Xu Ly Nuoc Cap

11/25/2014
Trng ai hoc Bach khoa TP Ho Ch Minh

Khoa Moi trng
Mon hoc
X LY NC CAP
Can bo giang day: TS. ang Viet Hung
Noi dung mon hoc

Chng 1
Gii thieu tong quan
Chng 2
Cong trnh thu nc
Chng 3
Qua trnh keo tu
Chng 4
Qua trnh kh sat
Chng 5
Qua trnh lang nc
Chng 6
Qua trnh loc nc
Chng 7
Qua trnh kh trung
Chng 8
X ly nc bac cao
Chng 9
On nh hoa nc
Chng 10
Mang li cap nc
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Tai lieu tham khao
Chng 1: GII THIEU TONG QUAN
1.1. Nguon nc thien nhien:

Nc luon luon tuan hoan trong the gii t nhien di tac dung cua anh nang mat
tri. Nc ao, ho, song, bien boc thanh hi nc sau o lai ri xuong mat at di
dang ma, tuyet. Mot phan nc tham vao long at hnh thanh nc ngam. Mot phan
khac chay vao ao, ho, song, bien. Nc thien nhien co the c chia thanh cac loai
nh sau:
STT
Nc thien nhien
Nc ma
Nc bien
Nc mat
Nc ngam
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Chng 1: Gii thieu tong quan
Chu trnh nc thien nhien

1/ Nc ma:
Nc ma tng oi thuan sach, khong cha cac tap chat khoang vat. Nc ma
mem nhat. o ban trong kh quyen quyet nh phan ln thanh phan va chat lng
nc ma. o cng trong nc ma thng khong vt qua 70100 microlg/l, can
chng kho khoang 40-50 mg/l.
2/ Nc bien
Nc bien co thanh phan on nh nhat, can chng kho cua no trong khoang 33.000
39.000 mg/l (3,5 4,0%). Khoang 60% lng can o la muoi an (NaCl). Trong nc
bien, con cha mot lng ln hp chat MgCl2, MgSO4 va CaSO4. Nc bien co tnh
an mon va xam thc rat manh.
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3/ Nc mat
Thanh phan va chat lng cua nc mat chu nhieu anh hng cua cac yeu to t
nhien, nguon goc xuat x, cac ieu kien moi trng xung quanh va ca tac ong cua
con ngi khi khai thac va s dung nguon nc. Thong thng trong nc mat co the
tm thay cac hoa chat hoa tan di dang ion va phan t, co nguon goc hu c hoac vo
c; cac he keo; cac chat ran l lng; va nhieu loai vi sinh vat (VSV) nh la vi khuan,
tao
4/ Nc ngam
Nc ngam t chu anh hng tac ong cua con ngi. Chat lng nc ngam thng
tot hn chat lng nc be mat. Hau nh khong co cac hat keo hay cac hat can l
lng. S hien dien cua VSV cung rat t. Thanh phan ang quan tam trong nc ngam
la cac tap chat hoa tan do anh hng cua ieu kien a tang va thi tiet, cac qua trnh
phong hoa va sinh hoa. Nc ngam cung b nhiem ban do hoat ong cua con ngi.
7

Ch tieu
Nc mat
Nc ngam
Nhiet o
Thay oi theo mua
Tng oi on nh
Chat ran l lng
Cao va thay oi theo mua
Thap va hau nh khong co
Chat khoang hoa tan
Thay oi theo lu vc song
Thng cao hn nc mat
Ham lng sat,

mangan
Thng rat thap
Thng xuyen co
Kh CO2 hoa tan
Thng thap hoac bang 0
Thng co nong o cao
Kh O2 hoa tan
Thng gan bao hoa
Thng khong ton tai
Kh NH3
Co khi nc b nhiem ban
Co san trong nguon nc
Kh H2S
Khong co
Thng co
SiO2
Thng co nong o thap
Thng co nong o cao
VSV
Co nhieu loai gay benh
Chu yeu la vi khuan sat

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1.2. He thong cap nc:

nh ngha: du la nc cap lay t nguon nao va qui mo nao, he thong cap nc
luon luon c cau thanh t ba cong trnh chnh nh sau
1
Cong trnh thu nc
Cong trnh x ly nc
Cong trnh phan phoi nc
Phan loai: theo muc ch s dung co the c chia thanh:

1
He thong cap nc sinh hoat
He thong cap nc san xuat
He thong cap nc cha chay
He thong cap nc ket hp

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1.2. He thong cap nc:
Water Source &

Collection System
Water Treatment
Plant
Distribution
System
He thong cap nc
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1.3. Chat lng nc cap:

1/ Ch tieu vat ly: nhiet o, o uc, o mau, mui v, tong chat ran, o dan ien, o
phong xa
2/ Ch tieu hoa hoc: gia tr pH, o cng tong, o oxy hoa, ham lng Fe, Mn, As,
amoniac, nitrit, nitrat, cac kim loai nang, hoa chat bao ve thc vat
3/ Ch tieu vi sinh: faecal coliform, tong coliform, protozoa, helminth, sinh vat t do
(rong tao)
Ch tieu bo sung:
- Hp chat hu c t nhien (NOM)
- VSV: giardia va criptosporidium
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1.3. Chat lng nc cap:
o acid va cac dang kiem khac nhau theo gia tr pH

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1.4. Tieu chuan nc cap:

