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AncientGreek
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

AncientGreekincludesthe
formsofGreekusedin
ancientGreeceandtheancient
worldfromaroundthe9th
centuryBCEtothe6th
centuryCE.Itisoftenroughly
dividedintotheArchaic
period(9thto6thcenturies
BCE),Classicalperiod(5th
and4thcenturiesBCE),and
Hellenisticperiod(3rdcentury
BCEto6thcenturyCE).Itis
antedatedinthesecond
millenniumBCEby
MycenaeanGreek.
Thelanguageofthe
Hellenisticphaseisknownas
Koine(common).Koineis
regardedasaseparate
historicalstageofitsown,
althoughinitsearliestformit
closelyresembledAtticGreek
andinitslatestformit
approachesMedievalGreek.
PriortotheKoineperiod,
Greekoftheclassicand
earlierperiodsincluded
severalregionaldialects.
AncientGreekwasthe
languageofHomerandof
classicalAthenianhistorians,
playwrights,andphilosophers.
Ithascontributedmanywords
toEnglishvocabularyandhas
beenastandardsubjectof
studyineducational
institutionsoftheWestsince
theRenaissance.Thisarticle
primarilycontainsinformation
abouttheEpicandClassical
phasesofthelanguage.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek

AncientGreek

Hellnik

InscriptionabouttheconstructionofthestatueofAthenaParthenosinthe
Parthenon,440/439BCE
Region

easternMediterranean

Era

developedintoKoinGreekbythe4thcenturyBCE

Language IndoEuropean
family
Hellenic
AncientGreek
Writing
system

Greekalphabet
Languagecodes

ISO639
2

grc

ISO639
3

grc(includesallpremodernstages)

Glottolog anci1242
(http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/anci1242)[1]

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MapofAncient(Homeric)Greece

Contents
1 Dialects
1.1 History
1.2 Otherlanguages
2 Phonology

BeginningofHomer'sOdyssey

2.1 DifferencesfromProtoIndo
European
2.2 Phonemicinventory
2.2.1 Consonants
2.2.2 Vowels
3 Morphology
3.1 Augment
3.2 Reduplication
4 Writingsystem
5 Exampletext
6 Modernuse
7 Seealso
8 References
9 Furtherreading
10 Externallinks
10.1 Grammarlearning

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10.1 Grammarlearning
10.2 Classicaltexts

Dialects
AncientGreekwasapluricentriclanguage,dividedintomanydialects.Themaindialectgroupsare
AtticandIonic,Aeolic,Arcadocypriot,andDoric,manyofthemwithseveralsubdivisions.Some
dialectsarefoundinstandardizedliteraryformsusedinliterature,whileothersareattestedonlyin
inscriptions.
Therearealsoseveralhistoricalforms.HomericGreekisaliteraryformofArchaicGreek(derived
primarilyfromIonicandAeolic)usedintheepicpoems,the"Iliad"and"Odyssey",andinlaterpoems
byotherauthors.HomericGreekhadsignificantdifferencesingrammarandpronunciationfrom
ClassicalAtticandotherClassicaleradialects.

History
Theorigins,earlyformanddevelopmentoftheHelleniclanguagefamilyarenotwellunderstood
becauseofalackofcontemporaneousevidence.SeveraltheoriesexistaboutwhatHellenicdialect
groupsmayhaveexistedbetweenthedivergenceofearlyGreeklikespeechfromthecommonProto
IndoEuropeanlanguage.Theyhavethesamegeneraloutline,butdifferinsomeofthedetail.Theonly
attesteddialectfromthisperiod[2]isMycenaean,butitsrelationshiptothehistoricaldialectsandthe
historicalcircumstancesofthetimesimplythattheoverallgroupsalreadyexistedinsomeform.
ScholarsassumethatmajorAncientGreekperioddialectgroupsdevelopednotlaterthan1120BCE,at
thetimeoftheDorianinvasion(s)andthattheirfirstappearancesasprecisealphabeticwritingbegan
inthe8thcenturyBCE.Theinvasionwouldnotbe"Dorian"unlesstheinvadershadsomecultural
relationshiptothehistoricalDorians.Theinvasionisknowntohavedisplacedpopulationtothelater
AtticIonicregions,whoregardedthemselvesasdescendantsofthepopulationdisplacedbyor
contendingwiththeDorians.
TheGreeksofthisperiodbelievedtherewerethreemajordivisionsofallGreekpeopleDorians,
Aeolians,andIonians(includingAthenians),eachwiththeirowndefininganddistinctivedialects.
AllowingfortheiroversightofArcadian,anobscuremountaindialect,andCypriot,farfromthecenter
ofGreekscholarship,thisdivisionofpeopleandlanguageisquitesimilartotheresultsofmodern
archaeologicallinguisticinvestigation.
Onestandardformulationforthedialectsis:[3]

