FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
Program: EE221

STUDENT
KIT
LAB MODULE

Sem : 7

Ownership :

Center of Electrical Power Engineering Studies (CEPES)

Date 2010
FKE D.id :
Issued :

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB V

COURSE CODE: EPO 660

PS1: VOLTAGE DROP AT TRANSMISSION MIXED LOAD

Authors
Nik Fasdi, Prof Titik Khawa Abdul
Prepared by : Rahman, P.M Dr Zuhaina Zakaria,
Norazlan Hashim , Zulkifli Othman

Date : 2010

1st Revision :

Date :

2nd Revision :

Date :
Endorsement by Center of Studies

Chair :
Signature :

Date :

TM

MODULE OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of this experiment, students should have the:
MO1 : Ability to take knowledge on the component elements of power plant simulator
observing its constructive aspects.
MO2 : Ability to receive training in power system operation philosophy, with SCADA.
MO3 : Ability to take knowledge of the effects of different loads in power transmission.
THEORY:
Load of power systems are divided into industrial commercial and residential. Very large
industrial loads may be served from the transmission system. Large industrial loads are
served directly from the sub transmission system and small industrial load are served
from the primary distribution network. The industrial loads are composite/inductive
loads, and induction motors form a high proportion of these load. These composite
loads are the functions of voltage and frequency and form a major part of the system
load. Commercial and residential loads consist largely of lighting, heating and cooling
(resistive load). These loads are independent of frequency and consume negligible
small reactive power [1].
EQUIPMENT:
Power Plant Simulator (PSS) SCADA
WORK INSTRUCTIONS:
CAUTION: PLEASE MAKE SURE EXPERIMENT IS RUN UNDER FULL
SUPERVISION
Introduction to PSS SCADA System:
1. Identify the position of generation, transformation, transmission and distribution
zones.
2. Observe and identify the elements and devices that include the generation zone.
Take note of them. Comment about the constructive aspects of the zone.
3. Observe and identify the elements and devices that include the transformation

4. zone. Take note of them. Comment about the constructive aspects of the zone.
5. Observe and identify the elements and devices that include the transmission
zone. Take note of them. Comment about the constructive aspects of the zone.
6. Observe and identify the elements and devices that include the distribution zone.
Take note of them. Comment about the constructive aspects of the zone.
7. Determine the zones interruption points or zone limits and establish differences
between them.
8. Comment in group how to establish interruption in the power transmission lines.
9. Take note of the several component elements and devices that integrated the
monitoring, control and protection of the power plant simulator.
10. Identify the zones which they belong to and comment about it.
11. Classify the elements according to the device function.
12. Connect the power supply to simulator.
13. Switch on all magneto thermal protection in each simulator modules.
14. Switch on the computer in the Electric Control Desk.
15. Run the MiniPSS12 application in the computer of the Electric Control Desk.
16. Checks that the emergency push buttons are not activate.
17. Check that there are no protection relays trips.
18. Use the simulator software manual to navigate and explore all functionality of the
ELECTRICAL SCADA SYSTEM.
19. Switch on the computer in the Energy Control Desk.
20. Run the software application in the computer of the Energy Control Desk.

21. Use the simulator software manual to navigate and explore all functionality of the
ENERGY SCADA SYSTEM.
1.1 Experiment 1 : Resistive load analysis
1. Switch on the power supply.
2. Switch on all magnetothermal protection in all simulator modules.
3. Switch on the computer in the Electric Control Desk.
4. Run the MiniPSS12 application in the computer of the Electric Control Desk.
5. Checks that the emergency push buttons are not activate.
6. Check that there are no protection relays trips
7. From main menu screen select ELECTRICAL SCADA SYSTEM

Figure 1: Electrical SCADA system

8. Click on G1 GROUP OPERATION menu. CLOSE THE CIRCUIT BREAKER

52E1 and MAKE SURE all circuit breakers and isolators are open
9. From main menu screen select GENERATORS
REGULATION SYSTEM OPERATION operation screen.

AND

TURBINES

NOTE: REMEMBER THAT IF YOU WANT TO OPEN A NEW OPERATION SCREEN

IN THE RIGHT TOUCH SCREEN DISPLAY, FIRST YOU NEED TO CLOSE ANY
OTHER OPENED SCREEN IN THIS DISPLAY.

