Development and Performance Analysis

of Hybrid Electric Vehicle- A Review

Sagar Ranani
Internal combustion engine and automobile, mechanical department,
Parul Institute of Engineering and technology, Limda
sagarranani93 @gmail.com

Assistant Prof. Nityam Oza,

Internal combustion engine and automobile, mechanical department,
Parul Institute of Engineering and technology, Limda
nityamoza@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Today the depletion of fossil fuel, global heating and emissions is become a serious problem in the world. India imports nearly 75% of its 4.3
million barrels per day crude oil. Due to this depletion and amount of emission has given way for the new technologies like Fuel cells
vehicles, Electric vehicles. The gap between the current fossil fuel technology and zero emission vehicles can be combined by hybrid
technology. During city driving conditions like frequent stop and go and long idling time has resulted into poor fuel economy and
higher harmful pollutant emissions from IC Engine powered vehicles. The current hybrid car emits less pollutant than the market
average. In hybrid electric vehicle the fuel consumption is decrease than pure ICE. HEV technology, more expensive than conventional
vehicles, is poised for entry into new markets and also complicated structure, heavier, skilled man power required for maintenance and lack
of awareness stop them to gain more consumers. In this petrol car is converted in to experimental hybrid electric vehicle and for a route the
fuel consumption and emissions are observed in city area.

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KEY WORDS: hybrid electric vehicle; pollutant

emission; break even analysis; Indian driving
cycle

performance per km drive, integrating the total

effects of the road infrastructure, traffic pattern
and driving culture.

INTRODUCTION
The internal combustion engine is one of the
greatest inventions of mankind. The conventional
vehicles with ICE provide a good performance
and long operating range. However they have
continue to cause serious problems for poor fuel
economy, environment pollution and human life.
While there are also alternate fuels like LPG,
CNG, biogas, bio diesel, ethanol, methanol,
hydrogen, electricity but use of them is becoming
widely and also not easily available at anywhere
.
BARRIERS ON PRESENT AUTOMOBILE
FUELS

Fig. 1. Indian driving Cycle (4 wheeler)

Rising Prices
India is importing 90% of its petroleum demand.
The reserves of petroleum are mostly in gulf
countries. Moreover, day by day the reserves
of petroleum are depleting and demand is
increasing. The law is for higher demand and less
supply situation the prices of the petroleum is
ever increasing.
Impact on Aquatic Life by Oil Spill
The use of petroleum not only impacts on human
being and environment but it also effects on
land, vegetation, water and living hood on land
as well as water. Petroleum products spilled on
land causes in fertility and damaged to the
vegetation. The oil spilled in water creates
breathing problem to the live being in to the
water. The petroleum products are not easily debio graded and bad impact last for longer.
Health risks associated with vehicle emission
Toxic emission from fossil fuel combustion
particularly in vehicle is not only linked to
climate change but also have significant impact
on air quality and health, resulting in increased
hospital admissions, respiratory illness and
premature deaths, especially in urban area.
INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN DRIVING
CYCLE
The driving cycle of any country is the probable
plot of the vehicle speed right from the start of
the engine through its journey over a prescribed
time Driving cycle is an expensive transient test
procedure and reflects the average emission

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INTRODUCTION TO HYBRID VEHICLE

To take advantage of two or more reliable fuel
technology, Hybrid technology has been
emerged. In this technology the vehicle is
powered by two or more power sources. .Another
combination can is human power along with IC
Engine power. Hybrid technology has proved
very efficient and resulted in least pollutant
emissions. Honda, Toyota has come with modes
of hybrid vehicles and is very successful in the
market. Today, hybrid technology is looked
as very promising and results attained are very
positive. Hybrid vehicles can be classified as
series, parallel and combined vehicles according
to the power train design. The Hybrid Electric
Vehicles (HEV) report is designed to guide
decision makers and institutions in assessing the
feasibility of hybrid technology in transport and
fuel efficiency measures and to assist knowledge
and technology transfer.

HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

Series hybrid
In a series hybrid vehicle the IC Engine produces
power using gasoline and diesel engine as a fuel.
The power produce from the engine is utilized
to the generator. The generator produces electric
energy will be supplied to the electric motor
placed in the hub of each wheel or pair of front or
rear wheels. Excess power from the generator
is stored in the battery.

import sources over the past five years has been

analysed.
Result: The oil consumption of India has
increased steadily for the past four decades. Some
suggestions are discussed like
Structural adjustments in energy sector
India needs to exploit clean sources of energy
such as natural gas and clean coal to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and reduce the
countrys dependence on crude oil. The available
renewable resources need to be exploited by
giving them a commercial orientation Investment
in
human
resource
development
and
technological up gradation are other structural
changes that will take India a step closer to
achieving energy security.
Energy efficiency
Reducing energy requirements and increasing
energy efficiency are two important pillars of
attaining energy security. Energy efficiency is the
equivalent of creating a virtual source of
untapped domestic energy supply. Efficiency can
be increased in energy extraction, conversion,
transportation as well as in consumption

Fig 2. Series HEV

Parallel hybrid
In Parallel hybrid vehicle power can be supplied
by either IC Engine or battery to the wheel.
Moreover, IC Engine and electric battery can
supply power simultaneously to the wheel. this
system have an advantage of maximum power by
utilizing electric as we all as IC Engine power
simultaneously the engine can be sized down.
During at starting condition battery supply power
to the electric motor. During cruising speed
IC Engine supply power to the wheel.

