ELC01001

Apply OHS practices in the workplace

General guidelines:
1. Do not use extension cords as a permanent power source.
2. Do not work on electrical equipment in a wet area or when touching an object that may
provide a hazardous earth ground path.
3. Turn off power and unplug equipment before checking or replacing fuses.
4. Replace defective cords and plugs. Inspect cabling for defects such as frayed wiring,
loose connections, or cracked insulation.
5. Remove metal jewelry, watches, rings, etc., before working on electrical circuits.
6. Always check the electrical ratings of equipment you use and be sure you use that
equipment within its ratings.
7. Never overload circuits.
8. Never place containers of liquid on electrical systems.
9. Never defeat the purpose of a fuse or circuit breaker. Never install a fuse of higher
amperage rating than that specifically listed for your circuit.
10. Make sure equipment chassis or cabinets are grounded. Never cut off or defeat the
ground connection on a plug.

Emergency button:

To shut off power in the building, used in a high emergency case.

If you press it without a reason:
1. Pay 50 BD forfeiture
2. Stop 3 days or more

Fire button:

To turn on the fire alarm, used in a high emergency case.

If you broke it without a reason:
1. Pay 50 BD forfeiture
2. Stop 3 days or more

Choosing Fire Extinguishers:

Class A: SOLIDS such as paper, wood, plastic etc.

Class B: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS such as paraffin, petrol, oil etc.
Class C: FLAMMABLE GASES such as propane, butane, methane etc.
Class D: METALS such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium etc.
Class E: Fires involving ELECTRICAL APPARATUS
Class F: Cooking OIL & FAT etc.

1. Water Fire Extinguishers: The cheapest and most widely used fire extinguishers. Used
for Class A fires. Not suitable for Class B (Liquid) fires, or where electricity is involved.
2. Foam Fire Extinguishers: More expensive than water, but more versatile. Used for
Classes A & B fires. Foam spray extinguishers not recommended for fires involving
electricity, but are safer than water if inadvertently sprayed onto live electrical
apparatus.
3. Dry Powder Fire Extinguishers: Often termed the multi-purpose extinguisher, as it can
be used on classes A, B & C fires. Best for running liquid fires (Class B). Will efficiently
extinguish Class C gas fires, BUT BEWARE, IT CAN BE DANGEROUS TO EXTINGUISH A GAS
FIRE WITHOUT FIRST ISOLATING THE GAS SUPPLY. Special powders are available for
class D metal fires.
4. CO2 Fire Extinguishers: Carbon Dioxide is ideal for fires involving electrical apparatus,
and will also extinguish class B liquid fires, but has NO POST FIRE SECURITY and the fire
could re-ignite.
2

Exercise:
Which Fire Extinguisher used for the following symbols?

ELC01002

Select electronic components

Resistor:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance
as a circuit element. It may have fixed resistances or variable resistances.

Functions:
1. Reduce current flow
2. Lower voltage levels within circuits
Unit measurement: Ohm ()
Types:
1. Metal film
2. Wire wound
3. Carbon
Color code:

Example 1:

R 680 10%
Example 2:

R 82K 5%
Example 3:

R 4.7 20%
Measurement Unit Ranges:
Since resistors are specified and manufactured over a very large range of values, the derived
units of ohms are:
a) 1 k = 1000
b) 1 M = 1000k

= 1,000,000

Capacitor:
A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of an electrostatic
field. In its simplest form, a capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an
insulating material called the dielectric.

Functions:
1. Store an electrical charge
2. Smooth the current in a circuit

Types:
Its classify according to their dielectric material:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Air
Mica
Paper
Ceramic
Plastic
Electrolytic

Unit of measurement: Farad (F)

Condition Test: by using Ohmmeter
1.
2.
3.
4.