Figure 2: Generators And Turbines Regulation System Operation

10. Put the Turbine Supply System ( TURBINE - GENERATOR 1) selector 1 in
ON position.
11. Put the Turbine Speed Regulation (TURBINE GENERATOR 1) selector 2 in
AUTO position.
12. Input value 50 Hz at control 6 Frequency Set Point (TURBINE GENERATOR
1).

13. Put the Turbine Speed Regulation (TURBINE GENERATOR 1) selector 3 in

ON position.
14. WAIT until the Turbine is running at speed/frequency set point. (Refer to the
screen on simulator of generator 1)
15. Put the Generator Excitation Regulation selector 8 (TURBINE GENERATOR
1) in ON position.
16. Wait until the generator terminal voltage reach approximately 400V.
17. Put the Generator Excitation Regulation (TURBINE GENERATOR 1)
selector 7 in MANUAL position.
18. Push the EXIT push button 20 to return to main menu screen.
19. From main menu screen select ELECTRICAL SCADA operation screen.
20. Close the isolators 89GT1-1 (T1 GROUP OPERATION), 89L1-1(L1 GROUP
OPERATION) and 89L1-3 (L1 GROUP OPERATION).
21. Close the circuit breakers 52G1 (G1 GROUP OPERATION), 52T-1(T1
GROUP OPERATION), 52L1-1 (L1 GROUP OPERATION), 52L1-2
(DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION OPERATION) and 52UB1 (DISTRIBUTION
SUBSTATION OPERATION).
22. Click on DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION OPERATION Select Equivalent
NETWORK-1 short-circuit impedance equal to Zero (Zsc=0).
23. Exit ELECTRICAL SCADA operation screen.
24. At the LCD screen display, use the mouse to select the power analyzer
subscreen to observe electrical parameters in any point of the power system
simulator.
25. From main menu screen select ELECTRICAL SCADA SYSTEM Close the
circuit breakers 52T-3, 52T-4 (DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION OPERATION).
26. In the LOAD GROUPS MANAGEMENT screen, select R Balanced.
27. Select the R Load Position Low.
28. Put the R connection switch in position ON.
29. At th LCD screen observe the G1- Analyzer. (What did you see?)

30. From main menu screen select GENERATORS

REGULATION SYSTEM OPERATION operation screen.

AND

TURBINES

31. Maintaining manual mode in the excitation regulation, increment or decrement

the excitation current to have the rated nominal voltage at (G1 Analyzer)
Remote Substation-1.
32. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 1.
33. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured with
the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 1.
34. From main menu screen select ELECTRICAL SCADA SYSTEM In the LOAD
GROUPS MANAGEMENT screen, select the R Load Position Medium.
35. From main menu screen select GENERATORS
REGULATION SYSTEM OPERATION operation screen.

AND

TURBINES

36. Maintaining manual mode in the excitation regulation, increment or decrement

the excitation current to have the rated nominal voltage at (G1 Analyzer)
Remote Substation-1.
37. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 1.
38. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured with
the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 2.
39. From main menu screen select ELECTRICAL SCADA SYSTEM In the LOAD
GROUPS MANAGEMENT screen, select the R Load Position High.
40. From main menu screen select GENERATORS
REGULATION SYSTEM OPERATION operation screen.

AND

TURBINES

41. Maintaining manual mode in the excitation regulation, increment or decrement

the excitation current to have the rated nominal voltage at (G1 Analyzer)
Remote Substation-1.
42. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 1.
43. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured with
the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 2.

44. Measure the variables indicated in the Table 1 (the power levels below always
refer to 3-phase voltages and thus constitute the sum of total power) and answer
all the questions below:

R Load Conditions

I1

PF1

VR

Real Power
(P)

Reactive Power
(Q)

Low
Medium
High
Table 1: Measurement for Load Analyzer
R Load Conditions

I1

PF1

VS

Real Power
(P)

Reactive Power
(Q)

Low
Medium
High
Table 2: Measurement for L1- Analyzer
45. Calculate the voltage drop for VS VR for all load conditions.

R load
Low

VS

VR

Vdiff

Medium
High
Table 3: Voltage Drop Table

46. What can be said with the different between VS and for VR low, medium and high
load condition?

1.2 Experiment 2 L load analysis with R High

1. Maintain the position of R High

2. In the LOAD GROUPS MANAGEMENT screen, select L
i. Balanced.
3. Put the L connection switch in position ON.
4. Select the L Load Position Low.
5. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 4.
6. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured
with the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 5.
7. In the LOAD GROUPS MANAGEMENT screen, select L Balanced.
8. Put the L connection switch in position ON.
9. Select the L Load Position Medium.
10. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 4.
11. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured
with the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 5.
12. Put the L connection switch in position ON.
13. Select the L Load Position High.
14. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 4.
15. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured
with the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 5.

