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No
1.
VI sem ECE
Digital Communication
Assignment for Jan-May 2016.
Questions
Consider the set of signals
2E
cos(2f c t i ),
s i (t ) T
4
0, elsewhere
0t T
2.
3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Determine the coefficients sij of the signals si(t). Also give the signal
constellation diagram.
Obtain the orthonormal basis set for the given s1(t) and s2(t).
2, 0 t 2
s1 (t)
0, Otherwise
4, 0 t 1
.
s2 (t)
0, Otherwise
Energy signals s1(t) and s2(t) are represented with two basis functions and their vector
representations respectively are, s1=[2 1], s2=[2 -1]. Find the distance between s1 and
4.
5.
for t 0, and
=0
elsewhere.
Are transmitted with equal probability over a channel with additive white Gaussian
noise of zero mean and power spectral density N0/2. The receiver bases the decision on
the received signal over the interval 0 t 2. Determine the minimum attainable
probability of error at the receiver output.
6.
The signals g1(t) = 10 cos(100t) and g2(t) = 10 cos(50t) are both sampled at times t n
= n/fs, where n = 0, 1, 2, .., and fs = 75 samples per second. Show that the two
7.
sequences of samples thus obtained are identical. What is this phenomenon called?
The signal x(t)= 12 cos(800t)cos2(1800t) is ideally sampled at 4600 samples per
second. What is the minimum allowable sampling frequency? What is the range of
permissible cutoff frequencies for the ideal lowpass filter to be used for reconstructing
8.
the signal?
Figure shows the spectrum of a message signal g(t). The signal is sampled at a rate
equal to Determine and sketch the spectrum of the resulting PAM signal.
9.
G(f
)
For the spectrum of band-pass signal shown below, check the band-pass sampling
40
0
f (Hz)
theorem for (i) fs-400
= 45 kHz, (ii) fs = 50 kHz. Also indicate
if and how the signal can be
recovered.
G (f)
-2 5
10.
-1 5
15
25
f, k H z
a / 2, 0 t T / 2
A signal s(t) of duration T sec is defined as, s(t )
a / 2, T / 2 t T
(i)
Determine the impulse response of a filter matched to this signal and sketch it as
a function of time.
11.
s 2(t)
s 1(t)
4
12.
T /2
1, 0 t T
Consider a signal s(t) defined by s(t )
.
0, otherwise
It is proposed to approximate the matched filter for this signal by a low-pass RC filter
defined by the transfer function H ( f )
where f 0
1
1 j( f / f 0 )
1
the cut-off frequency of the RC filter is.
2RC
Determine the optimum value of f0 for which the RC filter becomes the best
approximation for matched filter.
Determine the peak output signal to noise ratio, assuming noise is AWGN of zero
mean and power spectral density N0/2.
Determine by how many decibels the transmitted energy be increased so that the
13.
s( t )
0 tT
elsewhere
Determine the optimum value of f0 for which the RC filter provides the best
Assuming an additive white noise of zero mean and power spectral density N 0/2,
14.
Show that when a stationary message process (strictly band limited) is reconstructed
from the sequence of its samples taken at a rate equal to 2w, where w is the highest
frequency component, the reconstructed process equals the original process in the
15.
2
4t
cos
,
T
T
0t T
s 2 (t )
2
8t
cos
,
T
T
0t T
s3 (t )
2
12t
cos
,
T
T
0t T
Sketch the signal space diagram and decision boundaries for the signal set.
Show that the signal space can be reduced to have two dimensions.
16.
a / 2, 0 t T / 2
A signal s(t) of duration T sec is defined as, s(t )
a / 2, T / 2 t T
(i)
Determine the impulse response of a filter matched to this signal and sketch it as
a function of time.
17.
18.
19.
binary sequence. Assume statistically independent and equally likely message bits.
An analog signal is sampled, quantized and encoded into a binary PCM wave. The
number of representation levels used is 128. A synchronizing pulse is added at the end
of each code-word representing a sample of the analog signal. The resulting PCM
wave is transmitted over a channel of bandwidth 12 kHz using a binary PAM system
with a raised cosine spectrum. The roll-off factor is unity.
a)
Find the rate (in bits per second) at which information is transmitted through the
channel.
b)
Find the rate at which the analog signal is sampled. What is the maximum
20.
21.
digit is reduced to zero, construct the new receiver output without a precoder.
Explain with neat sketch a complete precoded duobinary scheme. Encode and transmit
the binary sequence 1101001 in precoded duobinary scheme. Assume 1 = +1V and 0 =
22.
23.
- 1V.
Determine the power spectral density of the polar quaternary format of NRZ type,
based on the natural code. Assume statistically independent and equally likely message
bits.
Answer the following.
Q1.A. In built synchronization is achieved using -------type waveform coding
technique
B. One baud is equal to -----------number of bits per second
Q2. The discrete autocorrelation function RA(n) for a bipolar signaling scheme is ---Q3. Construct the RZ bipolar signaling format for the binary sequence 011010110
Q4. Given the binary sequence 011011001, Construct the polar OCTAL NRZ format
using Gray code
Q5. Write the time domain and frequency domain expressions for the basic pulse
used to achieve zero ISI
Q6. AThe bandwidth requirement using Raised cosine spectrum as a basic pulse
shape is
)
25.
representation.
