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Social Sciences and Humanities Majors and

Potential Jobs

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Blog
Ask the Experts

Social Sciences and Humanities Majors and


Potential Jobs
by CollegeXpress and Terry Ward
Bookmark

Why do people act, dress, live like they do? From the cultures that comprise
the world today to the ancient civilizations we can't seem to learn enough
about, the social sciences and humanities allow you to explore all that
separates humans from the other primates . . .

Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans: their beginnings, varied physical and cultural
characteristics, distribution, customs, and social relationships. Important areas of
concern within the discipline include the evolution of human beings, the development of
early cultures, and the diversity of cultural development among peoples, as well as their
political systems, religious practices, and value systems. Anthropology as offered in fouryear undergraduate programs is often divided into subspecialties such as physical
anthropology, cultural anthropology, or linguistics. Otherwise, anthropology may be
coupled with area studies majors such as African-American or Asian studies.

Education
The plan of study begins with introductory courses in the sophomore year, followed by
intensive technical study that incorporates each of the principal subdivisions mentioned
above. Students opt for a specialty in one of those areas through the junior and senior
years, ending with field experiences, seminars in topics of current importance, and
supervised independent research. Students interested in physical anthropology will take
a more archaeological approach in their majors, while students interested in social
anthropology will go more in the direction of sociology. It will be important to choose one
direction or the other in the course of study. Classes include cultural development,
biological anthropology, forensic anthropology, primate behavior, cultural ecology,
religion (including indigenous faiths), medical anthropology, and field excursions to onsite digs.

Possible careers

archaeologist

college professor

consultant

cultural anthropologist

editor/writer

geologist

historian

linguistic anthropologist

museum curator

park interpreter

physical anthropologist

oceanographer

statistician

travel agent/guide

Majors and Academics Home


Articles
Blog
Ask the Experts

Social Sciences and Humanities Majors and


Potential Jobs
by CollegeXpress and Terry Ward
Bookmark

Why do people act, dress, live like they do? From the cultures that comprise
the world today to the ancient civilizations we can't seem to learn enough
about, the social sciences and humanities allow you to explore all that
separates humans from the other primates . . .

Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans: their beginnings, varied physical and cultural
characteristics, distribution, customs, and social relationships. Important areas of
concern within the discipline include the evolution of human beings, the development of
early cultures, and the diversity of cultural development among peoples, as well as their
political systems, religious practices, and value systems. Anthropology as offered in fouryear undergraduate programs is often divided into subspecialties such as physical
anthropology, cultural anthropology, or linguistics. Otherwise, anthropology may be
coupled with area studies majors such as African-American or Asian studies.

Education
The plan of study begins with introductory courses in the sophomore year, followed by
intensive technical study that incorporates each of the principal subdivisions mentioned
above. Students opt for a specialty in one of those areas through the junior and senior
years, ending with field experiences, seminars in topics of current importance, and
supervised independent research. Students interested in physical anthropology will take
a more archaeological approach in their majors, while students interested in social
anthropology will go more in the direction of sociology. It will be important to choose one
direction or the other in the course of study. Classes include cultural development,
biological anthropology, forensic anthropology, primate behavior, cultural ecology,
religion (including indigenous faiths), medical anthropology, and field excursions to onsite digs.

Possible careers

archaeologist

college professor

consultant

cultural anthropologist

editor/writer

geologist

historian

linguistic anthropologist

museum curator

park interpreter

physical anthropologist

oceanographer

statistician

travel agent/guide

Archaeology
Archaeology is most directly concerned with understanding and explaining extinct
cultures and living societies through the excavation, analysis, and interpretation of their
material remains. By reconstructing the past, a picture is formed of how and why human
cultures have developed. Data gathering and interpretation lie at the heart of this field.
The archaeologist uses physical science technology such as dating methods,
cartography, and geology.

Education
The program of study is sometimes included as a concentration within an anthropology
major with a program in art or art history. A core curriculum of courses in classical
archaeology, archaeological methods and observation techniques leads to courses in
advanced methods, seminars on current topics, and directed research. Classes include
archaeology of classical civilizations, archaeological field methods, statistics, computer
science for the archaeologist, forensic archaeology, and Paleolithic cultures.

Possible careers

anthropologist

archaeologist

archivist

biologist

college professor

cultural resource management

editor

lawyer

museum curator

paleontologist

park ranger

research scientist

teacher

technical writer

Art History
This major consists of the study of art history in all its various forms, from earliest times
to the present day. It emphasizes the development of art throughout human history.
Students study the relationship of artistic expression to the historical period within which
it was produced, as well as contemporary assessments of the artwork.

Education
The plan of study begins with a strong foundation in liberal arts, including courses in art
appreciation and history. At the upper-division level, the student is encouraged to focus
on one world region for more intensive study. Students have the option to study more
than one geographical region or historical period to achieve more breadth of expertise.
An occasional program may offer a concentration in art appraisal, requiring courses such
as methodology of appraisal and other related subjects. Generally, art history major
programs do not require courses in the visual arts, but many students choose to take
some courses in that area, out of personal preference. Students focusing on one
geographic area are well advised to be at least conversant in the language of the region
and to consider study abroad programs.

Possible careers

art appraiser

art critic

art historian

art restorer

artist

cartoonist

college professor

commercial artist

gallery owner

museum curator

sales representative

teacher

Geography
Geography is the interdisciplinary study of the topographic, climatic, and geological
features of the landmasses of the earth and how people interact with them. Given
current concerns about exploitation of natural resources and climatic development,
geography has great relevance in several areas today, including oil exploration and
environmental and pollution control.

Education
The plan of study is career-oriented. Course work is available in regional geography,
geographic methods and techniques, or systematic geography. This major has expanded
its focus to accommodate the needs of regional, state, and federal governments and
private and public organizations that conduct global research. Colleges offering
geography as a pure major often have dual major programs, such as
geography/economics, geography/regional science, or geography/regional/urban
planning. Field work can be an expected. Classes include meteorology, applied
mathematics, statistics, basic cartography, transportation systems, and urban models.

Possible careers

cartographer

city manager

college professor

community planner

economic geographer

economist

environmental manager

forestry technician

general geographer

hydrologist

lawyer

outdoor guide

park ranger

physical geographer

planning engineer

political geographer

political scientist

site selection analyst

History
Through the use of secondary and primary documents and other artifacts, students gain
an active appreciation of the past in order to better understand present events and
conditions. In studying history, the student develops the ability to think critically,
evaluate evidence objectively, and express knowledge clearly and forcefully to others.
The career possibilities for history majors are not especially plentiful for those students
interested in teaching on the college level, but there are many other avenues that a
history major may explore, making it among the most popular college major programs.

Education
The plan of study begins with a firm grounding in written English skills and courses in the
humanities and the social sciences, such as anthropology, political science, psychology,
and sociology. At the upper-division level, students may specialize in the history of an
area (e.g., America, Europe, or Asia) or in a period of history (e.g., the Greco-Roman era,
the American Revolution, or sixteenth-century Japan). Extensive independent research is
required, often culminating with a long senior project of the students choosing. Classes
include historical analysis, political science, anthropology, and sociology.

Possible careers

archivist

college professor

editor

historian

intelligence analyst

journalist

lawyer

librarian

museum curator

political scientist

reporter

research historian

International Relations
International relations is the study of the interactions of nations with one another and
the use of political power and diplomacy to accomplish national goals. The study is an
interdisciplinary one, examining legal systems, political structures, the effects of
geography and population size, access to minerals and raw materials for production, and
economic forces that affect the way nations behave toward one another. The major can
lead to an academic career, or one in government or business.

Education
The plan of study offers students a choice of concentrations within the major. Colleges
offering this study as a true major may include courses in comparative politics,
international economics, international affairs, diplomacy, and diplomatic history. The
study also may be offered as a minor in conjunction with such programs as area studies,
economics, or political science. Students in this program of study should acquire a
mastery of at least one foreign language. Study abroad is not required, but is highly
recommended. Classes include comparative polit

Majors and Academics Home


Articles
Blog
Ask the Experts

Social Sciences and Humanities Majors and


Potential Jobs
by CollegeXpress and Terry Ward
Bookmark

Why do people act, dress, live like they do? From the cultures that comprise
the world today to the ancient civilizations we can't seem to learn enough
about, the social sciences and humanities allow you to explore all that
separates humans from the other primates . . .

Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans: their beginnings, varied physical and cultural
characteristics, distribution, customs, and social relationships. Important areas of
concern within the discipline include the evolution of human beings, the development of
early cultures, and the diversity of cultural development among peoples, as well as their
political systems, religious practices, and value systems. Anthropology as offered in fouryear undergraduate programs is often divided into subspecialties such as physical
anthropology, cultural anthropology, or linguistics. Otherwise, anthropology may be
coupled with area studies majors such as African-American or Asian studies.