1/ Nc cap dan dung:
Nc thuy cuc:
- QCVN 01: 2009/BYT, Chat lng nc an uong
- TCXDVN 33/2006, Tieu chuan thiet ke cap nc
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1/ Nc cap dan dung:
Nc ong chai:
- TCVN 6096-2004:
Nc uong ong chai
- TCVN 6213-2004: Nc khoang thien nhien
Yeu cau chat lng

Yeu cau chat lng
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2/ Nc cap cong nghiep:
Nc dung e lam nguoi
Nc dung cho det nhuom
Nc dung cho lo hi
Nc dung cho xi ma
Nc dung cho dc
pham
Nc dung cho ien t
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Stt
Ch tieu
n v
Gia tr
Mau sac
TCU
15
Mui v
Khong co
o uc
NTU
pH
6,5 8,5
o cng
mgCaCO3/l
Tong chat ran
mg/l
1000
Tong Fe
mg/l
0,3
Tong Mn
mg/l
0,3
Clo d
mg/l
0,3 0,5
10
Coliform tong so
MPN/100 ml
11
Coliform chu nhiet
MPN/100 ml
Tieu chuan nc an uong (QCVN 01: 2009/ BYT)
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Stt
Ch tieu
n v
Gia tr
Nhiet o
0C
22 26
pH
7,2 7,6
o kiem
mgCaCO3/l
50 100
o cng
mgCaCO3/l
200
Chuan kali
Clor d
ppm
0,4 1,0
Nc phai trong,
khong v la, thay ro
toan bo ay ho
Mat thng
Cam quan
Tieu chuan nc ho bi
(Hng dan tam thi cua S The duc The thao TPHCM ngay 27/04/2007)
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1.5. Cong nghe x ly:
Coagulant
Polymer
Raw
Water
Cl2
Flash
Mixer
Flocculator
Clean
Clarifier
Water
Sand Filter
Chlorine Contactor
Cong nghe ien hnh x ly nc mat
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Lime
Raw
Water
Aeration Tower
Cong nghe ien hnh x ly nc ngam
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Raw
Flash
Water
Mixer
Flocculator
NH3
Corrosion
Control
Cl2
Polymer
Cl2
Cation Polymer
Alum/Ferric
Granular
CxT
Clear
Clean
Bed Filter
Tank
Well
Water
Holding
Clarifier
Tank
Thickener
Disposal
Sludge
Cong nghe x ly vi loc trc tiep
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NH3
Corrosion
Control
Fluoride
Cl2
Polymer
Alkaline
Cl2
Cation Polymer
Alum/Ferric
Raw
Flash
Gravel Bed
Granular
CxT
Clear
Clean
Water
Mixer
Filter
Bed Filter
Tank
Well
Water
Holding
Clarifier
Tank
Thickener
Disposal
Sludge
Cong nghe x ly vi loc hai bac
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NH3
Corrosion
Control
Fluoride
Cl2
Polymer
Anion Polymer
Alkaline
Cl2
Cation Polymer
Alum/Ferric
KMnO4/PAC
Raw
Flash
Flocculator
Granular
CxT
Clear
Clean
Water
Mixer
Clarifier
Bed Filter
Tank
Well
Water
Holding
Clarifier
Tank
Thickener
Disposal
Sludge
Cong nghe x ly nc mat thong dung
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NH3
Corrosion
Control
Cl2
Fluoride
Raw
Micro
Micro
CxT
Clear
Clean
Water
Screen
Filter
Tank
Well
Water
Holding
Holding
Tank
Tank
Wash Water
Waste Water
Discharge
Sewer
Cong nghe x ly vi loc mang MF
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Raw
Water
Ozonation
Flash
Mixer
Flocculator
NH3
Corrosion
Control
Fluoride
Cl2
Polymer
Alkaline
Cation Polymer
O3
Alum/Ferric
Granular
CxT
Clear
Clean
Bed Filter
Tank
Well
Water
Holding
Clarifier
Tank
Thickener
Disposal
Sludge
Cong nghe x ly vi ozon hoa s bo va loc trc tiep
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Flash Mixer
Flocculator
Clarifier
PreOzonation
NH3
Corrosion
Control
Fluoride
Cl2
O3
Anion Polymer
Alkaline/Acid
O3
Alum/Ferric
Cation Polymer
Pre-Filter
BAF with
CxT
Clear
Ozonation
GAC Bed
Tank
Well
Holding
Clarifier
Tank
Thickener
Disposal
Sludge
Cong nghe x ly vi ozon hoa s bo va loc sinh hoc
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Nc mat
Phen nhom
Anionic
Be tron
Polymer
hoa chat
Be
tao bong
Be
Chat kh trung
(Cl2)
lang ngang
Be
loc nhanh
Cong nghe x ly nc mat (TPHCM)
Be cha
nc sach
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Nc ngam
Ca(OH)2, Cl2
(tuy chon)
Bm gieng
Gian ma
lam thoang
Be
Chat kh trung
(Cl2)
lang ngang
Be
Be cha
loc nhanh
nc sach
Cong nghe x ly nc ngam (TPHCM)
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Nc ngam
Voi/Soda
Be tron
Polymer
hoa chat
Be ket tua
CaCO3, Mg(OH)2
CO2/Acid
Be lang ngang
hoac ng
Chat kh trung
(Cl2)
Be loc nhanh
hoac ap lc
Cong nghe x ly kh cng nc ngam
Be cha nc
sach
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Nc l, man
X ly s bo
Keo tu Lang Loc
Kh sat Lang - Loc
Be loc
than va nha
Chat chong
nghet mang
Cot loc tinh

