Differential Equations

Principles and Applications

A. ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS & FORMULAS

1. Definition: Differential Equation
2. Classifications of D.E.
- ODE
- PDE
- Order of D.E.
- Linearity of D.E.

1. Differential Equations
- contains the derivative (differentials) of one or more
dependent variable with respect to one or more dependent
variables.
examples: acceleration of a falling object

9.81 2

2. CLASSIFICATIONS OF D.E.
2.1. ACCORDING TO TYPE
A. ODE(Ordinary Differential Equations)
- contains only ordinary derivatives of one or more
functions with respect to a single independent variable

2. CLASSIFICATIONS OF D.E.
2.1. ACCORDING TO TYPE
B. PDE(Partial Differential Equations)
- An equation involving partial derivatives of one or
more unknown functions of two or more independent
variables

2. CLASSIFICATIONS OF D.E.
2.2. ACCORDING TO ORDER
- the order of D.E. is the HIGHEST derivative in the equation.

2. CLASSIFICATIONS OF D.E.
2.3. ACCORDING TO LINEARITY
- An nth order D.E. Is said to be linear if the function is linear
if the function is linear in y, y, y,..., y(n)
Examples of Linear D.E.

Examples of Nonlinear D.E.

Classify the following D.E. according to:

(a) types
(b) order & degree (c) linearity
1.

=1

2. 2 + = 3
3. + 8 = + 1
4.

5.
6.
7.

2
^2
=

+ 4 = 0

2
2
2

4
=

2
2
2
+ 8 2 + = sin

B. SOLUTIONS TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1.
2.
3.
4.

General Solution
Particular Solution
Initial-Value Problem
Solutions to 1st Order D.E. using
- Integration
- Separation of variables
- Homogeneous
- Linear equation
- Bernoulli equation
- Exact equation
- Non-exact D.E.

B. SOLUTIONS TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1. General Solution
- A solution to D.E. which contains one or more arbitrary
constants of integration C
= ()+ C
As an example, obtain the equation of the velocity of an object
dropped from rest at ant time t. a = -9.81 m/s2.
= 9.81 + (Answer)

B. SOLUTIONS TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

2. Particular Solution
- A single solution to D.E. given an additional information to
solve for the arbitrary constants of integration C
As an example, if the initial velocity dropped is -20m/s, obtain the
equation of the velocity of an object dropped from rest at ant time
t. a = -9.81 m/s2.
= 9.81 20 (Answer)

B. SOLUTIONS TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

3. Initial Value Problem

As an example, solve the D.E.

condition, y = 5 when x = 0.
y=

1 2

= 1, given the boundary

+ 5 (Answer)

3. SOLUTIONS TO 1ST ORDER D.E.

Example: Obtain the general solution

(answer)

3. SOLUTIONS TO 1ST ORDER D.E.

Example: Obtain the general solution

(answer)

3. SOLUTIONS TO 1ST ORDER D.E.

(answer)

3. SOLUTIONS TO 1ST ORDER D.E.

(answer)

3. SOLUTIONS TO 1ST ORDER D.E.

(answer)

3. SOLUTIONS TO 1ST ORDER D.E.

(answer)

3. SOLUTIONS TO 1ST ORDER D.E.

(answer)

G. NON EXACT

Sample problems
Solve the following differential equations.
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

APPLICATIONS OF 1st ORDER D.E.

1. GROWTH and DECAY PROBLEMS
1.

HALF-LIFE PROBLEMS

2. TEMPERATUE PROBLEMS
1.

NEWTONS LAW OF COOLING

3. FREE FALLING BODIES

4. MIXTURES

GROWTH and DECAY PROBLEMS

The rate of change of a substance is proportional to the amount of
substance

Solution: N =
where: N amount of substance at any time t
No initial amount
t time
proportionality constant

GROWTH and DECAY PROBLEMS

1.DECAY PROBLEM
If 6% of a substance decomposes in 50 years
(a) What percent will be present at the end of 400 years?
(b) in 800 years?
(c) what is the half-life of the substance

