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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 25, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2010

Predictive Current Controlled 5-kW Single-Phase

Bidirectional Inverter With Wide Inductance
Variation for DC-Microgrid Applications
Tsai-Fu Wu, Senior Member, IEEE, Kun-Han Sun, Chia-Ling Kuo, and Chih-Hao Chang

AbstractThis paper presents design and implementation of a 5kW single-phase bidirectional inverter with wide inductance variation. For dc-microgrid applications, the bidirectional inverter has
to fulfill grid connection and rectification with power factor correction to regulate the dc bus to a certain range of voltages. In
the inverter operation, inductor current can vary from 0 to 32
A in one line cycle. This will result in wide inductance variation,
around seven times for an inductor constructed with a molybdenum permalloy powder core, and thus, high current ripple and
fluctuation. In this paper, we take into account this variation while
designing controller and selecting key components to ensure inverter normal operation. Additionally, to adopt a cost-effective
microcontroller for the inverter, the sensitivities of the control to
various parameters are investigated and presented in this paper.
Experimental results measured from a 5-kW single-phase prototype have verified the feasibility of the designed inverter.
Index TermsBidirectional inverter, dc-microgrid applications,
predictive current control, wide inductance variation.

I. INTRODUCTION
UE to increasingly pernicious greenhouse effect on living environment, development of renewable energy has
been conducted over a wide area [1][5]. Many types of renewable energy, such as photovoltaic (PV) energy, wind power,
tidal energy, and geothermal energy, have been widely utilized
and regarded. Among these natural resources, the PV energy
is a main and appropriate renewable energy for dc power supply systems, owing to the merits of pollution free, abundant, and
broadly available. By nature, renewable power is not continuous
and reliable, and it will be converted into dc form and buffered
with energy storage elements. This brings opportunities for electric appliance and equipment that are mostly supplied with dc
voltage sources. However, for dc-microgrid applications, the
power supply systems require bidirectional inverters to control
the power flow between dc bus and ac grid, and to regulate the
dc bus to a certain range of voltages [6], [7]. The overall system
configuration is shown in Fig. 1.

Manuscript received June 30, 2010; revised September 4, 2010 and

September 29, 2010; accepted October 10, 2010. Recommended for
publication by Associate Editor J. M. Guerrero.
The authors are with Elegant Power Application Research Center,
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University,
Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan (e-mail: tfwu@ee.ccu.edu.tw; g97415060@ccu.edu.tw;
g97415033@ccu.edu.tw; ionic911@hotmail.com).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPEL.2010.2087773

Fig. 1.

Configuration of a hybrid ac and dc power distribution system.

Recently, many researchers have studied grid-tied inverters

in developing a control algorithm to ensure high-power-quality
injection [8], for seamless transfer between the current-mode
and voltage-mode operation [9], to preserve power sharing stability in parallel distributed generation microgrids [10] and to
increase the accuracy of power control operating in low-voltage
multibus microgrid [11]. Additionally, the control for grid-tied
inverters is associated with an LCL filter to further improve
power injection quality [12], [13]. For regulating the dc-link
voltage of dc-microgrids, the grid-tied inverters are operated
bidirectionally, grid-connection (GC) mode and rectification
mode with power factor correction (PFC). In the literature, the
studies in bidirectional inverters include topology development,
controller realization, and function fulfillment [14][18]. Mohamed and EI-Saadany [8] have discussed the inductance and
resistance mismatch and investigated the robustness in inverter
control. However, the inverters with wide inductance variation
(over seven times) and under line voltage and dc-bus voltage
variations have not been solely investigated yet. Inductance variation, due to core material, will cause current oscillation and
result in high current ripple that will affect the current tracking
accuracy. The generally used core materials for inverters are ferrite (gapped), molybdenum permalloy powder (MPP), or high
flux. Ferrite core has to be added with air gap to increase its
saturation margin, and for its low flux density [17], [19], [20],
its volume will be much larger than the others with the same saturation point. Fig. 2 shows that when conducting current from
0 to 25 A, its inductance drops abruptly at current beyond 8 A.
This characteristic is not suitable for the inverter at high power
applications. From Table I, it can be seen that high flux and MPP
cores have the advantages of higher saturation flux density and
higher temperature stability. However, when conducting large

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WU et al.: PREDICTIVE CURRENT CONTROLLED 5-KW SINGLE-PHASE BIDIRECTIONAL INVERTER WITH WIDE INDUCTANCE VARIATION

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TABLE I
PROPERTIES OF CORE MATERIALS

Fig. 3.

