100 F 1200 F
V 0.6250 0.6845 0.7418 0.7974
1200 h 1440.9 1499.4 1556.9 1614.2
S 1.5883 1.6298 1.6679 1.7035
V 0.3988 0.4426 0.4836 0.5229
1800 h 1417.1 1480.6 1541.4 1601.2
S 1.5302 1.5753 1.6156 1.6528
V 0.2850 0.3214 0.3545 0.3856
2400 h 1391.2 1460.9 1525.6 1588.1
S 1.4837 1.5332 1.5761 1.6149
V 0.1987 0.2301 0.2576 0.2827
3200 h 1353.4 1433.1 1503.8 1570.3
S 1.4300 1.4866 1.5335 1.5749
v 0.1764 0.2066 0.2326 0.2563
3500 h 1338.2 1422.2 1495.5 1563.6
S 1.4112 1.4709 1.5194 1.5618
V 0.1463 0.1752 0.1994 0.2210
4OOo h 1311.6 1403.6 1481.3 1552.2
S 1.3807 1.4461 1.4976 1.5417
V 0.1038 0.1312 0.1529 0.1718
5000 h 1252.9 1364.6 1452.1 1529.1
S 1.3207 1.4001 1.4582 1.5061
v 0.0757 0.1020 0.1221 I 0.1391
60oo h 1188.8 1323.6 1422.3 1505.9
S 1.2615 1.3574 1.4229 1.4748
~ ~~
V 0.0465 0.0671 0.0845 0.0989

&(Joo h 1074.3 1241.0 1362.2 1459.6
S 1.1613 1.2798 1,3603 1.4208
V 0.0362 0.0495 0.0633 0.0757
10,Ooo h 1011.3 1172.6 1305.3 1415.3
S 1.1039 1.2185 1.3065 1.3749
Values from A.S.M.E. Steam Tables 0 1967 by the American Society
of Mechanical Engineers.
43
PROPERTIES OF WATER
ABSOLUTE SPECIFIC VOLUME ENTHALPY
PRESSURE
LB./SQ. TEMP. SAT. SAT. SAT. SAT.
IN. FAHR. LIQUID VAPOR LIQUID VAPOR
P t Vf vs hf hg
1 101.74 0.01614 333.60 69.73 1105.8
5 162.24 0.01641 73.532 130.20 1131.1
10 193.21 0.01659 38.420 161.26 1143.3
14.696 212.00 0.01672 26.799 180.17 1150.5
15 213.03 0.01673 26,290 181.21 1150.9
20 227.96 0.01683 20.087 196.27 1156.3 1
1
25 240.07 0.01692 16.301 208.52 1160.6 1
30 250.34 0.01701 13.744 218.9 1164.1

35 259.29 0.01708 1 1.896 228.0 1167.1
40 ~
267.25 0.01715 10.497 236.1 ~
1169.8
45 274.44 0.01722 9.399 243.5 1172.0
50 . 281.02 0.01727 8.514 250.2 1174.1
55 287.08 0.0 1733 7.785 256.4 1175.9
60 292.71 0.01738 7.174 262.2 1177.6
65 297.98 0.01743 6.653 267.6 1179.1
70 302.93 0.01748 6.205 272.7 1180.6
75 307.61 0.01753 5.814 277.6 1181.9
80 312.04 0.01757 5.471 282.1 1183.1
85 316.26 0.01762 5.167 286.5 1184.2
90 320.28 0.01766 4.895 290.7 1185.3
95 324.13 0.0177 4.651 294.7 1186.2
100 327.82 0.01774 4.431 298.5 1187.2
105 331.37 0.01778 4.231 302.2 1188.0
110 334.79 0.01782 4.048 305.8 1188.9
115 338.08 0.01785 3.881 309.3 1189.6
120 341.27 0.01789 3.728 312.6 1190.4
125 344.35 0.01792 3.586 31'5.8 1191.1
130 347.33 0.01796 3.454 319.0 1191.7
135 350.23 0.01799 3.333 322.0 1192.4
140 353.04 0.01803 3.219 325.0 1193.0
145 355.77 0.01806 3.113 327.8 1193.5
150 358.43 0.01809 3.014 330.6 1194.1
155 361.02 0.01813 2.921 333.4 1194.6
160 363.55 0.01815 2.834 336.1 1 195.1
165 366.02 0.01819 2.7515 338.7 1195.6
170 368.42 0.01821 2.674 341.2 1196.0
44
AND SATURATED STEAM
PRESSURE
P t Vf v€! hf ~ ~~
hg
175 370.78 0.01825 2.601 343.7 1196.5
180 373.08 0.01827 2.531 346.2 1196.9
185 375.33 0.01831 2.466 348.6 1197.3
190 377.53 0.01833 2.403 350.9 1197.6
195 379.69 0.01836 2.344 353.3 1198.0
200 381.80 0.01839 2.287 355.5 1198.3
210 385.91 0.01844 2.182 359.9 1199.0
220 389.88 0.01850 2.086 364.2 1199.6
230 393.70 0.01855 1.9984 368.3 1200.1
240 397.39 0.01860 1.9177 372.3 1200.6
250 400.97 0.01865 1.8432 376.1 1201.1
260 404.44 0.01870 1.7742 379.9 1201.5
270 407.80 0.01875 1,.7101 383.6 1201.9
280 411.07 0.01880 1.6505 387.1 1202.3
290 414.25 0.01885 1.5948 390.6 1202.6
300 417.35 0.01889 1.5427 394.0 1202.9
310 420.36 0.01894 1.4939 397.3 1203.2
320 423.31 0.01899 1.4480 400.5 1203.4
330 426.18 0.01903 1.4048 403.7 1203.6
340 428.99 0.01908 1.3641 406.8 1203.8
350 431.73 0.01912 1.3255 409.8 1204.0
360 434.41 0.01917 1.2891 412.8 1204.1 '
370 437.04 0.01921 1.2546 415.7 1204.3,

380 439.61 0.01925 1.2218 418.6 1204.4
39q: 442.13 0.01930 1.1906 421.4 1204.5
400 444.60 0.01934 1.1610 424.2 1204.6.
410 447.02 0.01938 1.1327 426.9 1204.7
420 449.40 0.01942 1.1057 429.6 1204.7
430 451.74 0.01946 1.0800 432.2 1204.8
440 454.03 0.01950 1.0553 434.8 1204.8
450 456.28 0.01954 1.0318 437.3 1204.8
460 458.50 0.01959 1.0092 439.8 1204.8
470 460.68 0.01963 0.9876 442.3 1204.8
480 46282 0.01967 0.9668 444.7 1204.8
490 464.93 0.01971 0.9468 447.2. 1204.7
500 467.01 0.01975 0.9276 449.5 1204.7
45
PROPERTIES OF WATER
PRESSURE
P t Vf vg hf hg
510 469.05 0.01978 0.9092 451.9 1204.6
520 471.07 0.01982 0.8914 454.2 1204.5
530 473.05 0.01986 0.8742 456.5 1204.5
540 475.01 0.01990 0.8577 458.7 1204.4
550 476.94 0.01994 0.8418 460.9 1204.3
560 478.84 0.01998 0.8264 463.1 1204.2
570 480.72 0.02002 0.8115 465.3 1204.1
580 482.57 0.02006 0.7971 467.5 1203.9
590 484.40 0.02009 0.7832 469.6 1203.8.
600 486.20 0.02013 0.7698 471.7 1203.7
620 489.74 0.02021 0.7441 475.8 1203.4
640 493.19 0.02028 0.7200 479.9 1203.0
660 496.57 0.02036 0.6972 483.9 1202.7
680 499.86 0.02043 0.6758 487.8 1202.3
700 503.08 0.02050 0.6556 491.6 1201.8
725 507.01 0.02060 0.6318 496.3 1201.3
750 510.84 0.02069 0.6095 500.9 1200.7
775 514.56 0.02078 0.5886 505.4 1200.1
800 518.21 0.02087 0.5690 509.8 1199.4
825 521.76 0.02096 0.5505 514.2 1198.7
850 525.24 0.02105 0.5330 518.4 1198.0
875 528.63 0.02114 0.5165 522.6 1197.2
900 531.95 0.02123 0,5009 526.7 1196.4
925 535.20 0.02132 0.4861 530.8 1195.6
950 538.39 0.02141 0.4721 534.7 1194.7
975 541.52 0.02150 0.4587 538.7 1193.9
1000 544.58 . 0.02159 0.4460 542.6 1192.9
1050 550.53 0.02177 0.4223 550.1 119.1 .o
1100 556.28 0.02195 0.4006 557.5 1189.1
1150 561.82 0.02214 0.3807 564.8 1187.0
1200 567.19 0.02232 0.3625 571.9 1184.8
1250 572.38 0.02250 0.3456 578.8 1182.6
1300 577.42 0.02269 0.3299 585.6 1180.2
1350 582.32 0.02288 0.3154 592.3 1177.8
1400 587.07 0.02307 0.3018 598.8 1175.3
1450 591.70 0.02327 0.2891 605.3 1172.8
46
AND SATURATED STEAM
I
PRESSURE
~
I
P t Vf V% hf hg
1500 596.20 0.02346 0.2772 611.7 1170.1
1550 600.59 0.02366 0.2660 618.0 1167.4
1600 604.87 0.02387 0.2555 624.2 1164.5
1650 609.05 0.02407 0.2455 630.4 1161.6
1700 613.13 0.02428 0.2361 636.5 1158.6
1750 617.12 0.02450 0.2271 642.5 1155.6
1800 621.02 0.02472 0.2186 648.5 1152.3
1850 624.83 0.02495 0.2 105 654.5 1149.0
I 1900 628.56 0.02517 0.2028 660.4 1145.6
1950 632.22 0.02541 0.1954 666.3 1142.0
I 2000 635.80 0.02565 0.1883 672.1 1 138.3
2050 639.32 0.0259 0.1815 678.0 1134.5
2100 642.76 0.02615 0.1750 683.8 1130.5
2150 646.13 0.02642 (1.1688 689.7 1126.5
2200 649.45 0.02669 0.1627 695.5 1122.2
2250 652.69 0.02698 0.1569 701.3 11 17.8
2300 655.89 0.02727 0.1513 707.2 11 13.2
.2350 659.03 0.02758 0.1460 713.1 1108.6
2400 662.11 0.02790 0.1408 719.0 1103.7
2450 665.14 0.02824 0.1357 725.3 1098.7
2500 668.11 0.02859 0.1307 731.7 1093.3
2550 671.04 0.02898 0.1258 738.1 1087.8
2600 673.91 0.02938 0.1211 744.5 1082.0
2650 676.74 0.02982 0.1165 750.9 1076.0
2704 679.53 0.03029 0.1119 757.3 1069.7
2750 682.26 0.03080 0.1075 764.0 1063.0
2800 684.96 0.03134 0.1031 770.7 1055.8
2850 687.62 0.03195 0.0986 777.8 1048.2
2900 690.22 0.03262 0.0942 785.1 1039.8
2950 692.79 0.03339 0.0897 793.1 1030.7
3000 695.33 0.03428 0.0850 801.8 1020.3
3050 697.82 0.03538 0.0800 811.9 1008.2
3100 700.28 0.03681 0.0745 824.0 993.3
3150 702.70 0.03901 0.0679 840.5 972.9
3200 705.08 0.04472 0.0566 875.5 931.6
3208.2 705.47 0.05078 0.05078 906.0 906.0
PROPERTIES OF HOT FINISHED SEAMLESS STEEL AND ELECTRIC RESISTANCE
WELDED STEEL TUBES, ASME SPECIFICATIONS SA192, SA178A
STRENGTH WELDED INTO HEADERS AND DRUMS FOR TUBES ABSORBING HEAT
IN WATER TUBE UNITS WITH STRESS ALLOWANCE OF 11,500 PSI AT 700 F
O.D., IN. MINIMUM TUBE WALL THICKNESS-IN.
SQ FT MINIMUM, IN. .095 .lo5 .110 .120 .125 .135 .150 ,165 .180 200
PER FT AVERAGE, IN. .114 .123 .129 .141 .147 .159 .176 .192 .210 .228
1 Allow. press., psi 2260 2490 2610 2830 2950 - - - - -
Inside diam., in. 0.772 0.753 0.742 0.718 0.706 - - - - -
Int. area, sq ft 0.00325 0.00309 0.003000.00281 0.00272 - - - - -
0.262 Lb per ft-tube 1.037 1.128 1.176 1.263 1.309 - - - - -
Lb-per ft-water 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 - - - - -
1% Allow. press., psi 1760 1980 2090 2290 2380 2560 2830 - - -
8 Inside diam.. in. 1.022 1.004 0.992 0.968 0.956 0.932 0.898 - - -
Int. area, sq’ft 0.00569 0.00550 0.005360.00511 0.00498 0.00473 0.00439 - -
0.327 Lb per ft-tube 1.328 1.448 1.513 1.628 1.691 1.803 1.971 - -
Lb per ft-water 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.28 - -
1% Allow. press., psi 1430 1600 1690 1870 1960 2140 2380 2610 2830 -
Inside diam., in. 1.272 1.254 1.242 1.218 1.206 1.182 1.148 1.116 1.080 -
Int. area, sq ft 0.00882 0.00857 0.00841,0.00809 0.00793 0.00762 0.00718 0.00679 0.00636 -
0.393 Lb per ft-tube, 1.619 1.769 1.849 1.994 2.072 2.214 2.427 2.646 2.847 -L
Lb per ft-water 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.40 -
1% Allow. press., psi 1200 1340 1420 1570 1640 1790 2020 2250 2440 2700
Inside diam., in. 1.522 1.504 1.492 1.468 1.4 56 1.432 1.398 1.366 1.330 1.294
Int. area, sq ft 0.0126 0.0123 0.0121 0.0117 0.0115 0.B111 0.0106 0.0102 0.00964 0.00913
0.458 Lb per ft-tube 1.910 2.089 2.185 2.360 2.454 2.625 2.884 3.151 3.397 3.720
Lb per ft-water 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.57
SQ FT MINIMUM, IN. .095 .lo5 ,110 .120 .125 .135 .150 .165 .180 .m
PER FT AVERAGE, IN. .114 .123 .129 .141 .147 .159 .176 .192 ,210 .228
2 Allow. press., psi 1020 1150 1210 1340 1410 1540 1740 1940 2140 2380
Inside diarn., in. 1.772 1.753 1.742 1.718 1.706 1.682 1.648 1.616 1.580 1.544
Int. area, sq ft 0.0171 0.0168 0.0165 0.0161 0.0159 0.0154 0.0148 0.0142 0.0136 0.0130
0.524. Lb per ft-tube 2.201 2.409 2.522 2.726 2.836 3.036 3.340 3.656 3.947 4.331
Lb per ft-water 1.08 1.05 1.04 1.01 1.oo 0.97 0.93 0.89 0.86 0.81
2% Allow. press., psi 950 1070 1130 1250 1310 1430 1620 1810 2000 2240
Inside diam., in. 1.897 1.879 1.867 1.843 1.831 1.807 1.773 1.741 1.705 1.669
lnt. area, sq ft 0.0196 0.0192 0.0190 0.0185 0.0183 0.0178 0.0171 0.0165 0.0158 0.0152
0.556 Lb per ft-tube 2.347 2.570 2.690 2.909 3.027 3.242 3.569 3.908 4.222 4.637
Lb per ft-water 1.24 1.21 1.19 1.16 1.15 1.12 1.08 1.04 1.oo 0.94
8 2% Allow. press., psi 890 1000 1060 1170 1230 1340 1520 1690 1870 ’ 2110
Inside diarn., in. 2.022 2.004 1.992 1.968 1.956 1.932 1.898 1.866 1.830 1.794
Int. area, sq ft 0.0223 0.0219 0.0216 0.0211 0.0209 0.0203 0.0196 0.0190 0.0183 0.0175
0.589 Lb per fl-tube 2.492 2.730 2.858 3.092 3.218 3.447 3.797 4.160 4.497 4.943
Lb per ft-water 1.40 1.37 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.28 1.23 1.19 1.15 1.09
2% Allow. press., psi 790 ,890 940 1040 1090 1190 1340 1500 1660 1870
Inside diam., in. 2.272 2.254 2.242 2.218 2.206 2.182 2.148 2.116 2.080 2.044
Int. area, sq ft 0.0281 0.0277 0.0274 0.0268 0.0265 0,0260 0.0251 0.0244 0.0236 0.0228
0.655 Lb per ft-tube 2.783 3.050 3.195 3.457 3.600 3.859 4.253 4.665 5.047 5.554
Lb per ft-water 1.77 1.74 1.72 1.68 1.67 1.63 1.58 1.53 1.48 1.42
3 Allow. press., psi - 720 760 840 880 960 1090 1210 1340 1520
Inside diam., in. - 2.754 2.742 2.718 2.706 2,682 2.648 2.616 2.580 2.544
Int. area, sq. ft - 0.0414 0.0410 0.0403 0.0399 0.0392 0.0382 0.0373 0.0363 0.0353
0.785 Lb per ft-tube - 3.691 3.867 4.189 4.363 4.681 5.167 5.674 6.147 6.777
Lb per ft-water - 2.59 2.56 2.53 2.50 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.20
SQ FT MINIMUM, IN. .095 -105 . .110 .120 .125 .135 .1M .165 .180 .m
PER FT AVERAGE, IN. .114 .123. .129 ,141 .147 .159 .176 .192 .210 .228
334 AHow. press., psi - - - 760 800 880 990 1110 1220 1380
IInside diam:, in. - - - 2.968 2.956 2.932 2.898 2.866 2.830 2.794
Ilnt. area, sq ft - - - 0.0480 0.0476 0.0468 0.0458 0.0448 0.0437 0.0426
0.851 I-b per ft-tube - - - 4.555 4.745 5.092 5.623 6.179 6.697 7.389
-I,b per ft-water - - - 3.01 2.99 2.94 2.87 2.81 2.74 2.65
g 3% . IMow. press., psi
IInside diam., in.
-
-
-
-
- 700 730 800 910
- 3.218 3.206 3.182 3.148 3.116
1020 1120
3.080
1270
3.044
Ilnt. area, sq ft - - - 0.0565 0.0560 0.0552 0.0540 0.0529 0.0517 0.0505
0.916 ILb per ft-tube - - - 4.921 5.127 5.503 6.08 6.683 7.247 8.000
-I,b per &water - - - 3.54 3.51 3.46 3.39 3.31 3.24 3.15
4 1Rllow. press., psi - - - - - 680 780 870 960 1090
IInside diam., in, - - - - - 3.682 3.648 3.616 3.580 3.544
IInt. area, sq ft - - - - - 0.0739 0.0726 0.0713 0.0699 0.0685
1.047 ILb per ft-tube - - - - - 6326 6.993 7.693 8.347 9.223
-ILb per ft-water - - - - - 4.63 4.55 4.46 4.38 4.27
4% 1Mow. press., psi - - - - - - 670 760 840 950
IInside diam., in, -
-
- - - - - 4.148 4.116 4.080 4.044
IInt. area, sq ft - - - - - 0.0938 0.0924 0.0908 0.0892
1.178 ILb per ft-tube -
- -
- -
-
-
- - - 7.906 8.702 9.447 10.45
I
ILb per ft-water - - 5.87 5.78 5.68 5.56
PROPERTIES OF HOT FINISHED SEI MLESS STEEL AND ELECTRIC RESISTAD
WELDED STEEL TUBES, ASME SPECIFICATIONS SA192, SAl78A
STRENGTH WEWED INTO HEADERS AND DRUMS FOR TUBES ABSORBING HEAT
SQ Fr MINIMUM, IN.
PER FT AVERAGE, IN.
.220 .240 .m .260 .a0 .300 .320 ,340 .360 ,380
.251 .274 .285 296 .319 342 365 ,388 .410 ,433
1% Allow. press., psi 2960 - - - - - - - - -
Inside diarn., in. 1.248 - - - - - - - - -
Int. area, sq ft 0.00849
-
- -
-
- - - - - - -
0.458 Lb per ft-tube 4.018 d - - - - - -
Lb per ft-water 0.53 - - - - - - - - i
u l 2 Allow. press., psi 2610 2830 2950 - - - - - - -