Education
The plan of study begins with introductory courses in the sophomore year, followed by
intensive technical study that incorporates each of the principal subdivisions mentioned
above. Students opt for a specialty in one of those areas through the junior and senior
years, ending with field experiences, seminars in topics of current importance, and
supervised independent research. Students interested in physical anthropology will take
a more archaeological approach in their majors, while students interested in social
anthropology will go more in the direction of sociology. It will be important to choose one
direction or the other in the course of study. Classes include cultural development,
biological anthropology, forensic anthropology, primate behavior, cultural ecology,
religion (including indigenous faiths), medical anthropology, and field excursions to onsite digs.

Possible careers

archaeologist

college professor

consultant

cultural anthropologist

editor/writer

geologist

historian

linguistic anthropologist

museum curator

park interpreter

physical anthropologist

oceanographer

statistician

travel agent/guide

Archaeology
Archaeology is most directly concerned with understanding and explaining extinct
cultures and living societies through the excavation, analysis, and interpretation of their
material remains. By reconstructing the past, a picture is formed of how and why human
cultures have developed. Data gathering and interpretation lie at the heart of this field.
The archaeologist uses physical science technology such as dating methods,
cartography, and geology.

Education
The program of study is sometimes included as a concentration within an anthropology
major with a program in art or art history. A core curriculum of courses in classical
archaeology, archaeological methods and observation techniques leads to courses in
advanced methods, seminars on current topics, and directed research. Classes include
archaeology of classical civilizations, archaeological field methods, statistics, computer
science for the archaeologist, forensic archaeology, and Paleolithic cultures.

Possible careers

anthropologist

archaeologist

archivist

biologist

college professor

cultural resource management

editor

lawyer

museum curator

paleontologist

park ranger

research scientist

teacher

technical writer

Art History
This major consists of the study of art history in all its various forms, from earliest times
to the present day. It emphasizes the development of art throughout human history.
Students study the relationship of artistic expression to the historical period within which
it was produced, as well as contemporary assessments of the artwork.

Education
The plan of study begins with a strong foundation in liberal arts, including courses in art
appreciation and history. At the upper-division level, the student is encouraged to focus
on one world region for more intensive study. Students have the option to study more
than one geographical region or historical period to achieve more breadth of expertise.
An occasional program may offer a concentration in art appraisal, requiring courses such
as methodology of appraisal and other related subjects. Generally, art history major
programs do not require courses in the visual arts, but many students choose to take
some courses in that area, out of personal preference. Students focusing on one
geographic area are well advised to be at least conversant in the language of the region
and to consider study abroad programs.

Possible careers

art appraiser

art critic

art historian

art restorer

artist

cartoonist

college professor

commercial artist

gallery owner

museum curator

sales representative

teacher

Geography
Geography is the interdisciplinary study of the topographic, climatic, and geological
features of the landmasses of the earth and how people interact with them. Given
current concerns about exploitation of natural resources and climatic development,
geography has great relevance in several areas today, including oil exploration and
environmental and pollution control.

Education
The plan of study is career-oriented. Course work is available in regional geography,
geographic methods and techniques, or systematic geography. This major has expanded
its focus to accommodate the needs of regional, state, and federal governments and
private and public organizations that conduct global research. Colleges offering
geography as a pure major often have dual major programs, such as
geography/economics, geography/regional science, or geography/regional/urban

planning. Field work can be an expected. Classes include meteorology, applied


mathematics, statistics, basic cartography, transportation systems, and urban models.

Possible careers

cartographer

city manager

college professor

community planner

economic geographer

economist

environmental manager

forestry technician

general geographer

hydrologist

lawyer

outdoor guide

park ranger

physical geographer

planning engineer

political geographer

political scientist

site selection analyst

sociologist

soil conservation

systems analyst

weather forecaster

History
Through the use of secondary and primary documents and other artifacts, students gain
an active appreciation of the past in order to better understand present events and
conditions. In studying history, the student develops the ability to think critically,
evaluate evidence objectively, and express knowledge clearly and forcefully to others.
The career possibilities for history majors are not especially plentiful for those students
interested in teaching on the college level, but there are many other avenues that a
history major may explore, making it among the most popular college major programs.

Education
The plan of study begins with a firm grounding in written English skills and courses in the
humanities and the social sciences, such as anthropology, political science, psychology,
and sociology. At the upper-division level, students may specialize in the history of an
area (e.g., America, Europe, or Asia) or in a period of history (e.g., the Greco-Roman era,
the American Revolution, or sixteenth-century Japan). Extensive independent research is
required, often culminating with a long senior project of the students choosing. Classes
include historical analysis, political science, anthropology, and sociology.

Possible careers

archivist

college professor

editor

historian

intelligence analyst

journalist

lawyer

librarian

museum curator

political scientist

reporter

research historian

secondary school teacher

International Relations
International relations is the study of the interactions of nations with one another and
the use of political power and diplomacy to accomplish national goals. The study is an
interdisciplinary one, examining legal systems, political structures, the effects of
geography and population size, access to minerals and raw materials for production, and
economic forces that affect the way nations behave toward one another. The major can
lead to an academic career, or one in government or business.

Education
The plan of study offers students a choice of concentrations within the major. Colleges
offering this study as a true major may include courses in comparative politics,
international economics, international affairs, diplomacy, and diplomatic history. The
study also may be offered as a minor in conjunction with such programs as area studies,
economics, or political science. Students in this program of study should acquire a
mastery of at least one foreign language. Study abroad is not required, but is highly

recommended. Classes include comparative politics, international law, legal systems of


East and West, diplomatic history, natural resources, and politics.

Possible careers

CIA analyst

college professor

congressional committee staff work

editor

foreign service officer

freelance writer

intelligence analyst

international diplomat

international lawyer

language translator

management consultant

military officer

political analyst

political scientist

Liberal arts
Liberal arts is a field of study intended to provide the student with a broad general
educational background, rather than a specialized program or some form of vocational
training. The major is a useful preparation for graduate or professional study in law,
education, the sciences, or medicine. This is also an appropriate major for students who
are undecided or want to use their undergraduate years to improve their academic
skills. Students should check college catalogs carefully, especially if interested in
attending a liberal arts college, because many of them do not offer this general major.

Education
The plan of study includes requirements in a variety of departments, starting with English
and including mathematics, history, non-laboratory science, language study, and the fine
and visual arts. Students will specialize in one area as they move through major
requirements. More than most majors, students will want to work closely with faculty
advisor to tailor programs to meet their goals, as there is a fair amount of flexibility.

Possible careers

accountant

clergy

college professor

entertainer

entrepreneur

freelance writer

government worker

lawyer

military officer

print or media journalist

teacher

Majors and Academics Home


Articles
Blog
Ask the Experts

Social Sciences and Humanities Majors and


Potential Jobs
by CollegeXpress and Terry Ward
Bookmark

Why do people act, dress, live like they do? From the cultures that comprise
the world today to the ancient civilizations we can't seem to learn enough
about, the social sciences and humanities allow you to explore all that
separates humans from the other primates . . .

Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans: their beginnings, varied physical and cultural
characteristics, distribution, customs, and social relationships. Important areas of
concern within the discipline include the evolution of human beings, the development of
early cultures, and the diversity of cultural development among peoples, as well as their
political systems, religious practices, and value systems. Anthropology as offered in fouryear undergraduate programs is often divided into subspecialties such as physical
anthropology, cultural anthropology, or linguistics. Otherwise, anthropology may be
coupled with area studies majors such as African-American or Asian studies.

Education
The plan of study begins with introductory courses in the sophomore year, followed by
intensive technical study that incorporates each of the principal subdivisions mentioned
above. Students opt for a specialty in one of those areas through the junior and senior
years, ending with field experiences, seminars in topics of current importance, and
supervised independent research. Students interested in physical anthropology will take
a more archaeological approach in their majors, while students interested in social
anthropology will go more in the direction of sociology. It will be important to choose one
direction or the other in the course of study. Classes include cultural development,
biological anthropology, forensic anthropology, primate behavior, cultural ecology,
religion (including indigenous faiths), medical anthropology, and field excursions to onsite digs.

Possible careers

archaeologist

college professor

consultant

cultural anthropologist

editor/writer

geologist

historian

linguistic anthropologist

museum curator

park interpreter

physical anthropologist

oceanographer

statistician

travel agent/guide

Archaeology
Archaeology is most directly concerned with understanding and explaining extinct
cultures and living societies through the excavation, analysis, and interpretation of their
material remains. By reconstructing the past, a picture is formed of how and why human
cultures have developed. Data gathering and interpretation lie at the heart of this field.
The archaeologist uses physical science technology such as dating methods,
cartography, and geology.