ANSWERS

(a) 61%
(b) 37%
(c) 560 years

Table x(time) y(amount)

0
100%
50
94%
400
??? (ANS. 61%)

GROWTH and DECAY PROBLEMS

2.GROWTH PROBLEM
If a population of a town in Luzon doubled in past 25 years
and the present population is 300,000, when will the town have a
population of 800,000?
ANSWERS

60.37 years

Table x(time) y(population)

0
150,000
25
300,000
(ANS. 60.37 yrs)
???
800,000

TEMPERATURE PROBLEMS

(Newtons Law of Cooling)

The rate of change of the temperature of a body is proportional to the

temperature difference betwen the body and its surrounding medium

= ( )

Solution: =
where: T temp of a body at any time t
o initial temperature at time t=0
t time
proportionality constant

TEMPERATURE PROBLEM
1. NEWTONS LAW OF COOLING
A cup of hot chocolate whose temperature is 200F is poured
in a room whose temperature is 70F. Two minutes later the
temperature of the chocolate is 180F. How long after the chocolate
is poured does it reach a temperature of 155F?
ANSWERS

5.08 mins.

Table x(time) y(population)

0
200 70
2
(ANS. 5.08 mins.) ???

180 70
155 - 70

FREE FALLING BODIES

(Newtons 2nd Law of Motion)

The net force acting on a body is equal to the time rate of change
of the momentum of the momentum of the body, for constant
mass

= =

Example: A rock weighs 32lb is dropped from rest from the edge of a
cliff (a) find the velocity of the rock at time t if the air resistance is
equivalent to the instantaneous velocity v
(b) What is the velocity of the rock at t= 2sec?
ANSWERS (a) = 32 (1 ) fps

(b) 27.66 fps

MIXTURE PROBLEMS
The Amount of solution in the tank at anytime t is equals to the
net rate

where: amount of substance at any time t

o initial amount
- rate inflow
rate of discharge
t time
proportionality constant

MIXTURE PROBLEMS
A 100-liter tank contains a 25% dye solution. A 40% dye solution is
allowed to enter the tank at the rate of 10 liters/minute and the
resulting mixture is removed from the tank at the same rate.
Derive an expression for the amount of dye in the tank as a
function of time t.
Solution:

Answer :

= (0.40)(10)

( )(10)
100

= 40 15

10

SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

1. 2ND ORDER D.E.
2. SOLUTIONS TO LINEAR HOMOGENEOUS D.E.
3. SOLUTIONS TO LINEAR NON-HOMOGENEOUS D.E.

SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

2nd ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
(a)

+ 3

+ 4 = 3

(b) 6 + 4 = 2

HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR D.E.

Give the 2nd order D.E. + + = 0
substituting m = D
2 + + = 0 characteristic equation
= 1 = 2
roots
Case 1: if roots are distinct = 1 = 2
then y = 1 1 + 2 2
Case 2: if roots are equal = 1 = 2
then y = 1 1 + 2 1
Case 3: if roots are complex nos =
then y = 1 + 2

HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR D.E.

EXAMPLES: Find the general solution

1. 2 5 3 = 0
2. 10 + 25 = 0
3. + 4 + 7 = 0

NON-HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR D.E.

NON-HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTION IN THE FORM
+ + =
:
UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENT SET
Case 1: if
then y = { , 1 , 2 , 3 , }
Case 2: if
then y = { }
Case 3: if sin bx or cos bx
then y = +

TOTAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

TOTAL D.E.

y = + ()

1. Solve the total d.e. of 9 = 4 2

(answer) = 1

+ 2

4 2

BREAK TIME

Dynamics

TOPIC OUTLINE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

CONSTANT VELOCITY
CONSTANT ACCELARATION
VARIABLE ACCELERATION
PROJECTILE MOTION
RELATIVE MOTION

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF MOTION

A. CONSTANT ACCELERATION

CURVILINEAR MOTION

PROJECTILE MOTION

RELATIVE MOTION
POSITION

VELOCITY

ACCELERATION

GOOD LUCK FOR YOUR EXAMS!