c.r Inside diam., in. 1.498 1.452 1.430 - - - - - - -
Int. area, sq ft 0.0122 0.0115 0.0111 - - - - - - -
0.524 Lb per ft-tube 4.689 5.051 5.235 - - - - - - -
Lb per ft-water 0.76 0.72 0.69 - - - - - - -
2% Allow. press., psi 2460 2670 2780 2890 - - - - - -
Inside diam., in. 1.623 1.577 1.555 1.533 -
-
-
-
- - - -
Int. area, sq ft 0.0144 0.0135 0.0132 0.0128 - - - -
0.556 Lb per ft-tube 5.024 5.417 5.617 5.798 - - - - - -
Lb per ft-water 0.89 0.84 0.82 0.80 - - - - - -
2% Allow. press., psi 2330 2530 2630 2730 2940 - - - - -
Inside diam., in. 1.748 1.702 1.680 1.658 1.612 - - - - -
Int. area, sq ft 0.0167 0.0158 0.0154 0.0149 0.0141 - - - - -
0.589 Lb per ft-tube 5.359 5.782 5.999 6.195 6.596 - - - - -
Lb per ft-water 1.04 0.98 0.96 0.93 0.88 - - - - -
SQ FT MINIMUM, IN. .220 .240 .250 .260 .280 .300 ,320 .340 3 0 .380
PER FT AVERAGE, IN. .251 .274 .285 296 .319 .342 365 .388 .410 ,433
2% Allow. press., psi 2090 2290 2380 2470 2650 2830 3020 - - -
Inside diam., in. 1.998 1.952 1.930 1.908 1.862 1.816 1.770 - - -
Int. area, sq .ft 0.0218 0.0208 0.0203 0.0198 0.0189 0.0179 0.0171 - - -
0.655 Lb per @-tube 6.029 6.514 6.763 .6.988 7.450 7.902 8.342 - - -
Lb per ft-water 1.36 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.18 1.12 1.06 - - -
VI 3 Allow. press., psi 1690 1870 1960 2050 2230 2380 2530 2680 2830 -
Iu Inside diam., in. 2.498 2.452 2.430 2.408 2.362 2.316 2.270 2.221 2.180 -
Int. area, sq ft 0.0340 0.0328 0.0322 0.0316 0.0304 0.0292 0.0281 0.0270 0.0259 -
0.785 Lb per ft-tube 7.369 7.977 8.290 8.574 9.159 9.733 10.30 10.85 11.36 -
Lb per ft-water 2.12 2.04 2.00 1.97 1.89 1.82 1.75 1.68 1.61 -
3% . Allow. press., psi 1540 1700 1790 1870 2040 2200 2340 2480 2630 2770
Inside diam., in. 2.748 2.702 2.680 2.658 2.612 2.566 2.520 2.474 2.430 2.384
Int. area, sq ft 0.0412 0.0398 0.0392 0.0385 0.0372 0.0359 0.0346 0.0334 0.0322 0.0310
0.851 Lb per ft-tube 8.039 8.709 9.053 9.367 10.01 10.65 11.27 11.89 12.46 13.05
Lb per ft-water 2.56 2.48 2.44 2.41 2.32 2.23 2.16 2.08 2.00 1.93'
3% Allow. press., psi 1420 1570 1640 1720 1870 2020 2180 2310 2440 2570
Inside diam., in. 2.998 2.952 2.930 2.908 2.862 2.816 2.770 2.724 2.680 2.634
Int. area, sq ft 0.0490 0.0475 0.0468 0.0461 0.0447 0.0432 0.0418 0.0405 0.0392 0.0378
0.916 Lb per ft-tube 8.710 9.440 9.817 10.16 10.87 11.56 12.25 12.92 13.56 14.21
Lb per ft-water 3.05 2.96 2.91 2.87 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.52 2.44 2.35
SQ FT' MINIMUM, IN. .ZO .240 ,250 .260 ,280 .320 .340 3 0 .380
PER FT AVERAGE, IN. .Zl ,274 .285 .296 .319 .342 3 5 .388 .410 .433
4 Allow. press., psi 1210 1340 1410 1470 1600 1740 1870 2000 2140 2260
Inside diarn., in. 3.498 3.452 3.430 3.408 3.362 3.316 3.270 3.224 3.180 3.134
Int. area, sq ft 0.0667 0.0650 0.0642 0.0633 0.0616 0.0600 0.0583 0.0567 0.0551 0.0536
1.047 Lb per ft-tube 10.05 10.90 11.34 11.75 12.58 13.40 14.20 l'S.00 15.75 16.53
Lb per ft-water 4.16 4.05 4.00 3.94 3.84 3.73 3.63 3.53 3.43 3.33
4% Allow. press., psi 1060 1170 1230 1290 1400 1520 1630 1750 1870 1990
Inside diarn., in. 3.998 3.952 3.930 3.908 3.862 3.816 3.770 3.724 3.680 3.634
VI Int. area, sq ft 0.0872 0.0852 0.0842 0.0833 0.0813 0.0794 0.0775 0.0756 0.0738 0.0720
GO 1.178 Lb per ft-tube 11.39 12.37 12.87 13.33 14.29 15.23 16.16 17.08 17.95 18.85
Lb per ft-water 5.43 5.31 5.25 5.19 5.06 4.95 4.83 4.71 4.60 4.48
The tabulated pressures have been increased to the next unit of ten where the actual values'exceed an even
unit of ten by more than one. They conform to the A.S.M.E. Power Boiler Construction Code, and are based
upon a mean tube wall temperature of 50 F in excess of the saturated temperature, but not less than 700 F.
The inside diameter and corresponding internal cross-sectional area are based upon the average tube
thickness.
Heating surfaces in square feet per foot of tube are for the full outer circumference.
WROUGHT STEEL PIPE DATA
ouwe Schedule No. Wall Inside Trontverae weight of Pipe weightor water
Nominal Dianretw s-stmdrrd Thickness Diameter Intmmlllrca
X-EXhWilg
pcpe- (D) X-DouMs (0 (a) Pounds Pounds
IntheS Inches ms-e IneheS Inches Squarelnches perfoat Perf~afPipe
34 0.405 40s .068 .269 .0568 ,244 ,025
80X .095 215 .a64 314 ,016
44 0.540 40s ,088 .364 .lo41 .424 .045
8ox .119 ,302 .0716 ,535 .031
% 0.675 40s .091 .493 .1910 .567 ,083
8ox .126 .423 .14O5 .738 .061
40s .lo9 .622 .3040 .850 .132
'A 0.840 8ox .147 .546 .2340 1.087 .lo2
UI 160 .187 .466 .1706 1.300 .074
P ....kx .294 .252 .050 1.714 .022
40s .113 324 5330 1.130 .231
96 1.050 8ox .1!M .742 .4330 1.473 ,188
160 ,218 .614 2961 1.940 .128
......xx .308 .434 .148 2.440 .OM
40s .133 1.049 .8640 1.678 .375
1 1.315 8ox .179 .957 .7190 2.171 .312
160 250 .815 .5217 2.840 .230
......xx 358 599 .282 3.659 .122
40s .140 1.380 1.495 2.272 ,649
1% 1.660 8ox ,191 1.278 1.283 2.996 .555
160 .250 1.160 1.057 3.764 .458
... ..xx ,382 396 .630 5.214 .273
1% 1.900 40s .145 1.610 2.036 2.717 -882
8ox .200 1.500 1.767 3.631 .765
l* 1.900 160 .281 1.338 1.406 4.862 .608
......xx .a 1.100 .950 . -6.408 .42
40s .154 2.067 3.3% 3.652 1.45
2 2.375 8ox 218 1.939 2.953 5.022 1.28
160 .343 1.689 2241 7.440 -97
.-
.n
~
.. .. xx .436 1.503 1.774 9

-.029
40s 203 2.469 4.788 5.79 2.07
2% 2.875 80% 276 233 4.238 7.66 1.87
160 375 2.125 3.546 1 1.01
.O 1.54
......xx .552 1.771 2.464 I-,3.70 1.07
40s .216 3.068 7.393 7.58 3.20
3 3.500 8ox .300 2900 6.605 1.O1.25 2.86
160 .438 2.624 5.408 1-4 2.35
......xx .m 2.300 ' 4,155 1-8
-1.58 1.80
3% 4.000 40s 226 3.548 9.886 91.11 4.29
8ox 318 3.364 8.888 1.2
-'51 3.84
40s 237 4.026 12.73 1-01.79 5.50
8ox 337 3.826 1-1.50 I14-.98 4.98
4 4.500 120 ,438 3.624 1,O1.31 I191.00 4.47
160 .531 3.438 9'!28 2!21.51 4.02
......xx .674 3.i52 7'30 2!7'54 338
40s ,258 5.047 2B1.01 1141.62 8.67
8ox .375 4.813 1181.19 1!i1l.78 7.88
5 5.563 120 .m 4.563 116i.35 1!7'.lo 7.09
160 .625 4.313 1#4B.61 1121 .96 6.33
......Its .750 -
4.063 1-2
-1.97 3la1.55 5.61
40s 280 6.065 2!81.89 1iB1.97 12.51
ax .432 5.761 2!6LO7 i!a 1.57 11.29
6 6.625 120
160
.562
.718
5.501
5.189I
231.77
2!I,15
.
.
I 16i.40
415i.0
10.30
9.16
......xx a64 4.897 1ia1.84 f i3-1.16 8.16
PROPERTIES OF PIPE FOR WATERWALL DOWNTAKES
UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE FOR SA-016-B
SEE PAGES 58 to 61 FOR ADDITIONAL DATA
THICKNESS
ODD- SCHEDULE 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
tn (nominal) in. .277 .322 .406 .50O .593 .718 .812 .906
tm (minimum) in. .242 .282 .355 .438 519 .629 .710 .793
8% Int. area, sq ft .355 .347 .333 .317 .302 .282 .267 ,253
in. Lb/ft metal 24.7 28.6 35.6 43.4 50.9 60.6 67.8 74.7
Lb/ft water 22.2 21.7 20.8 19.8 18.8 17.6 16.7 15.8
Allow. press., psi 870 1010 1280 1590 1900 2310 2590 2880
tn (nominal) in. .307 .365 .500 .593 .718 ,843 1.ooo 1.125
tm (minimum) in. .269 .319 .438 ,519 .629 .738 .875 -984
10% Int. area, sq ft .560 .548 .519 .499 ,473 .448 ,417 .394
in. Lb/ft metal 34.2 40.5 54.7 64.3 76.9 89.2 104.1 115.7
Lb/ft water 34.9 34.1 32.3 3i.i 29.5 27.9 26.0 24.6
Allow. press., psi 770 920 1270 1510 1850 2180 2570 2870
tn (nominal) in. ,330 .406 .562 .687 .843 1.ooo 1.125 1.312
tm (minimum) in. .289 .355 .492 .601 ,738 .875 .984 1.148
1234 Int. area, sq ft .797 .777 .737 .706 .667 .631 .601 .559
in. Lb/ft metal 43.8 53.8 73.2 88.5 107.2 125.5 139.7 160.3
Lb/ft water 49.7 48.5 46.0 44.0 41.6 39.3 37.5 34.9
Allow. press., psi 700 860 1200 1470 1820 2180 2440 2830
tn (nominal) in. .375 ,438 ,593 .750 ,937 1.093 ' 1.250 1.406
tm (minimum) in. .328 ,383 .519 .656 .820 .956 1.094 1.230
14 Int. area, sq ft 958 ,940 .896 .852 .802 .761 .722 .683
in. Lb/ft metal 54.6 63.4 84.9 106.1 130.8 149.8 170.2 189.1
Lb/ft water 59.7 58.6 55.8 53.1 50.0 47.4 45.0 42.6
Allow. press., psi 720 840 1150 1460 1850 2170 2470 2760
tn (nominal) in. .375 .500 ,656 ,843 1.031 1.218 1.438 1.593
tm (minimum) in. .328 .438 574 .738 .902 1.066 1.258 1.394
16 Int. area, sq ft 1.269 1.227 1.176 1.117 1.060 1.003 .940 ,896
in. Lb/ft metal 62.6 82.8 107.5 '136.5 164.8 192.3 223.5 243.6
Lb/ft water 79.1 76.5 73.4 69.7 66.1 62.6 58.6 55.8
01 Allow. press., psi 630 840 1110 1440 1780 2120 2480 2740
v ~~
tn (nominal) in. .438 562 ,750 .937 1.156 1.375 1.562 1.781
tm (minimum) in. .383 .492 .656 .820 1.012 1.203 1.367 1.558
18 Int. area, sq ft 1.601 1.553 1.485 1.418 1.342 1.268 1.207 1.137
in. Lb/ft metal 82.1 104.9 137.3 170.8 208.0 242.7 274.3 306.7
Lb/ft water 99.7 96.8 92.6 88.4 83.7 79.1 75.3 70.9
Allow. press., psi 650 840 1 13.0 1420 1770 2120 2400 2720
Maximum allowable pressures, psi, are based on the minimum thickness and on the maximum allowable stress values in Table PG
23.1 of A.S.M.E. code for a metal temperature equal to the saturated temperature at the tabulated allowable pressure but not less
than 650 F. Stress value is 15,(100 psi at 650 F and 14,400 psi at 700 F. Stress values at intermediate temperatures are found by inter-
polation. Tabulated pressures have been increased to the next unit of 10 where the actual values exceed an even unit of 10 by more
than 1as determined by the formula in Par. PG 27. Area and weight are based on nominal thickness and water at 62 F.
SELECTED MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES, PSI FOR TYPICAL MATERIALS USED
IN BOILER CONSTRUCTION (FROM A.S.M.E. BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE-1986. TABLE PG-231)
For Complete Detail and Restrictive Notes See Section I of the Code
I
Reproduced by special permission of publisher, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Stress values in bold face are permissible but are at temperatures above current practice. Tube and pipe are seamless except those
marked ERW (Electric Resistance Welded). For ERW listings that specify Note 10: "These stresses apply for boiler, water wall, super-
heater, and economizer tubes that are enclosed within a setting. A joint efficiency factor of 0.85 is included in values above 850 F."
TYPE OF STEEL SPEC. FOR METAL TEMPEAATURE F, NOT EXCEEDING
MIN.
ASME
SPECIFICATION GRADE 's:L"; 700 750 800 850 900 950 lo00 1050 1100 1150
CARBON STEEL
Low Strength Carbon
Tube SA-192 - 47,000 11,500 10,7OO 7,100 5,000 3,Wl 1,W .... .... ....
Tube SA-178 ERW) Note 10 A 47,000 11,500 10,700 7,100 4,300 2,6W 1,3M .... .... ....
Tube SA-178 (ERW) A 47,000 9,800 9,100 6,100 4300 2,600 1,300 .... .... ....
Intermediate Strength Carbon
Tube SA-210 A1 60,OOO 14,400 13,000 7 m 5m 3Nlo 1sOo ... i .... ....
Tube SA-178 (ERW) Note 10 c 60,000 14,400 13,000 7 m 4300 2,6W 1300 .... .... ....
Tube SA-178 (ERW) c 60,000 12200 11,000 6,700 4300 2,600 1,3M .... . I . . ....
Pipe SA-106 B 60,Ooo 14,400 13,000 7 m 5,000 3,000 1,500 ..a. .... ....
Plate SA-515 60 60,Ooo 14,400 13,000 7 m 5,000 3,000 1500 .... .... ....
High Strength Carbon
Tube SA-210 C 70,000 16,000 14,800 12,000 7,800 .... .... .... ....
.... .... .... ....
a , . .
....
. I . .
Pipe SA-106 C 70,000 16,600 14,800 12,000 ....

.... ....
. . I .
Plate SA-515 70 70,000 16,600 14,800 12,000 7,800 5,000 3,000 1,500
....
. . I .
SA-299 - 75,000 17,700 15,700 12,000 7 m 5,000 3,000 13W .... ....
RRwTlCAUOY
Mn-lh Mo
Plate SA-302 B 80,OOO 20,OOO 19,soO 18,800 17,900 13,700 8,200 4,800 .... .... ....
C--1/2 MO
Tube SA-209 T1 55,000 13,800 13,800 13,500 13,100 12,700 8,200 4,800 .... . . . a I . . .
1 Cr--M Mo
Pipe SA-335 P12 60,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 14,600 14,000 11,300 7,200 4,500 2,800 I,soO
Plate SA-387 12CL.2* 65,000 16,300 16,300 16,300 15,800 15,200 11,300 7,200 4,500 2,800 1,800
'11' Cr-Yz Mo
Tube SA-213 T11 60,000 15,000 14,800 14,400 14,000 13,600 9,300 6,300 4,200 2,800 1,900
Pipe SA-335 P11 60,000 15,000 14,800 14,400 14,oOa 13,600 9,300 6,300 4,200 2,800 190
Plate SA-387 11CL.2 75,000 18,800 18,800 18,800 18,300 13,7(10 9,300 6,300 4,200 2,800 1,900
2Y4 Cr-1 Mo
Tube SA-213 T22 M,OOO 15,000 15,000 15,000 14,400 13,100 11,000 7,800 5,800 4,200 3,000
Pipe SA-335 P22 60,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 14,400 13,100 11,000 7,800 5,800 4,200 3,000
Plate SA-387 22CL.2' 75,000 17,500 17,200 16,900 16,400 15,800 11,OOO 7,600 5,800 4,400 2,500
a 5 Cr--M Mo
to Tube SA-213 T5 60,OOO 13,700 13,200 12,800 12,100 10,90D 8,000 5,800 4,200 2,900 2,000
Ape SA-335 P5 S0,OOO 13,700 13,200 12,800 12,100 10,900 8,000 5,800 4,200 2,900 2,000
Plate SA-387 5 ~0,000 13,700 13,200 12,800 12,100 io,900 a,ooo 5,800 4,200 2,900 2,000
9 Cr-1 Mo
Tube SA-213 T9 50,OOO 13,700 13,200 12,300 12,100 11,400 l0,sOO 7,400 5,000 3,300 2,200
Pipe SA-335 P9 60,OOO 13,7CO 13,200 12,300 12,100 11,400 10,600 7,400 5,000 3,300 2,200
TYPE OF STEEL SPEC. FOR METAL TEMPERATURE F, NOT EXCEEDING
MIN.
SPEC..
NUMBER GRADE zE 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250
AUSTENW STAINLESS WY
18 Cr-8 Ni
Tube SA-213 TP304H 75,000 15,200 14,900 14,700 14,400 13,800 12,200 9,800 7,700 6,lOO 4,700
Tube SA-213 TP304H 75,000 10,600 10,400 10,200 10,OOO 9,800 9,500 819OO 7,700 6,100 417OO
Pipe SA-312 TP3Q4H 75,000 15,200 14,900 14,700 14,400 13,800 12,200 9,800 7,700 6,100 4,700
Pipe SA-312 TP304H 75,000 10,600 10,400 10,200 10,000 9,800 9,500 8,900 7,700 6,100 4,700
Pipe SA-376 TP304H 75,000 15,200 14,900 14,700 14,400 13,800 12,200 9,800 7,700 6,100 4,700
*Normalized and tempered
SELECTED M A X M U M ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES, PSI FOR TYPICAL MATERIALS USED
IN BOILER CONSTRUCTION (FROM A.S.M.E. BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE-1986. tABLE PG-23.1)
TYPE OF STEEL SPEC FOR METAL TEMPERATURE 6 NOT EXCEEDING
MIN.
SPEC EN-
NUMBER GRADE SILL 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250
AUSTENlTlC STAINLESS W - K o n t i n u e d )
Pipe SA-376 TP304H 75,000 10,600 10,400 10,200 10,000 9,800 9,500 8,900 7,700 6,100 4,700
Plate SA-240 304 75,000 15,200 14,900 14,700 14,400 13,800 12,200 9,800 7,700 6,100 4,700
Plate SA-240 304 75,000 10,600 10,400 10,200 10,000 9,800 9,500 8,900 7,700 6,100 4,700
18 Cr-10 " T i
hbe SA-213 TP321H 15 400 15,200 11,700 6,900 5,400 4 100
'lube SA-213 TP321H 10:700 10,600 10,100 6,900 5,400 41100
Pipe SA-312 TP321H 15,400 15,200 11,700 6,900 5,400 4,100
Pipe SA-312 TP321H 10,700 10,600 . 10,100 6,900 5,400 4,100
Pipe SA-376 TP321H 15,400 15,200 11,700 6,900 5,400 4,100
Pipe 9-376
Plate SA-240
Plate SA-240
TP321H
321
321
10,700
15,400
10.700
10,600
15,200
10.600
10,100
9,600
9.200
6,900
5,000
5.000
5,400
3,600
3.600
8
X
2.600
18 Cr-10 N d h
Tube SA-213 TP347H 75,000 14,700 14,700 14,700 14,600 14,400 14,100 13,000 10,500 7,900 5,900
Tube SA-213 TP347H 75,000 12,700 12,700 12,600 12,600 12,600 12,500 12,100 10,500 7,900 5,900
Pipe SA-312 TP347H 75,000 14,700 14,700 14,700 14,600 14,400 14,100 13,000 10,500 7,900 5,900
Pipe SA-312 TP347H 75,000 12,700 12,700 12,600 12,600 12 600 12,500 12,100 10,500 7,900 5,900
Pipe SA-376 TP347H 75,000 14,700 14,700 14,700 14,600 14:400 14,100 13,000 10,500 7,900 5,900
Pipe SA-376 TP347H 75,000 12,700 12,700 12,600 12,600 12,600 12,500 12,100 10,500 7,900 5,900
Plate 9-240 347 75,000 14,700 14,700 14,700 14,600 14,000 12,100 9,100 6,100 4,400 3,300
Plate SA-240 347 75,000 12,700 12,700 12,600 12600 12,500 11,900 9,100 6,100 4,400 3,300
16 Cr-12 Ni-Moly
'lube SA-213
Tube SA-213
Pipe 9-312
TP316H
TP316H
TP316H
75,000
75,000
75,000
15,900
11,000
15,900
15,700
10,900
15,700
15,600
10,800
15,600
15400
10700
15,400
15,300
10,600
15,300
::$!!
14,500
12,400
10,300
12,400
9,800
9,300
9800
7,400
7,400
7,400
5,500
5,500
5,500
Pipe SA-312 TP316H 75,000 11,000 10,900 10,800 10,700 10,600 10,500 10,300 9:300 7,400 5,500
Pipe SA-376 lP316H 75,000 15,900 15,700 15,600 15,400 15,300 14,500 12,400 9,800 7,400 5,500
Pipe SA-376 TP316H 75,000 11,000 10,900 10,800 10,700 10,600 10,500 10,300 9,300 7,400 5,500
Plate 9-240 316 75,000 15,900 15,700 15,600 15,400 15,300 14,500 12,400 9,800 7,400 5,500
Plate SA-240 316 75,000 11,000 10,900 10,800 10,700 10,600 10,500 10,300 9,300 7,400 5,500
A.S.M.E. CODE DESIGN FORMULAS FOR CYLINDERS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
Reproduced with permission of the publisher, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
TUBES FERROUS PIPING, DRUMS A N D HEADERS
Par. Pg-27.2.1
UDto and incl. 5411.O.D. Par. Pg-27.2.2
PD
+ + 0.0050+ e
PD
t =
2s P t = 2SE +
2yP + c
- 0.01D - 2e . 2SE (t - C)
2t
= [ D - (t - 0.005D - e) 1 P = D - 2~ (t - C)
= omo4 Over length at least equal to length Of E = efficiency of longitudinal welded joint or ligaments between openings, whichever
seat plus inch for tubes expanded is less. For seamless or welded cylinders, E = 1.00, For ligaments, see PG-52
except that e = 0 if thickness of tube ends over and PG-53,
length at least equal to length of seat plus 1 inch - y = coefficient at temperature F, below:
is not less than:
900 1150
0.105 0.120 0.135 0.150 and below 950 1000 1050 1100 andup
0.095 for above above above above Ferritic steels 0.4 0,5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
1" O.D. 1%" O.D. 2" O.D. 3" O.D. 4" O.D. Austeniticsteels 0.4 0,4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.1
and under incl. incl. incl. incl. C =allowance for threading and/or minimum structural stability.
2" O.D. 3" O.D. 4" O.D. 5" O.D.
For plain end pipe through 34/2", C =0.065
e = 0 for tubes strength-welded to headers and For plain end pipe 4" and over, C =O
drums. For threaded pipe 1 inch and over, C =depth of thread.
_ _ ~ ~~
t =min. wall thickness, in.; D = outside diam., in.; R = inside radius, in.; S = max. allow. st@ss, psi.
P = max. allowable working pressure, psi (not less than 100 psi for pipe and headers).
1111 I, 1 I 1-
THERMAL EXPANSION DATA FOR COMMON METALS
Lioear Thenrol Expansion = B (in./100 ft)