10 m & 5 m
Bo sung
kiem, Cl2
Thiet b loc
mang RO
Cong nghe x ly nc l, nc man
Be cha nc
sach
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He thong x ly nc ngam dang modul

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He thong x ly nc uong ong chai
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He thong x ly lai nc thuy cuc
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He thong x ly nc tai gia nh

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Chng 2: CONG TRNH THU NC
2.1. nh ngha va phan loai:

1/ nh ngha:
La cong trnh au tien cua he thong cap nc. No co nhiem vu thu nc t nguon,
cung cap mot khoi lng ln nc theo yeu cau vi chat lng tot nhat. Nguon nc
c s dung co the la nc mat hoac nc ngam.
2/ Nguon nc:
- Chat lng nc phai tot va on nh, khong b o nhiem t chat thai cua con ngi
- Lu lng nc phai am bao cung cap quanh nam, ca hien tai va trong tng lai
- Khong gay tr ngai cho cac nhu cau dung nc khac, co ieu kien bao ve ve sinh
- Nguon nc gan ni tieu thu co san the nang nham giam gia thanh san xuat nc
- Thuan tien cho viec thiet ke, thi cong, lap at, van hanh, quan ly vi chi ph thap
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Chng 2: Cong trnh thu nc

S dung va Bao ve nguon nc
- Nc la mot dang tai nguyen nen can c s dung mot cach tiet kiem hieu qua
- am bao s hai hoa trong cac nhu cau dung nc theo hng sinh thai ben vng
- D bao nguon nc ngan han va dai han ap ng muc tieu trc mat va lau dai
- Ngan nga va giam thieu tac ong cua thien nhien va con ngi en chat lng
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Quan ly va Giam sat nguon nc
- Thiet lap he thong quan ly nha nc ve s dung, bao ve cac nguon nc
- Quan trac nguon nc bang cac phng phap tham khong vu tru hien ai
- Lay mau, phan tch, va anh gia cac nguon nc mot cach thng xuyen
- D bao xu hng bien oi nguon nc, e xuat cac bien phap ngan nga
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2.2. Cong trnh thu nc mat

1/ Khai quat:
- V tr at phai chon thng nguon so vi cac khu dan c va cong nghiep
- Lu lng thu vao khong nen qua 15% lu lng nho nhat cua dong song
- B song va long song phai on nh, b l rat t va ac biet la khong b boi
- Ca thu nc phai co u o sau can thiet va chat lng nc thu am bao
- Cac tai lieu a chat cua b song va long song phai c thu thap ay u
- Cac muc ch s dung nc can c ket hp mot cach hai hoa vi nhau
2/ Cau tao: gom 2 phan chnh
- Ca thu va
- Tram bm
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Cong trnh thu nc ven b

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3/ Phan loai:
- Theo v tr thu nc:
* Cong trnh thu nc ven b: ca lay nc at ngay sat b song. Loai nay
c s dung khi b song tng oi doc, ven b co u o sau can thiet e thu nc,
chat lng nc ven b tot.
* Cong trnh thu nc xa b: ca lay nc at ngay gia long song. Loai nay
c s dung khi cac yeu cau tren khong thoa, trong nhieu trng hp tiet kiem hn
nhng kho quan ly ve mua lu.
- Theo ac iem ket cau:

* Cong trnh thu nc kieu ket hp: ca thu & tram bm at cung mot ni
* Cong trnh thu nc kieu phan ly: ca thu & tram bm at tach rieng ra
* Cong trnh thu nc kieu vnh: hnh thanh vnh nhan tao nham thu nc
39n
* Cong trnh thu nc kieu ap chan: s dung e thu nc cac song ca
Cong trnh thu nc xa b

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4/ Cong trnh thu nc ven b:
- Phan loai:
* Loai phan ly
* Loai ket hp
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- Song chan rac

Dien tch cong tac
w = (Q / v.n)K1K2K3
Q: lu lng tnh toan cua cong trnh (m3/s)
v: van toc nc chay qua song chan (m/s) {v = 0,4 0,8 m/s}
K1: he so co hep do cac thanh thep {K1 = (a + d) / a}
a: khoang cach gia cac thanh thep
d: ng knh thanh thep
K2: he so co hep do rac bam vao song {K2 = 1,25}

K3: he so ke en hnh dang thanh thep {tiet dien tron, K3 = 1,1}
n: so ca thu nc
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- Li chan rac
Dien tch cong tac:
w = (Q / v.n)K1K2K3
Q: lu lng tnh toan cua cong trnh (m3/s)
v: van toc nc chay qua li chan (m/s) {li chan phang, v = 0,2 0,4 m/s}
K1: he so co hep do cac thanh thep {K1 = ((a + d)2 / a2)(1 + p)}
a: kch thc mat li; d: ng knh day an
p: ty le gia dien tch khung va ket cau khac vi dien tch cong tac cua li
K2: he so co hep do rac bam vao li {K2 = 1,5}
K3: he so anh hng cua hnh dang {K3 = 1,15 1,50}
n: so ca at li
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Li chan rac
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- Ngan thu nc
Chieu dai
: 1,6 3,0 m
Chieu rong
: chieu rong li chan rac + (0,8 1,2 m)
Mep di ca thu nc en ay song
: 0,7 1 m
- Ngan hut nc
Chieu dai
: 1,5 3 m
Chieu rong
: ln hn hay bang 3 lan ng knh pheu hut

