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2GSecondgenerationnetworkGSM|Networks&Communications

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2GSecondgenerationnetworkGSM
Mobilecommunicationofsecondgeneration2GstandardGSM.
2G started in 1991 with a speed for data transmission 9.6 kbit/s. In 1999, in the GSM
standardisincorporated,thestandardGPRS(consideredasintermediategeneration2.5G),
whichprovidesmobileInternetwithgreaterspeed.
GSM(groupnamefromGroupeSpcialMobile,laterrenamedtoGlobalSystemforMobile
Communications)istheglobalstandardfordigitalmobilecellularconnectionwiththeTDMA
separation of channel and a high degree of safety, thanks to an open encryption key.
DevelopedundertheauspicesoftheEuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute(ETSI)
inthe80yearsofthetwentiethcentury.
GSMreferstosecondgenerationnetworks(2ndGeneration),althoughin2006itenteredina
conditionalphase2,5Gandisthemostpopularstandardformobilecellularconnectioninthe
world.Mobilephonesaremanufacturedforuseinarangeoffourfrequencies:850MHz,900
MHz,1800MHz,1900MHz.TheGSMstandardusesGMSKmodulation.
NetworkArchitecture
Basestation(BS)isconnectingyourcellphonewithacellularnetwork.Eachbasestationis
called cell, because it has a specific coverage area. All base stations are linked, so you can
get a reliable connection when you move from one cell to another. This process is called
"transfer" (handover). With base stations included in the set of BaseStationsController
(BSC).
Themobilestation(terminal)fromyourcellphoneandSIMmoduleisonetypeofelectronic
signature (which includes your subscriber number) to be sent to the nearest cell as an
applicationthatyouwantasasubscriberaccesstothesystem.BSCsubmittheapplicationto
the heart of the cellular network Mobile Switching Center (MSC). MSC takes care of
providing a connection to route incoming and outgoing calls to and from fixed or mobile
networks. MSC contains a critical component called HLR (Home Location Register)
Internal register (register of inland locations), providing administrative information,
identifyingyouasanindividualsubscriber.Oncereceivingarequestfromthecellularphone,
HLR instantly compare specific signature in this application, the data for the subscriber. If
your subscription is correct, MSC sent back, via cell phone to your message that you are
admitted to network. Usually at this point on the display is written the name of the cellular
network. From here onwards can receive and make calls. On receipt of a call, MSC first
checksHLRtoseeyourlocation.Atanytime,cellphoneswillsendamessagetothenearest
celltoinformthenetworkwhereyouare.Thisprocessisknownaspolling.

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802Standards.IEEE802.2,802.3,802.5,802.11
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2GSecondgenerationnetworkGSM
VoIPVoiceOverInternetProtocol
IntroductiontoHTML.BasicHTMLtags
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Useofnetworks
1

Each base station uses a purely digital technology to support a massive number of
subscribers simultaneously connected to a cellular network, but also enable them to make
andreceivecalls.Thistechniqueiscalledmultiplexing.
The network is able to redirect your calls to the base station in whose coverage is your
phone, even if other subscribers at the same time are connected to it. When you switch to
another cell (eg. while driving), HLR information is automatically updated to make accurate
routingofsignalforyourcalls.
When you make an outgoing call, another module of the MSC is activated called the VLR
(VisitorLocationRegister)registerwhichverifythatyouareactuallyallowedtomakecalls.
(Forexample,yourcustomernumbermaybebannedforinternationalcalls).VLRresponseis
forwardedbacktoyourphone.VoicemailandtheCentreforshortmessages(SMS)areother
services that provide MSC. SMS messages are transmitted on a separate channel of the
conversations,andyoucanreceiveshortmessagesevenwhentalking.
RadiointerfacesofGSMdigitalcellularnetwork
Interfacesareoftwotypes:

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2GSecondgenerationnetworkGSM|Networks&Communications

1.Interfaceforconnectiontoexternalnetworks(signalingsystemNo.7/SS7/)
AbisinterfacebetweenBSandBSC
AinterfacebetweenBSCandMSC
BinterfacebetweenVLRandMSC
CinterfacebetweenMSCandHLR
DinterfacebetweenVLRandHLR
EinterfacebetweenMSCandEIR
Finterfacebetweentwostations
UmRadioInterfacebetweenMSandBS.
2.Speciesseries(burst):
Normal(normalburst)
Toadjustthefrequency
ForSynchronization
ForAccessseries(shortenedseries)
Blank(deafserie).
Logicalchannelsin2GmobilecommunicationGSM
Logical
channel

Directionof
transmission

Typeoftransmittedinformation

AGCH

MSBS

Queryforoutgoingcall

RACH

BSMS

Informationfortheindependentchannel(channelnumber,time
interval)

SDCCH

MSBS

Sendthenumberofthecalledsubscriber

SDCCH

BSMS

Applicationauthentication

SDCCH

MSBS

Responsesofcheckingtheauthenticity

SDCCH

BSMS

Permissiontoaccesstheservicesofmobilenetwork,appointing
anumberandtimeintervalforthespeech

SDCCH

MSBS

Confirmation

SDCCH

MSBS

Dischargingchannel

TCH

MSBS

TransmittingSpeech

Afterthecall
BSCH

BSMS

Frequencycorrectionandsynchronization

CCCH

MSBS

Exchangeofbusinessinformationforcontrol

Comments:

COMMUNICATIONS COMPUTERS DATABASES INTERNET LOCALNETWORKS MOBILETELECOMMUNICATIONS MULTIMEDIASYSTEMS NETWORK

COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKSECURITY NETWORKS OPTICALCOMMUNICATION PROGRAMMING TECHNICALINFORMATICS WIRELESSTECHNOLOGIES

MartinKotsev|martinkotzev@gmail.com
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