- gtun M-
w- -- -
yoterbl
Carbon steel; Carbon-moly steel
- 325
icient
A
---
5.00
-150 -50
5.50 5.80
70200
6.07 6.38
a-
-
6.60
- -
500 600 700 800 900 loo0
7.02 7.23 7.44 7.65 7.84 7.97
1100
8.12
-
mi-
8.36
low-chrome steels (through 3 Cr) B 2.37 1.45 0.84 0 0.99 1.82 2.70 3.62 4.60 5.63 6.70 7.81 8.89 10.04 13.34
Intermediate alloy steels: A 4.70 5.20 5.45 5.73 6.04 6.19 6.34 6.50 6.66 6.80 6.96 7.10 7.22 7.32 7.41 7.49 7.55
(5 Cr Mo through 9 Cr Mo) B 2.22 1.37 0.79 0 0.94 1.71 2.50 3.35 4.24 5.14 6.10 7.07 8.06 9.05 10.00 1.06 12.05
A 8.15 8.60 8.90 9.11 9.34 9.47 9.59 9.70 9.82 9.92 10.05 10.16 10.29 10.39 10.48 0.54 10.60
Austenitic stainless steels
B 3.85 2.27 - 0 1.46 2.61 3.80 5.01 6.24 7.50 8.80 .0.12 11.48 12.84 14.20 5.56 16.92
Straight chromium stainless steels, A 4.30 4.70 5.00 5.24 5.50 5.66 5.81 5.96 6.13 6.26 6.39 6.52 6-63 6.72 6.78 6.85 6.90
(12 Cr, 17 Cr, and 27 Cr) B 204 1.24 0.72 0 0.86 1.56 2.30 3.08 3.90 4.73 5.60 6.49 7.40 8.31 9.20 0.11 11.01
8.08 8.22 8.38 8.52 8.68 8.81 8.92 9.00 9.08 9.12 9.18
b,
-
25 Cr 20 Ni A
B
6.35
&,oo
6.85 7.20
1.81 0.98
7.48 7.76
0 1.21
7.92
2.18 3.20 4.24 5.33 6.44 7.60 8.78 9.95 11.12 12.31 3.46 14.65
N Monel' A 5.55 6.75 7.15 7.48 7.84 882 8.20 8.40 8.58 8.78 8.96 9.16 9.34 9.52 9.70 9.88 10.04
(67 Ni -30 Cu) B 2.62 1.79 - 0 1.22 2.21 3.25 4.33 5.46 6.64 7.85 9.12 10.42 11.77 13.15 -4.58 16.02
Monel A 5.35 6.45 6.80 7.12 7.48 7.68 7.90 8.09 8.30 8.50 8.70 8.90 9.10 9.30 9.50 9.70 9.89
-
(66 Ni 29 Cu-AI) B 2.53 1.70 0.98 0 1.17 2.12 3.13 4.17 5.28 6.43 7.62 8.86 10.16 11-50 13.00 432 15.78
Aluminum A 9.90 10.90 11.60 12.25 12.95 1328 13.60 13.90 14.20
B 4.68 2.88 1.67 0 2.00 3.66 5.39 7.17 9.03
Gray cast iron A 5.75 593 6.10 6.28 6.47 6.65 6.83 7.00 7.19
B 0 0.90 1.64 242 3.24 4.11 5.03 5.98 6.97 8.02
A 8.40 8.75 9.15 9.57 10.03 10.12 10.23 10.32 10.44 10.52 10.62 10.72 10.80 10.90 11.00
Bronze 2.31 1.32 0 1.56 2.79 4.05 5.33 6.64 7.95 9.30 10.68 12.05 13.47 14.92
B 3.98
A 8.20 8.50 8.95 9.34 9.76 10.00 10.23 10.47 10.69 10.92 11.16 11.40 11.63 11.85 12.09
Brass B 3.88 2.24 1.29 0 1.52 2.76 4.05 5.40 6.80 8.26 9.78 11.35 12.98 1465 16.39
Wrought iron A 5.70 6.30 6.65 6.97 7.32 7.48 7.61 7.73 7.88 8.01 8.13 8.29 8.39
B 2.70 1.67 0.96 0 1.14 2.06 3.01 3.99 5.01 6.06 7.12 8.26 9.36
Copper-Nickel A 6.65 7.40 7.80 8,71 8.90
(70 Cu -30 Ni) -B 3.15 1.95
-- 1.13 -2.40 - 3.52 - -
These data are for information and it not to !imDli that n terials are suitable for all the temi rature ranges shown.
From American Standard Code for Pressure Piping with permission of The American Society of Mechanical Engseers, New York, New York.
HARDNESS CONVERSION TABLE
FOR APPROXIMATE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HARDNESS VALUES
OF NICKEL AND HIGH-NICKEL ALLOYS
-
Diamond
-
Rockwell Superficial
Pyramid Brinell
Hardness iardnes -
Rockwell Hardness Number Hardness Number Knoop
iardness
lumber. Number A B E F G K 15-T 30-T 45-T NumbeP
DPH BHN Scale Scale Scale Scale Scale Scale Scale Scale Scale KHN
sg
$Z
ZE
YP
sz
-
- - - -
---
513 479 75.5 - - - -
481 450 74.5 - - - - - - - -
452 425 73.5 - - - - - - - -
427 403 72.5 - - - - - - - - -
404 382 71.5 - -
-
-
-
- -
-
-- -
-
- -
382 363 70.5 -
-
- - 436
362 346 69.5 - - - - - - - 413
344 329 68.5 - - - - - - - - 392
326 313 67.5 - -
-
- - -
-
- - - 372
309 298 66.5 106 116.5 94.0 94.5 85.5 77.0 352
285 275 64 5 104 - 115.5 01.0 04.0 84.5 75.0 . 325
- -
~
266 258 63.0 102 114.5 87.5 93.0 83.0 73.0 304
248 241 61.5 100 - 113.0 84.5 - 92.5 81.5 71.0 283
234 228 60.5 98 - 112.0 81.5 - 92.0 80.5 69.0 267 .
220 215 59.0 96 - 111.0 78.5 100.0 91.0 79.0 67.0 251
20Y 204 57.5 94 - 110.0 75.5 98.0 90.5 77.5 65.0 239
198 194 56.5 92 - 108.5 72.0 96.5 89.5 76.0 63.0 226
188 184 55.0 90 108.5 107.5 69.0 94.5 89.0 75.0 61.0 215
179 176 53.5 a8 107.0 106.5 65.5 93.0 88.0 73.5 59.5 204
171 168 52.5 86 106.0 105.0 62.5 91.0 87.5 72.0 57.5 195
164 161 51.5 a4 104.5 104.0 59.5 89.0 87.0 70.5 55.5 187
157 155 50.0 82 103.0 103.0 56.5 87.5 86.0 69.5 53.5 179
151 149 49.0 80 102.0 101.5 53.0 85.5 85.5 68.0 51.5 173
145 144 47.5 78 100.5 100.5 50.0 . 83.5 84.5 66.5 49.5 166
140 139 46.5 76 99.5 99.5 47.0 82.0 84.0 65.5 47.5 160
135 134 45.5 74 98.0 98.5 43.5 80.0 83.0 64.0 45.5 154
130 129 44.0 72 97.0 97.0 40.5 78.0 82.5 62.5 43.5 149
126 125 43.0 70 95.5 96.0 37.5 76.5 82.0 61.0 41.5 144
122 121 42.0 68 94.5 ' 95.0 34.5 ' 74.5 81.0 60.0 39.5 140
119 118 41.0 66 93.0 93.5 31.0 72.5 80.5 58.5 37.5 136
115 114 40.0 64 91.5 92.5 - 71.0 79.5 57.0 35.5 -
112 111 39.0 62 90.5 91.5 - 69.0 79.0 56.0 33.5 -
108 108 - - .-
---
60 89.0 90.0 67.5 78.5 54.5 31.5
106 106 58 88.0 89.0 - 65.5 77.5 53.0 29.5 -
103 103 56 86.5 88.0 - 63.5 77.0 51.5 . 27.5 -
100 100 - -
--
54 85.5 87.0 62.0 76.0 50.5 25.5
98 98 52 a4 o 85.5 - 60.0 75.6 49.0 23.5 -
95 95 59 83.0 84.5 - 58.0 74.5 47.5 21.5 -
93 93 -
-- 48 81.5 83.5 -
- 56.5 74.0 46.5 19.5 --
91 91 46 80.5 82.0 54.5 73.5 45.0 17.0
89 89
- 44 79.0 81.0 -
- 52.5 72.5 43.5 14.5 -
67 87
- 42 78.0 80.0 51.O 72.0 42.0 12.5 -
85 85 40 76.5 79.0 - 49.0 71.0 -
83 -
83
- 38 75.0 77.5 -- 47.0 70.5
41.0
39.5
10.0
7.5 -
81 a1 36 74.O 76.5 45.5 70.0 38.0 5.5 -
78 79 - 34 72.5 75.5 - 43.5 69.0 36.5 3.0 -
78 78 - 32 71.5 74.0 - 42.0 68.5 35.5 1.0 -
-- - - -
77
*Hardness
77
iversion
- - -- - -
30 70.0 73.0
rt for Nickel and High-Nickel Alloys. A.S.T.M.. E140-65.
40.0 67.5 34.0
--
-1.5
The use of h less SCB or hardness values shown above in bald are not recommended by the manufacturers of hardness testing machines since they
are beyond t ranges rl rmended for accumcy. Such values are shown for comparative purposes. only, where comparisons may be desired and the
recommends iachine a &Me are not available.
Tor Knoop hardness determinations the specimen must be polished, etched, and repolishod until a final light etch shows a clearly defined microstructure
free from disturbed metal. Care must be exarcised to insure that the top and bottom of the mounted specimen are paranel. In no case shall the departure
from gmmcltry in the lonpkudinal direction of the indentationbe greater than 5 filar microscopeunits. See "Metallogaphy" for polishingand etching procedures.
63
UJU, I, I I I
EQUIVALENTS OF KILOGRAMS PER SQUARE CENTIMETER

IN POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH
Kilos Pounds Kilos Pounds Kilos Pounds Kilos Pounds. Kilos Pounds
per, per per Per per Per Per Per Per Per
cm2 inch2 cm2 inch2 cm2 inch2 cm2 inch2 cm2 inch2
0.25 3.55 3.75 53.34 7.25 103.12 10.75 152.90 16.5 234.68
0.50 7.11 4.0 56.89 7.5 106.67 11.0 156.45 17.0 241.79
Om75 I 10.67 I 4.25 I 60.45 1 7.75 I 110.23 I 11.25 I 160.01 I 17.5 I 248.90
1.o 14.22 4.5 64.00 8.0 113.78 11.5 163.56 I 18.0 256.01
1.25 17.78 4.75 67.56 8.25 117.34 11.75 167.12 18.5 263.12
1.5 21.33 5.0 71.11 8.5 120.89 12.0 170.68 19.0 270.24
~~
1.75 I
I
24.89 I
I
5.25 I
I
74.67 I
I
8.75 ~~
I
I
124.45 I
I
12.5 I
I
177.79 I
I
19.5 I 277.35
2.o 28.45 5.5 78.23 9.0 128.01 13.0 184.90 20.0 284.46
2.25 32.00 5.75 81.78 9.26 131.56 13.5 192.01- 20.5 291.57
2.5 35.56 6.0 85.34 9.5 135.12 14.0 199.12 21.0 298.68
2.75 39.11 6.25 88.89 . 9.75 138.67 14.5 206.23 21.5 305.79
3.0 I 42.67 I 6.5 I 92.45 I 10.0 I 142.23 I 15.0 I 213.34 I 22.0 I 312.90
3.25 46.22 6.75 96.00 10.25 145.78 15.5 220.46 23 . 327.14
3.5 49.78 7.0 99.56 ’ 10.5L 149.34 16.0 227.57 24 341.36
Kilos I Pounds I Kilos I Pounds 1 Kilos 1. Pounds I Kilos 1 Pounds I Kilos I Pounds
FRICTION LOSS IN RECTANGULAR DUCTS
All of the losses are figured for unlined steel ducts at 70 F and A/B
ratio = 1. Correct for other temperatures and ratios as shown.
3 .2 I
I AhRATIO
3.0 2 .o I .o 0
-
FRICTION LOSS PER 100 FEET OF
DUCT INCHES OF WATER
Fig. 19
66
FRICTION LOSS IN PLAIN RECTANGULAR ELBOWS
All of the losses are figured for unlined stbel elbows at 70 F and
W/D ratio = 1. Correct for other temperatures and ratios as shown.
67
THEORETICAL DRAFT
AND FRICTION LOSS IN ROUND STACKS
300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Mean Temperature of Stack Gas, deg. fahr.
Fig. 21
In these charts, density of stack gases = outside air = 0.0807 Ib
per cu ft at 32 F. Barometric pressure, Po.= 29.92 in. Hg = 14.7
Ib per sq in. Stack brick lined or concrete. For unlined steel stacks,
multiply friction loss, F,. by 0.75. Actual friction loss at any loca-
tion =friction loss per ft height for lft diameter X stack height in
feet X diameter factor. Linear velocity, 'V, (ft per sec) = mass
velocity (Ib per sq ft per hr) x sp vol (p 83 at mean temperature
of gases divided by 3600. Example: 575 F mean stack tempera-
ture, 70 F outside air temperature, 25 ft per second gas velocity.
Brick stack 150 ft high, 10 ft inside diameter. Barometric pressure
29.92 in. Hg. Theoretical natural d r a f k 0 . 0 0 7 1 in. of water per
ft of stack x 150 = 1.065 in. of water. Draft loss due to friction =
0.0045 in. of water per ft height for one ft diameter X 150 X 0.10
diameter factor = 0.0675. Loss due to velocity (Fig. 22 = 0.073
in. of water. Available natural draft of stack = theoretical draft,
I
68 .
DRAFT LOSS OR
PRESSURE DROP DUE TO VELOCITY
(In Stacks and Ducts)
Linear Velocity, ft per sec.
Fig. 22
-
Do losses = 1.065 - (0.0675 + 0.073)= 0.9245 in. of water.
At any barometric pressure, P,, other than standard (due to eleva-
tion), corrections must be made: theoretical draft, D, = Do $;
velocity loss, V, = Vo g.Correction to friction loss is negligible.
69
STANDARD WIRE AND SHEET METAL GAGES AND EQUIVALENTS
-
British Imperial Birmingham Birmingham United States American Manufacturers' Standard
Legal Standard Wire Gage Standard Steel Wire Gage or Gage for Steel Sheets
No*
of wire Gage (BWG) or Sheet and (Washburn & Moen) Browne & Sharpe Thickness based Standard
(SWG) Stubs' Hoop Gage (Roebl ing) Gage (B&S) on Steel a t Weight
mse (IW Iron Wire (BG) (American Steel for non-ferrous 41.82 Ib/sq ft/l
(LW Gage and Wire Co.) sheet and wire in. thick Gage
-
DECIMALS OF AN INCH THICKNESS OR DIAMETER Lb/Sq ft
7/0s .500 - .6666 .4900 - 20.00
6/0s A64 - -6250 .4615 .580000 18.75
5/0s .432 .500 .5883 .4305 .516500 17.50
4/0s .400 .454 .5416 .3938 .460000 16.25
3/0s ,372 ,425 .5000 .3625 .a9642 15.00
210s .348 .380 .4452 .3310 .364796 13.75
3 1/0 .324 .340 -3964 .3065 .324861 12.50
1 .300 .300 .3532 .2830 .289297 11.25
2 .276 .284 .3147 .2625 .257627 10.625
3 252 .259 .2804 .2437 .229423 0.2391 10.00
4 .232 .238 .2500 .2253 .204307 .2242 9.375
5 ,212 -220 .2225 .2070 .181940 .2092 8.750
6 .192 .To3 .1981 .1920 .162023 .1943 8.125
7 .I76 .180 .1764 .1770 .144285 .1793 7.500
8 .160 .165 .1570 .1620 .128490 .1644 6.875
9 .I44 .148 .1398 .la3 .I14423 .1495 6.250
10 ,128 -134 .1250 .1350 .lo1897 .1345 5.625
11 .116 .120 .1113 .1205 ,090742 .1196 5.000
12 ,104 .lo9 .0991 .lo55 ,080808 .lo46 4.375
13 .092 .095 .0882 , .0915 .071962 .0897 3.750
14 .080 .083 .0785 .0800 .064084 .0747 3.125
15 .072 -072 ,0699 .0720 .057068 .0673 2.8125
16 .064 .065 .0625 .0625 .050821 .0598 2.500
British Jmgerial Birmingham Birmingham United States American Manufacturers' Standard
Legalstandard WireGage Standard Steel Wire Gage or Gage for Steel Sheets
WireGage (BWG) or Sheet and (Washburn & Men) Browne & Sharpe Thickn- based
of
Stubs' Hoop Gage (Roebling) Gage (B&S) on steel at weisht
w e (IW Iron Wire (W (American Steel for non-ferrous 41.82 Ib/sq ft/l
Gage
(W) Gage and Wire Co.) sheet and wire in. thick
DECIMALS OF AN INCH -THICKNESS OR DIAMETER Lb/Sa ft
17 .056 .058 .0556 ,0540 .045257 .0538 2.250
18 .048 .049 .0495 .a75 .040303 .0478 2.000
19 ,040 .042 ,0440 .0410 .035890 .0418 1.750
20 m036 .035 m0392 .0348 .031961 m0359 1.500
21 .032 ,032 .0349 .03175 .028462 .0329 1.375
22 .028 .028 .03125 .0286 .025346 .0299 1.250
-
v
23
24
25
26
27
.024
.022
.020
.018
,0164
.025
.022
m020
.018
,016
:02782
.02476
m02204
.01961
.01745
.0258
.0230
m0204
.0181
.0173
.022572
.020101
m017900
.015941
,014195
.0269
.0239
.0209
.0179
.0164
1.125
1 .ooo
m875
.750
.a75
28 .ole .014 .015625 .0162 ,012641 .0149 .625
29 ,0136 .013 .0139 .0150 ,011257 .0135 ,5625
30 m0124 .012 .0123 .0140 m010025 m0120 5000
31 .0116 .010 .0110 .0132 .008928 .0105 .4375
32 .0108 ,009 .0098 ,0128 .007950 .0097 .4062
33 .0100 .008 .0087 ,0118 .007080 .0090 .3750
34 .ow2 .007 ,0077 .0104 .006305 ,0082 .3438
35 ,0084 .w5 .0069 .0095 ,005615 m0075 ,3125
36 .0076 .004 .0061 .0090 .005000 .0067 .2812
37 ,0068 - .0054 .0085 .004453 .0064 .2656
38 .0060 - .0048 .0080 .003965 .0060 .25W
39 ,0052 - .0043 .0075 .003531 .2344
40 moo48 - m00386 .0070 m003144 m2188
EQUIVALENTS OF DEGREES CELSIUS AND FAHRENHEIT
The numbers in bold face type refer either to the Celsius or Fahrenheit degrees that you wish to convert. EXAMPLE: To convert
50 degrees Fahrenheit to Celsius, look to the left of the bold face number 50 in the center column and read the equivalent
Celsius value of 10 degrees. Conversely, 50 degrees C equals 122 degrees F.
OC.
-45.6 -50
OF:
-58
"C.
-6.11 21
OF.
69.8
"C.
8.33 47
OF.
116.6
OC.
22.8 73
OF.
163.4
OC:
37.2
- -
99 210.2
OF.
-40.0 -40 -40 -5.56 22 71.6 8.89 48 118.4 23.3 74 165.2 37.8 100 212
-34.4 -30 -22 -5.00 23 73.4 9.44 49 120.2 23.9 75 167.0 43.3 110 230
-28.9 -20 -4 -4.44 24 75.2 10.0 50 122.0 24.4 76 168.8 48.9 120 248
-23.3 -10 14 -3.89 25 77.0 10.6 51 123.8 25.0 77 170.6 54.4 130 266
-17.8 0 32 -3.33 26 78.8 11.1 52 125.6 25.6 78 172.4 60.0 140 284
-17.2 1 33.8 -2.78 27 80.6 11.7 53 127.4 26.1 79 174.2 65.6 150 302
-16.7 2 35.6 -2.22 28 82.4 12.2 54 129.2 26.7 80 176.0 71.1 160 320
-16.1 3 37.4 -1.67 29 84.2 12.8 55 131.0 27.2 81 177.8 76.7 170 338
-15.6 4 39.2 -1.11 30 86.0 13.3 56 132.8 27.8 *82 179.6 82.2 180 356
-15.0 5 41.0 -0.56 31 87.8 13.9 57 134.6 28.3 83 181.4 87.8 190 374
-14.4 6 42.8 0.00 32 89.6 14.4 58 136.4 28.9 84 183.2 93.3 200 392
-13.9 7 44.6 0.56 33 91.4 15.0 59 138.2 29.4 85 185.0 98.9 210 410
-13.3 8 46.4 1.11 34 93.2 15.6 60 14.0.0 30.0 86 186.8 104.4 220 428
-12.8 9 48.2 1.67 35 95.0 16.1 61 141.8 30.6 87 188.6 110.0 230 446
-12.2 10 50.0 2.22 36 96.8 16.7 62 143.6 31.1 88 190.4 115.6 240 464
-11.7 11 51.8 2.78 37 98.6 17.2 63 145.4 31.7 89 192.2 121.1 250 482
-11.1 12 53.6 3.33 38 100.4 17.8 64 147.2 32.2 90 194.0 126.7 260 500
-10.6 13 55.4 3.89 39 102.2 18.3 65 149.0 32.8 91 195.8 132.2 . 270 518
- 10.0 14 57.2 4.44 40 104.0 18.9 66 150.8 33.3 92 197.6 137.8 280 536
-9.44 15 59.0 5.00 41 105.8 19.4 67 152.6 33.9 93 199.4 143.3 290 554
-8.89 16 60.8 , 5.56 42 107.6 20.0 68 154.4 34.4 94 201.2 148.9 300 572
-8.33 17 62.6 6.11 43 109.4 20.6 69 156.2 35.0 95 203.0 154.4 310 590
-7.78 18 64.4 6.67 44 111.2 21.1 70 158.0 35.6
.... 96 204.8 160.0 320 608
-7.22 19 66.2 7.22 45 113.0 21.7 71 159.8 36.1 97 206.6 165.6 330 626
-6.67 20 68.0 7.78 46 114.8 22.2 72 iSi.6 36.7 98 208.4 171.1 340 644
--
OC.
176.7 350
OF-
-
662
I
-
OC.
-- 532.3
354.5 670 1238
OF. OC.
990
OF.
1814
OC.
710.0
I
1310 2390
OF. OC.
1121.1 2050 3722