{ng knh pheu hut = (1,3 1,5) ng knh ong hut}
ay ngan hut en mieng vao pheu hut : 0,5 m

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5/ Cong trnh thu nc xa b:
- Phan loai:
* Loai dung ong t chay
* Loai dung ong xi phong

* Loai ket hp thu nc
* Loai dung bm trc tiep

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5/ Cong trnh thu nc xa b:
- Ong t chay
ng knh ong t chay:
4Q
V
Q: lu lng tnh toan cua ong (m3/s)

V: van toc nc chay trong ong (m/s) {thong thng lay v = 0,7 1,5 m/s}
- Ong xi phong
ng knh ong xi phong: D
4Q
V
V: van toc nc chay trong ong (m/s) {oan nghieng lay v = 0,7 1,5 m/s, oan
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ng lay v = 1,5 2,0 m/s}
2.3. Cong trnh thu nc ngam

1/ Khai quat:
- Trong mot mat cat a chat xac nh co the co mot so tang cha nc: mach nong,
mach sau, khong ap, co ap. Can co ay u cac so lieu ve a chat thuy van.
- Tang cha nc khai thac la tang cha nc co chieu day ln, he so tham ln, chat
lng nc tot va lai khong nam sau lam, am bao ca mua kho va mua ma.
- Can lam sang to moi lien quan cua s bo cap nguon nc ngam t cac nguon nc
mat, kha nang cua viec bo cap nguon nc ngam bang cac nguon nc mat.
- e xac nh lu lng cua cac cong trnh thu nc ngam co phu hp vi lu lng
thiet ke hay khong th khi xay dng xong phai bm th, kiem tra s on nh.
- Trong o an thiet ke cong trnh thu nc ngam phai d kien at mang li cac
gieng quan trac hoac cac tram at ong ho o nc e quan sat va theo doi.
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2/ Phan loai:
STT
Cong trnh thu nc ngam
Gieng khi
Gieng khoan
ng ham
Gieng phun
Nc tham
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50
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3/ Gieng khi:
Gieng khi la cong trnh thu nc ngam mach nong. ay la cong trnh thu nc
ngam n gian c dung pho bien e thu nc khong ap cua tang at co chieu sau
khong qua 30 m. Cau tao cua gieng khi gom 3 phan: b gieng, vach gieng va phan
thu nc. ac iem cua gieng khi la chieu sau han che nhng tiet dien ngang va bo
phan thu co dien tch ln. Gieng hnh tron nen co kha nang chu lc tot.
Gieng khi c xay dng bang nhng vat lieu pho thong nh go tre, gach a, be
tong cot thep hoac tham ch khong xay. Phan thu nc chu yeu cua gieng khi la ay
gieng. Trng hp nc tham qua ay gieng khong u phai cau tao vach gieng co
the tham c. Gieng hoan chnh la gieng khi vach va phan thu xuyen het tang
ngam nc. Gieng khong hoan chnh khi khong xuyen het tang ngam nc.
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3/ Gieng khi:
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3/ Gieng khi:
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3/ Gieng khi:
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3/ Gieng khi:
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3/ Gieng khi:
d 2
4
Vchph
: Lu lng gieng khi (m3/s)
: ng knh trong cua gieng khi (m)
Vchph
: Van toc cho phep cua nc chay vao gieng (m/s)
d50 (mm)
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
1,5
2,0
Vchph (m/s)
0,02
0,03
0,045
0,060
0,070
0,080
0,09
0,10
0,14
0,165
3,0
0,180
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4/ Gieng khoan:
Nguyen tac lam viec:
Gieng khoan la cong trnh thu nc ngam mach sau. Khi bm nc ra khoi gieng vi
mot lu lng nao o, mc nc trong gieng ha dan. ieu kien e gieng lam viec on
nh la lu lng nc bm ra khoi gieng phai bang lu lng nc t tang cha
chay vao trong gieng.
Cac tram x ly co the co t mot en nhieu gieng cung khai thac nc. Neu co nhieu
gieng cung khai thac, nc trong tang cha se co anh hng lan nhau. e cac gieng
khong b anh hng lan nhau, nen bo tr cac gieng co khoang cach ln hn hai lan
ban knh anh hng.
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4/ Gieng khoan:
Cau tao gieng khoan:
1/ Ca gieng: at cao hn mat at, c ay kn
2/ Ong vach: gia co bao ve gieng va lap at bm
3/ Ong loc: khoan lo, cat khe, quan day, boc li
4/ Ong lang: gi lai can cat theo vao trong gieng
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4/ Gieng khoan:
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4/ Gieng khoan:
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4/ Gieng khoan:
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4/ Gieng khoan:
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4/ Gieng khoan:
Mc nc tnh: mc nc ngang bang vi mat phang ap lc trc khi tien hanh bm
nc. Khi bm lam viec mc nc trong gieng giam dan. Nc t tang cha bat au
chay vao trong gieng. Phan xung quang gieng co s giam ap lc, tao thanh mat ang
ap co dang hnh pheu, goi la mat cong anh hng. Khoang cach t iem bat au co
s thay oi ap lc en tam gieng goi la ban knh anh hng.
Mc nc ong: mc nc trong gieng khi bm lam viec. Neu o ha mc nc nho

qua th cha s dung het kha nang cung cap nc cua tang cha. Neu o ha mc
nc ln qua th se lam tang cot ap toan phan cua may bm. Neu ln qua mc th a
s dung qua kha nang cung cap nc cua tang cha. Trng hp nay gieng thng
lam viec khong on nh, can phai tang so lng gieng khoan len.
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4/ Gieng khoan:
Phan loai gieng khoan:
1
2
Khai thac nc ngam khong ap