Consider a signal s(t) = Asinc(t/T) defined over the interval - < t<. Determine and
make a neat plot of the output of a filter having impulse response h(t) = sinc(t/T) from
- < t< if the signal s(t) is given as input. Can we say that h(t) is a matched filter for
26.
- T0 Td T0 .
0,
otherwise
Determine the probability density function of the random variable X(t k) obtained
27.
a). Explain the frequency division multiple access(FDMA) and compare it with
TDMA.
b). A PCM system uses a uniform quantizer followed by a 7-bit binary encoder. The bit
rate of the system is equal to 50 106 bits/second.
(i). What is the maximum message bandwidth for which the system operates
satisfactorily?
(ii). Determine the output signal to quantizing noise ratio when the full load sinusoidal
28.
being transmitted and also evaluate the probability of bit error if AWGN of zero mean
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
the channel through which the transmission takes place is corrupted by AWGN.
The purpose of a radar system is basically to detect the presence of a target, and to
extract useful information about the target. Suppose that in such a system, hypothesis
H0 is that there is no target present, so that the received signal x(t) = w(t), where w(t) is
white Gaussian noise of zero mean and power spectral density N 0/2. For hypothesis
H1, a target is present, and x(t) = s(t) + w(t), s(t) is an echo produced by the target.
Assuming that s(t) is completely known, evaluate the following probabilities:
(a)
The probability of false alarm defined as the probability that the receiver decides
The probability of detection defined as the probability that the receiver decides a
36.
(1-1622t2)].
For a (6,3) systematic linear block code, the three parity check bits C 4, C5 and C6 are
formed from the following equations:
C4 =
d1
C 5 = d1
d2
C6 =
d1
i.
d3
d3
d2
38.
01
0,
39.
otherwise
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
whether this is a maximum length sequence. Give reasons for your answer.
An LDM system operates with a sampling frequency of 30 kHz. If a sinusoidal signal
ii.
x(t), normalized so that x(t) 1 whose frequency is 3 kHz, is applied, what value of
46.
-2
-2
-2
-2
0.
b)
If there is an error, can you guess the correct {bk} sequence? Is this unique?
c)
If the obtained {bk} sequence is not unique, write down all possible correct {bk}
sequences.
47.
48.
encoder.
Explain the principles of direct sequence spread spectrum and frequency hopping
(both slow and fast frequency hopping) spread spectrum communication systems.
49.
50.
51.
produced by second digit is reduced to zero. Construct the new receiver output.
Discuss the drawbacks of delta modulation system. Explain how they are minimized?
Consider the sinusoidal process
X(t)=A cos(2fct)
where the frequency fc is constant and the amplitude A is uniformly distributed:
fA ()= 1,
0,
52.
01
otherwise
53.
54.
and each sample is quantized into one of 256 equally likely levels. Assume that the
successive samples are statistically independent.
What is the information rate of this source?
Can the output of this source be transmitted without error over an AWGN channel with
a bandwidth of 10KHz and an SNR of 20dB?
Find the SNR required for error free transmission for part (ii)
Find the bandwidth required for an AWGN channel for error- free transmission of the
55.
56.
Source Symbol
probability
S0
0.3
S1
0.25
S2
0.2
S3
0.15
S4
0.05
S5
0.05
The purpose of a radar system is basically to detect the presence of a target, and to
extract useful information about the target. Suppose that in such a system, hypothesis
H0 is that there is no target present, so that the received signal x(t) = w(t), where w(t) is
white Gaussian noise of zero mean and power spectral density N 0/2. For hypothesis
H1, a target is present, and x(t) = s(t) + w(t), s(t) is an echo produced by the target.
Assuming that s(t) is completely known, evaluate the following probabilities:
a) The probability of false alarm defined as the probability that the receiver decides a
target is present when it is not.
b)
57.
The probability of detection defined as the probability that the receiver decides
59.
bits.
Draw the block diagram and explain the base band binary PAM system and explain the
inter-symbol interference
What is a pseudo noise sequence? How is it generated? Explain with an example and
60.
58.
-3.8V to +3.8V and has the average power of 30mW. The required signal to noise ratio
is 20dB. Assuming uniform quantization, calculate the number of bits required per
61.
sample.
Explain with neat sketch a complete precoded duobinary scheme. Encode and transmit
62.
the binary sequence 1101001 in this scheme. Assume 1 = +1V and 0 = - 1V.
A discrete memory-less source X has five symbols x1, x2, x3, x4 and x5 with
probabilities p(x1)=0.16, p(x2)=0.19, p(x3)=0.10, p(x4)=0.40 and p(x5)=0.15. Construct
63.
64.
reconstruction filter.
Explain the transmitter and receiver section of spread spectrum in which the carrier
hops from randomly from one frequency to another for the input binary data
65.
01111110001001111010.
Explain the frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and compare it with time
66.