SME Annual Meeting

Feb. 19 - 22, 2012, Seattle, WA

Preprint 12-015
GOLD MINERALIZATION IN THE COFFEE CREEK AREA; WHITE GOLD DISTRICT (DAWSON RANGE), WEST-CENTRAL
YUKON
A. J. Wainwright, Kaminak Gold Corp., Vancouver, BC
C. S. Finnigan, Kaminak Gold Corp., Vancouver, BC
T. R. Smith, Kaminak Gold Corp., Vancouver, BC
R. L. Carpenter, Kaminak Gold Corp., Vancouver, BC

(Mortensen, 1996; Berman et al., 2007). Subsequent extension may

have occurred during the mid-Cretaceous in the Dawson Range
(Mackenzie et al., 2010), similar to that documented in east-central
Alaska (Pavlis et al., 1993). Other primary bedrock gold deposits in
the region include the recently discovered Golden Saddle system
(Mackenzie and Craw, 2010; Mackenzie et al., 2010).

INTRODUCTION
The Coffee Creek lode gold discoveries are located in the White
Gold district (Dawson Range), west-central Yukon, 130 km south of
Dawson City and 30 km south of the Golden Saddle gold deposit
(Figure 1). Extensive structurally-controlled gold mineralization has
been discovered during the 2010 and 2011 exploration drilling
campaigns, highlighting this part of the Dawson Range as a significant
emerging gold district.

Table 1. Summary of characteristics for select gold zones on the

Coffee property.
Zone
Host rocks
Comment

Supremo

Double
Double

Latte

Kona

5-30 m wide corridor of breccia and

dikes; >600 m strike; core intervals
up to 15.5 m @ 17.1 g/t Au.
Narrow high-grade intervals hosted
Biotite-feldspar
in brecciated, silica-rich corridor;
schist, Augen
>200 m strike; core intervals up to 4
gneiss
m @ 74.9 g/t Au.
Strike length exceeds 1350 m;
Biotite-feldspar
moderate- to high-grade intercepts
schist, Mafic
in the central and western
metavolcanic
segments; shorter high-grade
sequence, Augen
intervals in the east; core intervals
gneiss
up to 62 m @ 2.83 g/t Au.
Stacked linear structures cutting
Granite
equigranular granite; core intervals
up to 57 m @ 2.2 g/t Au.
Augen gneiss

Figure 1. Simplified regional geology of west-central Yukon (modified

after Gordey and Makepeace, 1999).
In this contribution we review the geological framework and
describe the mineralization styles and metal signatures observed to
date on the Coffee project. The main Coffee area is underlain by a 15
km by 4 km geochemical footprint, characterized by discrete linear
gold-in-soil anomalies that correspond to various mineralized corridors.
Of several mineralized areas tested in the past two drill seasons by
diamond core and reverse-circulation (RC) drilling, we focus on the
Supremo, Double Double, Latte and Kona zones; areas with the most
information obtained from drilling thus far (Table 1; Figure 2).
GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK
Regional geology
The Coffee Project is located in the Yukon-Tanana terrane (YTT),
which consists of accreted pericratonic sequences that cover a large
part of the northern Cordillera from northern British Columbia to eastcentral Alaska (Colpron et al., 2006; Berman et al., 2007; Figure 1).
The YTT consists of Paleozoic schists and gneisses that were intruded
by several suites of plutons that range in age from Jurassic to Eocene
(Mortensen, 1992; Colpron et al., 2006). The Paleozoic rocks are
pervasively foliated containing at least two overprinting rock fabrics
(Ryan and Gordey, 2004; MacKenzie et al., 2008; Mackenzie and
Craw, 2010) and the rocks were tectonically stacked along foliationparallel thrust faults between the Late Permian and Early Jurassic

Figure 2. Simplified property geology map showing select mineralized

corridors, lithologies, structures interpreted from aeromagnetic data
and drill collar locations (diamond and RC). Coordinate system is UTM
NAD83 zone 7. Bt biotite; feld feldspar; qtz quartz; ms
muscovite; amph amphibole.

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Feb. 19 - 22, 2012, Seattle, WA
The foliated basement rocks are adjacent to a large westnorthwest trending Cretaceous granite batholith (Coffee Creek granite).
The granite is equigranular and characterized by 40-50% plagioclase
(5-10 mm), 20-30% K-feldspar (5-12 mm), 10-25% quartz (3-8 mm), 35% biotite (1-3 mm) and 3-5% hornblende (1-3 mm).

