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PROBLEM SET NUMBER 1

MAT354 FALL 2010

Solution to Problem: 1 (6 page 26). If a Cz take B to be an open disc,


small enough to be contained in . This is possible since is open. Since any
two points in B can be joined by a segment then z can be joined to any point of B
by concatenating a curve joining it to a with this segment. This means that Cz is
open.
By definition Cz is path-connected. Since any path-connected set is connected
then Cz is connected.
Since the constant curve connects z with itself then z Cz .
Since the curve connecting z to w traveled in the opposite direction connects w
to z, then w Cz implies z Cw .
Since the concatenation of a curve connecting z to w and a curve connecting w
to , connects z to , then if z Cw and w C implies z C .
From the above, being connected by a curve is an equivalence relation. Therefore is a disjoint union of its path-connected components.
The set G, of complex numbers with rational real and imaginary parts is countable
and dense in C. Since each path-connected component of is open they contain
elements of G. Since they are disjoint there can only be countably many of them.
If is the complement of a compact set (which in particular is bounded and
therefore contained in a large enough ball) then the complement of a large enough
ball is contained in . The complement of a ball is path-connected and therefore
is contained in a unique path-connected component of . This component will be
unbounded. Any other component will be contained in the ball and therefore will be
bounded.
Solution to Problem: 2 (7). We have


w z 2
wz wz


1 wz = 1 wz 1 wz
ww wz wz + z
1 wz wz + wwzz
(1 ww)(1 zz)
.
=1
|1 wz|
=

If |z| 1 and |w| 1 then the last expression is less than or equal to 1. The
equality holds when either |w| = 1 or |z| = 1.
wz
From this it follows that F : z 7 1wz
maps the unit dist into the unit disc when
|w| 1.
We have that F (0) = w and F (w) = 0 and that F maps the unit circle into the
unit circle. It is a bijective function since it has an inverse, itself:
F (F (z)) =

w F (z)
= z.
1 wF (z)
1

PROBLEM SET NUMBER 1 MAT354 FALL 2010

Solution to Problem: 3 (12). We have that Re(f ) = f and Im(f ) = 0. From


)
Im(f )
this it follows that Im(f
x (0, 0) =
y (0, 0) = 0. We can compute, directly from
)
Re(f )
the definition that Re(f
are also zero. Therefore the Cauchyx (0, 0) and
y
Riemann equations are satisfied at the origin.
On the other hand, a holomorphic function is always differentiable. This function
is not differentiable at the origin. If it were the differential would be zero as we
computed the partial derivatives at the origin and all were equal to zero. This
would imply that the limit

lim

x+iy0

|f (x + iy) f (0)|
|x + iy|

is zero. But
p
|x|2
1
|f (x + ix)|
lim
= ,
= lim
x0
x0+ |x + ix|
2|x|
2
which is not zero.
Solution to Problem: 4 (13). If Re(f ) is constant in an open connected set
then its partial derivatives are zero. If f is holomorphic we get, from the CauchyRiemann equations, that the partial derivatives of Im(f ) are also zero. A function
in an open connected set with partial derivatives equal to zero should be constant.
Therefore f is constant.
The analogous argument applies if we assume that Im(f ) is constant.
If |f | is constant so is f f = |f |2 . If f (z) = 0 for some z then f is identically
zero and the result follows. Assume that f is not zero. Then it is never zero. For
is holomorphic too.
this reason f = f f /f is holomorphic. But then Re(f ) = f +f
2
This is a function with constant imaginary part (it is equal to zero since it is real).
Therefore from the previous paragraph it is constant. The same argument implies
that Im(f ) is constant.
The previous fact can also be proved directly using the Cauchy-Riemann equations
and taking derivatives of |f | or of |f |2 .
P
Solution to Problem: 5 (19). The series n=1 nz n can not converge for |z| = 1
since its term nz n doesnt tent to zero. In fact |nz n | = n .
P zn
P zn
=
The series
In fact
2 converges absolutely for |z| = 1.
n=1
n=1 n2
n
P 1
n=1 n2 < .
P n
The series n=1 zn is divergent for z = 1 since it becomes the harmonic series
P 1
n=1 n = . For |z| = 1, z 6= 1 we can apply partial summation (Abel summation
formula or the discrete version of partial integration)
N
N
n
X
zn
z n+1
z X X k
=
+
z
n
n + 1 1 n=1
n=1
k=1

!

1
1

n n+1

N
z
z X 1 z n+1
1
=
+
.
n + 1 1 n=1 1 z n(n + 1)
n+1

PROBLEM SET NUMBER 1

MAT354 FALL 2010



n+1

For |z| = 1, z 6= 1 the fraction 1z
1z <
1
n2 .

2
1z ,

remains bounded. While

3
1
n(n+1)

<

Therefore

N
X
X
1 z n+1
1
1 z n+1
1
= lim
1 z n(n + 1) N n=1 1 z n(n + 1)
n=1
n+1

converges absolutely. Since zn+1 0 as n then the original series converges.


Question: Why, although there is an equation relating the partial sums of these
two series and one of them converges absolutely the other doesnt?
Solution to Problem: 6 (22). Assume N can be partitioned in arithmetic progressions withP
initial term a1 , . . . , am and steps d1 < . . . < dm respectively.

The series n=0 z n converges absolutely in |z| < 1. Therefore we can reorder the
terms and associate them such that we add together those whos exponents belong
to the same arithmetic progression. Since

X
za
z dn+a =
1 zd
n=0
we get

X
X
1
z ak
n
z =
=
for |z| < 1.
1 z n=0
1 z dk
k=1

am

z
Now, if z = re2i/dm and we let r 1 we see that 1z
dm while none of the
other terms of the right hand side or the one in the left hand side diverge. This is
a contradiction and therefore N can not be partitioned into finitely many arithmetic
progressions of different steps.

Solution to Problem: 7 (G). We have that if P (z) = a(z a1 ) (z an )


n
P 0 (z) X 1
=
P (z)
z ak
=

k=1
n
X

k=1

z ak
.
|z ak |2

If we assume that P 0 (a) = 0 then either P (a) = 0 or


n
X
a ak
0=
.
|a ak |2
k=1

From this it follows that (solving for a and taking complex conjugate)
Pn
ak
k=1 |aak |2
1
k=1 n |aak |2

a= P

This express a as a convex combination (a weighted average) of the ak . Therefore


a lies in the convex hull of the ak (the smallest convex
 set containing them).
Another way of solving this is to prove that Im

1
zak

> 0 if Im(ak ) 0 and

Im(z) > 0. This proves that if the roots of P are in the lower half-plane then the
ones of its derivatives are also there. Since P (az + b) has the same roots of P after
a translation and a rotation and its derivative, aP 0 (az +b), has the same roots of P 0
after the same rotation and translation, it follows that the same result holds for any

PROBLEM SET NUMBER 1 MAT354 FALL 2010

other half-plane. Finally, since a convex polygon is an intersection of half-planes


we also have it for the case of convex polygons.

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