OF.
182.2 360 680 360.0 680 1256 537.8 loo0 1832 715.6 1320 2408 1148.9 2100 ,3812
187.8 370 698 365.6 690 1274 543.4 1010 1850 721.1 1330 2426 1176.7 2150 3902
193.3 380 716 371.1 700 1292 549.0 1020 1868 726.7 1,340 2444 1204.4 2200 3992
198.9 390 734 376.7 710 1310 554.5 1030 1886 732.2 1#350 2462 1232.2 2250 4082
204.4 400 752 382.2 720 1328 560.1 1040 1904 737.8 13160 2480 1260.0 2300 4172
210.0 410 770 387.8 730 1346 565.6 1050 1922 743.3 1,3170 2498 1287.8 2350 4262
215.6 420 788 393.3 740 1364 571.1 1060 1940 748.9 1-380 2516 1315.6 2400 4352
221.1 430 806 398.9 750 1382 576.7 1070 1958 754.4 1,3190 2534 1343.3 2450 4442
'
226.7 440 824 404.4 760 1400 582.2 1080 1976 760.0 1.400 2552 1371.1 2500 4532
232.2 450 842 410.0 770 1418 587.0 1090 1994 787.8 1,4
t 5 0 2642 1398.9 2550 4622
237.8 460 860 415.6 780 1436 593.3 1100 2012 815.5 1.5;oO 2732 1426.7 260 4712
243.3 470 878 421.1 790 1454 598.9 1110 2030 843,3 I.5150 2822 1454.4 2650 4802
248.9 480 896 426.7 800 1472 604.4 1120 2048 871l I.6;oO 2912 1482.2 2700 4892
254.4 490 914 432.2 810 1490 610.0 1130 2066 898,9 1.6150 3002 1510.0 2750 4982
2 260.0 500 932 437.8 820 1508 615.5 1140 2084 926.7 1.7'00 3092 1537.7 2800 5072
265.6 510 950 443.3 830 1526 621.1 1150 2102 954.4 117'50 3182 1565.5 2850 5162
271.1. 520 968 448.9 840 1544 626.7 1160 2120 982.2 1.a100 3272 1593.3 2900 5252
276.7 530 986 454.4 a50 1562 632.2 1170 213.8 1010,o 1.a150 3362 1621.1 2950 5342
282.2 540 1004 460.0 860 1580 637.8 1180 2156 1037.8 1.I100 3452 1648.8 3am 5432
287.8 550 1022 465.6 870 1598 643.3 1190 2174 1065.6 1.II50 3542 1676.6 3050 5522
293.3 560 1040 471.1 880 1616 648.9 m 2192 1093.6 2!dK10 3632 1704.4 3100 5612
298.9 WO 1058 476.7 890 1634 654.4 1210 2210 I
304.4 580 1076 482.2 900 1652 660.0 1220 2228 INTERPOLATION FACTORS
310.0 590 1094 487.8 910 1670 665.5 im 2246.
315.6 600 1112 493.3 920 1688 671.1 1240 2264 "C O F "C OF
321.2 610 1130 498.9 930 1706 676.7 1250 2282 ~~ -~ ~ ~ -
326.7 620 1148 504.5 940 1724 682.2 1260 2300 0.56 1 . 1.8 3.33 6 10.8-
332.3 630 1166 510.0 950 1742 687.8 1270 2318 1.11 2 3.6 3.89 7 12.6
337.8 640 1184 515.6 960 1760 693.3 1280 2336 1.67 3 5.4 4.44 8 14.4
--
343.4 650 1202 521.1 970 1778 698.9 1290 2354 2.22 4 '7.2 5.00 9 i6.2
348.9 660 1220 ---
526.7 980 1796 704.4 1300 2372 2.78 5 9.0 5.56 10 18.0
EQUIVALENTS OF INCHES AND MILLIMETERS
The numbers in heavy black type refer either to the millimeters or inches that you wish to convert. EXAMPLE:
If you wish to know how many millimeters are in 50 inches look in the column of the heavy black numbers
for the number 50. A t the left side of this number you will find the equivalent in millimeters which is 1,269.977
mm. If you wish to know how many inches are in 50 millimeters, look in the column of heavy black numbers
for the number 50. At the right side of this number you will find its equivalent, which is 1.9685 inches.
mm Inches mm Inches mm Inches mm Inches
25.400 1 0.03937 533.391 21 0.8268 1041.381 41 1.6142 1549.372 61 2.4016
50.799 2 0.07874 558.790 22 0.8662 1066.781 42 1.6536 1574.772 62 2.4410
76.199 3 0.11811 584.189 23 0.9055 1092.180 43 1.6929 1600.171 63 2.4804
101.598 4 0.15748 609.589 24 0:9449 1117.580 44 1.7323 1625.571 64 2.5197
w 126.998 5 0.19685 634.989 25 0.9843 1142.979 45 1.7717 1650.970 65 2.5591
p 152.397 6 0.23622 660.388 26 1.0236 1168.379 46 1.8110 1676.370 66 2.5985
177.797 7 0.27560 685.788 27 1.0630 1193.778 47 1.8504 1701.769 67 2.6378
203.196 8 0.31497 711.187 28 1.1024 1219.178 48 1.8898 1727.169 68 3.6772
228.596 9 0.35434 736.587 29 1.1418 1244.578 49 1.9292 1752.568 69 2.7166
254.000 10 0.3937 761.986 30 1.1811 1269,977 50 1.9685 1717.968 70 2.7560
279.395 11 0.4331 787.386 31 1.2205 1295.377 51 2.0079 1803.367 71 2.7953
304.794 12 0.4724 812.785 32 1.2599 1320.776 52 2.0473 1828.767 72 2.8347
330.194 13 0.5118 838.185 33 1.2992 1346.176 53 2.0866 1854.166 73 2.8741
355.594 14 0.5512 863.584 34 1.3386 1371.575 54 2.1260 1879.566 74 2.9134
380.993 15 0.5906 888.984 35 1.3780 1396.975 55 2.1654 1904.966 75 2.9528
406.393 16 0.6299 914.383 36 1.4173 1422.374 56 2.2048 2031.963 80 3.1497
431.792 17 0.6693 939.783 37 1.4567 1447.774 57 2.2441 2158.961 85 3.3465
457.192 18 0.7087 965.183 38 1.4961 1473.173 58 2.2835 2285.959 90 3.5434
482.591 19 0,7480 990.582 39 1.5355 1498.573 59 2.3229 2412.956 95 3.7402
507.991 20 0.7874 1015.982 40 1.5748 1523.972 60 2.3622 2540 .OOO 100 3.9371
DECIMAL AND METRIC
EQUIVALENTS OF FRACTIONS
1/64 .015625 0.396875 3/64 ,515625 13.096875

1/32 ,03125 0.793750 17/32 .53125 13.493750
3/64 ,046875 1.190625 35/64 .546875 13.890625
1/16 .0625 1.587500 9/16 .5625 14.287500
5164 .078125 1.984375 37/64 .578125 14.684375
3/32 .09375 2.381250 19/32 .59375 15.081250
7/64 .lo9375 2.778125 39/64 ,609375 15.478125
118 ,125 3.175000 518 ,625 15.875000
9/64 .140625 3.571875 540625 16.271875
5/32 .15625 3.968750 21/32 .65625 16.668750
11/64 .171875 4.365325 ,671875 17.065625
3/16 ,1875 4.762500 11/16 .6875 17.462500
13/64 ,203125 5.159375 .703125 17.859375
7/32 .21875 5.556250 23/32 ,71875 18.256250
15/64 .234375 5.953125 .734375 18.653125
114 .25 6.350000 .75 19.050000
17/64. 265625 6.746815 ,765625 19.446875
9/32 .28125 7.143750 25/32 .78125 19.843750
19/64 ,296875 7.540625 .796875 20.240625
5/16 ,3125 7.937500 13/16 ,8125 20.637500
21/64 .328125 8.334375 ,828125 21.034375
11/32 ,34375 8.731250 27/32 34375 21.431250
8/64 -359375 9.128125 55/64 .859375 21.828125
318 .375 9.525000 ,875 22.225000
25/64 ,390625 9.921875 57/64 .!I90625 22.621875
13/32 .40625 10.318750 29/32 ,90625 23.018750
27/64 .421875 10.715675 59/64 ,921875 23.415625
7/16 .4375 11.112500 15/16 .9375 23.812500
29/64 .453125 11.509375 61/64 ,953125 24.209375
15/32 ,46875 11.go6250 31/32 .96875 24.606250
31/64 .484375 12.303125 63/64 ,984375 25.003125
112 .50 12.70oooO I 1 1.00 25.400000
75
METRIC EQUIVALENTS OF FEET AND INCHES
I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 FEET
INCHES
.O .305 .610 .914 1.219 1.524 1.829 2.133 2.438 2.743 3.048 METERS
1 .330 .635 .940. 1.244 1.549 1.854 2.158 2.463 2.768 3.073 METERS
2 .356 .660 ,965 1.269 1.575 1.880 2.184 2.489 2.794 3.099 METERS
3 .381 .686 ,991 1.295 1.600 1.905 2.209 2.514 2.819 3.124 METERS
4 ,406 .711 1.016 1.320 1.626 1.931 2.235 2.540 2.844 3.150 METERS
5 .432 .737 1.041 1.346 1.651 1.956 2.260 2.565 2.870 3.175 METERS
6 .457 .762 1.066 1.371 1.676 1.981 2.286 2.590 2.895 3.200 METERS
7 .483 .787 1.092 1.397 1.702 2.007 2.311 2.616 2.921 3.226 METERS
8 .508 .813 1.117 1.422 1.727 2,032 2.336 2.641 2.946 3.251 METERS
9 .533 .838 1.142 1.448 1.753 2.057 2.362 2.667 2.972 3.276 METERS
10 .559 ,864 1.168 1.473 1.778 2.083 2.387 2.692 2.997 3.302 METERS
11 .584 389 1.193 1.498 1.803 2.108-2.412 2.717 3.022 3.327 METERS
.
I 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 FEET
INCHES
0 3.352 3.657 3.962 4.267 4.572 4.877 5.181 5.486 5.791 6.096 METERS
1 3.378 3.682 3.987 4.292 4.597 4.902 5.207 5.511 5.816 6.121 METERS
2 3.403 3.708 4.013 4.317 4.623 4.928 5.233 5.537 5.842 6.147 METERS
3 3.429 3.733 4.038 4.343 4648 4.953 5.258 5.562 5.867 6.172 METERS
4 3.454 3.759 4.064 4.369 4.674 4.979 5.284 5.588 5.893 6.198 METERS
5 3.479 3.784 4.089 4.394 4.699 5.004 5.309 5.613 5.918 6.223 METERS
6 3.505 3.810 4.114 4.419 4.724 5,029 5.334 5.638 5.943 6.248 METERS
7 3.530 3.835 4.140 4.445 4.750 5.055 5.360 5.664 5.969 6.274 METERS
8 3.555 3.860 4.165 4.470 4.775 5.080 5.385 5.689 5.994 6.299 METERS
9 3.581 3.886 4.190 4.496 4.801 5.106 5.411 5.715 6.019 6.325 METERS
10 3.606 3.911 4.216 4.521 4.826 5.131 5.436 5.740 6.045 6.350 METERS
11 3.632 3.936 4.241 4.546 4.851 5.156 5.461 5.765 6.070 6.375 METERS
METRIC EQUIVALENTS OF FEET AND INCHES-Continued
I 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 FEET
INCHES
0 6.401 6.706 7.010 7.315 7.619 7,925 8.229 8.534 8.839 9.144 METERS
1 6.426 6.731 7.035 7.340 7.645 7,950 8.254 8.559 8.864 9.169 .METERS
2 6.451 6.757 7.061 7.366 7.670 7,976 8.280 8.585 8.889 9.195 METERS
3 6.477 6.782 7.086 7.391 7.695 8,001 8.305 8.610 8.915 9.220 METERS
v
00 4 6.503 6.808 7.112 7.417 7.721 8,027 8.331 8.635 8.941 9.246 METERS
5 6.528 6.833 7.137 7.442 7.746 8.052 8.356 8.661 8.966 9.271 METERS
6 6.553 6.858 7.162 7.467 7.772 8,077 8.381 8.686 8.991 9.296 METERS
7 6.579 6.883 7.188 7.493 7.798 8.103 8.407 8.712 9.017 9.322 METERS
8 6.604 6.909 7.213 7.518 7.823 8,128 8.432 8.737 9.042 9.347 METERS
, 9 6.630 6.935 7.239 7.544 7.848 8.154 .8.458 8.763 9.068 9.373 METERS
' 10 6.655 6.960 7.264 7.569 7.874 8.179 8.483 8.788 9.093 9.398 METERS
11 6.680 6.985 7.289 7.594 7.899 8.204 8.508 8.813 9.118 9.423 METERS
- 31 32 33 34 35
~ ~
36
-~~~
37 38
~~
39 40 FEET
INCHES
0 9.449 9.754 10.058 10.363 10.668 10.973 11.277 11.582 11.887 12.192 METERS
1 9.474 9.778 10.083 10.388 10.693 10.998 11.302 11.607 11.912 12.217 METERS
2 9.500 9.805 10.109 10.414 10.719 11.024 11.328 11.633 11.938 12.243 METERS
3 9.525 9.830 10.134 10.439 10.744 11.049 11.353 11.658 11.963 12.268 METERS
4 9.551 9.856 10.160 10.465 10.770 11.075 11.379 11.684 11.989 12.294 METERS
5 9.576 9.881 10.185 10.490 10.795 11.100 11.404 11.709 12.014 12.319 METERS
6 9.601 9.906 10.210 10.515 10.820 11.125 11.429 11.734 12.039 12.344 METERS,
7 9.627 9.932 10.236 10.541 10.846 11.151 11.455 11.760 12.065 12.370 METERS
8 9.652 9.957 10.261 10.566 10.871 11.176 11.480 11.785 12.090 12.395 METERS
9 9.678 9.983 10.287 10.592 10.897 11.202 11.506 11.811 12.116 12.421 METERS
10 9.703 10.008 10.312 10.617 10.922 11.227 11.531 11.836 12.141 12.446 METERS
11 9.728 10.033 10.337 10.642 10.947 11.252 11.556 11.861 12.166 12.471 METERS
METRIC EQUIVALENTS OF FEET AND INCHES-Continued
I 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 FEET
INCHES
0 12.497 12.801 13.106 13.411 13.716 14.021 14.325 14.630 14.935 15.240 METERS
1 12.522 12.827 13.132 13.436 13.741 14.046 14.351 14.655 14.960 15.265 METERS
2 12.547 12.852 13.157 13.462 13.767 14.071 14.376 14.681 14.986 15.291 METERS
3 12.573 12.878 13.182 13.487 13.792 14.097 14.402 14.706 15.011 15.316 METERS
8 4 12.598 12.903 13.208 13.513 13.817 14.122 14.427 14.732 15.037 15.341 METERS ’
5 12.62-412.928 13.233 13.538 13.843 14.148 14.452 14.757 15.062 15.367 METERS
6 12.649. 12.954 13.259 13.563 13.868 14.173 14.478 14.783 15.087 15.392 METERS
7 12.674 12.979 13.284 13.589 13.894 14.198 14.503 14.808 15.113 15.418 METERS
8 12.700 13.005 13.309 13.614 13.919 14.224 14.529 14.833 15.138 15.443. METERS
9 12.725 13.030 13.335 13.640 13.944 14.249 14.554 14.859 15.164 15.468 METERS
10 12.751 13.055 13.360 13.665 13.970 14.275 14.579 14.884 15.189 15.494 METERS
11 12.776 13.081 13.386 13.690 13.995 14.300 14.605 14.910 15.214 15.519 METERS
Wgt. of 1 w. ft. drl 8
n
air at atm. pressure m
of 14.7 pounds.
8
Volume of 1 Ib. dry
alr at atm. pressure
of 14.7 pounds.
Temp. Deg. Fahr.
a
52
8
v)
w
F=
a
Wgt. of 1 cu. ft. dry