Education
The program of study is sometimes included as a concentration within an anthropology
major with a program in art or art history. A core curriculum of courses in classical
archaeology, archaeological methods and observation techniques leads to courses in
advanced methods, seminars on current topics, and directed research. Classes include
archaeology of classical civilizations, archaeological field methods, statistics, computer
science for the archaeologist, forensic archaeology, and Paleolithic cultures.

Possible careers

anthropologist

archaeologist

archivist

biologist

college professor

cultural resource management

editor

lawyer

museum curator

paleontologist

park ranger

research scientist

teacher

technical writer

Art History
This major consists of the study of art history in all its various forms, from earliest times
to the present day. It emphasizes the development of art throughout human history.
Students study the relationship of artistic expression to the historical period within which
it was produced, as well as contemporary assessments of the artwork.

Education
The plan of study begins with a strong foundation in liberal arts, including courses in art
appreciation and history. At the upper-division level, the student is encouraged to focus
on one world region for more intensive study. Students have the option to study more
than one geographical region or historical period to achieve more breadth of expertise.
An occasional program may offer a concentration in art appraisal, requiring courses such
as methodology of appraisal and other related subjects. Generally, art history major
programs do not require courses in the visual arts, but many students choose to take
some courses in that area, out of personal preference. Students focusing on one
geographic area are well advised to be at least conversant in the language of the region
and to consider study abroad programs.

Possible careers

art appraiser

art critic

art historian

art restorer

artist

cartoonist

college professor

commercial artist

gallery owner

museum curator

sales representative

teacher

Geography
Geography is the interdisciplinary study of the topographic, climatic, and geological
features of the landmasses of the earth and how people interact with them. Given
current concerns about exploitation of natural resources and climatic development,
geography has great relevance in several areas today, including oil exploration and
environmental and pollution control.

Education
The plan of study is career-oriented. Course work is available in regional geography,
geographic methods and techniques, or systematic geography. This major has expanded
its focus to accommodate the needs of regional, state, and federal governments and
private and public organizations that conduct global research. Colleges offering
geography as a pure major often have dual major programs, such as
geography/economics, geography/regional science, or geography/regional/urban

planning. Field work can be an expected. Classes include meteorology, applied


mathematics, statistics, basic cartography, transportation systems, and urban models.

Possible careers

cartographer

city manager

college professor

community planner

economic geographer

economist

environmental manager

forestry technician

general geographer

hydrologist

lawyer

outdoor guide

park ranger

physical geographer

planning engineer

political geographer

political scientist

site selection analyst

sociologist

soil conservation

systems analyst

weather forecaster

History
Through the use of secondary and primary documents and other artifacts, students gain
an active appreciation of the past in order to better understand present events and
conditions. In studying history, the student develops the ability to think critically,
evaluate evidence objectively, and express knowledge clearly and forcefully to others.
The career possibilities for history majors are not especially plentiful for those students
interested in teaching on the college level, but there are many other avenues that a
history major may explore, making it among the most popular college major programs.

Education
The plan of study begins with a firm grounding in written English skills and courses in the
humanities and the social sciences, such as anthropology, political science, psychology,
and sociology. At the upper-division level, students may specialize in the history of an
area (e.g., America, Europe, or Asia) or in a period of history (e.g., the Greco-Roman era,
the American Revolution, or sixteenth-century Japan). Extensive independent research is
required, often culminating with a long senior project of the students choosing. Classes
include historical analysis, political science, anthropology, and sociology.

Possible careers

archivist

college professor

editor

historian

intelligence analyst

journalist

lawyer

librarian

museum curator

political scientist

reporter

research historian

secondary school teacher

International Relations
International relations is the study of the interactions of nations with one another and
the use of political power and diplomacy to accomplish national goals. The study is an
interdisciplinary one, examining legal systems, political structures, the effects of
geography and population size, access to minerals and raw materials for production, and
economic forces that affect the way nations behave toward one another. The major can
lead to an academic career, or one in government or business.

Education
The plan of study offers students a choice of concentrations within the major. Colleges
offering this study as a true major may include courses in comparative politics,
international economics, international affairs, diplomacy, and diplomatic history. The
study also may be offered as a minor in conjunction with such programs as area studies,
economics, or political science. Students in this program of study should acquire a
mastery of at least one foreign language. Study abroad is not required, but is highly

recommended. Classes include comparative politics, international law, legal systems of


East and West, diplomatic history, natural resources, and politics.

Possible careers

CIA analyst

college professor

congressional committee staff work

editor

foreign service officer

freelance writer

intelligence analyst

international diplomat

international lawyer

language translator

management consultant

military officer

political analyst

political scientist

Liberal arts
Liberal arts is a field of study intended to provide the student with a broad general
educational background, rather than a specialized program or some form of vocational
training. The major is a useful preparation for graduate or professional study in law,
education, the sciences, or medicine. This is also an appropriate major for students who
are undecided or want to use their undergraduate years to improve their academic
skills. Students should check college catalogs carefully, especially if interested in
attending a liberal arts college, because many of them do not offer this general major.

Education
The plan of study includes requirements in a variety of departments, starting with English
and including mathematics, history, non-laboratory science, language study, and the fine
and visual arts. Students will specialize in one area as they move through major
requirements. More than most majors, students will want to work closely with faculty
advisor to tailor programs to meet their goals, as there is a fair amount of flexibility.

Possible careers

accountant

clergy

college professor

entertainer

entrepreneur

freelance writer

government worker

lawyer

military officer

print or media journalist

teacher

Library Science
Library science is the skill of organizing libraries so their contents may be fully utilized.
Whether small one-person sites or large fully staffed urban, university, or specialized
libraries, they are universally organized according to one of three prevailing systems. The
use of computers for all aspects of library management is common place; therefore, the
aspiring librarian must have strong computer skills.

Education
Relatively few colleges offer library science as an undergraduate major. The plan of study
consists of a liberal arts core, including psychology, history, mathematics, and science at
the upper-division level; the major program involves in-depth study of each of the three
organizational systems, as well as library management, public relations, finance and
budgeting, and management. Library science is more often pursues as a graduate study
leading to the master of library science (M.L.S.) degree. Classes include psychology,
library organization and management, book and periodical cataloguing, storytelling, and
specialized libraries

Possible careers

acquisition librarian

bibliographer

college professor

encyclopedia researcher

information scientist

media specialist

museum curator

proofreader

public librarian

research analyst

school librarian

technical writer

Majors and Academics Home

Articles
Blog
Ask the Experts

Social Sciences and Humanities Majors and


Potential Jobs
by CollegeXpress and Terry Ward
Bookmark

Why do people act, dress, live like they do? From the cultures that comprise
the world today to the ancient civilizations we can't seem to learn enough
about, the social sciences and humanities allow you to explore all that
separates humans from the other primates . . .

Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans: their beginnings, varied physical and cultural
characteristics, distribution, customs, and social relationships. Important areas of
concern within the discipline include the evolution of human beings, the development of
early cultures, and the diversity of cultural development among peoples, as well as their
political systems, religious practices, and value systems. Anthropology as offered in fouryear undergraduate programs is often divided into subspecialties such as physical
anthropology, cultural anthropology, or linguistics. Otherwise, anthropology may be
coupled with area studies majors such as African-American or Asian studies.

Education
The plan of study begins with introductory courses in the sophomore year, followed by
intensive technical study that incorporates each of the principal subdivisions mentioned
above. Students opt for a specialty in one of those areas through the junior and senior
years, ending with field experiences, seminars in topics of current importance, and
supervised independent research. Students interested in physical anthropology will take
a more archaeological approach in their majors, while students interested in social
anthropology will go more in the direction of sociology. It will be important to choose one
direction or the other in the course of study. Classes include cultural development,
biological anthropology, forensic anthropology, primate behavior, cultural ecology,
religion (including indigenous faiths), medical anthropology, and field excursions to onsite digs.

Possible careers

archaeologist

college professor

consultant

cultural anthropologist

editor/writer

geologist

historian

linguistic anthropologist

museum curator

park interpreter

physical anthropologist

oceanographer

statistician

travel agent/guide

Archaeology
Archaeology is most directly concerned with understanding and explaining extinct
cultures and living societies through the excavation, analysis, and interpretation of their
material remains. By reconstructing the past, a picture is formed of how and why human
cultures have developed. Data gathering and interpretation lie at the heart of this field.
The archaeologist uses physical science technology such as dating methods,
cartography, and geology.

Education
The program of study is sometimes included as a concentration within an anthropology
major with a program in art or art history. A core curriculum of courses in classical

archaeology, archaeological methods and observation techniques leads to courses in


advanced methods, seminars on current topics, and directed research. Classes include
archaeology of classical civilizations, archaeological field methods, statistics, computer
science for the archaeologist, forensic archaeology, and Paleolithic cultures.