L Load Conditions
Low

I1

PF1

VR

Real Power
(P)

Reactive Power
(Q)

Medium
High
Table 4: Measurement for Load Analyzer with R High
L Load Conditions

I1

PF1

VS

Real Power
(P)

Reactive Power
(Q)

Low
Medium
High
Table 5: Measurement for L1- Analyzer with R High
16. For all conditions of loads calculate voltage drop

L load
Low

VS

VR

Vdiff

Medium
High
Table 6: Voltage Drop Table

1.3 Experiment 3 L load analysis with R Medium

1. Select the R Load Position Medium.
2. Select the L Load Position High
3. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 7.
4. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured with
the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 8.
5. Select the R Load Position Medium.
6. Select the L Load Position medium

7. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 7.
8. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured with
the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 8.
9. Select the R Load Position Medium.
10. Select the L Load Position low
11. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 7.
12. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured with
the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 8.

L Load Conditions

I1

PF1

VR

Real Power
(P)

Reactive Power
(Q)

Low
Medium
High
Table 7: Measurement for Load Analyzer with R Medium
L Load Conditions

I1

PF1

VS

Real Power
(P)

Reactive Power
(Q)

Low
Medium
High
Table 8: Measurement for L1- Analyzer with R Medium

17. For all conditions of load calculate the voltage drop with R Medium.
L load
Low

VS

VR

Vdiff

Medium
High
Table 9: Voltage Drop Table

1.4 Experiment 4 L load analysis with R Low

1. Select the R Load Position LOW.
2. Select the L Load Position LOW
3. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 10.
4. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured with
the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 11.
5. Select the R Load Position LOW.
6. Select the L Load Position MEDIUM
7. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 10.
8. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured with
the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 11.
9. Select the R Load Position LOW.
10. Select the L Load Position HIGH
11. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 10.
12. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured with
the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 11.

R (LOW) L Load Conditions

Low

I1

PF1

VR

Real Power
(P)

Reactive Power
(Q)

Medium
High
Table 10: Measurement for Load Analyzer R Low

R (LOW) - L Load Conditions

I1

PF1

VS

Real Power
(P)

Reactive Power
(Q)

Low
Medium
High
Table 11: Measurement for L1- Analyzer R Low

18.calculate the voltage drop for all loads condition with R low
L load
Low

VS

VR

V diff

Medium
High
Table 12: Voltage Drop Table
19. From the three R-L load experiments, does the voltage VR of line depend
on the connected inductance load?
1.5 Experiment 5 C load with R Low analysis RC Load
1. Select the R Load Position LOW.
1.

In the LOAD GROUPS MANAGEMENT screen, select C Balanced.

2. Put the C connection switch in position ON and L load at OFF/low position.

3. Select the C Load Position LOW.
4. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 13.

5. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured with
the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 14.

NOTE: MAKE SURE FOR C LOADS. THE RATED VOLTAGE IS BEING

MAINTAINED
Put the C connection switch in position ON.
6. Select the C Load Position MEDIUM.
7. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 13.
8. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured with
the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 14.
9. Put the C connection switch in position ON.
10. Select the C Load Position HIGH.
11. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 13.
12. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured with
the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 14.

R (Low) - C load Conditions

I1

PF1

VR

Real Power
(P)

Reactive Power
(Q)

Low
Medium
High
Table 13: Measurement for Load with R low
R (Low) - C load Conditions
Low
Medium

I1

PF1

Vs

Real Power
(P)

Reactive Power
(Q)

High
Table 14: Measurement for Load with R low

1.6 Experiment 6 C load with R MEDIUM analysis RC Load

2. Select the R Load Position MEDIUM.
13. Put the C connection switch in position ON and L load at OFF/low position.
14. Select the C Load Position HIGH.
15. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 15.
16. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured with
the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 16.
NOTE: MAKE SURE FOR C LOADS. THE RATED VOLTAGE IS BEING
MAINTAINED
17. Put the C connection switch in position ON.
18. Select the C Load Position MEDIUM.
19. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 15.
20. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured with
the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 16.
21. Put the C connection switch in position ON.
22. Select the C Load Position LOW
23. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 15.
24. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured with
the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 16.

