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This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the University
of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48, and
by the University of California, Los Angeles under contract numbers DE-FG-98ER45693 and
DE-FG03-92ER40693
*e-mail: anderson131@llnl.gov
Advanced applications require high-
brightness, dense beams
Collision of ultra-relativistic electron with
Scaling of applications to higher focused laser pulse
performance requires shorter bunch
dimensions; examples: advanced
accelerators, next generation light sources.
hc
!w " 0.8 µm, " 1.55 eV, # me c 2 " 20 $ 60 MeV
e!w
Source Bx =
Nx X-ray applications need bright
!
brightness: ( 2! )5 /2 " # " x2" x2$ (.1%BW) beams! with short !-functions and
2 sub-ps duration.
! geom
The PLEIADES x-ray source uses
velocity bunching and PMQ focusing
• LLNL-UCLA collaboration Measured x-ray flux vs. energy
108
• Tunable, bright, ICS hard x-ray
• Compress ps photo-beam
using velocity bunching E-beam compression and PMQ
focusing have significantly
• Use ultra-strong permanent increased source flux and
magnet focusing at ICS brightness.
interaction point
PLEIADES interaction beamline
Compressed Beam
Pulse Length Measurement
1.2 0.4
Autocorrelation Signal (normalized)
Data
1 Fitted Curve E=59.2 MeV
0.8
$%= .2 %
!x (mm)
0.6 0.2
0.4
! < 0.3 psec
t
#n = 9.3 mm-mrad
0.2
0 0
0 5 10 15 20
Delay Arm Position (psec)
2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5
dB/dx (T/m)
Permanent magnet quadrupole Dipole spectrometer
final focus system (energy spread/linac tuning)
e-beam
Linac
laser
• Magnetic chicane
compressors produce sub-
picosecond beams
• Collective effects in chicane
cause phase space distortions
– CSR at moderate/high energies
– Space-charge at low energies
back in phase.
20
!
10
0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
80
Final bunch length: 8.01
8 79.5
7.99 79
!
!
7.98
78.5
7.97
78
7.96
(a) (b)
77.5
7.95
7.94 77
-4 -2 0 2 4 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
" (degrees) "# (degrees)
Velocity bunching results:
longitudinal dynamics
Simulation Measurements
0.8 4 Interferometer Data
2
0.7 3.5
y = m1+m2*( exp(-(m0-m3)^ 2/...
Value Error
0.6 3 1.8
m1 1.0818 0.085653
m2 0.89985 0.058787
0.5 2.5
"p/p (%)
! (mm)
0.3 1.5
0.2 1 1.2
0.1 0.5
1
0 0
0 5 10 15
z (m) 0.8
Compressing Section ! = 0.28 +/- 0.02 ps
t
S-band rf gun Accelerating Sections
0.6
26 28 30 32 34 36
E = 50MeV E = 59MeV
"# "# 0.5%
= 0.5% = 0.2%
# #
" t = 200 fs " t = 3ps
Velocity bunching results:
transverse dynamics
Simulated beam matching • Simulations predict matching critical for
Well matched emittance conservation
0.3 6
• Quad scan measurement agrees!
0.2 4
(mm mrad)
0.15 3
Beam Size
0.1 Emittance 2 Measured emittance
40
0.05 1
Horizontal
Poorly matched
0.3 7 20
Norm. RMS Emittance
0.25 6
RMS Size (cm)
5
(mm mrad)
0.2
4 10
0.15
3 Uncompressed Emittance
0.1
2
0.05 0
1 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Compressor Solenoid Current (Amps)
Z (cm)
Permanent magnet quadrupoles
achieve ultra-high field gradients
• Chromatic aberration limits
demagnification; need increased B!
p * #p
! 0,opt = " 0 f ; ! min = 2 f "0
#p p
#1 1&
B! = 2Br % " (
$ ri ro '
with Br = 1.22T (NdFeB), ri = 2.5mm,
T
and ro = 7.5mm, B! = 640
m
" B! % Segmented
klq = $ l ( 0.5 ) lq * 1 cm
# BR '& q Halbach design Built PMQ
Adjustable PMQ final focus system
+2f -f +f
• Final focus modeled as
simple thin lens triplet
– For PMQ focal length,
fPMQ=BR/B!lq, strongest
triplet focusing is in F-
DD-FF configuration
• System adjusted by Asymmetric triplet model
magnet spacing; L1, L2,
L3
• Trace3D (and
experiments) verify
system tunable to focus
50-90 MeV beams; final
!-functions in 3-5 mm
range
PMQ mover assembly
Final focus performance is enhanced
with PMQ system
OTR image of 70 MeV, 200pC,
• Final focus procedure: 20 µm (rms) final focus
– Perform quad scan with up-stream
magnets
– Use Trace3D to compute EM quad
settings for ~ few meter !0 and PMQ
positions for best focus
Theoretical Measured
• 3-D time and frequency 20 20
'y (mrad)
'y (mrad)
0 0
– W.J. Brown, et al., Phys. Rev.
ST Accel. Beams, 7 p. 060702 -10 -10
70
Measured Transmission (K-edge 67.46 keV)
60
0 5 10
Divergence Angle (mrad)
X-rays Ta Foil
E=E(')
Tin blocks
half the
aperture
CsI Scintillator
InSb Wafer
Pb Aperture
K-edge
energy
Brightness (a.u.)
10
-10
Compressed Uncompressed
electrons electrons
N"
X-ray brightness: Bx = 52
(2# ) $ t$ x2$ x2% (0.1%BW )
N" & # t $
Brightness increase 70%
!
# x% &
PLEIADES experimental beamline
E=59.2 MeV
$%= .2 %
e-beam
Linac
laser
Dipole spectrometer
(energy spread/linac tuning)
PLEIADES experimental beamline
Compressed Beam
Pulse Length Measurement
1.2
0.8
Bunch length measurement
0.6
0.4
! < 0.3 psec
t
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20
Delay Arm Position (psec)
e-beam
Linac
laser
e-beam
Linac
laser
• Manufacturing process
ensures consistency
between PMQs, minimizes
skew errors.
PMQ construction steps
+2f -f +f
• Final focus modeled as
simple thin lens triplet
– For PMQ focal length,
fPMQ=BR/B!lq, strongest
triplet focusing is in F-DD-
FF configuration
• System adjusted by magnet
spacing; L1, L2, L3 Asymmetric triplet model
• Trace3D (and experiments)
verify system tunable to
focus 50-90 MeV beams;
final !-functions in 3-5 mm
range
E ! k p2 N b if k p! z < 1
Ultra-strong focusing
! eq = 2" k p#1