Possible careers

anthropologist

archaeologist

archivist

biologist

college professor

cultural resource management

editor

lawyer

museum curator

paleontologist

park ranger

research scientist

teacher

technical writer

Art History
This major consists of the study of art history in all its various forms, from earliest times
to the present day. It emphasizes the development of art throughout human history.
Students study the relationship of artistic expression to the historical period within which
it was produced, as well as contemporary assessments of the artwork.

Education
The plan of study begins with a strong foundation in liberal arts, including courses in art
appreciation and history. At the upper-division level, the student is encouraged to focus
on one world region for more intensive study. Students have the option to study more
than one geographical region or historical period to achieve more breadth of expertise.
An occasional program may offer a concentration in art appraisal, requiring courses such
as methodology of appraisal and other related subjects. Generally, art history major
programs do not require courses in the visual arts, but many students choose to take
some courses in that area, out of personal preference. Students focusing on one
geographic area are well advised to be at least conversant in the language of the region
and to consider study abroad programs.

Possible careers

art appraiser

art critic

art historian

art restorer

artist

cartoonist

college professor

commercial artist

gallery owner

museum curator

sales representative

teacher

Geography
Geography is the interdisciplinary study of the topographic, climatic, and geological
features of the landmasses of the earth and how people interact with them. Given
current concerns about exploitation of natural resources and climatic development,
geography has great relevance in several areas today, including oil exploration and
environmental and pollution control.

Education
The plan of study is career-oriented. Course work is available in regional geography,
geographic methods and techniques, or systematic geography. This major has expanded
its focus to accommodate the needs of regional, state, and federal governments and
private and public organizations that conduct global research. Colleges offering
geography as a pure major often have dual major programs, such as
geography/economics, geography/regional science, or geography/regional/urban
planning. Field work can be an expected. Classes include meteorology, applied
mathematics, statistics, basic cartography, transportation systems, and urban models.

Possible careers

cartographer

city manager

college professor

community planner

economic geographer

economist

environmental manager

forestry technician

general geographer

hydrologist

lawyer

outdoor guide

park ranger

physical geographer

planning engineer

political geographer

political scientist

site selection analyst

sociologist

soil conservation

systems analyst

weather forecaster

History
Through the use of secondary and primary documents and other artifacts, students gain
an active appreciation of the past in order to better understand present events and
conditions. In studying history, the student develops the ability to think critically,
evaluate evidence objectively, and express knowledge clearly and forcefully to others.
The career possibilities for history majors are not especially plentiful for those students
interested in teaching on the college level, but there are many other avenues that a
history major may explore, making it among the most popular college major programs.

Education
The plan of study begins with a firm grounding in written English skills and courses in the
humanities and the social sciences, such as anthropology, political science, psychology,
and sociology. At the upper-division level, students may specialize in the history of an
area (e.g., America, Europe, or Asia) or in a period of history (e.g., the Greco-Roman era,
the American Revolution, or sixteenth-century Japan). Extensive independent research is
required, often culminating with a long senior project of the students choosing. Classes
include historical analysis, political science, anthropology, and sociology.

Possible careers

archivist

college professor

editor

historian

intelligence analyst

journalist

lawyer

librarian

museum curator

political scientist

reporter

research historian

secondary school teacher

International Relations
International relations is the study of the interactions of nations with one another and
the use of political power and diplomacy to accomplish national goals. The study is an
interdisciplinary one, examining legal systems, political structures, the effects of
geography and population size, access to minerals and raw materials for production, and
economic forces that affect the way nations behave toward one another. The major can
lead to an academic career, or one in government or business.

Education
The plan of study offers students a choice of concentrations within the major. Colleges
offering this study as a true major may include courses in comparative politics,
international economics, international affairs, diplomacy, and diplomatic history. The
study also may be offered as a minor in conjunction with such programs as area studies,
economics, or political science. Students in this program of study should acquire a
mastery of at least one foreign language. Study abroad is not required, but is highly
recommended. Classes include comparative politics, international law, legal systems of
East and West, diplomatic history, natural resources, and politics.

Possible careers

CIA analyst

college professor

congressional committee staff work

editor

foreign service officer

freelance writer

intelligence analyst

international diplomat

international lawyer

language translator

management consultant

military officer

political analyst

political scientist

Liberal arts
Liberal arts is a field of study intended to provide the student with a broad general
educational background, rather than a specialized program or some form of vocational
training. The major is a useful preparation for graduate or professional study in law,
education, the sciences, or medicine. This is also an appropriate major for students who
are undecided or want to use their undergraduate years to improve their academic
skills. Students should check college catalogs carefully, especially if interested in
attending a liberal arts college, because many of them do not offer this general major.

Education
The plan of study includes requirements in a variety of departments, starting with English
and including mathematics, history, non-laboratory science, language study, and the fine
and visual arts. Students will specialize in one area as they move through major
requirements. More than most majors, students will want to work closely with faculty
advisor to tailor programs to meet their goals, as there is a fair amount of flexibility.

Possible careers

accountant

clergy

college professor

entertainer

entrepreneur

freelance writer

government worker

lawyer

military officer

print or media journalist

teacher

Library Science
Library science is the skill of organizing libraries so their contents may be fully utilized.
Whether small one-person sites or large fully staffed urban, university, or specialized
libraries, they are universally organized according to one of three prevailing systems. The
use of computers for all aspects of library management is common place; therefore, the
aspiring librarian must have strong computer skills.

Education
Relatively few colleges offer library science as an undergraduate major. The plan of study
consists of a liberal arts core, including psychology, history, mathematics, and science at
the upper-division level; the major program involves in-depth study of each of the three
organizational systems, as well as library management, public relations, finance and
budgeting, and management. Library science is more often pursues as a graduate study
leading to the master of library science (M.L.S.) degree. Classes include psychology,
library organization and management, book and periodical cataloguing, storytelling, and
specialized libraries

Possible careers

acquisition librarian

bibliographer

college professor

encyclopedia researcher

information scientist

media specialist

museum curator

proofreader

public librarian

research analyst

school librarian

technical writer

Linguistics
Linguistics is a systematic study that seeks to discover and provide explanations for
general properties of linguistic form, meaning, and usage. More than the study of the
acquisition of language, linguistics analyzes structure, sound patterns, emergence of
language, evolution of language, and the effects of a linguistic system upon culture.
Some linguistics departments are dedicated to preserving endangered languages, such
as some Native American tongues. Usually pursued as a graduate study, it is sometimes
offered as a dual major with psychology, anthropology, speech, or specific foreign
languages.

Education
The plan of study consists of course work in areas including syntax, semantics, analysis
of particular language groupings such as Romance languages or Asian languages, and
historical development of one or more of these groups. It culminates in field studies and
independent research. Classes include phonology, comparative linguistics, writing
systems, language and culture, and sign language.

Possible careers

archivist

college professor

cryptanalyst

document examiner

editor

lawyer

librarian

Philosophy
The study of philosophy includes systematic analysis of the principles underlying
human conduct, thought, and knowledge and the nature of the universe. These large
issues are examined, first, in the light of what prior philosophers have construed to be
the answers and, second, by analyzing what contemporary philosophical thinkers
propose as their solutions. Job prospects in academic philosophy are not numerous, but
the major is an excellent preparation for many graduate programs because of the
discipline of thinking that the major demands.

Education
The plan of study involves courses such as psychology, history, anthropology,
epistemology, logic, ethics, the history of some philosophers, and courses in
contemporary issues such as nuclear war, abortion, apartheid, chemical warfare, and
white collar crime. Classes may include introduction to ethics, deductive and/or symbolic
logic, political philosophy, law and morality, and the teachings of Aristotle, Kant, and
Marx.

Possible careers

clergy

college professor

diplomat

education consultant

freelance writer

lawyer

management consultant

military officer

philosopher

physician

scientist

social worker

Majors and Academics Home


Articles
Blog
Ask the Experts

Social Sciences and Humanities Majors and


Potential Jobs
by CollegeXpress and Terry Ward
Bookmark

Why do people act, dress, live like they do? From the cultures that comprise
the world today to the ancient civilizations we can't seem to learn enough
about, the social sciences and humanities allow you to explore all that
separates humans from the other primates . . .

Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans: their beginnings, varied physical and cultural
characteristics, distribution, customs, and social relationships. Important areas of
concern within the discipline include the evolution of human beings, the development of
early cultures, and the diversity of cultural development among peoples, as well as their
political systems, religious practices, and value systems. Anthropology as offered in fouryear undergraduate programs is often divided into subspecialties such as physical
anthropology, cultural anthropology, or linguistics. Otherwise, anthropology may be
coupled with area studies majors such as African-American or Asian studies.

Education
The plan of study begins with introductory courses in the sophomore year, followed by
intensive technical study that incorporates each of the principal subdivisions mentioned
above. Students opt for a specialty in one of those areas through the junior and senior
years, ending with field experiences, seminars in topics of current importance, and
supervised independent research. Students interested in physical anthropology will take
a more archaeological approach in their majors, while students interested in social
anthropology will go more in the direction of sociology. It will be important to choose one
direction or the other in the course of study. Classes include cultural development,
biological anthropology, forensic anthropology, primate behavior, cultural ecology,
religion (including indigenous faiths), medical anthropology, and field excursions to onsite digs.