Gieng khoan hoan chnh
3
4
Khai thac nc ngam co ap
Khai thac nc ngam khong ap

Gieng khoan khong hoan chnh
Khai thac nc ngam co ap
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Gieng khoan hoan chnh thu nc ngam khong ap

Trng hp chuyen ong on nh:
Q 1,36.
K .S .(2 H S )
R
lg
r
: Lu lng khai thac cua gieng (m3/ngay)
: He so tham cua tang cha (m/ngay)
: o ha mc nc trong gieng hoan chnh (m)
: o sau mc nc tnh en ay cach thuy cua tang cha nc khi bm (m)
R
: Ban knh anh hng xac nh bang khoang cach t tam gieng ti ra mat
anh hng (m)
: Ban knh ong loc (m)
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Gieng khoan hoan chnh thu nc ngam co ap
2,73.K .m.S
R
lg
r
: He so tham cua tang cha nc (m/ngay)
: Chieu day tang cha nc (m)
S = H h: o ha mc nc trong gieng khi bm (m)

H
: o sau mc nc tnh tnh en ay cua tang cha (m)
: o sau mc nc ong trong gieng (m)
R
anh hng (m)
r
66
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Gieng khoan khong hoan chnh thu nc ngam khong ap
Q 1,36.K .S .(
LS
L
)
R
0,66 L
L
lg
lg
lg
r
r
R2
: He so tham cua tang cha nc (m/ngay)
: o ha mc nc trong gieng khi bm (m)
: Chieu dai cong tac cua ong loc (m)
R
anh hng (m)
r

67
Gieng khoan khong hoan chnh thu nc ngam co ap

Khi chieu day tang cha nc rat ln, lu lng cua gieng co the c xac nh nh
sau:
Q 2,73
K .L.S
1,32.L
lg
r
: He so tham cua tang cha (m/ngay)
: Chieu dai cong tac cua ong loc (m)
S = H h: o ha mc nc cua gieng khi bm (m)

H
: o sau mc nc tnh tnh en ay cach thuy cua tang cha nc (m)
: o sau mc nc ong trong gieng (m)
68
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4/ Gieng khoan:
S co thng gap:
a/ Nghieng gieng, sut gieng:
- Hut nc ln qua mc lam rong tang cha nc
- Cat troi vao gieng nhieu gay rong tang cha
- Ma sat gia ong vach va at a kem
b/ Nc gieng co nhieu cat:
- Loc lam viec kem
- Hut nc qua mc
69

4/ Gieng khoan:
S co thng gap:
c/ Chat lng nc xau i:
- Nguon bo cap khong ay u
- Tang cha nc b nhiem ban

- Ong vach b thung hoac nt v
- Do ngap lut hoac nguyen nhan khac
70
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Chng 3: QUA TRNH KEO TU
3.1. nh ngha va Nguyen tac:
1/ nh ngha
Tap chat trong nc thien nhien thng a dang ve chung loai va kch thc. Chung
co the la cac hat cat, set, mun, sinh vat phu du, san pham hu c phan huy Kch
thc hat dao ong t vai phan trieu milimet en vai milimet. Bang cac phng phap
x ly nh lang loc hoac tuyen noi, ch co the loai bo cac hat co kch thc ln hn
10-4 mm. oi vi cac hat co kch thc nho hn th oi hoi phai ton rat nhieu thi
gian va cung rat kho co the at c hieu qua x ly cao.
Do vay can phai ap dung phng phap x ly hoa ly mi, o la phng phap keo tu.
Keo tu la phng phap x ly nc co s dung hoa chat. Trong o cac hat keo nho l
lng trong nc nh tac dung cua chat keo tu ma lien ket vi nhau tao thanh bong
can co kch thc ln hn va ngi ta co the tach chung ra khoi nc de dang bang
cac bien phap lang loc hoac tuyen noi. Cac thuat ng nh keo tu (coagulation) va tao
bong (flocculation) thng c s dung qua lai vi nhau.
71
Chng 3: Qua trnh keo tu
Nc mt
Keo t
To bng
Lng cn
C che keo tu tao bong
72
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Water
C che keo tu tao bong

73
Day cac hat theo kch thc
74
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ng knh hat
(mm)
ac trng hat
Toc o lang
(mm / giay)
Thi gian can e

lang xuong 1 m
10
Cat
1000
1 giay
Cat tho
100
10 giay
0,1
Cat nho
2 phut
0,01
Bun
0,154
2 gi
0,001
at set hat nho
0,00154
7 ngay
0,0001
at set nho nhat
0,0000154
2 nam
0,00001
Hat keo
0,000000154
200 nam
Toc o lang cua cac hat trong nc
75