Fig. 2.

Inductance variation curves of different core materials.

inductor current, both high flux and MPP cores have wide inductance variation, of which high flux core will have more core
loss than MPP core. In considering cost, size, and inductor current dynamics, MPP core is a better choice for a 5-kW inverter,
but its wide inductance variation must be taken into account in
the controller design.
Additionally, to use cost-effective single-chip microcontroller, no floating-point operation and no divider, all of the
processed variables must be tabulated in the memory offline to
save CPU time, while it will lose accuracy in determining the
control (duty ratio). Thus, it needs to investigate the sensitivities
of the control to variables to confirm the feasibility of the proposed approach. In this paper, operational principle and control
law are first described, and the sensitivities of the duty ratio
to various parameters are then analyzed. Additionally, design
and implementation of the inverter system are then presented.
Experimental results from a 5-kW single-phase bidirectional
inverter are also presented to verify the analysis and discussion.

Configuration of a full-bridge bidirectional inverter.

In the negative half period of current iL , switch SA is turned

ON to magnetize inductor Ls , and diode DA + conducts freewheeling current of inductor Ls . By applying the relationship
of Ldi/dt = vL to inductor Ls , we can determine the variation
of inductor current over one switching cycle as follows:
vdc |vs |
|vs |
dTs
(1 d)Ts
(1)
Ls
Ls
where Ts is the switching period and d denotes a duty ratio.
Or, the control law can be expressed as follows:
iL =

iL Ls
|vs |
+
(2).
vdc Ts
vdc
When dc-bus voltage vdc drops below 360 V, which means
renewable energy cannot supply enough load power, the inverter
is operated in rectification mode with PFC to convert ac source
to replenish the dc bus. Its operational principle is similar to
a boost converter, controlling arm-A switches to magnetize or
demagnetize inductor Ls . When arm-A switches are turned
OFF, the stored energy is demagnetized through a free-wheeling
path of diode DB + or DB . The inductor-current difference
over one switching cycle can be determined as follows:
d=

|vs |
vdc |vs |
dTs
(1 d)Ts .
Ls
Ls
Or, the control law can be expressed as follows:
iL =

II. OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLE AND CONTROL LAW

In order to achieve the desired performance of inverter functions, describing the operational principle of the inverter and deriving a suitable control law are necessary. The proposed bidirectional inverter is a full-bridge configuration, as shown in Fig. 3,
which can fulfill GC and rectification with PFC. The inverter
senses inductor current iL and uses the tabulated dc-bus voltage
vdc , variable inductance, and line voltage vs in the single-chip
microcontroller (dsPIC30F2023) to determine a control for operating the inverter stably. When the output power from PV panels is higher than load requirement, the inverter is operated in
GC mode to inject the surplus power into ac grid, and its operational principle is similar to a buck converter. In the positive half
period of inductor current iL , switches SA + and SB are turned
ON to magnetize inductor Ls and increase inductor current iL .
When switch SA + is turned OFF, inductor Ls releases its stored
energy through the antiparalleled diode DA of switch SA .

(3)

iL Ls
vdc |vs |
+
.
(4)
vdc Ts
vdc
The inverter has to regulate inductor current for different load
requirements, and its reference current is tabulated in the
microcontroller with the resolution of 0.18 A.
Fig. 4 illustrates the relationship between reference current
Iref and inductor current iL . The reference current Iref (n) is
selected at the middle of each switching cycle (i.e., Iref (n) =
(I(n) + I(n + 1))/2). According to the following current difference:
d=

I(n + 1) = Iref (n + 1) Iref (n)

(5)

the controller can predict the duty ratio Dp (n + 1) for the (n

+ 1)th cycle. Additionally, the controller finely adjusts the predicted duty ratio based on the current difference ie (n) between

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 4. Illustration of the relationship between inductor current iL and reference current Ire f .

Inductance variation curve of an inductor constructed with MPP core.