Possible careers

archaeologist

college professor

consultant

cultural anthropologist

editor/writer

geologist

historian

linguistic anthropologist

museum curator

park interpreter

physical anthropologist

oceanographer

statistician

travel agent/guide

Archaeology
Archaeology is most directly concerned with understanding and explaining extinct
cultures and living societies through the excavation, analysis, and interpretation of their
material remains. By reconstructing the past, a picture is formed of how and why human
cultures have developed. Data gathering and interpretation lie at the heart of this field.
The archaeologist uses physical science technology such as dating methods,
cartography, and geology.

Education
The program of study is sometimes included as a concentration within an anthropology
major with a program in art or art history. A core curriculum of courses in classical

archaeology, archaeological methods and observation techniques leads to courses in


advanced methods, seminars on current topics, and directed research. Classes include
archaeology of classical civilizations, archaeological field methods, statistics, computer
science for the archaeologist, forensic archaeology, and Paleolithic cultures.

Possible careers

anthropologist

archaeologist

archivist

biologist

college professor

cultural resource management

editor

lawyer

museum curator

paleontologist

park ranger

research scientist

teacher

technical writer

Art History
This major consists of the study of art history in all its various forms, from earliest times
to the present day. It emphasizes the development of art throughout human history.
Students study the relationship of artistic expression to the historical period within which
it was produced, as well as contemporary assessments of the artwork.

Education
The plan of study begins with a strong foundation in liberal arts, including courses in art
appreciation and history. At the upper-division level, the student is encouraged to focus
on one world region for more intensive study. Students have the option to study more
than one geographical region or historical period to achieve more breadth of expertise.
An occasional program may offer a concentration in art appraisal, requiring courses such
as methodology of appraisal and other related subjects. Generally, art history major
programs do not require courses in the visual arts, but many students choose to take
some courses in that area, out of personal preference. Students focusing on one
geographic area are well advised to be at least conversant in the language of the region
and to consider study abroad programs.

Possible careers

art appraiser

art critic

art historian

art restorer

artist

cartoonist

college professor

commercial artist

gallery owner

museum curator

sales representative

teacher

Geography
Geography is the interdisciplinary study of the topographic, climatic, and geological
features of the landmasses of the earth and how people interact with them. Given
current concerns about exploitation of natural resources and climatic development,
geography has great relevance in several areas today, including oil exploration and
environmental and pollution control.

Education
The plan of study is career-oriented. Course work is available in regional geography,
geographic methods and techniques, or systematic geography. This major has expanded
its focus to accommodate the needs of regional, state, and federal governments and
private and public organizations that conduct global research. Colleges offering
geography as a pure major often have dual major programs, such as
geography/economics, geography/regional science, or geography/regional/urban
planning. Field work can be an expected. Classes include meteorology, applied
mathematics, statistics, basic cartography, transportation systems, and urban models.

Possible careers

cartographer

city manager

college professor

community planner

economic geographer

economist

environmental manager

forestry technician

general geographer

hydrologist

lawyer

outdoor guide

park ranger

physical geographer

planning engineer

political geographer

political scientist

site selection analyst

sociologist

soil conservation

systems analyst

weather forecaster

History
Through the use of secondary and primary documents and other artifacts, students gain
an active appreciation of the past in order to better understand present events and
conditions. In studying history, the student develops the ability to think critically,
evaluate evidence objectively, and express knowledge clearly and forcefully to others.
The career possibilities for history majors are not especially plentiful for those students
interested in teaching on the college level, but there are many other avenues that a
history major may explore, making it among the most popular college major programs.

Education
The plan of study begins with a firm grounding in written English skills and courses in the
humanities and the social sciences, such as anthropology, political science, psychology,
and sociology. At the upper-division level, students may specialize in the history of an
area (e.g., America, Europe, or Asia) or in a period of history (e.g., the Greco-Roman era,
the American Revolution, or sixteenth-century Japan). Extensive independent research is
required, often culminating with a long senior project of the students choosing. Classes
include historical analysis, political science, anthropology, and sociology.

Possible careers

archivist

college professor

editor

historian

intelligence analyst

journalist

lawyer

librarian

museum curator

political scientist

reporter

research historian

secondary school teacher

International Relations
International relations is the study of the interactions of nations with one another and
the use of political power and diplomacy to accomplish national goals. The study is an
interdisciplinary one, examining legal systems, political structures, the effects of
geography and population size, access to minerals and raw materials for production, and
economic forces that affect the way nations behave toward one another. The major can
lead to an academic career, or one in government or business.

Education
The plan of study offers students a choice of concentrations within the major. Colleges
offering this study as a true major may include courses in comparative politics,
international economics, international affairs, diplomacy, and diplomatic history. The
study also may be offered as a minor in conjunction with such programs as area studies,
economics, or political science. Students in this program of study should acquire a
mastery of at least one foreign language. Study abroad is not required, but is highly
recommended. Classes include comparative politics, international law, legal systems of
East and West, diplomatic history, natural resources, and politics.

Possible careers

CIA analyst

college professor

congressional committee staff work

editor

foreign service officer

freelance writer

intelligence analyst

international diplomat

international lawyer

language translator

management consultant

military officer

political analyst

political scientist

Liberal arts
Liberal arts is a field of study intended to provide the student with a broad general
educational background, rather than a specialized program or some form of vocational
training. The major is a useful preparation for graduate or professional study in law,
education, the sciences, or medicine. This is also an appropriate major for students who
are undecided or want to use their undergraduate years to improve their academic
skills. Students should check college catalogs carefully, especially if interested in
attending a liberal arts college, because many of them do not offer this general major.

Education
The plan of study includes requirements in a variety of departments, starting with English
and including mathematics, history, non-laboratory science, language study, and the fine
and visual arts. Students will specialize in one area as they move through major
requirements. More than most majors, students will want to work closely with faculty
advisor to tailor programs to meet their goals, as there is a fair amount of flexibility.

Possible careers

accountant

clergy

college professor

entertainer

entrepreneur

freelance writer

government worker

lawyer

military officer

print or media journalist

teacher

Library Science
Library science is the skill of organizing libraries so their contents may be fully utilized.
Whether small one-person sites or large fully staffed urban, university, or specialized
libraries, they are universally organized according to one of three prevailing systems. The
use of computers for all aspects of library management is common place; therefore, the
aspiring librarian must have strong computer skills.

Education
Relatively few colleges offer library science as an undergraduate major. The plan of study
consists of a liberal arts core, including psychology, history, mathematics, and science at
the upper-division level; the major program involves in-depth study of each of the three
organizational systems, as well as library management, public relations, finance and
budgeting, and management. Library science is more often pursues as a graduate study
leading to the master of library science (M.L.S.) degree. Classes include psychology,
library organization and management, book and periodical cataloguing, storytelling, and
specialized libraries

Possible careers

acquisition librarian

bibliographer

college professor

encyclopedia researcher

information scientist

media specialist

museum curator

proofreader

public librarian

research analyst

school librarian

technical writer

Linguistics
Linguistics is a systematic study that seeks to discover and provide explanations for
general properties of linguistic form, meaning, and usage. More than the study of the
acquisition of language, linguistics analyzes structure, sound patterns, emergence of
language, evolution of language, and the effects of a linguistic system upon culture.
Some linguistics departments are dedicated to preserving endangered languages, such
as some Native American tongues. Usually pursued as a graduate study, it is sometimes
offered as a dual major with psychology, anthropology, speech, or specific foreign
languages.

Education
The plan of study consists of course work in areas including syntax, semantics, analysis
of particular language groupings such as Romance languages or Asian languages, and
historical development of one or more of these groups. It culminates in field studies and
independent research. Classes include phonology, comparative linguistics, writing
systems, language and culture, and sign language.

Possible careers

archivist

college professor

cryptanalyst

document examiner

editor

lawyer

librarian

linguistics specialist

philologist

radio/TV announcer

research scientist

technical writer

Philosophy
The study of philosophy includes systematic analysis of the principles underlying
human conduct, thought, and knowledge and the nature of the universe. These large
issues are examined, first, in the light of what prior philosophers have construed to be
the answers and, second, by analyzing what contemporary philosophical thinkers
propose as their solutions. Job prospects in academic philosophy are not numerous, but
the major is an excellent preparation for many graduate programs because of the
discipline of thinking that the major demands.

Education
The plan of study involves courses such as psychology, history, anthropology,
epistemology, logic, ethics, the history of some philosophers, and courses in
contemporary issues such as nuclear war, abortion, apartheid, chemical warfare, and
white collar crime. Classes may include introduction to ethics, deductive and/or symbolic
logic, political philosophy, law and morality, and the teachings of Aristotle, Kant, and
Marx.