Property geology
The Coffee area is underlain by two main shallowly to moderately
south-dipping rock sequences in contact with Cretaceous granite to the
south (Wainwright et al., 2011; Figure 2). The lowermost rock unit is a
mixed gneiss sequence characterized by dominant felsic augenbearing gneissic rocks interleaved with volumetrically-minor biotitefeldspar-quartz schist intervals. These rocks are overlain by a thick,
highly-variable package of biotite-feldspar-quartz ( muscovite
amphibole) schist, interpreted as a metamorphosed sedimentdominant sequence. The lower part of the schist unit includes a
variably-strained mafic sequence interpreted as a metavolcanic
package characterized by the presence of pyroxene, in addition to
low-strain relict cumulate-textured gabbro clasts, fining-upward
sequences and possible pillows. Biotite-feldspar-quartz ( muscovite
amphibole) schist in the upper parts of the sequence is intercalated
with 5 cm to 5 m wide concordant intervals of metacarbonate that
increase in abundance upward in the sequence (i.e. to the south;
Figure 3).

Abundant Jurassic to Cretaceous (?) fine-grained to porphyritic,

andesitic to dacitic (subvolcanic) dikes cross-cut all of the rocks
observed in the area (Figure 2; Figure 3).
Structure
The contact between granite (south) and schist (north) has been
drilled in one location and although obscured by a 1 m andesite dike,
the lack of hornfels in nearby (host) schist indicates that the contact is
probably faulted. Although augen gneiss rock units in west-central
Yukon are largely interpreted as metamorphosed granitoids (e.g. Ruks
et al., 2006), discrete intrusive-sediment contacts have not been
identified on the Coffee property to date. Rather, the onset of feldspar
augens appears to be gradational, possibly related to the presence of
marginal dikes outside of the main granitoid body. Similarly, the
metavolcanic-metasediment contacts are ambiguous due to gradation
in the onset of volcanic textures and compositions, thus it is uncertain
as to whether these contacts are depositional or structural.
The Paleozoic basement rock fabric is highly variable; however,
mapping of drill core suggests that there is a general progression in
strain intensity from north to south. Schistose to protomylonite textures
in addition to relict primary depositional textures are observed in the
north part of the project area (low-strain), whereas mylonitic and
ultramylonitic textures are noted more commonly in the foliated rocks
closer to the granite intrusion in the south (high-strain; Figure 3). The
increase in strain intensity appears to correspond to steepening of the
south-dipping foliation toward the south.
The moderately- to steeply-dipping gold zones are hosted in
discrete corridors that correspond to a variety of orientations. These
structures include damage zones characterized by polymictic breccia
with weakly rounded clasts that variably host gold intervals. Gold-rich
sectors of the damage zones are characterized by breccias that
include clasts of dikes, schist and gneiss in addition to silicified
fragments of unknown origin. Major fault offsets of gold mineralization
or dilution of gold systems by major post-mineral dikes have not been
detected by drilling to date.
ROCK TEXTURES ASSOCIATED WITH GOLD MINERALIZATION
Supremo zone; T3 structure
The Supremo zone is hosted in the northern augen gneiss
sequence and consists of a number of discrete north-trending, steeplydipping structures, spaced by 50 m to 100 m, based on linear gold-insoil anomalies and limited drilling (mineralized structures are named
T1 to T8). Diamond core drilling in 2010 and RC drilling in 2011 have
focused on significant high-grade gold mineralization in the northnortheast trending, steeply east-dipping T3 structure, associated with
breccias and dikes (Figures 4A and 4B). The T3 gold corridor is 5 m to
30 m wide and mineralized intervals are associated with intense clay
and sericite alteration in addition to abundant (typically oxidized) pyrite.
Secondary limonite occurs as clots, disseminations, and within fracture
networks in all rock types including breccia clasts as well as in dikes
and wallrock.
Breccias are commonly associated with higher gold grades within
the Supremo zone. Matrix compositions range from incompetent
limonite-clay material to strongly silicified material.
Angular to
subrounded clasts range from 0.5 to 3 cm in diameter and consist
predominantly of highly silicified fragments and subordinate altered
wallrock and dacite porphyry fragments. Breccia textures range from
mature matrix-dominant phases with rounded fragments to wall-rock
crackle breccias. Angular to subangular quartz microfragments (<0.5
mm) are locally observed in the matrix of all breccia subtypes
observed.

Figure 3 (above). Idealized composite section through the Coffee

area showing the relationship between rock units in addition to the
relative positions of the main gold structures.