WestGroup
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NorthwestGreek
Doric
AeolicGroup
Aegean/AsiaticAeolic
Thessalian
Boeotian
IonicAtticGroup
Attica
EuboeaandcoloniesinItaly
Cyclades
AsiaticIonia
ArcadocypriotGreek
Arcadian
Cypriot

DistributionofGreekdialectsintheclassicalperiod. [4]
Westerngroup:
Doricproper

Centralgroup:
Aeolic

Northwest

Arcado

Doric
Cypriot
AchaeanDoric

Eastern
group:
Attic
Ionic

Westvs.nonwestGreekisthestrongestmarkedandearliestdivision,withnonwestinsubsetsofIonic
Attic(orAtticIonic)andAeolicvs.ArcadoCypriot,orAeolicandArcadoCypriotvs.IonicAttic.
OftennonwestiscalledEastGreek.
TheArcadoCypriotgroupapparentlydescendedmorecloselyfromtheMycenaeanGreekoftheBronze
Age.
BoeotianhadcomeunderastrongNorthwestGreekinfluence,andcaninsomerespectsbeconsidereda
transitionaldialect.ThessalianlikewisehadcomeunderNorthwestGreekinfluence,thoughtoalesser
degree.
Pamphylian,spokeninasmallareaonthesouthwesterncoastofAsiaMinorandlittlepreservedin
inscriptions,maybeeitherafifthmajordialectgroup,oritisMycenaeanGreekoverlaidbyDoric,with
anonGreeknativeinfluence.
Mostofthedialectsubgroupslistedabovehadfurthersubdivisions,generallyequivalenttoacitystate
anditssurroundingterritory,ortoanisland.Doricnotablyhadseveralintermediatedivisionsaswell,
intoIslandDoric(includingCretanDoric),SouthernPeloponnesusDoric(includingLaconian,the
dialectofSparta),andNorthernPeloponnesusDoric(includingCorinthian).
TheLesbiandialectwasamemberoftheAegean/AsiaticAeolicsubgroup.
AllthegroupswererepresentedbycoloniesbeyondGreeceproperaswell,andthesecoloniesgenerally
developedlocalcharacteristics,oftenundertheinfluenceofsettlersorneighborsspeakingdifferent
Greekdialects.

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ThedialectsoutsidetheIonicgroupareknownmainlyfrominscriptions,notableexceptionsbeing
fragmentsoftheworksofthepoetessSapphofromtheislandofLesbosandthepoemsoftheBoeotian
poet,Pindar.
AftertheconquestsofAlexandertheGreatinthelate4thcenturyBCE,anewinternationaldialect
knownasKoineorCommonGreekdeveloped,largelybasedonAtticGreek,butwithinfluencefrom
otherdialects.Thisdialectslowlyreplacedmostoftheolderdialects,althoughDoricdialecthas
survivedtothepresentintheformoftheTsakoniandialectofModernGreek,spokenintheregionof
modernSparta.DorichasalsopasseddownitsaoristterminationsintomostverbsofDemoticGreek.By
aboutthe6thcenturyCE,theKoinehadslowlymetamorphosizedintoMedievalGreek.