Estimation of delay and fuel loss during idling

of vehicles at signalized intersection in
Ahmedabad by Ch.Ravi Sekhar, Pranoy Raj,
Purnima Parida, S.Gangopadhyay.
In this research paper the main objective of is to
estimate delay and fuel loss during idling
vehicles at signalized intersections in Ahmedabad
city. For estimation of delay at intersections,
typical corridor on drive in road in Ahmedabad
city has been considered. Drive in road is one the
busiest urban arterial corridor and this corridor
connects the traffic coming from Thaltej
intersection to Vijay Char Rasta Intersection.
This study provides an estimate of the total fuel
loss in the study corridor due to stoppage of
vehicles at intersections.
Result

Fig 3. Parallel HEV

Advantages of Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Good for environment
Cheaper to run
High energy efficiency
Low operating cost, Reduce emissions
LITERATURE REVIEW
Changing geo-politics of oil and the impact on
India by Charu Rastogi.
This paper is based on analysis of secondary data
obtained from the various government and
corporate sources and information available on
the public domain. The objective of the paper is
to establish that India faces a potentially
disruptive situation in terms of energy security
and suggest a model to address the situation.
Further, Indias energy consumption pattern,
consumption of oil and oil products over the past
four decades and the composition of Indias oil

Vehicle
type

Helmet
(sec)

Himalaya
(sec)

Car
Bus
2Wheeler
3Wheeler

641
712.1
626.2

419
484.8
404.2

Sal
hospital
(sec)
567.4
548.6
551.5

627

382.6

542.8

Table 1. Delay and Idling Time Estimation

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Name of
intersection

Petrol
(liters)

Diesel
(liters)

Sal
hospital
Himalaya

307.438

81.9449 178.14

Helmet

CNG
(liters)

127.4011 39.0757 107.58

486.672

358.116 361.22

Table 2. Idling fuel consumption

Experimental Analysis and Feasibility Study

of 1400 CC Diesel Engine Car Converted Into
Hybrid Electric Vehicle by Using BLDC Hub
Motors, 2013, By Sudhir Gupte.
In this paper an existing 1400 CC Diesel car
converted in to experimental HEV prototype has
been tested in EV mode at reasonably steady
speed on highway and conventional ICE mode to
measure the consumption of fuel to derive the
optimum performance benefits. Test results show
marked improvement in fuel consumption when
driven in EV mode. Amount of fuel saving
achieved by proposed HEV methodology.
Result: Fuel consumption measured at 1.97 liters
per 100 km at 38.3 km/hr average speed and 27.5
km of distance could be covered with 150Ah
Battery pack. But the fuel consumption in HEV
mode varies between 1.97 to 2.62 Liters per 100
km depending upon the traffic and driving
conditions as compared to 4.65 to 5.12 liters per
100 km in ICE mode as shown in table. The fuel
consumption pattern in ICE mode before and
after the conversion has been affected only
marginally in ICE mode comparison.

Table 3. Fuel consumption of ICE vs HEV mode

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Development and Use of Parallel Hybrid

Electric Vehicle Model with Suitable
Modifications and Break-Even Analysis by
Tarun Kaushik, Nilay Pandey
For a hybrid to be able to replace the
conventional cars it must provide greater driving
range. Normally the battery gets discharged in 40
miles. After the battery gets discharged the HEV
starts taking all its power requirements from the
gasoline engine Thus all the advantage of being a
hybrid car gets neutralized. So some solutions on
how to increase the driving range of a Hybrid
Electric vehicle (Parallel Type) are described in
this paper.
Result: By some modifications like regenerative
braking, use of solar panel and by using some
parts of the power of gasoline engine to charge
battery are considered so that the time
consumption can also reduce in highway driving.

Fig 4. Modified Parallel HEV cycle

CONCLUSION FROM LITERATURE

Identification and analysis of Alternate

energy source for automobile are extremely
important.

Hybrid vehicle concept can be utilize to

reduce fuel consumption, emissions and cost
of fuel.

Thus HEV improve public health, energy

security and reduce fuel cost.

Driving cycle has tremendous impact on fuel

consumption and pollutant emissions.
Driving through congested traffic area leads
to drive in a low gear, frequent stop and go,
large idling times and higher acceleration
and deceleration which results in higher fuel
consumption and pollutant emissions.
4

The series hybrid performs better in city

driving while parallel hybrid achieve lower
emission and fuel consumption in highway
driving.

Break even analysis for additional cost is

compensated with in first two years of
buying which is comparable with most
automobile having a useful life of nearly 10
years.

Penetration of electric vehicle is not high

because of long charging time, battery
replacement cost and limited range
problems.

electric vehicle model with suitable

modifications and break-even analysis issn
2319-7024(2013)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am highly indebted to Prof. Nityam Oza for his
guidance and constant supervision as well as for
providing necessary information I would like to
thank the teaching &non-teaching staff of
Department of Mechanical Engineering for
sharing their knowledge with me.
REFRENCES
BOOKS:
[1] Dr. S.S.Thipse, Alternative Fuels,Jaico
Publication,2010.
JOURNAL PAPERS:

Aishwarya Panday and hari om bansal,

(2014)Hybrid electric vehicle performance
analysis
under
various
temperature
conditions, Energy Procedia 75

Behnam ganji, Abbas Z Kouzani,

H.M.Trinh,(2010) Drive cycle analysis of
the performance of HEV, . LNCS 6328

Sudhir Gupte(2013), Experimental Analysis

and Feasibility Study of 1400 CC Diesel
Engine Car Converted Into Hybrid Electric
Vehicle by Using BLDC Hub Motors,.
Energy Procedia 54

Charu rastogi,(2014) Changing geo politics

of oil and impact on India. Procedia - Social
and Behavioral Sciences 133

Ch.Ravi Sekhara, Pranoy Rajb, Purnima

Paridac, S.Gangopadhyayd, Estimation of
delay and fuel loss during idling of vehicles
at signalised intersection in Ahmedabad
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
104

Tarun Kaushik and Nilay Panday,

Development and use of parallel hybrid
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