In the following, we will investigate how sensitive the control

(duty ratio) to the variables, which can be used to analyze the
tracking capability of the controller.
A. Inductance Variation Consideration

Fig. 5. Control block diagram of the inverter with predictive current control
and in GC-mode operation.

reference current Iref (n) and the average of inductor current

feedback Ifb (n) to compensate current error. The overall control block diagram is shown in Fig. 5, and the inductor-current
difference iL in control laws (2) and (4) can be expressed as
follows:
iL (n + 1) = I(n + 1) + GC ie (n)

(6)

where
ie (n) = Iref (n) ifb (n)
and
Gc = Gc vdc Ts Ls .
In the inverter system, the microcontroller senses inductor current iL and uses the tabulated variable inductance, nominal dcbus voltage vdc , and nominal line voltage vs to determine the
control (duty ratio) for next switching cycle to shape inductor current waveform. The predicted duty ratio Dp (n + 1) is
included in the control to tune the operating point.
III. ANALYSIS OF THE DIGITAL CONTROL
In the designed inverter system, the inductor is realized with
an MPP core that results in wide inductance variation over a
line cycle. Since the inductance is a parameter in the control
law equations (2) and (4), it needs to consider its variation
in determining the duty ratio accurately. The control law is
realized with a single-chip microcontroller without floatingpoint operation and divider; thus, the variable parameters vs
and vdc in (2) and (4) are tabulated with their nominal values to
save CPU time. The variations of vs and vdc from their nominal
values will affect the accuracy, while determining the duty ratio.

In both GC and rectification modes, their control laws are

functions of inductor characteristic. When an inverter is operated with 5 kW, inductor current will vary from 0 to 32 A, and
the inductance of an inductor constructed with an MPP core will
vary seven times, as illustrated in Fig. 6. If the controller does not
take into account this wide inductance variation, it cannot determine a proper duty ratio and cause inverter current fluctuation.
The variable inductances, therefore, are tabulated offline and included in determining next duty ratio in each switching cycle.
B. Sensitivity Analysis
In the control law, some parameters are varying, such as inductance Ls (i), line voltage vs , and dc-bus voltage vdc . Without
floating-point operation, the microcontroller will approximate
and tabulate these parameters into integer numbers, which might
result in current error and fluctuation. For understanding the sensitivities of the duty ratio to various parameters and to make a
proper approximation, we conduct the sensitivity analysis in GC
mode, for instance, as follows (a quarter of line period contains
83 switching points):
1) Sensitivity of Ls (i): The sensitivity of duty ratio to inductor Ls (i) can be derived from (2) and shown as follows:
SLd s (i) =

Ls (i)
|vs |Ts
d

=1
Ls (i)
d
iL Ls (i) + |vs |Ts

(7)

where Ts is the switching period. Substituting various inductances into (7) can yield the sensitivity of duty ratio to inductance, as shown in Fig. 7(a), in which the power level used in
the calculation is 5 kW. Mapping the sensitivity onto the plot
of duty ratio is shown in Fig. 7(b). The duty ratio without considering inductance variation [curve L (constant)] is larger than
that of the real values [curve L (varying)], especially in the middle part. When compensating the duty-ratio error with a simple
proportional controller, it might cause current fluctuation under a heavy load condition. In other words, inductor current is
sensitive to inductance variation.
2) Sensitivity of vs : The sensitivity of duty ratio to line voltage vs can also be derived from (2) and shown as follows:
Svds =

iL Ls (i)
d |vs |

=1
.
|vs | d
iL Ls (i) + |vs |Ts

(8)

WU et al.: PREDICTIVE CURRENT CONTROLLED 5-KW SINGLE-PHASE BIDIRECTIONAL INVERTER WITH WIDE INDUCTANCE VARIATION

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Fig. 9. Plot of duty-ratio deviation versus switching point, of which curve 1.0
(Vs ) is the plot with nominal voltage 220 Vrm s , curve 1.1 (Vs ) is the plot with
(1 + 10%) V rm s , and curve 0.9 (Vs ) is the plot with (110%) V rm s .

Fig. 7. Plots of (a) sensitivity and (b) duty ratio versus switching point, of
which curve L (varying) is the plot with inductance variation and curve L
(constant) is the plot with a constant inductance (4.6 mH), under 5-kW power
condition.