Otherlanguages
AncientMacedonianwasanIndoEuropeanlanguagecloselyrelatedtoGreek,butitsexactrelationship
isunclearbecauseofinsufficientdata:possiblyadialectofGreekasiblinglanguagetoGreekora
closecousintoGreek,andperhapsrelatedtosomeextent,toThracianandPhrygianlanguages.The
PellacursetabletisoneofmanyfindsthatsupporttheideathattheAncientMacedonianlanguageis
closelyrelatedtotheDoricGreekdialect.However,AncientMacedonianwasdefinitelynotaSlavic
languageSlavsmigratedinEasternEuropeninecenturieslater.

Phonology
DifferencesfromProtoIndoEuropean
AncientGreekdiffersfromProtoIndoEuropeanandotherIndoEuropeanlanguagesincertainways.In
phonotactics,AncientGreekwordscouldonlyendinavowelor/nsr/finalstopswerelost,asin
"milk",comparedwith"ofmilk"(genitive).AncientGreekoftheclassicalperiodalsodiffered
inphonemicinventory:
PIE*sbecame/h/atthebeginningofaword(debuccalization):Latinsex,Englishsix,Ancient
Greek/hks/.
PIE*swaslostbetweenvowelsviaanintermediatestepofdebuccalization:Sanskritjanasas,
Latingeneris(wheres>rbyrhotacism),Greek*genesos>*genehos>AncientGreek
(/gneos/),Attic(/gnos/)"ofakind".
PIE*y/j/became/h/(debuccalization)or/(d)z/(fortition):Sanskrityas,AncientGreek"who"
(relativepronoun)Latiniugum,Englishyoke,AncientGreek/zygs/.
PIE*w,whichoccurredinMycenaeanandsomenonAtticdialects,waslost:earlyDoric,
Englishwork,AtticGreek/rgon/.
PIEandMycenaeanlabiovelarschangedtoplainstops(labials,dentals,andvelars)inthelater
Greekdialects:forinstance,PIE*kbecame/p/or/t/inAttic:AtticGreek/p/"where?",
LatinquAtticGreek/ts/,Latinquis"who?".
PIE"voicedaspirated"stops*bdggweredevoicedandbecametheaspiratedstops
/ptk/inAncientGreek.

Phonemicinventory
ThepronunciationofAncientGreekwasverydifferentfromthatofModernGreek.AncientGreekhad
longandshortvowelsmanydiphthongsdoubleandsingleconsonantsvoiced,voiceless,andaspirated
stopsandapitchaccent.InModernGreek,allvowelsandconsonantsareshortmanyvowelsand
diphthongsoncepronounceddistinctlyarepronouncedas/i/(iotacism).Someofthestopsandglidesin
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diphthongshavebecomefricatives,andthepitchaccenthaschangedtoastressaccent.Manyofthese
changestookplaceintheKoineGreekperiod.ThewritingsystemofModernGreek,however,doesnot
reflectallpronunciationchanges.
TheexamplesbelowrepresentAtticGreekinthe5thcenturyBCE.Ancientpronunciationcanneverbe
reconstructedwithcertainty,butGreekfromthisperiodiswelldocumentedandthereislittle
disagreementamonglinguistsastothegeneralnatureofthesoundsthatthelettersrepresent.
Consonants
Bilabial Dental Velar Glottal

()

Plosive voiceless

aspirated

Nasal
voiced

Fricative

Trill

Lateral

[]occurredasanallophoneof/n/usedbeforevelarsandasanallophoneof//beforenasals./r/was
probablyvoicelesswhenwordinitial(written)./s/wasassimilatedto[z]beforevoicedconsonants.
Vowels
Front
unrounded

Back
rounded

Close

ii

Closemid

ee

oo

Openmid

Open

yy

aa

/o/raisedto[u],probablybythe4thcenturyBCE.