Zero reading of the Ohmmeter indicates short-circuited

No reading of the Ohmmeter indicates open circuited
Small resistance reading indicates a leaky inductor
If the needle deflect toward zero, then return to infinity , the capacitor is in good
condition

Inductor:
An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component, which
resists changes in electric current passing through it. It consists of a conductor such as a wire,
usually wound into a coil.

Functions:
Store magnetic energy
Unit of measurement: Henry (H)
Condition Test: by using Ohmmeter
1. Zero reading of the Ohmmeter indicates short-circuited
2. No reading of the Ohmmeter indicates open circuited
3. Small resistance reading indicates a good inductor

Diode:
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component with asymmetric conductance; it has low
(ideally zero) resistance to current in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the
other.

Functions:
Allow an electric current to pass in one direction
Types:
1. Light Emitting Diode (LED): It is one of the most popular type of diodes and when this
diode permits the transfer of electric current between the electrodes, light produced.
2. Zener diode: This type of diode provides a stable reference voltage, thus is a very useful
type and its used in vast quantities.
3. Rectifier Diode: These diodes used to rectify alternating power inputs in power supplies.

Diode Conduction:

Transistor:
A transistor is a semiconductor device with at least three terminals for connection to an external
circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current
through another pair of terminals.

Uses:
1. Amplifiers
2. Oscillators
3. Switching circuits

Light Dependent Resistors (LDR):

LDR stands for (Light Dependent Resistor), which is a type of resistor that decreases in resistance
when exposed to light.

10

Fuse:
Fuse is a type of low resistance resistor that acts as a sacrificial device to provide overcurrent
protection, of either the load or the source circuit.

Transformer:
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two or more circuits through
electromagnetic induction.

Integrated circuit (IC):

An integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate ("chip") of semiconductor
material, normally silicon. This can made much smaller than a discrete circuit made from
independent components.

11

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

12

Notch
Small dot
Pin 1
Chip
Plastic case
Connection from chip
Metal pin

Exercise:
Write the name and Draw the symbol of electronic component shown in the table below

13

ELC01003

Apply lead-free soldering techniques

Soldering:
Electrical soldering means connection electric and electronic component together either directly
or by connection each component to copper trip or to the printed circuit board (PCB).

Element are requirements of soldering:

1. Good and suitable soldering iron.
2. Soldering surface.
3. Soldering wire.

Type of Soldering:
1. Soldering of the component terminals on the surface (Tack soldering).

14

2. Soldering of the component terminals on the (Strip board or PCB).

3. Soldering of the component terminals together or (Tag solder).

Tools and Soldering Equipment:

15

Exercise:
Write the name of tools shown below

16

Resistors in series and parallel:

Series Connection:
In series connection, the resistors connected end to end as shown below:

In such a connection, the total resistance between the terminals A and B is the sum of individual
resistances.

RT = R1 + R2 + R3
Parallel Connection:
In parallel connection, the resistors connected as shown below:

In such a case, the total or effective resistance between terminals A and B is given by:

1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

17

ELC01004

Terminate and connect components, conductors wiring and cables for

electronic circuits

Rectifier:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically
reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process known
as rectification.

Half-wave rectification:
Either in half wave rectification of a single-phase supply, the positive or negative half of the AC
wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one-half of the input waveform
reaches the output, mean voltage is lower.

Full-wave rectification:
A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity
(positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input
waveform to pulsating DC (direct current), and yields a higher average output voltage.

18

Exercise:
Draw the input and output waveform for the following system

19

ELC01005

Use engineering application software

CircuitMaker:
They are many electronics drawing program like crocodile and CircuitMaker in this chapter we
will take an introduction in how to use a CircuitMaker program.
CircuitMaker is the most powerful, easy-to-use schematic capture and simulation tool in its
class. Using CircuitMaker's advanced schematic capabilities, you can design electronic circuits
and output net lists for TraxMaker and other PCB design tools and auto routers. You can also
perform fast, accurate simulations of digital, analog and mixed analog/digital circuits.

20

21

22

23

24

Exercise:
Draw the following circuit using CircuitMaker program

25