Preliminary PIMA (Portable Infrared Mineral Analyzer) and

electron microprobe work indicate that illite (Wainwright et al., 2011)
and Fe-carbonate (Cruickshank, 2011) compose part of the alteration

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Feb. 19 - 22, 2012, Seattle, WA
mineral assemblage associated with gold at Supremo. Gold is strongly
associated with pyrite and gold grains are located in the oxidized rims
of pyrite and cracks within pyrite grains, in addition to various growth
bands within the pyrite grains (Figure 4C). The gold is micron-scale
and visible gold is nearly non-existent in Coffee drill core.

within gold zones, characterized by silicified fragments as well as

strongly altered wallrock and porphyry dike clasts (Figure 5A). Some
of these fragments exhibit rounding and imbrication in addition to
textures consistent with re-fragmentation of earlier breccia events (i.e.
polyphase breccia).

Figure 4.
Supremo zone drill core images: A) Silica-limonitecemented, silicified-clast crackle breccia (CFD001, 19.6-20 m; 14.35
g/t Au); B) Clay altered, Liesegang-banded dacite dike (CFD018, 76-77
m; 6.1 g/t Au); C) Backscatter electron image of pyrite grain with
micron-scale gold denoted by arrows (CFD001, 24-25 m; 31.9 g/t Au;
after Wainwright et al., 2011).
Double Double zone
The Double Double zone trends east-northeast, dips steeply to
the north and corresponds to a number of discrete high-grade strands
up to several meters wide. Host rocks are augen-bearing gneissic
rocks with minor interleaved biotite-feldspar-quartz ( muscovite
amphibole) schist.

Figure 5 (left). Drill core photographs from the Double Double zone:
A) Cement-supported, silicified-clast breccia (CFD028, 215-216 m;
28.6 g/t Au); B) Pervasively silicified rock cut by silica veins with
microbreccia domains (CFD090, 105-106 m; 120.25 g/t Au); C)
Reflected light photomicrograph of pyrite grain with micron-scale gold
grains circled in red (CFD027, 156-157 m; 14.75 g/t Au).

Gold-rich intervals at Double Double are characterized by relict

schistose to mylonitic textures overprinted by mottled silica and sericite
alteration in addition to limonite-filled microfracture networks and
oxidized pyrite cubes. Breccia domains locally exceed 50% by volume

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Feb. 19 - 22, 2012, Seattle, WA
Very high-grade samples from Double Double (1 m intervals
grading greater than 60 g/t Au) are characterized by low volume to
nearly absent relict schistose to mylonitic fabrics and high volumes of
microbreccia and intensely silicified material with no recognizeable
protolith. Networks of anastamosing chalcedonic silica veins with local
microbreccia domains within the veins have been noted in the very
high-grade intervals (Figure 5B). Similar to the Supremo zone, gold is
micron-scale (Figure 5C), and illite has been detected by PIMA
spectroscopy within the mineralized intervals.

Kona zone
The Kona zone is hosted in equigranular granite and consists of
east-northeast trending, steeply south-dipping stacked structures. The
gold structures are associated with narrow (<5 m) andesite to dacite
dikes characterized by sparse feldspar phenocrystic to aphanitic
textures. Alteration typically consists of sericite, clay and limonite, and
illite has been detected during reconnaissance PIMA work at Kona.
Sulfide is dominated by sooty pyrite which typically replaces
ferromagnesian minerals (Figure 7) and also occurs as veins/veinlets
or fracture fill, and in sulfide-matrix fault breccias. Minor realgar and
orpiment have both been observed in RC cuttings from Kona during
the 2011 drill program.

Latte zone
The Latte gold system consists of multiple strands within a
moderately to steeply south-dipping east-west mineralized corridor that
strikes obliquely across the host rock sequences for at least 1350 m.
From west to east at Latte, gold is hosted in the biotite-feldspar-quartz
( muscovite amphibole) schist, the mafic metavolcanic sequence
and augen gneiss host rocks. The foliation-discordant mineralized
corridor is characterized by a variety of damage zone textures
including breccias of both hydrothermal and tectonic origin.
In the central part of the corridor, wide low to moderate grade
intervals are characterized by preservation of schist textures and
introduction of sericite, fine-grained sooty disseminated pyrite and
rare arsenopyrite, in addition to illite detected by PIMA (Figure 6A).
Certain high grade intervals in the Latte West area contain quartz vein
breccias in addition to disseminated total sulfide exceeding 10%. The
quartz vein fragments are angular, opaque white to blue-grey
translucent and display complex internal structures such as plumose
and mosaic textures (Figure 6B). Realgar and orpiment have been
noted in certain high-grade gold zones in the Latte West area,
associated with high-sulfide areas as well as in vugs within quartz
veins. High-grade intervals at Latte East are relatively narrow, steeplydipping and characterized by fault fabrics and high fine-grained sulfide
content that locally exceeds 20%.