Morphology
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Greek,likealloftheolderIndoEuropeanlanguages,ishighly
inflected.ItishighlyarchaicinitspreservationofProtoIndo
Europeanforms.InAncientGreek,nouns(includingproper
nouns)havefivecases(nominative,genitive,dative,accusative,
andvocative),threegenders(masculine,feminine,andneuter),
andthreenumbers(singular,dual,andplural).Verbshavefour
moods(indicative,imperative,subjunctive,andoptative)and
threevoices(active,middle,andpassive),aswellasthree
persons(first,second,andthird)andvariousotherforms.Verbs
OstraconbearingthenameofCimon,
areconjugatedthroughsevencombinationsoftensesandaspect
StoaofAttalos
(generallysimplycalled"tenses"):thepresent,future,and
imperfectareimperfectiveinaspecttheaorist(perfective
aspect)apresentperfect,pluperfectandfutureperfect.Mosttensesdisplayallfourmoodsandthree
voices,althoughthereisnofuturesubjunctiveorimperative.Also,thereisnoimperfectsubjunctive,
optativeorimperative.Theinfinitivesandparticiplescorrespondtothefinitecombinationsoftense,
aspect,andvoice.

Augment
Theindicativeofpasttensesadds(conceptually,atleast)aprefix/e/,calledtheaugment.Thiswas
probablyoriginallyaseparateword,meaningsomethinglike"then",addedbecausetensesinPIEhad
primarilyaspectualmeaning.Theaugmentisaddedtotheindicativeoftheaorist,imperfect,and
pluperfect,butnottoanyoftheotherformsoftheaorist(nootherformsoftheimperfectandpluperfect
exist).
ThetwokindsofaugmentinGreekaresyllabicandquantitative.Thesyllabicaugmentisaddedtostems
beginningwithconsonants,andsimplyprefixese(stemsbeginningwithr,however,adder).The
quantitativeaugmentisaddedtostemsbeginningwithvowels,andinvolveslengtheningthevowel:
a,,e,
i,
o,
u,
aii
eiiorei
oii
auuorau
euuoreu
ouou
Someverbsaugmentirregularlythemostcommonvariationiseei.Theirregularitycanbeexplained
diachronicallybythelossofsbetweenvowels.Inverbswithaprefix,theaugmentisplacednotatthe
startoftheword,butbetweentheprefixandtheoriginalverb.Forexample,()(Iattack)
goestoointheaorist.
FollowingHomer'spractice,theaugmentissometimesnotmadeinpoetry,especiallyepicpoetry.
Theaugmentsometimessubstitutesforreduplicationseebelow.

Reduplication

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Almostallformsoftheperfect,pluperfect,andfutureperfectreduplicatetheinitialsyllableoftheverb
stem.(Notethatafewirregularformsofperfectdonotreduplicate,whereasahandfulofirregular
aoristsreduplicate.)Thethreetypesofreduplicationare:
Syllabicreduplication:Mostverbsbeginningwithasingleconsonant,oraclusterofastopwitha
sonorant,addasyllableconsistingoftheinitialconsonantfollowedbye.Anaspiratedconsonant,
however,reduplicatesinitsunaspiratedequivalent:Grassmann'slaw.
Augment:Verbsbeginningwithavowel,aswellasthosebeginningwithaclusterotherthan
thoseindicatedpreviously(andoccasionallyforafewotherverbs)reduplicateinthesamefashion
astheaugment.Thisremainsinallformsoftheperfect,notjusttheindicative.
Atticreduplication:Someverbsbeginningwithana,eoro,followedbyasonorant(or
occasionallydorg),reduplicatebyaddingasyllableconsistingoftheinitialvowelandfollowing
consonant,andlengtheningthefollowingvowel.Henceererr,anann,ololl,ed
edd.ThisisnotactuallyspecifictoAtticGreek,despiteitsname,butitwasgeneralizedinAttic.
Thisoriginallyinvolvedreduplicatingaclusterconsistingofalaryngealandsonorant,hencehl
hlehlollwithnormalGreekdevelopmentoflaryngeals.(Formswithastopwere
analogous.)
Irregularduplicationcanbeunderstooddiachronically.Forexample,lamban(rootlab)hastheperfect
stemeilpha(not*lelpha)becauseitwasoriginallyslamban,withperfectseslpha,becomingeilpha
throughcompensatorylengthening.
Reduplicationisalsovisibleinthepresenttensestemsofcertainverbs.Thesestemsaddasyllable
consistingoftheroot'sinitialconsonantfollowedbyi.Anasalstopappearsafterthereduplicationin
someverbs.[5]

Writingsystem
AncientGreekwaswrittenintheGreekalphabet,withsomevariationamongdialects.Earlytextsare
writteninboustrophedonstyle,butlefttorightbecamestandardduringtheclassicperiod.Modern
editionsofAncientGreektextsareusuallywrittenwithaccentsandbreathingmarks,interwordspacing,
modernpunctuation,andsometimesmixedcase,butthesewereallintroducedlater.