Possible careers

clergy

college professor

diplomat

education consultant

freelance writer

lawyer

management consultant

military officer

philosopher

physician

scientist

social worker

Political Science
Broadly defined, this is the study of the origin, historical development, and the functions
of government and political power. As an undergraduate major, political
science teaches students to differentiate among the various kinds of political structures
that presently exist, assess power struggles and conflicts within governments, and
explore relationships among nations. This major provides a good background for such
careers as law, diplomacy, politics, international business, and related areas.

Education
The plan of study begins with a concentration on the humanities, especially social
sciences such as psychology and sociology. At the upper-division level, emphasis is on
the structure of governments, theories of politics, comparative political systems, and
utopian theories. Some colleges utilize a historical perspective in presenting this major;
others stress cultural factors impacting upon political decisions or emphasize the
practical approach to decision making. Classes may include psychology, political
philosophy, international politics, public policy, sociology, anthropology, and statistics

Majors and Academics Home


Articles
Blog
Ask the Experts

Social Sciences and Humanities Majors and


Potential Jobs
by CollegeXpress and Terry Ward
Bookmark

Why do people act, dress, live like they do? From the cultures that comprise
the world today to the ancient civilizations we can't seem to learn enough
about, the social sciences and humanities allow you to explore all that
separates humans from the other primates . . .

Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans: their beginnings, varied physical and cultural
characteristics, distribution, customs, and social relationships. Important areas of
concern within the discipline include the evolution of human beings, the development of
early cultures, and the diversity of cultural development among peoples, as well as their
political systems, religious practices, and value systems. Anthropology as offered in fouryear undergraduate programs is often divided into subspecialties such as physical
anthropology, cultural anthropology, or linguistics. Otherwise, anthropology may be
coupled with area studies majors such as African-American or Asian studies.

Education
The plan of study begins with introductory courses in the sophomore year, followed by
intensive technical study that incorporates each of the principal subdivisions mentioned
above. Students opt for a specialty in one of those areas through the junior and senior
years, ending with field experiences, seminars in topics of current importance, and
supervised independent research. Students interested in physical anthropology will take
a more archaeological approach in their majors, while students interested in social
anthropology will go more in the direction of sociology. It will be important to choose one
direction or the other in the course of study. Classes include cultural development,
biological anthropology, forensic anthropology, primate behavior, cultural ecology,
religion (including indigenous faiths), medical anthropology, and field excursions to onsite digs.

Possible careers

archaeologist

college professor

consultant

cultural anthropologist

editor/writer

geologist

historian

linguistic anthropologist

museum curator

park interpreter

physical anthropologist

oceanographer

statistician

travel agent/guide

Archaeology
Archaeology is most directly concerned with understanding and explaining extinct
cultures and living societies through the excavation, analysis, and interpretation of their
material remains. By reconstructing the past, a picture is formed of how and why human
cultures have developed. Data gathering and interpretation lie at the heart of this field.
The archaeologist uses physical science technology such as dating methods,
cartography, and geology.

Education
The program of study is sometimes included as a concentration within an anthropology
major with a program in art or art history. A core curriculum of courses in classical
archaeology, archaeological methods and observation techniques leads to courses in
advanced methods, seminars on current topics, and directed research. Classes include
archaeology of classical civilizations, archaeological field methods, statistics, computer
science for the archaeologist, forensic archaeology, and Paleolithic cultures.

Possible careers

anthropologist

archaeologist

archivist

biologist

college professor

cultural resource management

editor

lawyer

museum curator

paleontologist

park ranger

research scientist

teacher

technical writer

Art History
This major consists of the study of art history in all its various forms, from earliest times
to the present day. It emphasizes the development of art throughout human history.
Students study the relationship of artistic expression to the historical period within which
it was produced, as well as contemporary assessments of the artwork.

Education
The plan of study begins with a strong foundation in liberal arts, including courses in art
appreciation and history. At the upper-division level, the student is encouraged to focus
on one world region for more intensive study. Students have the option to study more
than one geographical region or historical period to achieve more breadth of expertise.
An occasional program may offer a concentration in art appraisal, requiring courses such
as methodology of appraisal and other related subjects. Generally, art history major
programs do not require courses in the visual arts, but many students choose to take
some courses in that area, out of personal preference. Students focusing on one
geographic area are well advised to be at least conversant in the language of the region
and to consider study abroad programs.

Possible careers

art appraiser

art critic

art historian

art restorer

artist

cartoonist

college professor

commercial artist

gallery owner

museum curator

sales representative

teacher

Geography
Geography is the interdisciplinary study of the topographic, climatic, and geological
features of the landmasses of the earth and how people interact with them. Given
current concerns about exploitation of natural resources and climatic development,
geography has great relevance in several areas today, including oil exploration and
environmental and pollution control.

Education
The plan of study is career-oriented. Course work is available in regional geography,
geographic methods and techniques, or systematic geography. This major has expanded
its focus to accommodate the needs of regional, state, and federal governments and
private and public organizations that conduct global research. Colleges offering
geography as a pure major often have dual major programs, such as
geography/economics, geography/regional science, or geography/regional/urban
planning. Field work can be an expected. Classes include meteorology, applied
mathematics, statistics, basic cartography, transportation systems, and urban models.

Possible careers

cartographer

city manager

college professor

community planner

economic geographer

economist

environmental manager

forestry technician

general geographer

hydrologist

lawyer

outdoor guide

park ranger

physical geographer

planning engineer

political geographer

political scientist

site selection analyst

sociologist

soil conservation

systems analyst

weather forecaster

History
Through the use of secondary and primary documents and other artifacts, students gain
an active appreciation of the past in order to better understand present events and
conditions. In studying history, the student develops the ability to think critically,
evaluate evidence objectively, and express knowledge clearly and forcefully to others.
The career possibilities for history majors are not especially plentiful for those students
interested in teaching on the college level, but there are many other avenues that a
history major may explore, making it among the most popular college major programs.

Education
The plan of study begins with a firm grounding in written English skills and courses in the
humanities and the social sciences, such as anthropology, political science, psychology,
and sociology. At the upper-division level, students may specialize in the history of an
area (e.g., America, Europe, or Asia) or in a period of history (e.g., the Greco-Roman era,
the American Revolution, or sixteenth-century Japan). Extensive independent research is
required, often culminating with a long senior project of the students choosing. Classes
include historical analysis, political science, anthropology, and sociology.

Possible careers

archivist

college professor

editor

historian

intelligence analyst

journalist

lawyer

librarian

museum curator

political scientist

reporter

research historian

secondary school teacher

International Relations
International relations is the study of the interactions of nations with one another and
the use of political power and diplomacy to accomplish national goals. The study is an

interdisciplinary one, examining legal systems, political structures, the effects of


geography and population size, access to minerals and raw materials for production, and
economic forces that affect the way nations behave toward one another. The major can
lead to an academic career, or one in government or business.

Education
The plan of study offers students a choice of concentrations within the major. Colleges
offering this study as a true major may include courses in comparative politics,
international economics, international affairs, diplomacy, and diplomatic history. The
study also may be offered as a minor in conjunction with such programs as area studies,
economics, or political science. Students in this program of study should acquire a
mastery of at least one foreign language. Study abroad is not required, but is highly
recommended. Classes include comparative politics, international law, legal systems of
East and West, diplomatic history, natural resources, and politics.

Possible careers

CIA analyst

college professor

congressional committee staff work

editor

foreign service officer

freelance writer

intelligence analyst

international diplomat

international lawyer

language translator

management consultant

military officer

political analyst

political scientist

Liberal arts
Liberal arts is a field of study intended to provide the student with a broad general
educational background, rather than a specialized program or some form of vocational
training. The major is a useful preparation for graduate or professional study in law,
education, the sciences, or medicine. This is also an appropriate major for students who
are undecided or want to use their undergraduate years to improve their academic
skills. Students should check college catalogs carefully, especially if interested in
attending a liberal arts college, because many of them do not offer this general major.

Education
The plan of study includes requirements in a variety of departments, starting with English
and including mathematics, history, non-laboratory science, language study, and the fine
and visual arts. Students will specialize in one area as they move through major
requirements. More than most majors, students will want to work closely with faculty
advisor to tailor programs to meet their goals, as there is a fair amount of flexibility.

Possible careers

accountant

clergy

college professor

entertainer

entrepreneur

freelance writer

government worker

lawyer

military officer

print or media journalist

teacher

Library Science
Library science is the skill of organizing libraries so their contents may be fully utilized.
Whether small one-person sites or large fully staffed urban, university, or specialized
libraries, they are universally organized according to one of three prevailing systems. The
use of computers for all aspects of library management is common place; therefore, the
aspiring librarian must have strong computer skills.