air at atm. pressure
of 14.7 pounds.
Volume of 1 Ib. dry
air at atm. p e w r e
of 14.7 pounds.
Temp. Deg. Fahr.
We@t of saturated
vapor yunb per Ib.
F
N
0
-
(0
IP
(D
0
d n
w of dry air.
8 8 x)
2
N
a
p Wgt. of sat. vapr
pounds per cu. ft.
Wgt. of 1 kL ft. dry
air at atm. pressure
of 14.7 punk
Volume of 1 ib. dry
+
rir vapor to sat-
urate it
Volume of 1 h. dry
alr at atm. passure
Df 14.7 pounds.
lew. Deg. Fahr.
81
Lb/cu f t Lb/cu ft
Aluminum .................................... 168 ..................................
. Glass. flint 200-294
Asbestos. insulation .......................... 29-44 Glass. plate .................................
153-170
Asbestos. rock ............................... 125-175 Granite..................................... 162-175
Ash. coal. dry ................................ 25-45 Gravel. dry. loose ...........................
87-106
Ash. coal. wet ................................ 40-65 Gravel. packed ..............................
100-175
Ash. slag...................................... 65-100 ..........................................
Ice 57.2-58.7
Asphalt ...................................... 69-94 Insulating Block (CaSi03) ...................
11-11.5
Bagasse. 50% H20 ........................... 7-9 Insulating Block (Magnesia) ................ 11-13
Brick. common. soft ......................... 100 Insulating Btock (Mineral Wool) .............
18
Brick. common. hard......................... 110-120 .
Insulating Block (Diatom Earth) ............ 23.6-24
Brick. best. pressed.......................... 120-144 Iron. grey cast ..............................
443
Brick. fireclay super duty ....................
136-154 Iron. white cast .............................
480
w Brick. fireclay high duty ......................
Brick. insulating
120-140
..............................
31-60
Iron. wrought
Kerosene
...............................
...................................
487-493
5 1.2-5 1.7
Brick. carborundum ..........................
130 Lead........................................ 708
Brick. magnesite.,
.. ...........................
158 Lignite. solid................................ 78
Brick. silica.................................. 102-115 Lignite. solid %" x 0.38% H20 ..............
44.5
Brick. sand and lime......................... 136 Limestone .................................. 168-175
Brickwork. building ..........................
100-140 Linseed Oil .................................. 58
Brickwork. fireclay ........................... 162 Magnesium .................................109
Cement. asbestos ............................
60 Manganese .................................449
Cement. Portland. loose .....................
90 Masonry. brick ..............................
100-130
Cement. Portland (in 1 cu. ft bag) . ........... ..........................
Cement. Portland. barrelled
Cement. refractory. cast
94
..................
115
.....................
90-200
.
Masonry. concrete
Masonry ashlar
Mercury. 60°F
120-150
............................
140-165
..............................
-844
Cement. refractory. trowel. gun .............. 100-150 Mineral Wool Insulating Blankets ...........
3ya.0
Cement. slag .................................
130 Mineral Wool Board and Binder .............
14.3
Charcoal. oak ................................
35 Molybdenum ................................
636
I ~ i ~.. _ _ - .......... ................

l . i - . ~ - ~ . _ ~.
. ~-~
I I I
Charcoal. pine ............................... 17-27 Mortar (for brickwork) ...................... 100

Cinders. cellulose. dry .......................
15-20 Nickel. ...................................... 555
Ciqders. coal. dry ............................
40-45 Paper. hard ................................. 58
Clay..........................................112-162 Paper. kraft ................................ 43
Coal. Anthracite. solid ........................
87-112 Peat ........................................ 47-52
Coal. Anthracite. sized .......................
50-60 Petroleum .................................. 54
Coal. Bituminous. solid .......................
75-100 Rockwool ................................... 14-21
Coal. Bituminous. sized ......................
45-55 Sand. dry ................................... 90-106
Coal. Sub.Bituminous. as fired ...............
42 Sand. wet ................................... 120-126
Coke. sized .................................. 22-32 Sandsto ne .................................. 140
Coke. breeze .................................25-34 Slate........................................ 175
Concrete. cinder .............................
100-1 10 Snow. fresh ................................. 5-8
Concrete. stone and gravel................... 143-150 Snow. packed ............................... 12
Concrete. slag ................................
130 Snow. wet ................................... 50
Copper. rolled or wire ........................
558 Steel........................................ 489
00
w Cork. natural .................................15 Tin.......................................... 358-456
Cork. granulated .............................
5.4-7.3 Tita niurn.................................... 281
Corkboard ...................................6.9-20.7 Tungsten ................................... 1203
Earth. dry. loose .............................75 Uranium .................................... 1164
Earth. dry. packed ...........................
94 Vanadium ................................... 372
Earth. moist. loose ...........................
81 Water. 68"F ................................ 62.3
Earth. moist. packed .........................
100 Water. sea .................................. 64.0
Earth. mud. flowing ..........................
104-112 Wood.. seasoned Douglas fir ................ 32
Earth. mud. packed ..........................
112-125 Wood. Hemlock ............................. 25-29
Fiberglass (6 Fiber). .........................
0.5-8.0 Wood. Oak. red ............................. 40-44
Fireclay. ground ..............................
100 Wood. Oak. white ........................... 46-50
Fly Ash....................................... 75 Wood. Pine. white ...........................
Gasoline .....................................
..............................
41-43 Wood. Pine. long leaf. yellow. ............... 25-27
38-44
Glass. comm( n 166472 Wood chips. bark 40% H20 ................. 15-20
Glass. crystal ................................
181-187 Zinc......................................... 446
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
TROY WEIGHT
24 grains = 1 pennyweight 12 ounces = 1 pound
20 pennyweights = 1ounce
Used for. weighing gold, silver and jewels.
APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT
20 grains = 1 scruple 8 drams = 1ounce
3 scruples = 1dram 12 ounces = 1 pound
The ounce and pound in this sre the same as in Troy weight.
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT
271%2grains = 1dram
16 drams = 1ounce 4 quarters = 1cwt
16 ounces = 1 pound 2,000 Ib = 1short ton
25 pounds = 1quarter 2,240 Ib = 1lang ton
> DRY MEASURE
2 pints = 1quart 4 pecks = 1bushel
8 quarts = 1peck 36 bushels = 1chaldron
LIQUID MEASURE
4 gills = 1pint 31% gallons = 1barrel
2 pints = 1quart 2 barrels = 1hogshead
4 quarts = 1gallon
SURVEYOR'S MEASURE
7.92 inches = 1 link 4 rods = 1chain = 66 ft.
25 links = 1rod
10 square chains or 160 square rods = 1acre
640 acres = 1sq mile .36 sq miles (6 miles sq) = 1township
CIRCULAR MEASURE
60 seconds = 1minute 30 degrees = 1sign
60 minutes = 1degree 90 degrees = 1quadrant
4 quadrants = 12 signs, or. 360 degrees = 1circle
LONG MEASURE
12 inches = 1foot 40 rods = 1furlong
3 feet = 1yard 8 furlongs = 1statute mile
5% yards = 1rod 3 miles = 1league
CLOTH MEASURE
2% inches = 1nail 4 quarters = 1yard
4 nails = 1quarter
MAR1NERS' MEASURE
6 feet = 1fathom 5,280 ft = 1statute mile
120 fathoms = 1 cable length 6,980.27 ft = 1 nautical mile
8.44 cable lgths = 1naut. mi. 3maut. mi. = 1naut. league
MISCELLANEOUS
3 inches = 1 palm 18 inches = 1cubit
4 inches = 1hand 21.8 inches = 1Bible cubit
9 inches = 1span 2% ft =.1 military pace
Table 1 Saturated Steam and Saturated Water: Tomi mure Table
Volume. mSntJr Enthalw..-

. kJkg Enti
Temp
OC
Rgss
k?a Water Steam Water
I Evap. Steam Water Evap. OC
T P v h I h h T
I
V 8 b
+ I
0 0.61 08 0.0010002 206.31 -0.04 2501.6 2501.6 9.1579 9.1577 0
0.0002
0.01 0.61 12 0.0010002 206.14 2501.6 O.ooO0 9.1575 9.1575 0.01

~
6 0.8718 0.001oooo 147.16 21.01 2489.7 2510.7 0.0762 8.9607 9.0269 5
00
10 1.2270 0.0010003 106.43 41.99 I 2477-9 2519.9 0.1510 8.75t0 1 8.8919 I0
UI IS
~
1.7040 0.0010008 77.98 62.94 2466.1 2528.0 0.2243 8.5582 I 8.7825 1s
20 2.377 0.0010008 67.84 83.86 2464.3 2538.2 0.2963 8.3721 8.6684 20
~ ~ ~~
25 3.1 66 0.0010029 43.40 104.77 2442.5 2547.3 0;3670 0.1922 8.5592 26
30
~~
4.241 0.0010043 32.93 i 25.66 2430.7 2556.4 0.4365 8.0181 8.4646 30
+ +
5.622 0.0010060 25.25 2565.4 0.5049 7.8494 8.3543 36
40 7.375 0.0010078 19.546 2574.4 0.5721 7.6861 8.2583 40

--
0.001 0098 '16.276 180.35 2394.0 2583.3 0.6383 7.5277 8.1661 46
~ ~ ~~
12.335 0,00101 21 12.046 209.26 2302.9 2592.2 0.7035 7.3741 8.0776
66 15.741 0.0010145 9.570 230.17 1 2370.8 2m1.o 0.7677 7.2248 I 7.9925 6S
80 19.920 0.0010171 7.679 251.09 2358.6 2609.? 0.8310 7.0798 I 7.9108 60

66 26-010 0.0010199 6.202 272.03 2346.3 2618.3 0.8933 6.9388 7.8322
70 31.16 0.0010228 5.046 292.97 2334.0

-
2626.9 0.9548 6.8017 7.7565 70
7s 38.55 0.0010259 I 4.134 I 313.93 2321.5 2635.4 1..0154 6.6681 7.6835 75
#
80 47.36 0.0010292 3.409 334.92 2308.8 2643.8 1.0753 6.5380 7.61 32 80
8S 67.80 0.0010326 2.829 35591 2296.1 2652.0 1.1343 6.41 11 7.6464 86
70.1 1 0.0010361 2.361 3 376.94 2283.2 2660.1 1.1925 6.2873 7.4799 90
a5 84.53 0.0010398 I 1.9822 1 397.99 2270.2 2668.2 1.2501 6.1 665 7.4166 96
100 101.33 0.0010437 I 1.6730 I 419.06 2256.9 2676.0 1.3069 6.0485 7.3554 100
105 120.80 0.0010477 I 1.4193 I 440.17 2243.6 2683.7 1.3630 5.9331 7.2962 105
f 10 143.27 0.0010519 I 1.2089 I 461.32 2230.0 2691.3 1.4185 5.8203 7.2388

-.
110
I I
~~ ~
169.06 0.0010562 1.0363 482.50 2216.2 2698.7 1.4733 5.7099 7.1832 115
120 198.54 0.0010606 f 0.8915 I 503.72 2202.2 2706.0 1.6276 5.601 7 7.1 293 120
126 232.1 0.0010652 0.7702 524.99 2188.0 271 3.0 1.5813 5.4957 7.0769 126
130 270.1 2173.6 2719.9 1.6344 5.3917 7,0261 130
135 313.1 0.0010760 0.6818 567.68 21 58.9 2726.6 1.6869 5.2897 6.9766 136
..
I
~~
140 361.4 0.0010801 I 0.5085 589.10 2144.0 2733.1 1.7390

__
5.1 894 8.9284 140
I46
150
415.5
476.0
0,0010853
0.0010908
1
I
0.4480
0.3924
I 610.59
I 632.15
21 28.7
21 13.2
-
27393
2745.4
1.7906
1.841 6
5,0910
4.994 1
6.8815
6.8358
145
150
Table I Saturated Steam and S8tUr8ted Water: Temnerature Table
Volume, ma Enthalav, kJ
R888 Temp
k?a Water Evap. Evpp. 'C
P V V h h 8 8 T
166 543.3 0.0010964 0.3464 663.77 2097.4 2761.2 I 1.8923 4.8982) 6.791 1 166
160 618.1 0.0011022 0.3068 675.47 2081.3 2756.3 1 1.9425 4.8060 6.7475 160
166 700.8 0.0011082 0.2724 897.25 2064.8 2762.0 I 1.9923 4.71 26 6.70428 166
00
170 792.0 0.001 1146 0.2426 719.12 2047. g 2767.1 I 2.04'16 4.6214 6.6630 170
176 892.4 0.001 1209 0.21654 741.07 2030.7 2771.8 1 2.0906 4.5314 6.8221 176
180 1OO2.7 0.0011275 0.19380 763.1 2 2013.2 2776.3 I 2.1393 4.4426 6.5819 180
18s 1123.3 0.0011344 0.17306 786.26 1995.2 2780.4 I 2.1876 4.3648 6.5424 186
190 12256.1 0.001 1416 0.15632 807.52 1976.7 2784.3 I 2.2358 4.2680 6.5036 190
186 1398.7 0.001 1489 0.1 4084 1957.9 2707.8 I 2.2833 4.1821 6.4664 196
16643 0.001 1665 0.12716 852.37 1838.6 2790.9 2.3307 4.0971 6.4278
~~ ~ ~ ~~
210 1907.7 0.0011728 0.10424 897.73 1898.6 2796.2 2.4247 3.9293 210
220 2319.8 0.001 1900 0.08804 943.67 1856.2 2799.9 I 2.5178 3.7639 6.281 7 220
+ I
88
c
-
Table It. Saturated Steam and Saturated Water (Pressure)
Volume, mjkg Enthatpy, kJkg Entropy, kJ/kg-K
h 6 S Temp
kPa .C Steam Water Evap. Steam Water Evap.
P T h s S s
1.o 6.983 29.34 0.1060 8.8706 8.9767
1.5 13.036 0.0010006 1 87.98 54.71 2470.7 2526.5 0.1 ss7 8.6332 8.8288
2.0 17.513 73.46 2460.2 2533.6 0.2607 8.4639 8.7246
3.0 24.100 1OS.Qo 2444.8 2545.6 0.3544 8.3341 8.5785
4.0 28.983 0.001o04o I 34-80 121.41 2433.1 2554.5 0.4225 8.0530 8.4755
5.0 32.898 137.77 2423.8 2561.6 0.4763 7.91 97 8.3960
7.5 40.31 6 168.77 0.5763 7.43766 8.2523
10.0 45.833 0.0010102 14.675 191.83 0.6493 7.601 8 8.1511

~~
16.0 53.997 0.0010140 10.023 225.87 2373.2 2599.2 0.7549 8.0093
20.0 60.086 0.0010172 7.660 25 1.45 2358.4 2609.9 0.8321 7.0774 7,9094
~~ ~~~
30.0 69.1 24 0.0010223 5.229 289.30 2336.1 2625.4 0.944 1 6.8254 7.7696
.-
40.0 75.886 0.0010265 3.993 317.65 2319.2 I 2636.9 1.0261 6.6448 7.6709
813 4 5 0.001 0301 340.56 1.0912 6.5035 7.5947
75.0 91.785 0.00 10375 2.2169 384.45 1..2131 6.2439 7,4570

II Table 11. Saturated Steam and Saturated Water (Pressure)
1I
J
Volume, mSkg Enthalpy, k J k g Entropy, kJlkg-K
Pmam Temp
+
Wa OC Water Steam Water Evap. Steam
P T V
v ,
16000.0 . 342.13 0.001 6579 0.010340 I h

1611.O
. ~h1004.0 / 261
I 5.0 3.6859 1.6320 6.3178
20000.0 385.70 0.0020370 0.005877 I 1826.6 I 591.9 I~-2418.4 4.01 49 0.9263 4.941 2
22120,O 374.15 0.00317 O.OO317 2107.4 0.0 2107.4 0.0 14.4429
I
SUPERHEATED STEAM
TABLES
Pmssum v(speclilc volume), m3/kg h(anthalpyL Wlkg stentmpy), kJlkg-K
kpa
++ ++
tT 1 Temperature, OC
OC
I 600 I 800
*
300 400 Mw) 700
140.09 172.10 196.28 218.36 284.61 310.66 366.81 402.97 449.12 496.27
+
~ (8.983) 2594.6 2~8.6 2783.7 2880.1 3oid.a 32V9.7 3489.2 3706.6 3028.0 4168.7
I 11.2243 I 11.8911
+ +
Q.2430 0.6136 0.7627 9.9879 10.3466 10B711 10.9612 11.i4663
6.0 . 1v 29.783 I 34.417 39.042 I 43.861 62.897 1 62.129 71.360 80.692 89.822 89.063
132.90) 2603.7 I 2688.1 2783.4 I ,2879.9 3076.7 1 3279.7 34488.2 3706.8 3928.8 41 68.7
I I
~ ~~
+
8.4981 8,7898 0,0094 9.2248 9.802 1 8.9283 10.2184 10.4816 $0.7236 10.9483
I 17.tOti 1 40.296 1 49.628
+
*
14.871 18.613 21.826 26.446 31.062 36.670 44.910
(46.831 2692.7 I 2887.6 3076.6 3276.8 3480.1 3706.6 3928.8 41 68.7
8.1768 8.4486 @.SOBS 9.8984 10.1818 10.4638 10.6284
3.4181 6.2839 6.2091 7.1336 8.0574 8.0810 I 0.9044
1 I
+
(81.361 2682.0 2780.t 2877.7 3076.7 3279.0 3488.7 3706.2 3828.6 4168.6
I, I 74063 7.8406 1 8.1687 a5380 8.8849 0,1662 9.41 86 9.sBoe 9.8866
I00 I" 1.8066 2.8387 3.1 026 3.6663 4 .Q27 7 4.4898 4.0617
2696.2 3488.1 3704.8 3928.2 1 4168.3