1/ nh ngha
2/ Nguyen tac
Trang thai on nh va rat kho lang Trang thai mat on nh va lang 76c
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3.2. Hoa hoc dung dch keo:
Cau tao cua hat keo
77

Dung dch keo bao gom cac hat keo co ng knh t 10-6 mm en 10-4 mm. Hat keo
la the tap hp cua rat nhieu phan t va ion. Noi chung, no la do vat kho tan hoac ket
tua t trong nc tach ra hnh thanh. Khi no tach ra, trc tien tap hp nhieu phan t
lai tao thanh khoi. Nh co dien tch be mat ln, cac khoi nay co kha nang hap phu
chon loc mot loai ion nao o, hoac co trong thanh phan cac ion cua khoi hoac gan
giong mot trong cac ion trong khoi ve tnh chat va kch thc, tao thanh lp vo boc
ion. Lp vo ion nay cung vi khoi phan t ben trong hnh thanh hat keo.
Be mat nhan keo mang ien tch cua lp ion gan chat tren o, co kha nang hut mot
so ion t do mang ien tch trai dau e bu lai mot phan ien tch. Nh vay quanh
khoi lien ket phan t ban au co 2 lp ion mang ien tch trai dau nhau bao boc, goi
la lp ien tch kep hay con goi la lp hap phu. Lp ion ngoai cung do lc lien ket
yeu nen thng khong co u ien tch trung hoa vi lp ien tch ben trong, do vay
hat keo luon mang mot ien tch nhat nh. e can bang ien tch trong moi trng,
hat keo lai thu hut quanh mnh mot so ion trai dau va tao them mot lp khuyech tan.
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Toan bo cau tao nay goi la hat keo hoac mixen keo. Nh vay hat keo hoac mixen
keo la hat co khoi lng nho nhat co kha nang ton tai oc lap di mot dang hoan
toan rieng biet ma van mang tat ca tnh chat cua dung dch keo.
Cau tao cua hat keo
79
Hat keo tch ien rat kho ket dnh
Hat keo khong mang ien de ket dnh
80
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ay nhau
Trung hoa
Hap dan
Dnh ket
(nam)
(giay)
(giay)
(phut)
81

Tuy thuoc vao nguon goc xuat x, cac hat keo trong nc co the mang ien tch
dng hoac am. Cac hat set, cac vi sinh vat, cac acid humic va fulvic, cac hp chat
hu c khac trong nc thng mang ien tch am. Cac hydroxit nhom va sat thng
mang ien tch dng. Nguyen nhan c ban lam dung dch keo trong nc rat kho
lang la do dung dch keo cung loai co mang ien tch cung dau va sinh ra lc ay
gia chung vi nhau.
Mot nguyen nhan khac lam cho dung dch keo kho lang xuong la do ai lc cua no
vi cac phan t nc bao quanh. Hydrophilic la thuat ng noi chung danh cho cac
hat keo a nc. Hydrophobic la thuat ng noi chung danh cho cac hat keo k
nc. Cac hat keo a nc thng co nguon goc vo c va la cac hat set, cac oxyt kim
loai. Cac hat keo k nc thng co nguon goc hu c va la cac vi sinh vat, cac acid
humic va fulvic.
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ien the tren be mat gia lp ngoai cua lp ien tch kep va lp trong cua lp
khuyech tan goi la the ien ong zeta. Gia cac hat keo ton tai lc hap dan Van der
Waals, lc hut va lc ay tnh ien. khoang cach gan be mat, lc hap dan Van der
Waals thng manh. khoang cach xa be mat, lc ay tnh ien co the vt qua lc
hut tnh ien. Kha nang on nh cua hat keo la ket qua tong hp cua lc hut va lc
ay. Neu lc hut thang lc ay th keo tu rat de thc hien.
Khi the ien ong zeta ln, dung dch keo la on nh. Khi the ien ong zeta giam
dan en 0, dung dch keo mat on nh va de dang tap hp lai thanh am ln lang
xuong. Trang thai dung dch keo khi the ien ong zeta ba ng 0 c goi la trang thai
ang ien va tr so pH trang thai nay c goi la iem ang ien. Nh vay theo ly
thuyet, neu muon qua trnh keo tu xay ra th the ien ong zeta cua dung dch keo
can phai giam thap xuong di mot gia tr ti han nao o.
83
84
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Mat o ion trong lp khuyech tan
The ien ong be mat va zeta 85
Lc ay tnh ien
Lc hut Van der Waals
Tong hp lc hut va l86c ay
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Gia tr thch hp cua the ien ong zeta
87
3.3. C che mat on nh:

1/ Nen lp ien tch kep
2/ Hap phu va trung hoa ien tch
3/ Ket dnh va cung lang
4/ Hap phu va tao lien ket bac cau
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3.3. Mechanisms of Destabilization:

1/ Double Layer Compression
Due to the compression of diffuse layer by ions of opposite charge to the colloids to
reduce the surface potential. Coagulation effectiveness increases with ion valence
following the Schulze Hardy rule. Critical coagulant concentration ~ 1/(charge)6.
Na+ : Ca2+ : Al3+ = 100 : 1.6 : 0.14.
2/ Adsorption and Charge Neutralization
Due to the reduction of net surface charge of particles by the alteration of the pH of
water or the adsorption of excess charged coagulant species by a charge reversal of
the sols from negative to positive. In this case, chemical effects are much more
important than electrostatic effects.
89
3.3. Mechanisms of Destabilization:

3/ Entrapment or Enmeshment
In this situation, the coagulant is precipitated rapidly, floc is formed and an

interaction occurs with the colloids. It is the entrapment of a low zeta potential
colloid with a precipitate with, perhaps, a net charge of zero. This is the main
mechanism in water treatment plans.
4/ Adsorption and Interparticle Binding
The bridging theory was proposed to account for the destabilization of colloidal
systems by high-molecular-weight organic polymers as coagulants or aids to
coagulation. Adsorption of the polymer on specific sites of the colloids plays an
important role in the bridging theory.
90
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3.4. Cac phng phap keo tu:

Co 3 phng phap keo tu:
1/ Cho dung dch keo mang ien tch ngc dau vao nham trung hoa ien vi dung
dch keo san co trong nc, a en the ien ong zeta cua ca hai loai dung dch keo
eu giam nho.
2/ Cho cac ion hoa tr cao co ien tch ngc vi dau ien tch hat keo vao nc e
giam thap the ien ong zeta cua dung dch keo nay v cac ion phan hoa tr cao de t
lp khuyech tan i vao lp hap phu.
3/ Tang ln nong o cac loai muoi trong nc lam nen nho cac lp hap phu va
khuyech tan cua hat keo. Ket qua la rat nhieu ion tren be mat hat keo se sat lai gan
nhau, a en the ien ong zeta cua dung dch keo giam nho.
91
3.4. Cac phng phap keo tu:

oi vi qua trnh keo tu dung phen nhom hoac phen sat, 3 loai bong can sau co the
c hnh thanh:
1/ Loai th nhat la to hp cua cac hat keo t nhien b pha v the ien ong zeta, loai
nay ch chiem so lng nho.
2/ Loai th hai gom cac hat keo mang ien tch trai dau nen ket hp vi nhau va
trung hoa ve ien tch. Loai nay khong co kha nang ket dnh va hap phu trong qua
trnh lang tiep theo va so lng cung khong ang ke.
3/ Loai th ba c hnh thanh t cac hat keo do thuy phan chat keo tu vi cac anion
co trong nc nen bong can co hoat tnh be mat cao, co kha nang hap thu cac chat
ban trong khi lang va tao thanh cac bong can ln hn. Trong x ly nc, loai bong
92
can th ba chiem u the va quyet nh hieu qua cua qua trnh keo tu.
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3.5. Cac yeu to anh hng:

1/ Gia tr pH cua nc
- Anh hng cua pH en o hoa tan cua chat keo tu nh phen nhom hoac phen sat.
V du oi vi Al(OH)3. ay la mot hydroxyt lng tnh ie n hnh. Tr so pH cua nc
qua cao hoac qua thap eu lam cho no hoa tan, khien ham lng nhom d trong nc
tang len.
Khi pH < 5,5: Al(OH)3 co tac dung ro rang nh mot chat kiem, Al3+ tang nhieu
Al(OH)3 + 3H+ Al3+ + 3H2O
Khi pH > 7,5: Al(OH)3 co tac dung ro rang nh mot chat acid, AlO2- tang nhieu
Al(OH)3 + OH- AlO2- + 2H2O
Khi pH > 9,0: o hoa tan cua Al(OH)3 nhanh chong tang ln gan nh hoan toan
Trong pham vi gia tr pH t 5,5 en 7,5, lng nhom d trong nc eu rat nho
93

1/ Gia tr pH cua nc
- Anh hng cua pH oi vi ien tch hat keo. ien tch cua hat keo trong nc co
quan he vi thanh phan cua ion trong nc, ac biet la cac ion H+. Khi pH < 5, hat
keo nhom hydroxyt mang ien tch am. Khi pH > 5, hat keo nhom hydroxyt mang
ien tch dng. Khi pH bang 8, hat keo nhom hydroxyt la trung tnh, v the nen se
de dang ket tua nhat.
- Anh hng cua pH oi vi chat hu c trong nc. Khi pH thap, cac hat keo cua
acid humic va fulvic mang ien tch am, do o de dang b keo tu bi phen nhom
hoac phen sat. Khi pH cao, cac hat keo cua acid humic va fulvic mang ien tch
dng, nen hieu qua keo tu bi phen nhom hoac phen sat se giam ang ke. pH thch
hp la t 6,0 en 6,5.
94
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2/ Lieu lng chat keo tu
- Lng phen nhom va phen sat c s dung trong qua trnh keo tu phai vt qua
gia tr Ksp cua cac hydroxyt tng ng.
- V du, lieu lng 30 mg/l cua Al2(SO4)3 vi pH cua nc t 6 8 la thch hp nam
trong vung ran cua Al(OH)3 tren bieu o. Lng chat keo tu toi u dung trong x ly
nc thien nhien thng la t 10 50 mg/l oi vi Al2(SO4)3.
- Noi chung, khi ham lng chat ban trong nc cang cao th lng chat keo tu cho
vao cang ln. Khi lng chat keo tu cho vao tng oi t, dung dch keo t nhien
trong nc chu yeu da vao qua trnh keo tu cua ban than no ma tach ra. Khi cho vao
nhieu, tac dung hap phu cua dung dch keo Al(OH)3 ong vai tro chnh.
95