Education
Relatively few colleges offer library science as an undergraduate major. The plan of study
consists of a liberal arts core, including psychology, history, mathematics, and science at
the upper-division level; the major program involves in-depth study of each of the three
organizational systems, as well as library management, public relations, finance and
budgeting, and management. Library science is more often pursues as a graduate study
leading to the master of library science (M.L.S.) degree. Classes include psychology,
library organization and management, book and periodical cataloguing, storytelling, and
specialized libraries

Possible careers

acquisition librarian

bibliographer

college professor

encyclopedia researcher

information scientist

media specialist

museum curator

proofreader

public librarian

research analyst

school librarian

technical writer

Linguistics
Linguistics is a systematic study that seeks to discover and provide explanations for
general properties of linguistic form, meaning, and usage. More than the study of the
acquisition of language, linguistics analyzes structure, sound patterns, emergence of
language, evolution of language, and the effects of a linguistic system upon culture.
Some linguistics departments are dedicated to preserving endangered languages, such
as some Native American tongues. Usually pursued as a graduate study, it is sometimes
offered as a dual major with psychology, anthropology, speech, or specific foreign
languages.

Education
The plan of study consists of course work in areas including syntax, semantics, analysis
of particular language groupings such as Romance languages or Asian languages, and
historical development of one or more of these groups. It culminates in field studies and
independent research. Classes include phonology, comparative linguistics, writing
systems, language and culture, and sign language.

Possible careers

archivist

college professor

cryptanalyst

document examiner

editor

lawyer

librarian

linguistics specialist

philologist

radio/TV announcer

research scientist

technical writer

Philosophy
The study of philosophy includes systematic analysis of the principles underlying
human conduct, thought, and knowledge and the nature of the universe. These large
issues are examined, first, in the light of what prior philosophers have construed to be
the answers and, second, by analyzing what contemporary philosophical thinkers
propose as their solutions. Job prospects in academic philosophy are not numerous, but
the major is an excellent preparation for many graduate programs because of the
discipline of thinking that the major demands.

Education
The plan of study involves courses such as psychology, history, anthropology,
epistemology, logic, ethics, the history of some philosophers, and courses in
contemporary issues such as nuclear war, abortion, apartheid, chemical warfare, and
white collar crime. Classes may include introduction to ethics, deductive and/or symbolic
logic, political philosophy, law and morality, and the teachings of Aristotle, Kant, and
Marx.

Possible careers

clergy

college professor

diplomat

education consultant

freelance writer

lawyer

management consultant

military officer

philosopher

physician

scientist

social worker

Political Science
Broadly defined, this is the study of the origin, historical development, and the functions
of government and political power. As an undergraduate major, political
science teaches students to differentiate among the various kinds of political structures
that presently exist, assess power struggles and conflicts within governments, and
explore relationships among nations. This major provides a good background for such
careers as law, diplomacy, politics, international business, and related areas.

Education
The plan of study begins with a concentration on the humanities, especially social
sciences such as psychology and sociology. At the upper-division level, emphasis is on
the structure of governments, theories of politics, comparative political systems, and
utopian theories. Some colleges utilize a historical perspective in presenting this major;
others stress cultural factors impacting upon political decisions or emphasize the
practical approach to decision making. Classes may include psychology, political
philosophy, international politics, public policy, sociology, anthropology, and statistics.

Possible careers

college professor

corporate lawyer

diplomat

elected official

embassy attach

freelance writer

government lobbyist

historian

international lawyer

lecturer

management consultant

political analyst

political consultant

political editor

political scientist

pollster

Majors and Academics Home


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Ask the Experts

Social Sciences and Humanities Majors and


Potential Jobs
by CollegeXpress and Terry Ward
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Why do people act, dress, live like they do? From the cultures that comprise
the world today to the ancient civilizations we can't seem to learn enough
about, the social sciences and humanities allow you to explore all that
separates humans from the other primates . . .

Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans: their beginnings, varied physical and cultural
characteristics, distribution, customs, and social relationships. Important areas of
concern within the discipline include the evolution of human beings, the development of
early cultures, and the diversity of cultural development among peoples, as well as their
political systems, religious practices, and value systems. Anthropology as offered in fouryear undergraduate programs is often divided into subspecialties such as physical
anthropology, cultural anthropology, or linguistics. Otherwise, anthropology may be
coupled with area studies majors such as African-American or Asian studies.

Education
The plan of study begins with introductory courses in the sophomore year, followed by
intensive technical study that incorporates each of the principal subdivisions mentioned
above. Students opt for a specialty in one of those areas through the junior and senior
years, ending with field experiences, seminars in topics of current importance, and
supervised independent research. Students interested in physical anthropology will take
a more archaeological approach in their majors, while students interested in social
anthropology will go more in the direction of sociology. It will be important to choose one
direction or the other in the course of study. Classes include cultural development,
biological anthropology, forensic anthropology, primate behavior, cultural ecology,
religion (including indigenous faiths), medical anthropology, and field excursions to onsite digs.

Possible careers

archaeologist

college professor

consultant

cultural anthropologist

editor/writer

geologist

historian

linguistic anthropologist

museum curator

park interpreter

physical anthropologist

oceanographer

statistician

travel agent/guide

Archaeology
Archaeology is most directly concerned with understanding and explaining extinct
cultures and living societies through the excavation, analysis, and interpretation of their
material remains. By reconstructing the past, a picture is formed of how and why human
cultures have developed. Data gathering and interpretation lie at the heart of this field.
The archaeologist uses physical science technology such as dating methods,
cartography, and geology.

Education
The program of study is sometimes included as a concentration within an anthropology
major with a program in art or art history. A core curriculum of courses in classical
archaeology, archaeological methods and observation techniques leads to courses in
advanced methods, seminars on current topics, and directed research. Classes include
archaeology of classical civilizations, archaeological field methods, statistics, computer
science for the archaeologist, forensic archaeology, and Paleolithic cultures.

Possible careers

anthropologist

archaeologist

archivist

biologist

college professor

cultural resource management

editor

lawyer

museum curator

paleontologist

park ranger

research scientist

teacher

technical writer

Art History
This major consists of the study of art history in all its various forms, from earliest times
to the present day. It emphasizes the development of art throughout human history.
Students study the relationship of artistic expression to the historical period within which
it was produced, as well as contemporary assessments of the artwork.

Education
The plan of study begins with a strong foundation in liberal arts, including courses in art
appreciation and history. At the upper-division level, the student is encouraged to focus
on one world region for more intensive study. Students have the option to study more
than one geographical region or historical period to achieve more breadth of expertise.
An occasional program may offer a concentration in art appraisal, requiring courses such
as methodology of appraisal and other related subjects. Generally, art history major
programs do not require courses in the visual arts, but many students choose to take
some courses in that area, out of personal preference. Students focusing on one
geographic area are well advised to be at least conversant in the language of the region
and to consider study abroad programs.

Possible careers

art appraiser

art critic

art historian

art restorer

artist

cartoonist

college professor

commercial artist

gallery owner

museum curator

sales representative

teacher

Geography
Geography is the interdisciplinary study of the topographic, climatic, and geological
features of the landmasses of the earth and how people interact with them. Given
current concerns about exploitation of natural resources and climatic development,
geography has great relevance in several areas today, including oil exploration and
environmental and pollution control.

Education
The plan of study is career-oriented. Course work is available in regional geography,
geographic methods and techniques, or systematic geography. This major has expanded
its focus to accommodate the needs of regional, state, and federal governments and
private and public organizations that conduct global research. Colleges offering
geography as a pure major often have dual major programs, such as
geography/economics, geography/regional science, or geography/regional/urban
planning. Field work can be an expected. Classes include meteorology, applied
mathematics, statistics, basic cartography, transportation systems, and urban models.

Possible careers

cartographer

city manager

college professor

community planner

economic geographer

economist

environmental manager

forestry technician

general geographer

hydrologist

lawyer

outdoor guide

park ranger

physical geographer

planning engineer

political geographer

political scientist

site selection analyst

sociologist

soil conservation

systems analyst

weather forecaster

History
Through the use of secondary and primary documents and other artifacts, students gain
an active appreciation of the past in order to better understand present events and
conditions. In studying history, the student develops the ability to think critically,
evaluate evidence objectively, and express knowledge clearly and forcefully to others.
The career possibilities for history majors are not especially plentiful for those students
interested in teaching on the college level, but there are many other avenues that a
history major may explore, making it among the most popular college major programs.

Education
The plan of study begins with a firm grounding in written English skills and courses in the
humanities and the social sciences, such as anthropology, political science, psychology,
and sociology. At the upper-division level, students may specialize in the history of an
area (e.g., America, Europe, or Asia) or in a period of history (e.g., the Greco-Roman era,
the American Revolution, or sixteenth-century Japan). Extensive independent research is
required, often culminating with a long senior project of the students choosing. Classes
include historical analysis, political science, anthropology, and sociology.