Fig. 10. Plots of (a) sensitivity and (b) duty ratio versus switching point, of
which curve 1.0 (Vd c ) is the plot with nominal voltage 370 Vd c , curve 1.05
(Vd c ) is the plot with (1 + 5%) 370 Vd c , and curve 0.95 (Vd c ) is the plot with
(15%) 370 V d c .

variation from cycle to cycle might cause inductor current

fluctuation if line voltage vs has a wide change at the same time
interval. A straightforward solution to this problem is to sense
vs cycle by cycle for determining the duty ratio accurately.
3) Sensitivity of vdc : The sensitivity of duty ratio to dc-bus
voltage vdc can be derived from (2) and shown as follows:
Svdd c =
Fig. 8. Plots of (a) sensitivity and (b) duty ratio versus switching point, of
which curve 1.0 (Vs ) is the plot with nominal voltage 220 Vrm s , curve 1.1 (Vs )
is the plot with (1 + 10%) V rm s , and curve 0.9 (Vs ) is the plot with (110%)
V rm s .

Substituting the parameters (such as Ls (i), vs , and vdc ) over

one quarter of utility period into (8) can yield the sensitivity
of duty ratio to line voltage vs , which is plotted in Fig. 8(a).
Fig. 8(b) shows the plot of duty ratio corresponding to the
switching points in 1/4 line cycle and with 10% variation from
the nominal line voltage 220 Vrm s . It can be observed that the
maximum duty-ratio error occurs at the peak of the line voltage.
For saving memory space, the microcontroller only can tabulate
the nominal line voltage in integers. This will result in duty-ratio
variation when the line voltage varies from the nominal value by
10%. The duty-ratio error can be compensated by the control
in next switching cycle, since the maximum duty-ratio deviation
is around 8% and its corresponding operating duty ratio is
around 85%, as shown in Figs. 8 and 9. However, duty-ratio

d vdc
= 1.

vdc d

(9)

This sensitivity is constant, which means that the variation of

duty ratio is linearly proportional to the variation ratio of vdc .
Fig. 10(a) shows the plot of the sensitivity of duty ratio to vdc ,
and Fig. 10(b) shows the plot of duty ratio versus the switching
point with 5% variation from dc-bus voltage 360 V. When
vdc varies 5%, the duty ratio will vary 5%. The duty-ratio
variation will result in iL variation, which can be tuned back
to the set point in next switching cycle, because the maximum
duty-ratio deviation is only 5%, as illustrated in Fig. 11.
From the aforementioned sensitivity analysis, the three parameters can be approximated and tabulated into the memory
for determining the duty ratio without the need of floating-point
operation.
C. Stability Analysis
The power stage of the bidirectional inverter is configured
with a full-bridge structure. Its dc-bus voltage is buffered with
bulky capacitors (470 F*8) and its ac side is a 220 V/60 Hz

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Fig. 11. Plot of duty-ratio deviation versus switching point, of which curve
1.0 (Vd c ) is the plot with nominal voltage 370 Vd c , curve 1.05 (Vd c ) is the plot
with (1+5%) 370 Vd c , and curve 0.95 (Vd c ) is the plot with (15%) 370 Vd c .
Fig. 13.
5%).

Plots of Gc (s) corresponding to ( = 10%, = 0) and ( = 0, =

Fig. 14.
and 83.

Bode plots of (s) corresponding to switching points (SP) 1, 28, 55,

Fig. 12. Small signal model of the inverter in GC-mode operation and derived
with the state-space averaging method.

source. Thus, in GC mode, as an example, the small signal model

of the inverter in continuous conduction mode can be derived
with the state-space averaging method and illustrated in Fig. 12,
where the lower case letters with denote small signals (or
perturbations), IL is the inductor current, and D is the duty ratio
both in the steady state.
It should be noticed that Vdc can be treated as a constant voltage source over one switching period because of its
bulky capacitors. Thus, the small signal model of the power
to inducstage is just a first-order plant, and its control (d)

tor current (iL ) transfer function (Gp (s)) can be expressed as

follows:

iL 
Gp (s) =

d 

=
vd c =0, vs =0

Vdc
sLs + rl

(10)

where rl (= 0.1) is the equivalent resistance of Ls . For stability analysis, the loop gain (s) obtained from Fig. 5 can be
expressed as follows:
(s) = Gc (s)Gp (s)H(s)

(11)

in which H(s) = 0.135 is a scaling factor when sensing inductor

current iL , and Gc (s)is designed to compensate the current
error in two switching cycles, i.e., a current error occurs in the
current switching cycle will be compensated in next cycle. It is
expressed as follows as shown (12), at the bottom of this page,