Exampletext
ThebeginningofHomer'sIliadexemplifiestheArchaicperiodofAncientGreek(seeHomericGreek
formoredetails):
,,
,,

.
ThebeginningofApologybyPlatoexemplifiesAtticGreekfromtheClassicalperiodofAncientGreek:
,,,'
',.
.
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TransliteratedintotheLatinalphabetusingamodernversionoftheErasmianscheme:
Htimnhmes,ndresAthnaoi,pepnthatehuptnemnkatgrn,oukoda:egd'on
kaautshup'autnolgouemautoepelathmn,hotpithanslegon.Katoialthsgehs
poseipenoudneirksin.
UsingtheIPA:
[htimenhyms|
ndresatna
i
oi|pepntate|hypot
nem
katrn|uko
da
dkai
au
tos|hypau
t
noluemau
t|epelatmn|htpitan
sleonka
toi
altze
|hsposepn|udener
kasin]
TranslatedintoEnglish:
Howyou,menofAthens,arefeelingunderthepowerofmyaccusers,Idonotknow:actually,
evenImyselfalmostforgotwhoIwasbecauseofthem,theyspokesopersuasively.Andyet,
looselyspeaking,nothingtheyhavesaidistrue.

Modernuse
ThestudyofAncientGreekinEuropeancountriesinadditionto
Latinoccupiedanimportantplaceinthesyllabusfromthe
Renaissanceuntilthebeginningofthe20thcentury.Ancient
Greekisstilltaughtasacompulsoryoroptionalsubject
especiallyattraditionaloreliteschoolsthroughoutEurope,such
aspublicschoolsandgrammarschoolsintheUnitedKingdom.It
iscompulsoryintheLiceoclassicoinItaly,inthegymnasiumin
theNetherlands,insomeclassesinAustria,inCroatiainklasina
gimnazijaanditisoptionalintheHumanistischesGymnasiumin
Thewordsasthey
Germany(usuallyasathirdlanguageafterLatinandEnglish,
areinscribedonthemarbleofthe
fromtheageof14to18).In2006/07,15,000pupilsstudied
1955LeonidasMonumentat
AncientGreekinGermanyaccordingtotheFederalStatistical
Thermopylae
OfficeofGermany,and280,000pupilsstudieditinItaly.[6]Itis
acompulsorysubjectalongsideLatinintheHumanitiesbranch
ofSpanishBachillerato.AncientGreekisalsotaughtatmostmajoruniversitiesworldwide,often
combinedwithLatinaspartofClassics.ItwillalsobetaughtinstateprimaryschoolsintheUK,to
boostchildrenslanguageskills,[7][8][9]andwillbeofferedasaforeignlanguagetopupilsinallprimary
schoolsfrom2014aspartofamajordrivetoboosteducationstandards,togetherwithLatin,Mandarin,
French,German,Spanish,andItalian.[10]AncientGreekisalsotaughtasacompulsorysubjectin
GymnasiaandLykiainGreece.[11][12]
ModernauthorsrarelywriteinAncientGreek,thoughJanKesadlowrotesomepoetryandproseinthe
language,andsomevolumesofAsterix[13]andHarryPotterandthePhilosopher'sStone[14]havebeen
translatedintoAncientGreek.K(OnomataKechiasmena)isthefirstmagazineof
crosswordsandpuzzlesinAncientGreek.[15]ItsfirstissueappearedinApril2015asanannexto
HebdomadaAenigmatum.AlfredRahlfsincludedapreface,ashorthistoryoftheSeptuaginttext,and
otherfrontmattertranslatedintoAncientGreekinhis1935editionoftheSeptuagintRobertHanhart
alsoincludedtheintroductoryremarkstothe2006revisedRahlfsHanharteditioninthelanguageas
well.[16]