Possible careers

archivist

college professor

editor

historian

intelligence analyst

journalist

lawyer

librarian

museum curator

political scientist

reporter

research historian

secondary school teacher

International Relations
International relations is the study of the interactions of nations with one another and
the use of political power and diplomacy to accomplish national goals. The study is an

interdisciplinary one, examining legal systems, political structures, the effects of


geography and population size, access to minerals and raw materials for production, and
economic forces that affect the way nations behave toward one another. The major can
lead to an academic career, or one in government or business.

Education
The plan of study offers students a choice of concentrations within the major. Colleges
offering this study as a true major may include courses in comparative politics,
international economics, international affairs, diplomacy, and diplomatic history. The
study also may be offered as a minor in conjunction with such programs as area studies,
economics, or political science. Students in this program of study should acquire a
mastery of at least one foreign language. Study abroad is not required, but is highly
recommended. Classes include comparative politics, international law, legal systems of
East and West, diplomatic history, natural resources, and politics.

Possible careers

CIA analyst

college professor

congressional committee staff work

editor

foreign service officer

freelance writer

intelligence analyst

international diplomat

international lawyer

language translator

management consultant

military officer

political analyst

political scientist

Liberal arts
Liberal arts is a field of study intended to provide the student with a broad general
educational background, rather than a specialized program or some form of vocational
training. The major is a useful preparation for graduate or professional study in law,
education, the sciences, or medicine. This is also an appropriate major for students who
are undecided or want to use their undergraduate years to improve their academic
skills. Students should check college catalogs carefully, especially if interested in
attending a liberal arts college, because many of them do not offer this general major.

Education
The plan of study includes requirements in a variety of departments, starting with English
and including mathematics, history, non-laboratory science, language study, and the fine
and visual arts. Students will specialize in one area as they move through major
requirements. More than most majors, students will want to work closely with faculty
advisor to tailor programs to meet their goals, as there is a fair amount of flexibility.

Possible careers

accountant

clergy

college professor

entertainer

entrepreneur

freelance writer

government worker

lawyer

military officer

print or media journalist

teacher

Library Science
Library science is the skill of organizing libraries so their contents may be fully utilized.
Whether small one-person sites or large fully staffed urban, university, or specialized
libraries, they are universally organized according to one of three prevailing systems. The
use of computers for all aspects of library management is common place; therefore, the
aspiring librarian must have strong computer skills.

Education
Relatively few colleges offer library science as an undergraduate major. The plan of study
consists of a liberal arts core, including psychology, history, mathematics, and science at
the upper-division level; the major program involves in-depth study of each of the three
organizational systems, as well as library management, public relations, finance and
budgeting, and management. Library science is more often pursues as a graduate study
leading to the master of library science (M.L.S.) degree. Classes include psychology,
library organization and management, book and periodical cataloguing, storytelling, and
specialized libraries

Possible careers

acquisition librarian

bibliographer

college professor

encyclopedia researcher

information scientist

media specialist

museum curator

proofreader

public librarian

research analyst

school librarian

technical writer

Linguistics
Linguistics is a systematic study that seeks to discover and provide explanations for
general properties of linguistic form, meaning, and usage. More than the study of the
acquisition of language, linguistics analyzes structure, sound patterns, emergence of
language, evolution of language, and the effects of a linguistic system upon culture.
Some linguistics departments are dedicated to preserving endangered languages, such
as some Native American tongues. Usually pursued as a graduate study, it is sometimes
offered as a dual major with psychology, anthropology, speech, or specific foreign
languages.

Education
The plan of study consists of course work in areas including syntax, semantics, analysis
of particular language groupings such as Romance languages or Asian languages, and
historical development of one or more of these groups. It culminates in field studies and
independent research. Classes include phonology, comparative linguistics, writing
systems, language and culture, and sign language.

Possible careers

archivist

college professor

cryptanalyst

document examiner

editor

lawyer

librarian

linguistics specialist

philologist

radio/TV announcer

research scientist

technical writer

Philosophy
The study of philosophy includes systematic analysis of the principles underlying
human conduct, thought, and knowledge and the nature of the universe. These large
issues are examined, first, in the light of what prior philosophers have construed to be
the answers and, second, by analyzing what contemporary philosophical thinkers
propose as their solutions. Job prospects in academic philosophy are not numerous, but
the major is an excellent preparation for many graduate programs because of the
discipline of thinking that the major demands.

Education
The plan of study involves courses such as psychology, history, anthropology,
epistemology, logic, ethics, the history of some philosophers, and courses in
contemporary issues such as nuclear war, abortion, apartheid, chemical warfare, and
white collar crime. Classes may include introduction to ethics, deductive and/or symbolic
logic, political philosophy, law and morality, and the teachings of Aristotle, Kant, and
Marx.

Possible careers

clergy

college professor

diplomat

education consultant

freelance writer

lawyer

management consultant

military officer

philosopher

physician

scientist

social worker

Political Science
Broadly defined, this is the study of the origin, historical development, and the functions
of government and political power. As an undergraduate major, political
science teaches students to differentiate among the various kinds of political structures
that presently exist, assess power struggles and conflicts within governments, and
explore relationships among nations. This major provides a good background for such
careers as law, diplomacy, politics, international business, and related areas.

Education
The plan of study begins with a concentration on the humanities, especially social
sciences such as psychology and sociology. At the upper-division level, emphasis is on
the structure of governments, theories of politics, comparative political systems, and
utopian theories. Some colleges utilize a historical perspective in presenting this major;
others stress cultural factors impacting upon political decisions or emphasize the
practical approach to decision making. Classes may include psychology, political
philosophy, international politics, public policy, sociology, anthropology, and statistics.

Possible careers

college professor

corporate lawyer

diplomat

elected official

embassy attach

freelance writer

government lobbyist

historian

international lawyer

lecturer

management consultant

political analyst

political consultant

political editor

political scientist

pollster

Pre-law
Pre-law is not a true major area of study, but it enjoys such popularity among students.
Most colleges that offer this program explain that it is intended to be a guided program of
liberal arts courses, taken with the close assistance of a pre-law adviser, a faculty
member assigned to help students follow a plan of study that will likely lead to admission
to a graduate school of law. Pre-law is a pre-professional endeavor and will not lead to
qualification to practice law. One must graduate from law school and pass the state bar
examination to become a practicing lawyer.

Education
Law schools, unlike medical, dental, and veterinary schools, do not prescribe what
undergraduate courses should be taken for graduate admission. However, students are

well advised to take courses that train them to think and write in a rigorous, analytical
manner. Therefore, the plan of study should include a major that will prepare the student
in this way. Law school admission is competitive, so it is important that the student
maintain a strong grade point average in college. The LSAT is an important part of the
law school admission program, and students should prepare themselves to do well on
this standardized examination. This entire program must be closely advised

Possible careers

business management

civil lawyer

civil servant

clergy

corporate lawyer

criminal lawyer

diplomat

foreign service officer

government/regulatory official

lawyer

paralegal

social worker

teacher

Social Science, General


The general major in the social sciences is a survey of the many fields within the
discipline. The purpose of the major is to understand more clearly the attributes and
difficulties of human beings in cultural, intercultural, personal, and interpersonal
contexts. Students examine the psycho-social forces operating in contemporary life and
evaluate these forces historically.

Education
The plan of study includes introductory courses in a variety of social science fields such
as economics, history, political science, sociology, and psychology. In addition,
methodology and research tools are taught for use in scholarly analysis of local, national,
and international topics of current concern. Some schools coordinate this major with
teacher education, leading to certification in social studies. Classes include introductory
and advanced history, sociology, economics, government, statistics, and research
methodology

Possible careers

anthropologist

college professor

counselor/clergy

editor/writer

education consultant

government civil servant

lawyer

management consultant

secondary school teacher

social scientist

social worker

Social Work
Social work is the study of the techniques, skills, and processes that help people to
manage their personal and family relationships and to learn how to cope with community
issues that they encounter. The major prepares for a career as a counselor, working with
individuals or family units to overcome problems or concerns and find solutions. Issues
include the treatment of mental disturbance, marital problems, sexual dysfunction, and
alcohol/drug abuse. Gerontology is a common area of specialization.

Education
The plan of study at the undergraduate level is an intensive one. General psychology and
social work electives supplement a general education core curriculum for the first two
years. Human behavior courses, abnormal psychology, and social work techniques are
emphasized later, together with extensive supervised clinical experience in a treatment
setting. The B.S. or B.S.W. (Bachelor of Social Work) degree is the final outcome; the
latter is usually the route to graduate study and professional licensure. So many colleges
offer the social work program that students must examine offerings carefully to find the
most satisfactory curriculum, especially if they have an area of specialization in mind.
Classes include social welfare, psychology, sociology, policy, and social research.

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