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If |z| 1 and |w| 1 then the last expression is less than or equal to 1. The
equality holds when either |w| = 1 or |z| = 1.
wz
From this it follows that F : z 7 1wz
maps the unit dist into the unit disc when
|w| 1.
We have that F (0) = w and F (w) = 0 and that F maps the unit circle into the
unit circle. It is a bijective function since it has an inverse, itself:
F (F (z)) =
w F (z)
= z.
1 wF (z)
1
lim
x+iy0
|f (x + iy) f (0)|
|x + iy|
is zero. But
p
|x|2
1
|f (x + ix)|
lim
= ,
= lim
x0
x0+ |x + ix|
2|x|
2
which is not zero.
Solution to Problem: 4 (13). If Re(f ) is constant in an open connected set
then its partial derivatives are zero. If f is holomorphic we get, from the CauchyRiemann equations, that the partial derivatives of Im(f ) are also zero. A function
in an open connected set with partial derivatives equal to zero should be constant.
Therefore f is constant.
The analogous argument applies if we assume that Im(f ) is constant.
If |f | is constant so is f f = |f |2 . If f (z) = 0 for some z then f is identically
zero and the result follows. Assume that f is not zero. Then it is never zero. For
is holomorphic too.
this reason f = f f /f is holomorphic. But then Re(f ) = f +f
2
This is a function with constant imaginary part (it is equal to zero since it is real).
Therefore from the previous paragraph it is constant. The same argument implies
that Im(f ) is constant.
The previous fact can also be proved directly using the Cauchy-Riemann equations
and taking derivatives of |f | or of |f |2 .
P
Solution to Problem: 5 (19). The series n=1 nz n can not converge for |z| = 1
since its term nz n doesnt tent to zero. In fact |nz n | = n .
P zn
P zn
=
The series
In fact
2 converges absolutely for |z| = 1.
n=1
n=1 n2
n
P 1
n=1 n2 < .
P n
The series n=1 zn is divergent for z = 1 since it becomes the harmonic series
P 1
n=1 n = . For |z| = 1, z 6= 1 we can apply partial summation (Abel summation
formula or the discrete version of partial integration)
N
N
n
X
zn
z n+1
z X X k
=
+
z
n
n + 1 1 n=1
n=1
k=1
!
1
1
n n+1
N
z
z X 1 z n+1
1
=
+
.
n + 1 1 n=1 1 z n(n + 1)
n+1
n+1
For |z| = 1, z 6= 1 the fraction 1z
1z <
1
n2 .
2
1z ,
3
1
n(n+1)
<
Therefore
N
X
X
1 z n+1
1
1 z n+1
1
= lim
1 z n(n + 1) N n=1 1 z n(n + 1)
n=1
n+1
The series n=0 z n converges absolutely in |z| < 1. Therefore we can reorder the
terms and associate them such that we add together those whos exponents belong
to the same arithmetic progression. Since
X
za
z dn+a =
1 zd
n=0
we get
X
X
1
z ak
n
z =
=
for |z| < 1.
1 z n=0
1 z dk
k=1
am
z
Now, if z = re2i/dm and we let r 1 we see that 1z
dm while none of the
other terms of the right hand side or the one in the left hand side diverge. This is
a contradiction and therefore N can not be partitioned into finitely many arithmetic
progressions of different steps.
k=1
n
X
k=1
z ak
.
|z ak |2
From this it follows that (solving for a and taking complex conjugate)
Pn
ak
k=1 |aak |2
1
k=1 n |aak |2
a= P
1
zak
Im(z) > 0. This proves that if the roots of P are in the lower half-plane then the
ones of its derivatives are also there. Since P (az + b) has the same roots of P after
a translation and a rotation and its derivative, aP 0 (az +b), has the same roots of P 0
after the same rotation and translation, it follows that the same result holds for any