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AncientGreekisalsousedbyorganizationsandindividuals,mainlyGreek,whowishtodenotetheir
respect,admirationorpreferencefortheuseofthislanguage.Thisuseissometimesconsidered
graphical,nationalisticorfunny.Inanycase,thefactthatmodernGreekscanstillwhollyorpartly
understandtextswritteninnonarchaicformsofancientGreekshowstheaffinityofmodernGreek
languagetoitsancestralpredecessor.[17]
AnisolatedcommunitynearTrabzon,Turkey,anareawherePonticGreekisspoken,hasbeenfoundto
speakavarietyofGreekthathasparallels,bothstructurallyandinitsvocabulary,toAncientGreeknot
presentinothervarieties.[18]Asfewas5,000peoplespeakthedialectbutlinguistsbelievethatitisthe
closestlivinglanguagetoAncientGreek.[19][20]
AncientGreekisoftenusedinthecoinageofmoderntechnicaltermsintheEuropeanlanguages:see
EnglishwordsofGreekorigin.LatinizedformsofAncientGreekrootsareusedinmanyofthescientific
namesofspeciesandinscientificterminology.

Seealso
AncientGreekgrammar
ProtoGreeklanguage
AncientGreekdialects
MycenaeanGreek
Katharevousa
KoineGreek
MedievalGreek
ModernGreek
VarietiesofModernGreek
Greeklanguage
Helleniclanguages
ExploringtheAncientGreekLanguageandCulture(competition)
Greekalphabet
Greekdiacritics
ListofGreekphrases(mostlyAncientGreek)
ListofGreekwordswithEnglishderivatives

References
1.Nordhoff,SebastianHammarstrm,HaraldForkel,RobertHaspelmath,Martin,eds.(2013)."Ancient
Greek(to1453)".Glottolog.Leipzig:MaxPlanckInstituteforEvolutionaryAnthropology.
2.Impreciselyattestedandsomewhatreconstructiveduetoitsbeingwritteninanillfittingsyllabary(LinearB).
3.ThisoneappearsinrecentversionsoftheEncyclopdiaBritannica,whichalsoliststhemajorworksthat
definethesubject.
4.RogerD.Woodard(2008),"Greekdialects",in:TheAncientLanguagesofEurope,ed.R.D.Woodard,
Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,p.51.
5.Palmer,Leonard(1996).TheGreekLanguage.Norman,OK:UniversityofOklahomaPress.p.262.ISBN0
806128445.
6.[1](http://www.edscuola.it/archivio/statistiche/numeri_2007.pdf)
7."AncientGreek'tobetaughtinstateschools' ".Telegraph.co.uk.30July2010.Retrieved3May2015.
8."PrimariesgoGreektohelpteachEnglish"(http://www.educationnews.org/global/97078.html)Education
News30July2010.
9."Nowlook,Latin'sfine,butGreekmightbeevenBeta"(http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?
storycode=6052410),TESEditorial,2010TSLEducationLtd.

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10.MoreprimaryschoolstoofferLatinandancientGreek
(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/9683536/MoreprimaryschoolstoofferLatinand
ancientGreek.html),TheTelegraph,26November2012
11.",,H".Retrieved3May
2015.
12."".Retrieved3May2015.
13."AsterixaroundtheWorldthemanyLanguagesofAsterix".Retrieved3May2015.
14.AreiosPotrkaituphilosophulithos,Bloomsbury2004,ISBN158234826X
15.,http://www.repubblica.it/ultimora/24ore/nazionale/newsdettaglio/4581488Enigmistica:nasceprimarivista
ingrecoantico2015).
16.Rahlfs,Alfred,andHanhart,Robert(eds.),Septuaginta,editioaltera(DeutscheBibelgesellschaft,2006).
17."AkropolisWorldNews".Retrieved3May2015.
18.Jasonandtheargot:landwhereGreek'sancientlanguagesurvives(http://www.independent.co.uk/life
style/history/jasonandtheargotlandwheregreeksancientlanguagesurvives2174669.html),The
Independent,3January2011
19.Againstallodds:archaicGreekinamodernworld(http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/againstallodds
archaicgreekinamodernworld),UniversityofCambridge
20.ArchaicGreekinamodernworld(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UcAYP4irSyQ)videofromCambridge
University,onYouTube