Gc (s) =

where the parameter denotes the percentage of vs variation,

is that of vdc and
ieL =

vdc
vs (n)
d1 Ts +
Ts .
Ls (iL (n))
Ls (iL (n))

(13)

According to various operating points, we can determine Gc (s)

for a quarter of line period, which is illustrated in Fig. 13.
Substituting Gc (s) and H(s) into (11) can have the bode plots
of (s), as shown in Fig. 14. From these plots, we can observe
that the system is absolutely stable for its single-order system,
and with a bandwidth around 3 kHz. In the designed system,
Gc (s)is tabulated in the memory and updated at every switching
point.
The overall system control can be illustrated with a flowchart
shown in Fig. 15. At the beginning, the controller will check the
ac source and dc bus, and then, determine operation mode based
on dc-bus voltage. According to dc-bus voltage variation that
will reflect the power difference between load and source, the
current command can be determined, and based on the control
laws (2) or (4), the pulse width modulation duty ratio is then
determined.

d
Ls (iL (n + 1))(vdc d(n) vs (n)) + Ls (iL (n))(vdc d(n + 1) vs (n + 1))
=
iL
(1 + )vdc (vdc d(n) vs (n))Ts

(12)

WU et al.: PREDICTIVE CURRENT CONTROLLED 5-KW SINGLE-PHASE BIDIRECTIONAL INVERTER WITH WIDE INDUCTANCE VARIATION

Fig. 15.

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Flowchart of the overall system control.

TABLE II
SPECIFICATIONS AND COMPONENTS OF THE PROPOSED INVERTER

Fig. 16. Measured waveforms of inductor current in GC mode: (a) without

and (b) with the consideration of wide inductance variation.

Fig. 17. Measured voltage and current waveforms from the inverter operated
with 1 kW and with line voltage variation of (a) 10% and (b) +10%.

IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

To verify the feasibility of the proposed 5-kW single-phase
bidirectional inverter, a dsPIC-based prototype was designed
and implemented, and the specifications and components of the
system are collected in Table II. When the inverter is operated
with 5-kW power level, the inductance from the highest to the
lowest has seven time variation. Fig. 16(a) shows an inductor
current waveform of the inverter without considering wide inductance variation, in which current fluctuation can be observed
explicitly. In the waveform marked with A, there exists only a
small fluctuation primarily due to inductance variation. While
in that marked with B, high current fluctuation occurs, since
there are existing line voltage drop and inductance variation simultaneously, and they are with high duty-ratio sensitivity at
that operating range. The improved inductor current waveforms
with less fluctuation are shown in Fig. 16(b), where the wide inductance variation has been taken into account for determining
the duty ratio. As marked with C and D, there is no significant
fluctuation even though there exists line voltage change.
In the realization of the control law, its parameters are approximated and tabulated into memory first to simplify calculation
and save CPU time. The feasibility is examined by altering the

Fig. 18. Measured voltage and current waveforms from the inverter operated
with 5 kW and with line voltage variation of (a) 10% and (b) +10%.

line voltage 220 Vrm s with 10% variation in GC mode and

under different load conditions. The measured line voltage and
inductor current waveforms are shown in Figs. 17 and 18. It can
be observed that even with line voltage variation, the controller
still can shape the inductor current in sinusoidal waveform and
with stable operation, while the current ripples are larger than
those at nominal line voltage. Similarly, when varying dc-bus
voltage vdc by 5%, the proposed controller still can shape the
inductor current sinusoidally under different load conditions, as
shown in Figs. 19 and 20. The bidirectional inverter can fulfill
GC and rectification modes. Measured inductor current iL and
line voltage vs waveforms under different load conditions and
with nominal line and dc-bus voltages are shown in Figs. 21 and
22. It can be seen explicitly that the inductor current waveforms
are sinusoidal and in-phase with the line voltage, verifying the

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Fig. 19. Measured voltage and current waveforms from the inverter operated
with 1 kW and with dc-bus voltage variation of (a) 5% and (b) +5%.

Fig. 22. Measured waveforms of inductor current and line voltage in rectification mode: (a) 1 kW and (b) 5 kW.
Fig. 20. Measured voltage and current waveforms from the inverter operated
with 5 kW and with dc-bus voltage variation of (a) 5% and (b) +5%.