~-
I120.2)
S
6
I
I
7.3818
I
3.8136
0.9686
2708.6
7.2704
* *
7.8348
1.0804
2870.6
7.607 2
. 8.2188
1.3183
3072.1
7 a937
8,5442
1.6402
3276.7
8.2226
I 8.8348
I 1.7812
3487.0
8.613a
a.0982
2.0 129
3704.0
8.7778
I 9.3406
2.2442
3927.6
9.0201
8.6664
2.4764
4167.8
8.2462
+
300 0.7184 ’ 0.8753 1 A314 1.1866 1.3412 1.4867 1.6488
..~
~
(133.61 2866.4 3069.7 3276.2 ’ 3486.0 3703.2 3927.0 4167.3
7.3119 7.7034 8.6338 . I 8.3267 8.6898 8.8326
*
400 0.7726 0.8882 1.0064 1-1214
(148.61 32’73.6 3484.9 37.02.3 I 9926.4 4’166.8
\
8.1919 8.4683 1 8.6992 8.9246
600 0.4260 0.6226 0.SSBe
I161.81 2866.1 3064.8 3272.1 3483.8 3701-6 3926.8 4160.4
7.0692 7.4614 . 7.7948 8.0878 8.3626 8.6967 8.821 3
600 0.6136 0.69 1a 0.6096 0.747 1 0.8246
(168.8) 3230.6 3482.7 3700.7 1 3826.1 4166.8
I
~~~
8.9662 7.3740 7.7080 8.0027 8.2678 8.611 8.7368

- - .-
800 0.2808 0.3241 0.3842 0.4432 0.6017 0.6181

7
1170.41 2838.8
6.8148
3067.3
7 .a348
3267.6
7.67 29
3480.6.
7.8678 8.1336 8.3773

-
4166.0
8.6033
Table Ill, Superheated $learn
Tr) Tbmperatuw, O C
I
OC
I 60 100 tW 200 300 700
lo00 V 0.2069 0.2680 0.3086 1 0.3640 0.4010 0.4477 0.4943
(178.8) h I 2826.8 3062.1 3284.4 ~ -1 3478.3 3687.4 3822.7

._
4164.1
I I I 1 I I 7,7627
+
l a 6.6922 77,1261
,1261 7 A666 8.0282 0.2l34 8.4987
7
1500 V 0.1324 0.1087 0.2029 1 0.2360 0.2867 0.2980 0.3282
-
+
88.3)
(188.3\ h I 2794.7 3038.9 3268.6 3472.8 3693.3 3819.8 4161.7
~
I
a
I
I
1
6.4608
6.4608 6.9207 7.2709 75708 8.0838 8.3108
2OOo
I
v
I
I 1I 0,1266 0,161 1 0.1786 0.1 886 0.2232 0.2487
g12.4) I h I I 1. I I 3026.0 3248.7 3467.3 3689.2 3916.6 4148.4
8 6.7696 7.129% I 7.4323 7.7022 7.8486 8.1763
moo V 0.081 18 0,08831 I 0.1161 0.1 323 0.1483 0.1 641

-
*
+
2996.1 3232.2 3466.2 4144.7
.~
8.6422 8.9246 7.2346 7.6079 1 7.7664 7.0867
4000 0.06883 0.07338 0.08634 0.09878 0.1 100 0.1223

~.
~
(260.31 2862.0 3216.7 8446.0 3672.8 3904.1 4140.0
6.3842 6.7733 7 .oam 7.3880 7.8187

-
7.8496
9.04630 O.Ob779 0.08849

.
0.07862 0.08846
-
Q.09809
1283.9) 2926.6 3433.7 3664.6 3807.9

~- -
4 136.3
6.2106 6.5608 6.8770 7.2678 I 6.6108 7.7431
Ob2B41 0.03276 0.03832 I 0.04366 0.04868
(311.Ol 3099.9 3374.6 3022.7 I 3886.8 41 12.0
6.21 82 6.6994 6.06 13 I 7.1660

-
7 A068
I
~~
0.01688 0.02080 0.02488 0.02869 0.03209
(342.1 1 2979.1 33 10.6 4088.6
5.8876 6.3487 72013

Engineering Conversion Factors
U he following table is designed to provide

accurate conversion of units between vari-
ous equivalent representational forms. To con-
would be (2.5)acres x 4046.87 = 10,000m’.
Where conversions involve the International
System of Units (le Systhne ‘International
vert a unit, locate the unit in the MULTIPLY d’unitds, abbreviated “SI”), we show the
column of the table, select the desired unit in proper symbols or formulas for the particular SI
the TO OBTAIN column, and then multiply the unit. There are symbols for the recommended
quantity to be converted by the appropriate fac- ST base, supplementary, and derived units, and
tor to obtain the desired units. for most of their multiples and submultiples.
For example, you have exactly 2.5 acres and Note that such “metric” units as kilogram-
you need to know how many square meters. In force,calorie, tom, centimeter of water, millime-
the table: acre x 4046.87 = square meter. There- ter of mercury, and metric horsepower are not
fore, 2.50000 acres = (2.50000) x [4046.87]= SI units. Also note that, in American Custom-
10117.38 square meters, ary Units (ACU), the unit pound is used as ei-
A note should be made regarding scientific ther a mass unit (pound-mass, or lbm) or as a
notation: 1x lo*, 1 x lo2, 1 x lo3are equivalent force unit (pound-force, or lbf); in ACU, pound
respectively to 10, 100, 1000. For negative is always pound avoirdupois, not troy pound.
powers, I x I x lo-%,1 x 10-~
represent the An asterisk [*) after the sixth or higher signif-
numbers 0.1,0.01, 0.001.Therefore, the num- icant figure indicates that the conversion factor
ber 2.345 x lo3is 2345.0 and 2.345 x repre- is exact and that all subsequent digits are zero.
sents 0.002345. All other factors are rounded. Where fewer than
Accuracy is an important concern with con- six significant figures are shown, more preci-
version factors. This table presents most conversion is not warranted.
sions with six significant figures; for example, As a further explanation of the use of this
4046.87 and 39.3701. The actual number of sig- table, note that: to convert -from pound-force
nificant figures allowed in a conversion is equal per square inch, multiply by 6.89476 to obtain
to the number of significant figures in the least the number of kilopascals (kh)means
accurate of the conversion factors or the unit be- 1 lbf/inz= 6.894 76 kPa.
ing converted. For example, in the acre-to- Similarly, to convert from inches to millime-
square-meter illustration: if the number of ters, multiplying the inch value by 25.400 O* to
acres was known only to two significant fig- obtain the number of millimeters, means
ures, then the conversion to square meters 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters [exactly).
8 Engineering Conversion Factors

~-
MULTIPLY BY To OBTAIN
A
abampere 20* ampere (A)
abcoulomb lo* coulomb (C)
abfarad lo@* farad (F)
abhenry 10-9 * henry [H)
abohm lo-s * ohm (0)
abvolt lo-' * volt (V)

acre (U.S. survey: I foot=
(1200/3937)m) 4046.87 square meter (ma)
acre foot (U.S. survey) 1233.49 cubic meter [m3)
ampere (A) 1.ooooo* coulomb/second ( U s )
amperelcentimeter (A/cm) 2.54000 * amperelinch
ampere/inch (1959 internat'l inch) 39.3701 ampere/meter (A/m)
ampere/kilogram (A/kg) 0.45359237* ampere/pound-mass
ampere/meter (Aim) 0.025400* ampendinch
ampere/pound - mass 2.20462 ampere/kilogram !A/kg)
ampendsquare foot 10.7639 ampere/square meter (A/m')
ampendsquare inch 1550.00 ampere/square meter (A/mZ)
amperelsquare meter (Alm') 0.00064516" amperelsquare inch
amperelsquare meter (A/m2) 0.09290304* ampere/square foot
ampereholt ( A N ) 1.00000* siemens (S)
ampere/volt inch 39.3701 siernenslmeter (S/m)
are 100.000* square meter
atmosphere (kilogram-force/cm' 98.0665* kilopascal (kPa)
atmosphere (760 torr) 101.325* kilopascal (kPa)
atmosphere (760 torr) 29.9212 inch mercury (32°F)
8
bar ( pascals) 100.000* kilopascal (kPa)
barrel (42U.S. gallons, liquid) 0.158987 cubic meter ( m3)
barreliton (U.K. long or gross) 0.156476 cubic metedmetric ton
banellton (U.S. short or net) 0.175254 cubic meterlmetric ton
barrel /day 0.00184013 cubic decimeterlsecond
barrellhour 0.0441631 cubic deci metedsecond
barreVmillion std cubic feet 0.133010 cubic decimeters/kilomol
becquerel (Bq) (radioactivity) 1.00000* disintegration/second
Btu (mean) 1.05587 kilojoule (kj)
Btu (thermochemical) 1.05435 kilojoule (kj)
Btu (39°F) 1.05967 kilojoule (kj)
Btu (60°F) 1.05468 kilojoule (kj)
Btu (I.T.) (International Table) 1.055056 kilojoule (kJ)
Btu (I.T.) 778.172 foot -pound (force)
Btu (I.T.)/cubic foot 37.2589 kilojoule/cubic meter (kJ/m3)
Btu (I.T.)/hour 0.293071 watt (W)
Btu (I.T.)/hour cubic foot 0.0103497 kilowatt/cubic meter (kW/m3)
Btu (I.T.)/hour cubic foot " F 0.0186295 kilowatt/cubic meter kelvin (kW/m'*K)
Btu (I.T.]/hour square foot , 3.15459 wattlsquare meter (W/mz)
Btu (I.T.)/hour square foot O F 5.67826 watt/square meter kelvin (W/m'=K)
Btu (I.T.)foot/hour square foot "F 1.73074 wattlmeter kelvin (W/m*K)
B tu (I .T. )/minute 0.0175843 kilowatt (kW)
Btu (I .T. )/pound- mole 2.32600* joule/mole (J/mol)
Btu (I.T.)/pound-mole O F 4.18680* kilojoule/kilomol kelvin (kJ/kmol*K)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
Btu (I.T.)/pound-mass 0.555556 kilocalorie/kilogram

Btu (I.T.)/pound-mass 2.32600* kilojoule/kilogram (kJkg)
Btu (I.T.)/pound-mass O F 4.18680* kilojoulelkilogram kelvin (kJ1kg.K)
Btu (I.T.)/pound-mass O F 1.00000* kilocaloriekilogram kelvin
Btu [I.T.)/second 1.05506 kilowatt (kW)
Btu (I.T.)/second cubic foot 37.2589 kilowatthbic meter (kW/m3)
Btu (I.T.)/secondcubic foot O F 67.0661 kilowatt/cubic meter kelvin (kW/m3=K)
Btu (I.T.)/second square foot 11.3565 kiIowattisquare meter (kW/mz)
Btu (I.T.)/second square foot O F 20.4418 kilowattisquare meter kelvin (kW/rr+K)
5
+ Btu (I.T.)/gallon (U.K. liquid)
232.080 kilojoule/cubic meter (kJ/m3)
Btu (I.T.)/gallon (US.liquid) 278.716 kilojoule/cubic meter (kJ/m3)
C
calorie (I.T.) 4.28680”
calorie (mean) 4.19002
calorie (thermochemical) 4.18400*
calorie [thermochernical) 0.00396567
calorie (15 O C) 4.18580
calorie (20OC) 4.I8190
calorie (kilogram, I.T.) 4186.80*
calorie [kilogram, mean] 4190,02
calorie [kilogram, thermochernical) 4184.00*
calorie (thermochem)/gramkelvin 4.18400* kilojoulekilogram kelvin (kJkg-K)
calorie (thermocfiemica1)lhourcm2 0.0116222 kilowattlsquare meter [kW/m')
calorie (therrnochemica1)lmilliliter 4,18400" megajoule/cubic meter (MJ/m3)
calorie (thermochem)/pound-mass 9.22414 joule/kilogram (J/kg)
candela/square meter (cdim2) 0.291864 foot lambert
candelahquare meter (cdhZ) 0.00031416 lambert
centimeter 0.393701 inch (1959 international)
centimeter water (4"C) 0.0980638 kilopascal (kh)
centipoise 0.001000* pascal second (Pas)
centistoke 1.00000* square millirneter/second
chain (surveyor or gunter) 20.1168 meter [m)
coulomb (quantity of electricity) 1.00000* ampere-second [As)
coulomb/cubic foot 35.3147 coulomb/cubic .meter (Urn3)
coulomb/cubic meter (Urn3) 0.0283168 coulomblcubic foot
cou lomb/foot 3.28084 coulomb/meter (Urn)
coulomb/inch 39.3 701 coulomb/meter (Urn)
coulomb/meter (Urn) 0.304800" coulomb/foot
coulomb/meter (Urn) 0.025400" couIomb/inch
coulomb/square foot 10.7639 coulomb/square meter (Urn2)
coulomb/square meter (Cimz) 0.0929030 coulomb/square foot
cubic centimeter 0.035195 fluid ounce (U.K.)
cubic centimeter 0.038140 fluid ounce (U.S.)
cubic centimeter 0.0610237 cubic inch
cubic centimetdcubic meter 1 .00000 volume partdmillion
cubic decimeter (liter) 0.0353147 cubic foot
cubic decimeter (liter) 0.219969 gallon (U.K. liquid)
cubic decimeter (liter) 0.264172 gallon (U.S. liquid)'
cubic decimeter (liter) 0.879877 quart (U.K.liquid)
cubic decimeter [liter) 1.03669 quart (U.S. liquid)
cubic decimeterkilogram 0.119826 gallon (U.S. liquid)/pound-mass
cubic decimeterAcilograrn 0.0160185 cubic foot/pound-mass (Wlbm)
cubic decimeterkilogram 0.099776 gallon (U.K. liquid)/pound-mass
A
cubic decirnetedsecond 127.133 cubic foothour
8 cubic decimeterlsecond 543.440 barre1/day
cubic decirneter/second 3051.19 cubic footlday
cubic decirnetedsecond 13.I981 gallon (U.K.liquid)/minute
cubic decimeter/second 15.8503 gallon (US.liquid)/minute
cubic decirnetedsecond .2.1I888 cubic fodminute
cubic decirnetedsecond 0.035315 cubic footlsecond
cubic decirnetedmetric ton 0.005 706 barrel/ton (U. S. )
cubic decimetedmetric ton 0.006391 barrel/ton (U.K.)
cubic decirnetedmetric ton 0.268411 gallon (U.S. liquid)/ton (U.K.)
cubic decimeter/rnetric ton 0.239653 gallon (U.S. liquid)/ton (U.S.)
cubic foot (1959international) 0.0283368 cubic meter [m3)
cubic foot 28.3168 cubic decimeter (liter)
cubic foot 7.48052 gallon (U.S, liquid)
cubic footlfoot 0.0929030 cubic metedmeter ( d m )
cubic foothour 0.00786579 cubic decimeter/second
cubic foot/minute 0.471947 cubic decimeter/second
cubic foot/pound -mass 62.4280 cubic decimeterkilogram
cubic foot/pound-mass 0.0624280 cubic meterkilogram (m3kg)
cubic foot/second 28.3169 cubic decimetedsecond
cubic inch 0.0163871 cubic decimeter
cubic inch 16.3871 cubic centimeter
cubic meter fm3) 1 000 000" cubic centimeter I
cubic meter (m3) 1000.00* liter

-L
cubic meter (m3) 61 023.7 cubic inch (1959 international)
P
0 cubic meter [m3) 6.28976 barrel (42 U.S. gallons, liquid)
cubic meter (ma) 35.3147 cubic foot
cubic meter (m3) 1.30795 cubic yard (1959 international)
cubic meter (m3) 219.969 gallon (U.K. liquid)
cubic meter (m3) 264.172 gallon (U.S.liquid)
cubic meterkilogram (m3/kg) 16.0185 cubic foot/pound-mass
cubic metedmeter (m3/m) 10.7639 cubic foot/foot
cubic meterlmeter (mVm) 80.5196 gallon (U.S.liquid)/foot
cubic meterhcond meter (m3/srn) 289 870 gallon (U.S.1iquid)hourfoot
cubic metedsecond meter (m3/s*m) 4022.80 gallon [U.K.liquid)/minute foot
cubic metedsecond meter (m3/srn) 4831.18 gallon (U.S.liquid)/minute foot
cubic meterhetric ton (m3/Mg) 5.70602 barrel/ton (U.S.)
cubic metedrnetric ton (m3/Mg) 6.39074 barrel/ton (U.K.)

cubic mile (1959international) 4.16818 cubic kilometer (km')
cubic yard (1959 international) 0.764555 cubic meter (nf)
curie (Ci) (radiation dosimetry) 3.7000X 10'O * becquerel (Bq)
D ~~ ~ __ ~ ~~
degree Celsius (difference) ("C, diff.) 1.80000* degree Fahrenheit (difference)

degree Celsius (difference) ( O C , diff .) 1,OOOOO* kelvin (difference)
4 degree Fahrenheit (difference) 0.555556 degree Celsius (difference)("C,diff.)
0
a degree Kelvin (difference)(K) 1.80000* degree Rankine (difference)
degree Rankine (difference) 0.555558 kelvin (difference)(K)
(for temperature, see under "T")
degree (angle) 0.017453 radian
degree/second (angular) 0.166667 mohtion/minute
dyne 0.000010* newton (N)
dyne 7.23301x poundal
dyne 2.24809 x 10'' pound (force)
dyne 1.00000* gram centimetedsecond squared
dyne/square centimeter 0.100000* pascal (Fa)
dyne secondlsquare centimeter 0.100000" pascal second (Pa-s)
F
farad (electrical capacitance) 1.ooooo * ct>ulomb/voh(CN)
faradheter (Fh) 0,025400" farad/inch
fathom (6 U.S. survey foot exactly) 1.82880 meter (m)
foot (1959international) 0.304800* meter (m)
foot (1959 international) 304.800* millimeter
foot (U.S. survey) (12OO/3937)* meter (m)
foot lambed 3.42626* candeldsquare meter (cd/mz)
foot of water (392°F) 2988.98 pascal (Pa)
foot/degree F 0.548640 metedkelvin (a)
foot/gallon {U.S. liquid) 80.5196 meterhbic meter (dd)
(foot= 1959 internationd)
fodcubic foot (1959 international) 10.7639 metedcubic meter [ d m 3 )
fo0tAlour 0.0846667 millirneter/second (mm/s)
foot/rninute (1959 international foot) 0.0050800* metedsecond ( d s ]
footlsecond 0:304800* rnetedsecond (mls)
foot-poundal 0.0421401 joule (J)
foot-pound (force) 1.35582 joule (J)
foot-pound (force) 0.00128507 Btu (LTJ
foot-pound (force)/gallon(U.S.) 0.358169 kilojoule/cubic meter (kJ1n-P)
foot-pound (force)/second 3.35582 watt (W)
foot-pound (force)/squareinch 0.210152 joulelsquare centimeter
footcandle 1.ooooo* lumedsquare foot
footcandle 10.7639 lux {lumedsquare meter) (lm/mz)
~ ~~
gal (galileo) 0.010000* meterisecond squared (m/s2)

gallon (U.K. liquid) 0.00454609 cubic meter (m3)
gallon (U.K. liquid) 4.54609 cubic decimeter
gallon (U.K. li@id)/hour square foot 1.35927x wbic metedsecond square meter (m3/s.m2)
gallon (U.K. liquid)/minute 0.075768 cubic decimetedsecond
gallon (U.K.liquid)/ 0.00081556 cubic metedsecond square meter (m3/s.m2)
minute square foot
gallon (U.K. liquid)/pound-mass 10.0224 cubic decimeterkilogram
gallon (U.K. liquid)/looObarrels 28.5940 cubic centimeter/cubic meter
gallon (U.S. liquid) 2 3 1.OOO* cubic inch
gallon (U.S. liquid) 0.a32674 gallon (U.K.liquid)
gallon (U.S. liquid) 0.00378541 cubic meter (ma)
gallon (U.S. liquid)/cubic foot 133.681 cubic decimeterhbic meter
gallon (U. S. liquid)/foot 0.0124193 cubic meterlmeter (mVm)
gallon (U.S. liquid)/hour square foot 1.13183x lo-’ cubic meterhecond square meter (m3/s-mz)
gallon (U.S. liquid)/minute 0.0630902 cubic decimetedsecond
gallon (U.S. liquid)/ 0.O0067910 cubic meterlsecond square meter (rn3/s*mz)
minute square foot
gallon (V.S. liquid)/pound-mass 8.34540 cubic decimeterkilogram
gallon (U.S., dry) 0.00440488* cubic meter (m3)
gamma (mass) 10-9 * kilogram (kg)
gamma [magnetic flux density) 10-9 * tesla IT)
gauss (magnetic flux density) 0.000100" tesla (T)
gausdoersted 1.25664x henryimeter {Wm)
gilbert 0.795775 ampere turn
grad 0.0157080 radian (rad)
grain (1/7000lbm avoirdupois) 64.79891 * milligram (mgf