R (MEDIUM) - C load Conditions

I1

PF1

VR

Real Power
(P)

Reactive Power
(Q)

Low
Medium
High
Table 15: Measurement for Load Analyzer
R (MEDIUM) - C load Conditions

I1

PF1

VS

Real Power
(P)

Reactive Power
(Q)

Low
Medium
High
Table 16: Measurement for L1 Analyzer

1.7 Experiment 7 C load with R High analysis RC Load

3. Select the R Load Position HIGH.
25. Put the C connection switch in position ON and L load at OFF/low position.
26. Select the C Load Position LOW.
27. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 17.
28. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured with
the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 18.

NOTE: MAKE SURE FOR C LOADS. THE RATED VOLTAGE IS BEING

MAINTAINED

29. Put the C connection switch in position ON.

30. Select the C Load Position MEDIUM.
31. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 17.
32. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured with
the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 18.
33. Put the C connection switch in position ON.
34. Select the C Load Position LOW
35. Read the voltage at the receiving end (VR) which is measured with the Load
Analyzer-1, and record it in Table 17.
36. Measure the voltage at voltage at the sending end (VS) which is measured with
the L1 Analyzer and record it in Table 18.

R (HIGH) - C load Conditions

I1

PF1

VR

Real Power
(P)

Reactive Power
(Q)

Low
Medium
High
Table 17: Measurement for Load Analyzer with R high

R (HIGH) - C load Conditions

I1

PF1

VS

Real Power
(P)

Low
Medium
High
Table 18: Measurement for L1- Analyzer with R High

Reactive Power
(Q)

37.Calculate the voltage drop for all loads condition.

Cload

VS

VR

Vdiff

Low
Medium
High
Table 19: Voltage Drop with R Low
Cload

VS

VR

Vdiff

Low
Medium
High
Table 20: Voltage Drop with R Medium

Cload

VS

VR

Vdiff

Low
Medium
High
Table 21: Voltage Drop with R High

18. How the voltage VR of line depend on load capacitance and what the effect of
capacitance load to the power system performance? Explain
19. What is Ferranti Effect ? Explain.

SHUT DOWN PROCEDURE

1. From main menu screen select GENERATORS AND TURBINES

REGULATION SYSTEM OPERATION operation screen.

2. Put the Generator Excitation Regulation (TURBINE GENERATOR 1)

selector 7 in AUTO position.

3.

From main menu screen select ELECTRICAL SCADA SYSTEM In the

LOAD GROUPS MANAGEMENT screen,

4. Put all loads R, L, and C in low condition.

5. Put the R, L and C connection switch in position OFF (SLOWLY, STEP

BY STEP)
6. From main menu screen select GENERATORS AND TURBINES

REGULATION SYSTEM OPERATION operation screen.

7. Put the Generator Excitation Regulation selector 8 (TURBINE

GENERATOR 1) in OFF position.

8. Put the Turbine Speed Regulation (TURBINE GENERATOR 1)

selector 3 in OFF position.

9. Input value 0 Hz at control 6 Frequency Set Point (TURBINE

GENERATOR 1).
10. Put the Turbine Speed Regulation (TURBINE GENERATOR 1)

selector 2 in MANUAL position.

11. Put the Turbine Supply System ( TURBINE - GENERATOR 1)

selector 1 in OFF position.

12. From main menu screen select ELECTRICAL SCADA SYSTEM

OPEN the circuit breakers 52T-3, 52T-4 (DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

OPERATION).
13. Open the circuit breakers 52UB1 (DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

OPERATION).
52L1-2
(DISTRIBUTION
OPERATION) 52L1-1 (L1 GROUP OPERATION),

SUBSTATION

14. Open the isolator 89L1-3 (L1 GROUP OPERATION) and 89L1-1(L1

GROUP OPERATION)
15. Open breaker 52T-1(T1 GROUP OPERATION), and 52G1 (G1

GROUP OPERATION),
16. Open the isolators 89GT1-1 (T1 GROUP OPERATION), and open THE
CIRCUIT BREAKER 52E1

REFERENCES

[1] Power System analysis, Second Edition,Hadi Saadat, Mc Graw Hill

Publication.
[2] EDIBON , SCADA lab manual.

[4] ElECTRIC MACHINERY and POWER SYSTEM, Stephen J.Chapman, Mc

Graw Hill Publication.