Figure 7. Mineralized granite in drill core from Kona with mafic

minerals replaced by fine-grained sulfide (CFD053, 172-173 m; 9.54
g/t Au).
GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE COFFEE GOLD SYSTEM
Data was evaluated from 23 492 core analyses in 93 diamond drill
holes from across the Coffee property in order to establish preliminary
relationships between gold and other elements of interest (Table 2).
Potential differences between the discrete mineralized areas within the
Coffee district (e.g. Latte versus Supremo) are not addressed in the
preliminary overview below. Samples are analyzed at ALS CHEMEX
laboratories in North Vancouver, British Columbia. Following aquaregia digestion, the split drill core samples are analyzed by ICP-AES
(Inductively-Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy) for 35
elements, and gold is determined by fire assay.
Arsenic, antimony and silver
High gold values in the Coffee system correlate well with arsenic
and many of the high-grade gold samples commonly also have high
antimony (Figure 8). Silver concentrations are mostly below detection
(<0.2 ppm) to 1 ppm with some anomalous samples that exceed this.
There is a weak relationship between high gold and the slightly
elevated silver.
Base metals and other elements
Copper, lead and zinc concentrations are all low, typically <100200 ppm, and molybdenum is similarly low, typically below detection to
10 ppm.
Mercury, bismuth and tungsten are uniformly low (typically below
detection with rare exceptions) and barium ranges from below
detection to >1000 ppm, but does not correlate with gold. High sulfur
analyses correspond to elevated gold, consistent with empirical
observations (i.e. gold zones are associated with abundant pyrite).

Figure 6. Mineralized drill core photographs from the Latte Zone: A)

Silica-sericite altered schist cut by limonite-filled fractures (CFD010,
132-133 m; 12.6 g/t Au); B) Schist with fine-grained disseminated
sulfide cut by foliation-discordant cockade-textured quartz vein breccia
(CFD082, 110-11 m; 15.65 g/t Au).

Other elements of interest such as boron and thallium that can be

associated with gold in various mineral deposit environments are, for
the most part, below detection in the dataset. Tellurium is not part of
the standard multi-element analytical package used on drill core at
Coffee. Twenty-four samples from across the property with a range of

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Feb. 19 - 22, 2012, Seattle, WA
gold concentrations (0.37 to 17 ppm Au) were re-analyzed for tellurium
by ALS CHEMEX and no significant anomalies were detected with
results ranging from below detection (0.05 ppm Te) to 1.07 ppm.

DISCUSSION
Geologic framework
The presence of brittle damage zone textures such as breccia
fabrics and fracturing suggests that the structures that controlled the
position of gold corridors post-date the foliated basement units and
have textures largely consistent with brittle shear zones. Within the
structural corridors that variably host gold, polymictic breccias with
some rounding of fragments are interpreted as annealed fault rocks;
likely precursor structures that were part of the ground preparation
prior to hydrothermal alteration and gold introduction. Thus gold
appears to be late in the event sequence at Coffee; an observation
consistent with the coherence of the mineralized zones which are not
disrupted by late dikes or faults.

Table 2. Summary of select geochemical characteristics for the Coffee

gold system.
Element
Typical values
Note
Arsenic
Antimony
Silver
Copper
Lead
Zinc
Molybdenum
Mercury
Bismuth
Tungsten
Barium
Sulfur
Boron
Thallium
Tellurium

Strong positive correlation

with gold
Below detection (<2 Weak positive correlation
ppm) to 500 ppm
with gold
Below detection (<0.2 Low values; weak positive
ppm) to 1 ppm
correlation with gold
<100 ppm
No correlation with gold
<100 ppm
No correlation with gold
<200 ppm
No correlation with gold
<10 ppm
No correlation with gold
Below detection (<1
Typically below detection
ppm)
Below detection (<2
Nearly all data below
ppm)
detection
Below detection (<5
Nearly all data below
ppm)
detection
20 to 3000 ppm
No correlation with gold
Positive correlation with
0.01 to 4%
gold
Below detection (<10
Typically below detection
ppm)
Below detection (<10
Typically below detection
ppm)
Below detection
Unknown correlation with
(<0.05 ppm) to 1.07
gold
ppm
10 to >10 000 ppm