graidgallon (U. S. liquid) 17.1181 gram/cubic meter
graidcubic foot .2.28835 milligradcubic decimeter
grain/100 cubic feet 22.8835 milligram/cubic meter
gram 0.0352 74 ounce-mass (avoirdupois)
A gram 0.032151 ounce-mass (troy)
0
00 grammole 0.001000* kilomole (kmol]
g r d c u b i c meter 3.78541 milligram/gallon (U.S. liquid)
gradcubic meter 0.058418 graidgallon (US. liquid)
gradcubic meter 0.350507 pound-mass/lOoObarrels
gradcubic meter 0.00834541 pound-mass/1000 gallons (U.S. liquid)
gramkubic meter 0.0100224 pound-rnasd1000 gallons [U.K. liquid)
gradgallon (U.K.) 0.239969 kilogradcubic meter [kg/m3)
g r d g a l l o n (U.S.) 0.264172 kilogradcubic meter (kg/m3)
gray (GY) 100.000 rad (radiation dose absorbed)
H
hectare 10000* square meter (m2)
hectare 2.47104 acre (U.S. survey)

henry (inductance)(H) 7.95775x 107 maxwell/gilbert
henry (inductance) (H) 1.00000 weberlampere
henry (inductance) (H) 1.00000x loa line/ampere
henry/meter (Him) 795 775 gaussDersted .
henry/meter (H/m) 2.54000 x 10' * line/ampere inch

horsepower (electric) 0.746000* kilowatt (kW)
horsepower (hydraulic) 0.746043 kilowatt (kW)
horsepower (metric) 0.735499 kilowatt (kW)
horsepower (US.) (550 ft-lbf/s) 0.745700 kilowatt (kW)
horsepower (U.S.)(550 ft-lbfls) 42.4072 Btu (I.T.)/minute
horsepower hour (US)(550ft-lbf/s) 2.68452 megajoule (MJ)
horsepower hour (U.S.) (550ft-lbf/s) 2544.43 Btu (I.T.)
horsepowedcubic foot (550 ft-lbf/s) 26.3341 kilowatt/cubic meter [kW/m3)
hundred weight (U.K., long) 50.8024 kilogram (kg)
hundred weight (U.S., short) 45.359237* kilogram (kg)
I
inch (1959 international) 25,4000" millimeter (mm)
inch water (32.2"F) 0.249082 kilopascal (kPa)
inch water (60°F) 0.24884 kilopascal (kPa)
inch mercury (32 F) 3.38638 kilopascal (kPaj
inch mercury (60'F) 3.37685 kilopascal (kh)
inch/minute 0.423333 millimeter/second (mm/s)
J
joule 0) (energy, work, or heat) 0.737562 foot-pound (force)
joule (J) (energy, work, or heat) 23.7304 €00t -poundal
joule (J) (energy, work, or heat) 1.00000* watt second (Ws) or Newton-meter (Nm)
u]
joule (energy, work, or heat) 9.47827x Btu [International Table)
joule 0) (energy, work, or heat) 0.239126 calorie (20"C)
joule (J) (energy, work, or heat) 0.238903 calorie (15 O c)
joule 0) (energy,work, or heat) 0.238662 calorie (mean)
joule 0) (energy,work, or heat) 0.2 3 8846 calorie (I .T)
-L
4
0
joule (J) (energy,work, or heat) 0,239006 calorie (thermochemical)
joulekilogram U k g ) 0.108411 calorie (thermochemical)/pound-mass
joulekilogram U k g ) 4.29923 x lo-' Btu (I.T.)/pound-mass
joule/mole U/mol) 0.429923 Btu (I.T.)/poundmole
joulelsquare centimeter (J/cmz) 4.75846 foot-pound (force)/squareinch
joule/square centimeter (J/cmz] 0.101972 kilogram (force)-meter/squarecentimeter
(kgf/cmz)
K
kelvin (degree),tK 1.800 00* degree Rankin, t,
kilocalorie (Calorie) ioao.oo * calorie
kilocalorie (thermochemical) 4.18400* kilojoule (kJ)
kilocalorie (thermochemical)/hour 1.16222 watt (W)
kilocalorie (therrnochemical)/ 1.16222 watt/square meter K (W/mzk)
hour mzoC
kilocalorie (thennochemical)/ 4.18400 kilojoulekilogram K (kJkgK)
kilogram "C
kilogram (kg)(mass,by definition) 2.20462 pound-mass (lbm) (avoirdupois)
kilogram (kg) (mass) 0.06852 18 slug (mass)
kilogram-meter (kgm) 0.2 24809 slug-foot
kilogram nieterlsecond (kg-ids) 7.23301 pound (mass)-foot/second
k i l o g d c u b i c decimeter 8.34542 pound-masdgallon (V.S. liquid)
5
A
kilogram/cubic decimeter 10.0224 pound-masdgallon (U.K liquid)
kilogram/cubic meter (kg/ms) 0.0624280 pound-masdcubicfoot
kilogram/cubic meter (kg/m3) 0.350507 pound-massharrel
kilogram/cubic meter (kg/ms) 3.78541 gramdgallon (U.S. liquid)
kilogram/cubic meter (kg/ms) 4.54609 grams/gallon (U.K. liquid)
k i l o g d c u b i c meter (kg/m3) 0.00194032 slug/cubic foot
kilogdmeter (kg/m) 0.671969 pound-mass/foot
kilogdmole (kg/mol) 2.20462 pound-mass/mole
kilogram/second (kg/s) 7936.64 pound-masshour
kilogram/second (kg/s) 2.20462 pound-mass/second
kilogradsecond (kg/s) 0.0590524 ton-mass (U.K.)/minute
kilogradsecond [kg/s) 0.0661387 ton-mass (U.S.)/minute
kilogram/second [kg/s) 3.54314 ton-mass (U.K.Vhour
kilogdsecond (kg/s) 3.96832 ton-mass (V.S.)/hour
kilogdsecond-meter (kg/s.m) 0.671969 pound-masshecond-foot
kilogradsecond-meter(kg/sm) 2419.09 pound-masshour-foot
kilogradsecond-square meter 0.204816 pound-masdsecond-squarefoot
(kg/s*m2)
kilogram/second-square meter 737.338
(kg/smz)
kilogdsquare meter (kg/m2) 0.204816 pound-mass/square foot
kilogram-force (kgf) 9.80665 * Ilewton “I
kilogram (force)-meter (kgf-m) 9.80665* joule 0)
kilogram foke (kgf) (notSI) 9.80665” newton IN)
’
A kilojoule (kJ)
kilojoule (kJ)
kilojoule (kJ)
0.947817
0.943690
0.948155
Btu (I.T.)
Btu (3gQF)
Btu (60°F)
kilojoule (kJ) 0.94 7086 Btu (mean)
kilojoule (kJ) 0.948452 Btu (thennochemical)
kilojoule/cubic meter (kJ/m3) 0.0268392 Btu (I.T.)/cubicfoot
kilojoule/cubic meter (kJ/m3) 0.00430886 Btu (I.T.)/gallon(U.K. liquid)
kilojoule/cubic meter (kJ/m3) 0.00358788 Btu (I.T.)/gallon(US.liquid)
kilojoule/cubic meter (kJ/ma) 2.79198 foot-pound (force)/gallon(U. S. liquid)
kilojoulekilogram (kJkg) 0.429923 -
Btu (I.T.)/pound mass
kilojoulekilogram kelvin (kJ/kgX) 0.238846 Btu [I.T.)/pound(mass) O F
kilojoulekilogram kelvin fkJkgX) 0.238846 Btu (I.T.)/poundmole O F
~~
MULTIPLY BY m OBTAIN
kilojoulekilogram kelvin (kJkgK) 0.239006 calorie (themochemical)/gram kelvin

kilojoulekilogmrn kelvin (kJkgK) 0.239006 calorie (thermochemical)/grammole * C
kilojoule/kilogram kelvin (kJkg.K) 0.239006 kilocalorie fthermochemical)/kilogramO C
kilojoulekilogram kelvin (kJ/kg*K) 0.00027778 kilowatt hourkilogram "C
kilojoule/mole (kJ/mol) 0.239006 kilocalorie [thermochemical)/grammole
kilometer 3280.84 foot (1959 international)
kilometer (km) 0.62 1370 mile (U.S. statute)
kilometer (km) 0.539957 nautical mile
kilometer/cubic decimeter 2.35215 mile (U.S. statute)/gallon (U.S. liquid
kilometerhour (lun/h) 0.539957 h o t (international)
kilometer/hour (kmh) 0.62 1370 miledhour (US.statute)
kilomole (kmol) 1000.00* gram mole
kilomole (kmol) 2.20462 pound-mole
kilomole (kmol) 836.630 standard cubic foot (6OoF, 1 atmosphere)
kilomole (kmol] 22.4136 standard cubic meter (OOC, 1 atmosphere)
kilomole (kmol) 23.6445 standard cubic meter (15"C,1 atmosphere
lcilomole/cubic meter 0.0624280 pound-mole/cubic foot
kiiomolekubic meter 0.01002 24 pound-mole/gallon (U.K . liquid)
kilomole/cubic meter 0.00834541 pound-mole/gallon (U.S. liquid]
kilomole/cubic meter 133.010 standard fiVbarrel(60O F , 1 atmosphere)
kilonewton (W) 0.224809 kip (1000pound-force)
kilonewton (kN) 0. I00361 ton-force (U.K., 2240 lbf)
kilonewton (kN) 0.1I2404 ton-force (US., 2000 lbf)
kilonewton meter (Warn) 0.368781 ton-force (U.S.)foot
kilopascal (kpa) 0.0101972 atmosphere (kilogram-force/
square centimeter)
kilopascal [kh) 0.00986923 atmosphere f760 ton]
kilopascal (kPa) 0.01000* bar
kilopascal (kPa) 10.1974 centimeter water (4"C)
kilopascal (kpa) 4a1474 inch water (39.2OF)
kilopascal (kh) 0.295301 inch mercury (32°F)
kilopascal (kPa) 0.296134 inch mercury (60°F)
kilopascal (kpa) 7.50064 millimeter mercury (o O C )
kilopascal (kp) 20.8854 pound-force/sqmre foot
kilopascal (kPa) 0.145038 pound -fon=e/squareinch
kilopascaUmeter ( W m ) 0.0442075 pound-forcefsquare inch-foot
kilopond force (kgf) 9.806 65* newton
kilowatt (kW) 56.8690 Btu (I.T.)/minute
kilowatt (kW) 0.94 7817 Btu (I.T.)/second
kilowatt (kW) 1.34048 horsepower (electric)
kilowatt (kW] 1.34102 horsepower (550 foot poundlsecond)
kilowatt (kW) 1.34041 horsepower (hydraulic)
kilowatt (kW] 0.2843 ton of refrigeration (12 000 Btuh)
kilowatt-hour 3.6OOOO* megajoule (MJ)
kilowatt-hourkilogram "C 3600.00* kilojoulekilogram kelvin (kJ/kg.K)
kilowatt/cubic meter (kW/m3) 96.6211 Btu (I.T.)/hour cubic foot

kilowatt/cubic meter (kW/m3) 0.0268392 Btu (I.T.)/second cubic foot
kilowatt/cubic meter 0.037974 horsepower/cubic foot (U.S., 550 ft-lbf/s)
kilowatt/cubic meter kelvin 53.6784 Btu (I.T.)/hour cubic foot O F
(kW/m3*K)
kilowatt/cubic meter kelvin 0.0149107 Btu (I.T.)/second cubic foot O F
(kW/m3*K)
kilowattlsquare meter (kW/mz) 0.0880551 Btu (I.T.)/second square foot
kilowatt/square meter (kW/m2) 86.0421 calorie (thermochemical)/hour cm2
A
cn kilowatt/square meter kelvin 0.0489195 Btu (I.T.)/second square foot OF

(kW/m**K)
kip (1000pound-force) 4.44822 kilonewton (kN)
kiplsquare inch (force/area) 6.89476 megapascal (MPa)
knot (international) 1.85200" kilometer/hour (km/h)
knot (international) 1.15080 U.S. statute mileihour
knot (international) 0.514444 metedsecond
L
lambert (luminance) 3183.10 candela/square meter
light -year 9.46055x 10'' meter
line 1 .ooooo* maxwell
line 1.00000 x 10-8* weber (Wb)
line/ampere 1 .ooooo x lo-' * henry [HI
line/ampere inch 3.93701x lo-' * henrylmeter (Him)
linekquare inch 1.55000 tesla (T)
link 0.201168 meter (m)
liter (cubic decimeter) 1000.00* cubic centimeters
liter (cubic decimeter) 0.0353147 cubic foot
liter (cubic decimeter) 0.264172 gallon (U.S. liquid)
liter (cubic decimeter) 0.219969 gallon (U.K. liquid)
lumen (luminous flux) 1.00000* candela-steradian (cd-sr)
lumedsquare meter 1.00000* lux (lx)
A
liimen/square foot 1.00000* footcandle
0, lumedsquare foot '10.7639 lux (lx)
lumenlsquare inch 1550.00 lux (lx)
lux (illuminance) 1.00000* lumen/square meter (lm/m*)
lux (lx) 0.09290304* footcandle
lux (lx) 0.09290304* lumen/square foot
lux (lx) 0.00064516 lumenlsquare inch
lux second (lx-s) 0.09290304* foot candle second
M
maxwell 2 .ooooo line
maxwell 1.00000 x lo-' * weber (Wb)
maxwell/gilbert 1.25664 x lo-' * henry (HI
megagram (Mg) 1.00000 ton-mass (metric) or tonne
~ ~~
megagram (Mg) 0.984206 ton-mass (U.K. long or gross)

megagram (Mg) 1.10231 ton-mass (U.S. short or net)
megagradsquare meter (Mg/m*) 0.102408 ton-mass (U.S.)/square foot
megajoule (MJ) 947.817 Btu (I.T.)
megajoule (MJ) 0.372506 horsepower hour (U.S., 550 ft-lbf/s)
megajoule (MJ) 0.277 778 kilowatt hour (kW-h)
megajoule (MJ) 0.00947813 therm (European Community)
megajoule/cubic meter (MJ/m3) 4.30886 Btu (I.T.)/gallon (U.K. liquid)
megajoule/cubic meter (MJ/m3) 3.58780 Btu (I.T.)/gallon (U.S. liquid)
megajoule/cubic meter ( MJ/in3) 0.239006 calorie (thermochemical)/milliliter
megapascal (MPa) 0.145038 kiplsquare inch
megapascal (MPa) 145.038 pound-force/square inch
megapascal ( M k ) 10.4427 ton-force (U.S.)/square foot
megapascal (Mh) 0.0725189 ton-force (LJ.S.)/square inch
megawatt (MW) 3.41214 million Btu (I.T.)/how
meter (m) 0.0497096 chain (U.S. survey)
meter (m) 0.546806* fathom (6 U.S. survey foot)
meter (m) 3.28084 foot (1959 international)
meter (m) ( 3 9 3 7/ 12 00)* foot (U.S. survev)
meter (m) 4.97096 link (U.S. survey)
meter (m) 0.198838 rod (U.S. survey)
meter (m) 1.09361 yard (1959 international)
metedcubic meter ( m/m3) 0.0929031 foot/cubic foot (1959 international foot)
metedcubic meter ( m/m3) 0.0124193 foot/gallon (U.S. liquid)
(1959 international foot)
meterkelvin (m/K) 1.82269 foot/" F (1959 international foot)
metedsecond (m/s) 3.28084 foot/second [ 1959 international foot)
metedsecond (m/s) 196.850 foot/minute (1959 international foot)
mho 1.00000* siemens (S)
microbar or dynelsquare cm 0.100000* pascal (Pa)
micrometer ( p m ) 0.0393701 mil
m icrom et er (p m) 1 .ooooo * micron (abolished name, 1967)
micron (abolished name, 1967) 1.00000* micrometer or 10-6meter(pm)
2 microsecond/foot 3.28084 microsecond/meter (pdm)
00
microsecond/meter (ps/m) 0.304800* microsecond/foot
mil 0.001000 * inch (1959 international)
mil 2 5.4000* micrometer ( 1Wsrn)
mile (U.S. statute) 5280.00* foot (survey foot of year 1893)
mile (international) 1.609344* kilometer (km)
mile ( U S . statute) 1.609347 kilometer (km)
mile (U.S. and international nautical) 1852.00" meter (m)
mile (U.S. statute)/hour 0.868961 knot (international)
mile (U.S. statute)/U.S. gallon 0.425144 kilometedliter
milehour (international) 1.609 344 kilometer/hour ( k m h )
milligram (mg) 0.0154324 grain (mass)
MUrnPLY BY To OBTAIN
milligramkubic decimeter 0.436996 graidcubic foot
milligramkubic meter (mg/ms) 0.0436996 graid100 cubic foot
milligramlgallon (US.liquid) 0.264172 gradcubic meter (g/ms)
millimeter (mm) 0.0393701 * inch (1959 international)
millimeter (mm) 0.00328084 foot
millimeter mercury (0°C) 133.322 pascal (Pa)
millimeter mercury (0°C) 0.133322 kilopascal (kh)
millimeter/second ( m d s ) 11.8110 foothour
millimetedsecond ( m d s ) 2.36220 inchlminute
4 millimeter/second (mmls) 0.0393701 inchlsecond
a million Btu (I.T.)/hour 0.293071 megawatt (MW)
million electron volt 0.1602 19 picojoule (pJ)
miner’s inch 2.500 cubic feetlminute
minute (angle) 2.90888 X lo-‘ radian
mole/foot 3.28084 moleymeter (mol/m)
molekilogram (molkg) 0.45359237* mole/pound -mass
molelmeter (mol/m) 0.304800* mole/foot
mole/pound (mass) 2.20462 molekilogram (molkg)
moldsquare foot 10.7639 mole/square meter (mol/m2)
mole/square meter (mol/m2) 0.09290304* mole/square foot
N
nautical mile (U.S. or international) 1.85200* kilometer (km)
newton (N) 1 .ooooo* kilogram -metedsecond -squared (kjym/s*)
newton (N) i.ooooo x 1 0 5 dyne
newton (N) 0.224809 pound-force, avoirdupois
newton (N) 7.23301 poundal
newton-meter (N-m) 0.737562 pound (force)-foot
newton-meter (N-m) 8.85075 pound (fon;e)-inch
newton-meter (N-m) 23.7304 poundal-foot
newton-metedmeter (N-m/m) 0.0187341 pound (force)-footlinch
newton-meterlmeter (N-m/m) 0.224809 pound (force)- inchhnch
Iu newtodmeter (N/m) 0.06852 18 pound -force/foot
newtoxdmeter (N/m) 0.00571015 pound -forcelinch
0
oersted 79.5775 ampere turdmeter
ohm (electric resistance) 1.00000* voltiampere (V/A)
ohm circular miUfoot 1.66243 x lo-' * ohm square metedmeter (0 mVm)
ohm foot 0.304800* ohm square meterlmeter (0 mVm)
ohm inch 0.025400* ohm square metedmeter (0 mVm)
ohm square metedmeter (0 mz/m) 6.01531 x 10' ohm circular mil/foot
ohm square metedmeter (0 mVm) 3.28084 ohm foot
ohm square metedmeter (0 mz/m) 39.3701 ohm inch
ounce-force (avoirdupois) 0.2 78014 newton (N)
~ ounce-mass (avoirdupois) 28.3495 gram
I
MULTIPLY BY 'M) OBTAIN
ounce-mass (troy) 31.1035 gram

(Note: 12 troy ounces = 1 troy pound-mass)
ounce (U.K.fluid), volume measure 28.4131 cubic centimeter
ounce (USfluid), volume measure 29.5735 cubic centimeter
P
parsec 3.08374 x lo1* meter (m)
pascal (Pa) (pressure, stress] 1.ooooo* newtonlsquare meter (N/mz)
pascal (Pa) 10.oooo* microbar or dy nekquare centimeter
pascal (Pa) 0.0075064 millimeter mercury (0°C) or tom
A
N
A pascal(J3) 2.95301 x lo-' inch m0rcury (32OF)
pascal [Pa) 1.45038 pound-force/square inch
pascal second ( h s ) 1000.oo* centipoise
pascal second ( b s ) 10.oooo* dyne-second/square centimeter
pascal second (Fbs) 0.0208854 pound (force)-second/squarefoot
pascal second (Faus) 2419.09 pound-mass/foot-hour
pascal second (Pa.s) 0.671969 pound (mass)/foot-second
pascal second ( b s ) 0.0208854 slug/foot-second
picojoule (pj) 6.24146 million electron volt
pint (U.K. liquid) 0.568262 cubic decimeter
pint (US.liquid) 0.473 177 cubic decimeter
pint (U.S.dry) 5.50611 X lo-' cubic meter (m')
pint (U.K.liquid)/1000 barreis 3.57426 cubic decimeterkubic meter
poise (absolute viscosity) 0.100000* pascal-second (Pa-s)
pound-mole 0.4535923 7" kilomole (kmol)
pound-mole/cubic foot 16.0185 kilomole/cubic meter ( h o b 3 )
pound- mole/gal Ion (U.K. liquid) 99.7763 kilomole/cubic meter (kmoVm3)
pound-mole/gallon (U. S. liquid) 119.826 kilomolekubic meter (kmol/m3)
powndal 0.138255 newton (N)
poundal 0.0310810 pound-force
poundal-foot (1959 international foot) 0.0421401 newton-meter (Nm)
pound-force, avoirdupois (lbf) 4.44822 newton (N)
pound-force 32.1740 poundal
pound (force)-foot 1.35582 newtommeter (Nm)
pound (force)-foot/inch 53.3787 newton -metedmeter (Nmm/m)
pound (force)-inch 0.112985 newton-meter (Nm)