Fig. 21. Measured waveforms of inductor current and line voltage in GC

mode: (a) 1 kW and (b) 5 kW.

feasibility of the designed inverter. It is worth pointing out that

the inductance drops with the increase of inductor current level
resulting in fast dynamics at the switching points close to the
vs peak. To verify the system dynamics, inductor current responses to vdc and vs drops are plotted in Fig. 23(a) and (b).
It can be observed that the controller can shape the inductor
current sinusoidally with a small fluctuation during transient.
Fig. 23(c) illustrates the operation mode change between GC
and rectification modes when vdc voltage varies beyond or below
360 V.
Additionally, the measured efficiency and total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output current from the proposed inverter
operated in GC and rectification modes are depicted in Figs. 24
and 25, in which the efficiency can reach 97.5% and THD can be

Fig. 23. Measured waveforms of inductor current and line voltage when (a)
Vd c drops, (b) vs drops, and (c) those of iL , vd c , and vs for illustrating mode
change with vd c variation.

kept lower than 3.5%. These results have verified the feasibility
of the proposed system and control scheme. The efficiency drops
with the increase of power level primarily due to the copper loss
in the inductor. To shift the highest efficiency point from 1 to 4
kW, for instance, it requires to increase the core size and to use
more wires in parallel winding. Fig. 26 shows a photograph of
the prototype of the designed bidirectional inverter.

WU et al.: PREDICTIVE CURRENT CONTROLLED 5-KW SINGLE-PHASE BIDIRECTIONAL INVERTER WITH WIDE INDUCTANCE VARIATION

Fig. 24. Efficiency plot of the proposed inverter under different load conditions
in GC mode and rectification mode.

Fig. 25. THD plot of inductor current under different load conditions in GC
and rectification modes.

Fig. 26.

Photograph of the prototype of the designed bidirectional inverter.

V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a 5-kW single-phase bidirectional inverter with
wide inductance variation has been analyzed, designed, and implemented. The wide inductance variation around seven times
when the inductor is constructed with an MPP core has been
taken into account to ensure inverter normal operation and reduce inductor current fluctuation. Additionally, to use a costeffective single-chip microcontroller, no floating-point operation and no divider, for realizing the controller, the sensitivities
of the control (duty ratio) to the parameters are investigated. It
has been proved that the parameters can be tabulated offline,
reducing CPU operational time, while still keeps high accuracy.
Experimental results have verified the feasibility of the proposed
system in both GC and rectification-mode operations.
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Tsai-Fu Wu (S88M91SM98) received the B.S.

degree in electronic engineering from National
Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, in 1983,
the M.S. degree in electrical and computer engineering from Ohio University, Athens, OH, in 1988, and
the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering and computer science from the University of Illinois, Chicago,
in 1992.
From 1985 to 1986, he was a System Engineer
at SAMPO, Inc., Taiwan, where he was engaged in
developing and designing graphic terminals. From
1988 to 1992, he was a Teacher and a Research Assistant in the Department of
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Illinois, Chicago.
Since 1993, he has been with the Department of Electrical Engineering, National

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 25, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2010

Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, where he is currently a Chair Professor and the Director of the Elegant Power Application Research Center. His
research interests include developing and modeling of power converters, design
of electronic dimming ballasts for fluorescent lamps and metal halide lamps,
and design and development of smart green energy dc-distribution systems with
grid connection.
Prof. Wu was the recipient of three Best Paper Awards from Taipei Power
Electronics Association in 20032005. In 2006, he was the recipient of an Outstanding Researcher Award by the National Science Council, Taiwan.

Chia-Ling Kuo was born in Taiwan, in 1985. She

received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from National Chung Cheng University,
Chia-Yi, Taiwan, in 2008 and 2010, respectively,
where she is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree.
Her current research interests include design
and implementation of bidirectional inverters for dcdistribution applications.

Kun-Han Sun was born in Taiwan, in 1985. He received the B.S. degree in aeronautical engineering
from National Formosa University, Taiwan, in 2008,
and the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from
National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan,
in 2010, where he is currently working toward the
Ph.D. degree.
His current research interests include design and
implementation of photovoltaic inverter systems with
grid connection.

Chih-Hao Chang is currently working toward the

Ph.D. degree in Elegant Power Application Research
Center, Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.
His current research interests include three-phase
grid-connected inverter, three-phase power factor
correction, and dc microgrid.