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PROJECT SUPERVISOR:
EXTERNAL EXAMINAR:
PROF.DR.AFZAL JAVED
Prepared By:
Khalid Yousaf
Inayat Sarwary
Faramarz
Sayed Ahmad
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Presentation flow
INTRODUCTION OF TILES
TYPES OF TILES
INTRODUCTION TO TILES
A tile is a manufactured piece of
hard-wearing material such as
ceramic, stone, metal, or even
glass, generally used for covering
roofs, floors, walls, showers, or
other objects such as tabletops
INTRODUCTION
Tiles are often used to form wall and floor coverings, and can range
from simple square tiles to complex mosaics. Tiles are most often
made of ceramic, typically glazed for internal uses and unglazed for
roofing, but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass,
cork, concrete and other composite materials, and stone
TYPES OF TILES
Quarry Tile
Glazed Porcelain Tiles
Metal Tiles
Vitrified Tiles
Digital Tiles
Stone Tiles
Ceramic Tiles
Mosaic Tiles
QUARRY TILES
PORCELAIN TILE
VITRIFIED TILE
Vitrified tile
METAL TILE
Choice of leading and designers from
around the world.
Metal tile
DIGITAL TILE
STONE TILE
Stone Art Tiles represents a wide range of tiles
resembling stones ranging from traditional to
contemporary designs, varied patterns with
light to dark colors and matching the
specification of urban and small town house
holds. These tiles are cost effective and easy to
maintain as compared to natural stones
PROPERTIES
RESISTANCE TO ABRASION
FREEZE-RESISTANCE
STAIN RESISTANCE
PROPERTIES RELATED TO SAFETY
RESISTANCE TO ABRASION
The greater the hardness of the tile is, the lower its
susceptibility to scratching, wear and tear during walking and
abrasion
FREEZE-RESISTANCE
The ceramic tiles, which are to be laid out at places exposed to the impact
of negative temperatures
THERMAL SHOCK RESISTANCE
The ceramic tiles which can be subjected to the local sudden temperature
change should have the declared thermal shock resistance confirmed by the
test according to PN-EN ISO 10545-9.
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MANUFACTURING OF CERAMIC
AND MOSAIC TILES
Background
The production of tile dates back to ancient times and peoples, including
the Egyptians, the Babylonians, and the Assyrians. For instance, the Step
Pyramid for the Pharaoh Djoser, built in ancient Egypt around 2600 B.C
contained colorful glazed tile.
Later, tile was manufactured in virtually every major European country
and in the United States. By the beginning of the twentieth century, tile
was manufactured on an industrial scale.
Background
Europe, Latin America, and the Far East are the largest producers of tile,
with Italy the leader at 16.6 million ft.2/day as of 1989. Following Italy
(at 24.6 percent of the world market) are Spain (12.6 percent), Brazil and
Germany (both at 11.2 percent), and the United States (4.5 percent).
clay
Batching
For many ceramic products, including tile, the body composition is
determined by the amount and type of raw materials.
The raw materials also determine the color of the tile body, which can
be red or white in color, depending on the amount of iron-containing
raw materials used.
Therefore, it is important to mix the right amounts together to achieve
the desired properties
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Spray drying
If wet milling is first used, the excess water is usually removed via
spray drying. This involves pumping the slurry to an atomizer
consisting of a rapidly rotating disk or nozzle
. Droplets of the slip are dried as they are heated by a rising hot air
column, forming small, free flowing granules that result in a powder
suitable for forming.
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Forming
Most tile is formed by dry pressing. In this method, the free flowing
powdercontaining organic binder or a low percentage of moisture
flows from a hopper into the forming die.
The material is compressed in a steel cavity by steel plungers and is
then ejected by the bottom plunger. Automated presses are used with
operating pressures as high as 2,500 tons.
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Drying
Glazing
Firing
Process flow
IMPORTANT TEST
BREAKING STRENGTH CERAMIC TILE, ASTM C648-04
FRICTION
WATER ABSORPTION
SCRATCH HARDNESS
FRICTION
is the force that resists the
sliding motion of one surface
against another
There are two types of friction:
static (SCOF) and dynamic
(DCOF)
SCOF is the ratio of forces
necessary to start two surfaces
sliding. This is what the former
ASTM C1028 static test
measured
. DCOF is the ratio of forces
necessary to keep two surfaces
sliding.
WATER ABSORPTION:
Is measured using ASTM C373-88. Individual tiles are
weighed, saturated with water, then weighed again
The percent difference between the two conditions is
referred to as the water absorption value.
MOHS RATINGS
the softest mineral used is talc ("1" rating), the hardest is a diamond ("10"
rating). Other minerals of varying hardness provide Moh's Scale Hardness
values of 5 to 7 are suitable for most residential floor applications. A value of
7 or greater is normally recommended for commercial applications.
SAFETY
HYGIENE
EASE OF CLEANING
COST
SIZE
COLOUR
AESTHETIC
GOOD INSULATOR
SAFTY
HYGIENE
EASE OF CLEANING
COST
AESTHETIC
Depending on a tile's design,
shape and surface texture, it
can produce a large variety
of effects
simple,
elegant,
cool,
warm, modern, classic
MAINTENANCE
precautions have to be taken
CLEANING PRODUCTS
CLEANING METHODS
ABRASIVE DIRT
IMPACT
CLEANING PRODUCTS
Use appropriate cleaning products, such as
standard commercial tile care products for
cleaning.
Avoid using acid based detergents that are
very harsh and corrosive
. Cleaning agents containing hydrofluoric or
fluoric compounds should be avoided
CLEANING METHODS
When cleaning, try to avoid the use of highly
abrasive materials like scouring pads or metal
pads
Clean all spills immediately. The longer the spills stand,
the greater the possibility of staining to the tile
surface.
ABRASIVE DIRT
Sweep away any grit or sand from the tiled
surface as they can scratch the glaze
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IMPACT
Do not drag heavy objects such as furniture
or crates across the tiled floor
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