pound-foxelfoot 14.5939 newtodmeter (N/m)
pound-foxelinch 175. I27 newtodmeter (N/m)
pound-force/square foot 0.0478803 kilopascal (kk)
pound-force/square inch (psi) 6.89476 kilopascal (kh)
pound-force/square inch-foot 22.6206 kilopascaUmeter (kFWm)
pound (force]-second/squarefoot 47.8803 pascal second ( b s )
pound-mass, avoirdupois (lbm) 0.45359237" kilogram (kg)
pound-mass, avoirdupois (tbm) 1.21528 pound [troy)
pound-mass, avoirdupois 7000.00 grain
pound-mass, troy 5760.OU* grain
pound-mass, avoirdupois 0.0310810 slug (mass)

pound-massharrel 2.85301 kilogramkubic meter (kg/m3)
pound-mass/cubic foot (density) 16.0185 kilogram/cubic meter (kg/m3)
pound-mass/foot 1.48816 kilogram/meter (kg/m)
pound-mass/foot-hour 0.00041338 pascal.second (EN)
pound-mass/foot second 3.48816 pascal second (Pa-s)
pound-masdgallon (U.K. liquid) 0.0997763 kilogramkubic decimeter
pound-mass/gallon (U.S. liquid) 0.119826 k i l o g d c u b i c decimeter
pound-mass/lOoO gallons 99.7763 gramlcubic meter
A
N
w (U.K. liquid)
pound-mass/lOOO gallons 119.826 gradcubic meter
(U.S. liquid)
pound-masshour 0.000125998 ki1o g d s e c o n d (kg/s)
pound-masshour square foot 0.00135623 kiIogradsecond-square meter (kg/s-m2)
pound-masslminute 0.00755987 ki1ogramlsecond (kg/s)
pound -madmole 0.45359237* ki1o g d m o l e (kglmol)
pound-mass/second 0.4535923 7 * kiI ogrdsecond (kg/s)
pound-mass/second-foot 1.48816 kiI.ogram/second-meter (kg/sm)
pound -mass/second-square foot 4.88243 kiI .ogram/second-squaremeter (kg/sm*)
pound-mass/square foot 4.88243 kiI.ogram/square meter (kg/m2)
pound (mass)-footlsecond 0.138255 kiI .ogram-meterlsecond fkg.m/s)
pound (mass)-square foot 0.0421401 kiI logram-squaremeter (kgm2)
Q
quart (U.K. dry) 1.03206 quart (U.S. dry)
quart (U.S. dry] 0.96894 quart (U.K. dry)
quart W.K.liquid) 1.13652 cubic decimeter
quart (U.K. liquid) 1.13652 liter
quart (U.K. liquid) 1.20095 quart (US. liquid)
quart (U.S. liquid) 0.946353 cubic decimeter
quart (V.S. liquid) 0.94635 3 liter
quart (US.iiquid) 0.859367 quart (U.S.dry)
quart (US.liquid) 0.832674 quart (U.K. liquid)
R -~
rad (radiation dose absorbed) 0.010000* gray [Gy)(joulekilogram)

radian (rad) 206 265 second (angle)
radian (rad) 3437.75 minute (angle)
radian (rad) 57.2958 degree (angle)
radian (rad) 63.6620 grad
radiadsecond (rad/s) 0.159155 revolutiodsecond
radianlsecond (radis) 9.54930 revolutiodminute
radianlsecond squared (rad/s2) 0.159155 revolution/second squared
radianlsecond squared [rad/sz) 572.958 revolutiodminute squared
revoiution/minute 0.104720 radiadsecond (rad/s)
revolut iodminute squared 0.00174533 radiadsecond squared (rad/sz)

revolution/second 6.28318 radiadsecond (rad/s)
rev0lution/second squared 6.28318 radiadsecond squared (rad/sz)
rod (U.S. survey, 16.5 ft. exactly) 5.02921 meter (m)
roentgen 2.57976 x * coulombkilogram ( C k g )
S
second (angle) 4.84814x 10-8 radian (rad)
section (1 square statute mile) 2.5898 square kilometer (km')
section (U.S. survey) 640 acre
siemens (S)(electrical conductance) 1.00000* ampereholt (AN) or rnho
siemedmeter (S/m) 0.025400* amperdvolt inch
slug (mass) 32.1740 pound- mass (avoirdupois)
slug (mass) 14.5939 kilogram (kg)
slughbic foot (density) 515.379 kilogradcubic meter (kg/m3)
slug-foot (1959international foot) 4.44822 kilogram-meter (kgmm)
slug/foot -second 47.8803 pascal second ( b s )
square foot (1959international) 0.09290304* square meter (mz]
square foothour (thermal difhsivity) 25.8064* square millimeter/second
square footlpound-mass 0.204816 square meterkilogram (m2kg)
square foot/second 9290.304" square millimeter/second
square foot pound (mass)/sec' 0.0421.401 joule 0)
square inch (1959international) 645.160* square millimeter (mmz)
square.kilometer (kmz) 0.386101 section (1 square statute mile)
square kilometer (km2) 0.386102 square mile (1959 international)
square meter (mZ) 10.7639 square foot (1959 international)
square meter (mz) 2.47104x lo-' acre (US. survey)
square meter (Xn') 1.19599 square yard (1959international)
square meterkilogram fmVkg) 4.88243 square footlpound-mass
square mile (1959international) 2.58999 square kilometer (km')
square millimeter (mmz) 0.00155000 square inch (1959international]
square millimetedsecond (mmVs) 1.07639x square foothecond
a
Iu
square millimetedsecond (mmz/s) 0.0387501 square foothour
* square millimeter/second (mm2/s) 1.00000* centistoke
square yard (1959international) 0.836127 square meter (mz)
standard cubic footharrel 0.0075182 kilomole/cubic meter (kmol/m3)
(6OoF, z atmosphere)
standard cubic foot 0.0011953 kilomole (kmol)
(60°F,1 atmosphere)
standard cubic meter 0-044616 kilomole (kmol)
(O°C, 1 atmosphere)
standard cubic meter 0.042293 kilomole (kmol)
(15Oc, 1 atmosphere)
statampere 3.33564x ampere (A)
statcoulomb 3.33564x 10-lo coulomb (C)
MUrnLY BY mom.
statfarad 1.11265 x lo-’’ farad (F)
stathenry 8.98755 x 10” henry (HI
statohm 8.98755 x loa1 ohm (0)
statvolt 299.793 volt (V)
stem 1.ooooo* cubic meter (m3)
stokes (kinemaLlzviscos Lji 10-4 * square meterlsecond
stokes 10.7639 x -I square footlsecond
T
A temperature (see “degree”for temperature interval or difference)
Iu
4 temperature, degree Fahrenheit, tF =z 1.8tc + 32
-
temperaturn, degree Celsius, & = (tP 32111.8 = 0.555 556 (tF - 32)
temperature, degree Kelvin,Kt = Tc+ 273.15 (by definition)
temperature, degree Rankine, tn = t, + 459.67 (by definition)
temperature, degreeklvin,K t = 0.555 556 tn
temperature, degree Rankine, = 1.8 tu
temperature, degree Fahrenheit, tp = 1.8tx - 459.67
temperature, degreeCelsius, = 0,555 SSSt, - 2 7 3 2 5
tesla (T)magnetic flux density 1.0000* webedsquare meter (Wb/mz)
tesla (T) 10 ooo.o* gauss
telsa (T) 64 516.0* line/square inch
them (lo5Btu, I.T., Eur. Comm.) 105,506 megajoule (MJ)
them (US.natural gas) 105.4804" megajoule (MJ)
ton-force (U.K.,2240 lbfl 9.9 6402 kilonewton (ZEN)
ton-force (U.S., 2000 hf) 8,89644 kilonewton (kN)
ton (force)(U.S.)-foot 2.71164 kilonewton meter (Warn)
,ton-force(U.S.)lspuarefoot 95.7605 kilopascal (kk)
ton-force (US.)/squareinch 13.7895 megapascal (MPa)
ton-mass (U.K.long or gross) 2240* pound-mass
ton-mass [U.K. long or gross) 1.01605 megagram (MI31
ton-mass (U.K. long or gross) 1.01605 metric ton or tonne
ton-mass (U.K.long or gross) 1.12000 ton-mass (US. short or net)
ton-mass (U.S. short or net) moo* pound-mass
-L
N
ton-mass (US.short or net) 0.907185 megagram IMg)
00 ton-mass (US.short or net) 0.907185 metric ton or tonne
ton-mass(US.short or net) 0.89285 7 ton-mass (U.K.long)
ton-metric [tonne) 2204.62" pound-mass
ton-metric (tonne) 1.00000* n.ww3mm (Mg)
towmetric (tonne) 0.984206 tan-mass (U.K.long)
ton-metric (tonne) 1.10231 ton-mass (U.S. short)
ton-mass (V.K.)lday 0.0117598 kilogradsecond (kg/s)
ton-mass (U.S.)/day 0.0104998 kilogradsecond (kg/s)
ton-mass (U.K.)lhour 0.282235 ki€ogram/second(kg/s)
ton-mass (U.S.)/haur 0 251996 kilogram/second (kg/s)
ton-mass (U.K.)lminute 16.9341 kilogram/second (kg/s)
ton-mass (U.S.)/minute 15.1197 kilogradsecond (kg/s)
lbmxiPLY BY TO OBTAIN
ton-mass (u,S.)/square foot 9.76485 megagradsquare meter (Mg/m']

ton refrigeration (12 000 Btuh) 3.517 kilowatt (kw)
ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT) 4.184 X lo@ joule (J) (defined, not measured)
tom (mm mercury,O°C) 133.322 pascal
U
unitlfoot 3.28084 unitheter
unithenry 1.ooooo * amperelweber [ A m )
unit/meter 3,28084 volt/meter (Wm)
V
volt (V]electric potential) 1.00000* watt/ampere (WIA)
VOlt/fQOt 3.28004 volt/meter (Wm)
voltcincb 39.3701 voit/meter (Wm)
vohheter [Vh] 0.304800* voltlfoot
voltheter ( V h ) 0 0254OQ* volt/inch
volume parts per million 1.00000' cubic centimeterlcubic meter
W
1.00000" joulehecond 01s)
watt (W) 3.412 14 Btu (I.T.)/hour
watt (wl 44 2 537
I foot-pound (force]/minute
waff W) 0.737562 foot pound (force)/second
watt (W) 0,860421 kilocalorie (thermochemical)/hour
watt hour (W*h) 3.60000" kilojoule (kJ)
wattlinch (international) 39.3701 wattheter [W/m)
watt/meter (Wh] 0.025400* watthnch (international)
watthneter kelvin (W/m*K) 0.5 77789 Btu (1.T.)-foothoursquare footOF
watt/meter kelvin [WlmK) 6,93347 Btu (1.T.)-inchhoursquare foot O F
wattlmeter kelvin (W1m.K) 8,60421 calorie [thermochemical)-cm/hourcrn2"C
wawmeter kelvin (W/mK) O.OO239OO6 calorie (thermochemica1)-cmlecondcmz "C
watt/square meter (W/mz) 0.316998 Btu (f.T,)/hoursquare foot
wattlsquare meter kelvin [Wlm2*K) 0,176110 Btu (I.T.j/hoursquare foot O F
watt/square meter kelvin (W/m2*K) 0.860421 kilocalorie (thermochemica1)hourcm*"C
watt second [Was) 1.00000" joule [Jl
weber (W)(magnetic flux) 1.ooooo* volt-second (V-s)
weber (Wb) 1,00000 x 10" line
weber (Wbj i,ooooo x 1 0 4 maxwell
webedampere [Wb/A) 1.ooooo* henry (HI
-
Y
yard (1959 internat~onal) 0.914400* meter (m)
I BARRA ARCTIC OCEAN
NllHAU
SEISMIC ZONE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES

ZONE 0 - No damage.
ZONE 1 -tures
Minor damage; distant earthquakes may cause damage to struc-
with fundamental periods greater than 1.0 seconds; corm
responds to intensities V and VI of the M.M.* Scale.
ZONE 2 - Moderate damage: corresponds to intensity VII of the M.M.*
Scale.
ZONE 3 - Major damage; corresponds to intensity Vlll and higher of the
M.M.* Scale.
This map is based on the known distribution of damaging earthquakes and
the M.M.* intensities associated with these earthquakes; evidence of strain
release; and consideration of major geologlc,structures and provinces believed
to be associated with earthquake activity. The probable frequency of occur-
rence of damaging earthquakes in each zone was not considered in assigning
ratings to the various zones.
*Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931.
Reproduced from Uniform Building Code, 1973 Edition, with permissionof International
Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, Californta.
131
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
with international atomic weights*
ELEMENT & SYMBOL ATOMIC NUMBER ATOMIC WEIGHT
actinium (Ac) 89
aluminum (Al) 13 26.98 15
americium (Am) 95
antimony (Sb) 51 121.75
argon (Ar) 18 39.948
arsenic (As) 33 74.9216
astatine (At) 85
barium (Ba) 56 137.34
berkelium (Bk) 97
beryllium (Be) 4 9.0122
bismuth (Bi) 83 208.980
boron (B) 5 10.811
bromine (Br) 35 79.909
cadmium (Cd) 48 112.40
calcium (Ca) 20 40.08
californium (Cf) 98
carbon (C) 6 12.01115
cerium (Ce) 58 140.12
cesium (Cs) 55 132.905
chlorine (CI) 17 35.453
chromium (Cr) 24 51.996
cobalt (Co) 27 58.9332
columbium (Cb) (see niobium)
copper (Cu) 29 63.54
curium (Cm) 96
dysprosium (Oy) 66 162.50
einsteinium (Es) 99
erbium (Er) 68 167.26
europium (Eu) 63 151.96
fermium (Fm) 100
fluorine (F) 9 18.9984
francium (Fr) 87
gadolinium (Gd) 64 157.25
gallium (Ga) 31 69.72 ‘I
germanium (Ge) 32 72.59

gold (Au) 79 196.967
hafnium (Hf) 72 178.49
helium (He) 2 4.0026
holmium (Ho) 67 164.930
hydrogen (H) 1 1.00797
indium (In) 49 114.82
iodine (I) 53 126.9044
iridium (Ir) 77 192.2
iron (Fe) 26 55.847
krypton (Kr) 36 83.80
lanthanum (La) 57 138.91
lawrencium (Lw) 103
lead (Pb) 82 207.19
lithium (Li) 3 6.939
lutetium (Lu) 71 174.97
magnesium (Mg) 12 24.3 12
*Based on “International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry’’ data, c c 12.0000.
132
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS-(Conthued)
with international atomic weights”
ELEMENT & SYMBOL ATOMIC NUMBER ATOMIC WEIGHT
manganese (Mn) 25 54.9380
mendelevium (Md) 101
mercury (Hg) 80 200.59
molybdenum (Mo) 42 95.94
neodymium (Nd) 60 144.24
neon (Ne) 10 20.183
neptunium (Np) 93
nickel (Ni) 28 58.71
niobium (Nb) 41 92.906
nitrogen (N) 7 14.0067
nobelium (No) 102
osmium (0s) 76 190.2
oxygen (0) 8 15.9994
palladium (Pd) 46 106.4
phosphorus (P) 15 30.9738
platinum (PI) 78 195.09
plutonium (Pu) 94
polonium (Po) 84
potassium (K) 19 39.102
praseodymium (Pr) 59 140.907
promethium (Pm) 61
protactinium (Pa) 91
radium (Ra) 83
radon (Rn) 86
rhenium (Re) 75 186.2
rhodium (Rh) 45 102.905
rubidium (Rb) 37 85.47
ruthenium (Ru) 44 101.07
samarium (Sm) 62 150.35
scandium (Sc) 21 44.956
selenium (Se) 34 78.96
silicon (Si) 14 28.086
silver (Ag) 47 107.870
sodium (Na) 11 22.9898
strontium (Sr) 38 87.62
sulfur (S) 16 32.064
tantalum (Ta) 73 180.948
technetium (Tc) 43
tellurium (Te) 52 127.60
terbium (Tb) 65 158.924
thallium (TI) 81 204.37
thorium (Th) 90 232.038
thulium (Tm) 69 168.934
tin (Sn) 50 118.69
titanium (TJ 22 47.90
tungsten ( ) 74 183.85
uranium (U) 92 238.03
vanadium (V) 23 50.942
wolfram (W) (see tungsten)
xenon (Xe) 54 131.30
ytterbium (Yb) 79 173.04
yttrium (Y) 39 88.905
zinc (Zn) 30 65.37
zirconium (Zr) 40 91.22
+Based on “International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry” data, c = 12.0000,
133

Fossil Fuel Burning and Generating Handbook

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FOSSIL FUEL BURNING AND GENERATING

High Heat Value as fired., Btu/lb

Hence P = F + CA where A is the air weight in pounds per

C = l - Percent solid combustible weight loss

3000 5000 7000 9000

The wide variation in excess air for a given COP, as shown by

WC-Total Moisture-Lb per Million Btu as Fired

MOISTURE FROM HYDROGEN

W,-Moisture from Combustion of H2-Lb/106 Btu as Fired

Pounds of Dry Air

Distillate oil intended for vapor- 100

Balsam Spruce Jack Birch Maple Elm Tama- Hemlock

FUEL CLASSIFICATION LOCALITY

-iM V.M. F.C. Ash S H C N 0

HHV, lo00 Btu/Lb

THESE ANALYSES ARE BASED ON MINE SAMPLES-NOT DELIVERED COAL. A prox.

OHIO, Morgan, Noble, Meigs 'Creek

GREECE Aliveri . 31.0 30.0 21.0 18.0 ... 3130 5,640

The calculated density of the gas can be no more accurate than

As with all other gaseous fuels, it is customary to compute the high

It may be necessary to correct this value (HHV), for the effects

The curves in Fig. 13 show the relationship between air weight,

For natural gas at 60 F, the moisture produced by the combustion

FOR NATURAL GAS al

HHV-HIGH HEAT VALUE-BTU PfR LB AS FIRED

Dry Gases at 60" F and 30 In. Hg

1.o 0.005327 325 60,991

2.0 0.04246 1014 23,896

2.0 0.07421 1614 21,647

w PERCENT BY CU FT PER COMPONENT

H20 from Combustion of Hydrogen:

SATURATION TEMP., DEG. FAHR.

V 0.0465 0.0671 0.0845 0.0989

25 240.07 0.01692 16.301 208.52 1160.6 1

30 250.34 0.01701 13.744 218.9 1164.1

370 437.04 0.01921 1.2546 415.7 1204.3,

u l 2 Allow. press., psi 2610 2830 2950 - - - - - - -

.. .. xx .436 1.503 1.774 9

Reproduced by special permission of publisher, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Pipe SA-106 C 70,000 16,600 14,800 12,000 ....

THERMAL EXPANSION DATA FOR COMMON METALS

Lioear Thenrol Expansion = B (in./100 ft)

EQUIVALENTS OF KILOGRAMS PER SQUARE CENTIMETER

300 400 500 600 700 800 900

1121.1 2050 3722

1/64 .015625 0.396875 3/64 ,515625 13.096875

Wgt. of 1 cu. ft. dry

I ~ i ~.. _ _ - .......... ................

Charcoal. pine ............................... 17-27 Mortar (for brickwork) ...................... 100

Volume. mSntJr Enthalw..-

0.01 0.61 12 0.0010002 206.14 2501.6 O.ooO0 9.1575 9.1575 0.01

6 0.8718 0.001oooo 147.16 21.01 2489.7 2510.7 0.0762 8.9607 9.0269 5

25 3.1 66 0.0010029 43.40 104.77 2442.5 2547.3 0;3670 0.1922 8.5592 26

40 7.375 0.0010078 19.546 2574.4 0.5721 7.6861 8.2583 40

12.335 0,00101 21 12.046 209.26 2302.9 2592.2 0.7035 7.3741 8.0776

66 15.741 0.0010145 9.570 230.17 1 2370.8 2m1.o 0.7677 7.2248 I 7.9925 6S

80 19.920 0.0010171 7.679 251.09 2358.6 2609.? 0.8310 7.0798 I 7.9108 60

70 31.16 0.0010228 5.046 292.97 2334.0

7s 38.55 0.0010259 I 4.134 I 313.93 2321.5 2635.4 1..0154 6.6681 7.6835 75

8S 67.80 0.0010326 2.829 35591 2296.1 2652.0 1.1343 6.41 11 7.6464 86

70.1 1 0.0010361 2.361 3 376.94 2283.2 2660.1 1.1925 6.2873 7.4799 90

f 10 143.27 0.0010519 I 1.2089 I 461.32 2230.0 2691.3 1.4185 5.8203 7.2388

130 270.1 2173.6 2719.9 1.6344 5.3917 7,0261 130