Designed and detailed according to IS 456 as an Ordinary Moment Resisting

Frame also called ordinary concrete frame (OCF). This will be a non-ductile
system with response reduction factor R=3
Designed and detailing according to IS 13920 is for Ductile detailing of
Reinforced Concrete Structures subjected to seismic forces as a special
moment resisting frame(SMRF) also called ductile concrete frame(DCF) and
this will allow response reduction factor R=5
The increased load in OMRF will lead to an increase in the main steel and
design for ductility in SMRF will lead to an increase in the transverse steel
In Zones III and IV it is compulsory to design buildings as ductile concrete
frames than in zones I and II
Ductile detailing is advisable since earthquake forces sometimes can be
much more than the forces for which we design the structure and reversal of
these forces can also occur many times during an earthquake. The members
and connections are designed by ductile detailing to resist the large forces
and reversal by inelastic deformation beyond yield without serious failure.
Factors that increase ductility with seismic loading
a) Simple and regular structural configuration of the structure
b) More redundancy on the lateral load resisting system
c) Avoiding column failure
d) Avoiding foundation failures
e) Avoiding brittle failures due to shear, bond, anchorage or compression
failure in bending
f) Providing special confinement of concrete at critical points by provision of
laterals so that the concrete can undergo large compressive strain before
failure
g) Using under reinforced sections so that they can undergo large rotation
before failure
TO achieve these objectives IS 13920 gives ductile detailing for beams,
ductile detailing for columns and frame members with axial load and
moment, detailing of joints in reinforced concrete frames and specifications of
materials for ductility
Specifications of materials for ductility: In all ductile members the
minimum grade of concrete shall be of M20 and reinforcement steel shall not
be more than Fe 415 so that steel is ductile. Welded splices should be
designed according to clause 26.2.5.2 of IS 456-2000. Splices and mechanical
connectors shall not be provided within a joint, within 2d from the face of a
joint and within the mid-quarter length of a bending member where yielding
may occur.
Requirements for ductile detailing of beams: A member is considered as
beam when it is in bending and axial force is less than Ag*fck/10 where Ag is
the gross area of the section. If axial force is more than it is column. The
width of beam should not be greater than 0.3 times the depth and at least
200mm in size. The total depth D of the beam should not be greater than

1/4th of the clear span to avoid deep beam action. The longitudinal steel in
beams and web steel for ductile detailing of beams is given below:
a) Longitudinal steel in beams: As earthquake can produce reversible
forces and moments the following provisions should be used while ductile
detailing:
1) There should be at least two sets of two bars throughout the length of
the beam, one at the top and another at the bottom to take care of
reversal of moments due to earthquakes
2) The tension steel ratio in beams shall not be less than
rmin=0.24*sqrt(fck/fy) to avoid a sudden collapse by tension
failure( minimum steel should be about 0.3% for fck=25 and Fe 415)
3) To avoid congestion, the maximum percentage of steel on any face at
any section should not be more than 2.50%.
4) Redistribution of moments due to lateral loads is not allowed. As actual
moments of earthquake forces can be more than estimated values, the
steel both at the top and bottom face of the member at any section
along its length shall be at least equal to one-fourth the maximum
negative steel provided on the face of either joint.
5) As seismic moments are reversible the positive steel at joint face=
one-half of the negative steel at face
6) In the joints between beams and columns detailing should be as
follows:
a) In internal joints all the bars of the beams at the joint shall be
continued through the column to the opposite beam.
b) In external joints, the full anchorage length should be provided for
all the bars in the beams both at the top and bottom.
b) Web reinforcement in beams
1) The minimum size of stirrups should be 6mm for beams of span 5m and
above span 5m it must be 8mm and 135 degree bend should extend 10d but
not less than 75mm
2) The magnitude of shear force resisted by these reinforcements should be the
max. of following shear i.e. the value of shear force calculated as per analysis
and the shear force in beam due to the formation of plastic hinges at both
ends of the beam plus the factored gravity load on the span
3) The contribution of inclined bars for shear resistance should be neglected as
they are ineffective when the direction of shear changes in seismic loading
4) The spacing of stirrups over a length twice the effective depth at the either
end should not exceed one-fourth the effective depth or 8 times the diameter
of the smallest longitudinal bar. The spacing should not be less than 100mm
and the first hoop should start within 50mm from joint face. The same
spacing is to be used for a distance twice the effective depth where flexural
yielding is likely to occur and at other locations the spacing should not
exceed one-half the effective depth.