Textural characteristics of high-grade gold intervals

Several characteristics observed in drill core differentiate very
high-grade intervals from less remarkable gold zones at Coffee. These
include the presence of abundant silica microveinlets, polyphase
breccia and microbreccia textures, in addition to local rounding of
clasts. Microbreccia may be the result of comminution of progressively
smaller clasts, or fewer, higher-energy brecciation events that
produced fine-fraction fragmental material. The presence of clasts of
microbreccia within larger-scale breccia suggests that multiple,
temporally discrete overprinting fragmentation events occurred. Clast
rounding may be the result of milling/abrasion (mechanical) processes
or possibly by interaction between clasts and streaming hydrothermal
fluids. Very high-grade zones are thus interpreted to be associated
with multiply-reactivated high-energy (explosive), high-fluid flux
conduits.
Geochemical characteristics of gold zones
Based on metal geochemistry, Coffee does not appear to be a
reduced-intrusion related gold system (Bi-W association; e.g. Lang and
Baker, 2001), nor a typical epithermal gold system (silver base metal
association; e.g. White and Hedenquist, 1995). Although Coffee
displays As-Sb geochemical anomalies, realgar and orpiment in
addition to very fine-grained pyrite associated with micron-scale gold,
the Coffee system lacks the mercury and thallium anomalies in
addition to carbonate host rocks associated with Carlin-type systems
(e.g. Emsbo et al., 2006).
Comparison to the Golden Saddle deposit
Mineralization in the Golden Saddle area is hosted in felsic augen
gneiss and quartzite. Gold zones in the felsic gneiss are characterized
by sericite-silica alteration, breccia textures and minor quartz veins
associated with pyrite whereas gold in the quartzite is associated with
graphite and arsenopyrite (Mackenzie et al., 2010). Gold is not hosted
in mafic gneiss in the area and Mackenzie et al. (2010) propose that
host rocks play a role in controlling the location of gold mineralization.
This does not appear to be the case at Coffee, where all of the host
rocks in the area are mineralized. The Coffee system and the felsic
gneiss hosted gold at Golden Saddle are similar in their gold-dominant
character, alteration minerals, structural control, abundant breccia and
low amount of quartz veins.
CONCLUSIONS
Gold-bearing structures at Coffee are spatially associated with
intermediate to felsic dikes and characterized by brecciation, addition
of pyrite, silica-sericite-clay alteration and arsenic-antimony
enrichment.
Very high-grade intervals are associated with
microbreccia, coarse quartz vein breccia and high sulfide content;
domains interpreted as multiply-reactivated, high-energy, high-fluid flux
conduits. The gold-rich breccias contain clasts of altered wallrock and
dikes, and crosscut all of the rock units. Moreover, the gold zones
detected to date are not significantly diluted by post-mineral dikes, nor
are they truncated/displaced by significant faulting; thus the
introduction of gold is interpreted to be late within the framework of
geologic evolution in the district.

Figure 8. Log-log plots for gold versus A) arsenic and B) antimony (23
492 core samples from across the Coffee property). Detection ranges
are >0.001 ppm for gold and 2 to 10000 ppm for arsenic and antimony.

The metal signatures, alteration and textural characteristics

observed at Coffee do not appear to correspond to many of the typical
cordilleran gold-dominant systems such as epithermal, reduced
intrusion-related or Carlin-type systems.
Thus the structurally-

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SME Annual Meeting

Feb. 19 - 22, 2012, Seattle, WA
controlled White Gold mineralization styles observed at Coffee and
Golden Saddle (structures cutting metamorphic host rocks,
disseminated gold and breccia associated with quartz-sericite-pyrite)
may be somewhat unusual compared to most western North American
examples of significant gold districts, particularly with respect to those
found in Yukon, Canada.

13. Ruks, T.W., Piercey, S.J., Ryan, J.J., Villeneuve, M.E. and
Creaser, R.A. (2006), Mid- to late Paleozoic K-feldspar augen
granitoids of the Yukon-Tanana terrane, Yukon, Canada:
Implications for crustal growth and tectonic evolution of the
northern Cordillera, GSA Bulletin, v. 118, no. 9/10, pp. 1212
1231.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

14. Ryan, J.J. and Gordey, S.P. (2004), Geology, Stewart River Area
(Parts of 115N/1,2,7,8 and 115O/2-12), Yukon Territory, 1:100
000 scale, GSC Open File 4641, Geological Survey of Canada.

Thanks to all of the staff involved with the Coffee Gold project
during the 2010 and 2011 discovery seasons.

15. Wainwright, A.J., Simmons, A.T., Finnigan, C.S., Smith, T.R. and
Carpenter, R.L. (2011), Geology of new gold discoveries in the
Coffee Creek area, White Gold District, west-central Yukon, in
Yukon Exploration and Geology 2010, K.E. MacFarlane, L.H.
Weston and C. Relf, ed. Yukon Geological Survey, pp. 233-247.

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Colpron, M., Nelson, J.L. and Murphy, D.C. (2006), A

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