Furtherreading
P.Chantraine(1968),Dictionnairetymologiquedelalanguegrecque
(https://archive.org/details/DictionnaireEtymologiqueGrec),Klincksieck,Paris.
AthenazeAseriesoftextbooksonAncientGreekpublishedforschooluse
Hansen,HardyandQuinn,GeraldM.(1992)Greek:AnIntensiveCourse
(https://books.google.com/books/about/Greek.html?id=T9Gi7jYCxegC),FordhamUniversity
Press
Easterling,P&Handley,C.GreekScripts:Anillustratedintroduction.London:Societyforthe
PromotionofHellenicStudies,2001.ISBN0902984179

Externallinks
ClassicalGreekLessons
(http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/grkol0
X.html)(freeonlinethroughtheLinguisticsResearch
Center(http://www.utexas.edu/cola/lrctr/)atUTAustin)
OnlineGreekresources
(http://www.tododiccionarios.com/rosetta/griego.html)
Dictionaries,grammar,virtuallibraries,fonts,etc.
Alpheios(http://www.alpheios.net)CombinesLSJ,
Autenrieth,Smyth'sgrammarandinflectiontablesina
browseraddonforuseonanywebsite
AncientGreekbasiclexiconattheGlobalLexicostatistical
Database(http://starling.rinet.ru/cgibin/response.cgi?

Wikibookshasabookon
thetopicof:Ancient
Greek
AncientGreektestof
WikipediaatWikimedia
Incubator
AncientGreekrepository
ofWikisource,thefree
library
Foralistofwordsrelating
toAncientGreek,seethe
AncientGreeklanguage
categoryofwordsin
Wiktionary,thefree
dictionary.
GreekWikisourcehas
originaltextrelatedtothis

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article:
TextsinAncientGreek

root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\grk&limit=1)
AncientGreekSwadeshlistofbasicvocabularywords
(http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Ancient_Greek_Swadesh_list)(fromWiktionary's
Swadeshlistappendix(http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists))
"GreekLanguage".EncyclopdiaBritannica(11thed.).1911.
Slavonic(http://slavonicpro.ru/polytonicEn.html)onlineeditorforAncientGreek

Grammarlearning
AmoreextensivegrammaroftheAncientGreeklanguagewrittenbyJ.Rietveld
(http://members.home.nl/petjoeprietveld/muomgram/grammar/)
Recitationofclassicsbooks(http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/Greek.htm)
PerseusGreekdictionaries(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cache/perscoll_PersInfo.html)
GreekLanguage.com(http://greeklanguage.com)InformationonthehistoryoftheGreek
language,applicationofmodernLinguisticstothestudyofGreek,andtoolsforlearningGreek
FreeLessonsinAncientGreek,BilingualLibraries,Forum(http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek
language.asp)
AcriticalsurveyofwebsitesdevotedtoAncientGreek(http://greekgrammar.wikidot.com)
AncientGreekTutorials(http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~ancgreek/ancient_greek_start.html)
BerkeleyLanguageCenteroftheUniversityofCalifornia
ADigitalTutorialForAncientGreekBasedonWhite'sFirstGreekBook
(http://daedalus.umkc.edu/FirstGreekBook/index.html)
NewTestamentGreek(http://www.ntgreek.net/)
AcropolisWorldNews(http://www.akwn.net/)AsummaryofthelatestworldnewsinAncient
Greek,JuanCoderch,UniversityofStAndrews

Classicaltexts
PerseusGreekandRomanMaterials(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cache/perscoll_Greco
Roman.html)
AncientGreekTexts(http://www.mikrosapoplous.gr/en/texts1en.htm)
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