3/ Cng o khuay tron
Toc o khuay tron tot nhat la t nhanh chuyen sang cham. Khi mi cho chat keo tu
vao nc phai khuay nhanh v s thuy phan cua cua chat keo tu trong nc va toc o
hnh thanh he keo rat nhanh. Khuay nhanh mi co kha nang tao ra mot lng ln hat
keo lam cho no nhanh chong khuyech tan en cac ni trong nc. Sau khi a hnh
thanh bong can, khong nen khuay qua nhanh v khong nhng lam cho bong can kho
ln len ma con co the anh v chung.
4/ Tap chat trong nc
Cac ion ngc dau la mot loai tap chat anh hng en qua trnh keo tu. Khi trong
nc thien nhien co cha mot lng ln cac hp chat hu c cao phan t, chung co
the hap phu len be mat cua dung dch keo, dan ti tac dung bao ve dung dch keo,
lam cho qua trnh keo tu kho khan, hieu qua keo tu tr nen rat thap. Trong trng
hp nay, co the dung bien phap oxyhoa s bo bang cac hp chat cua chlorine hoac
96
ozone e phan huy cac hp chat hu c nay.
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3.6. Th nghiem Jartest:

Gia tr pH va lieu lng chat keo tu la hai thong so quan trong nhat quyet nh hieu
qua cua qua trnh keo tu. Tuy nhien, keo tu la mot qua trnh phc tap va bao gom
nhieu c che ket hp vi nhau nen hai thong so nay khong the c xac nh bang
phng phap tnh toan. Hai thong so nay cung nh cac thong so van hanh khac nh
toc o khuay, gradient van toc, thi gian khuay ch co the c xac nh bang
phng phap thc nghiem thong qua th nghiem Jartest.
He thong Jartest gom 6 bnh, dung tch moi bnh 2 lt. Moi bnh eu co ong c va
canh khuay rieng, cac canh khuay co cau tao va kch thc giong nhau. Van toc cua
moi canh khuay co the c ieu chnh bang nang lng cap vao va ong c tng
ng. Tuy theo muc ch cua th nghiem ma he thong se van hanh cac che o khac
nhau. V du, muon xac nh lieu lng chat keo tu toi u th lng hoa chat cho vao
cac bnh se khac nhau, cac thong so con lai la nh nhau.
97
Sau khi qua trnh keo tu ket thuc, nc a tao bong can ca 6 bnh c e yen t
15 phut en 1 gi, tuy loai bong can. Sau o xac nh chat lng nc cua tng bnh
tuy theo o uc, o mau, SS, DOC Bnh nao co chat lng nc tot hn la bnh o
98 .
co hieu qua keo tu toi u. Vi tng muc ch cu the se co c cac thong so cu the
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Th nghiem keo tu
99
100
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Explanation:
- At very low S1 level, there is not enough particle-particle interaction to produce
good destabilization and provide nuclei for the sweep floc to form. Therefore need
high dosages. Restabilization is not a concern, since we are in the sweep-floc mode.
- As increases into the S2 and S3 levels, there is sufficient colloid concentration to
effect destabilization before sweep floc is reached. Note there is stoichiometry of
coagulation and that it is easier to restabilize at lower S level.
- Finally at very high S level, need lots of coagulant because of the large surface
area. Although dosages may approach those of the sweep floc range, probably dont
get sweep floc because much of the coagulant is used by the colloids. In this
scenario, it is almost impossible to overdose. Also we get stoichiometry of
coagulation.
101
102
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3.7. Cac loai chat keo tu:
Stt
Chat keo tu
Phen nhom
Phen sat
Hon hp
PAC
Polymer
Cac loai chat keo tu thng s dung

Al2(SO4)3.14H2O + 6HCO3- = 2Al(OH)3 + 6CO2 + 14H2O + 3SO42FeCl3.6H2O + 3HCO3- = Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2 + 6H2O + 3Cl103
Polyelectrolyte Coagulants (Polymers):

As primary coagulant:
If cationic polymers are used alone, dosing is often more than 1.0 mg/l.
If used together with Al or Fe salts, dosing is often from 0.1 to 0.5 mg/l.
Most of them are quarternary amines. They are added in rapid mixing process and
can improve NOM removal.
As coagulation aids:
Anionic or nonionic polymers are used with dosing from 1.0 to 2.0 mg/l.
Most of them are polyacrylamides. They are added after rapid mixing process and
can not improve NOM removal.
As filter aids:
Nonionic polymers are usually used with dosing from 0.005 to 0.05 mg/l.
Polyelectrolyte formulations contain contaminants from the manufacturing process,
such as residual monomers, other reactants, and reaction by-products that could
104
potentially affect human health. Also, they can react with chlorine in disinfection.
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3.8. Loai hp chat hu c:

NOMs co the c loai ra khoi nc thien nhien bang qua trnh keo tu bi chuyen t
dang tan sang dang ran bi mot trong hai c che sau:
- pH < 5: NOMs c loai bo bi s ket tua trc tiep cua chung vi cac monomer
hoac polymer nho cua aluminum
- pH > 7: NOMs c loai bo bi s hap phu cua chung len tren ket tua
(NOM+Al) hoac Al(OH)3 dang ran
- pH t 5 - 7: ca hai c che tren eu co the xay ra khi loai NOMs
105
3.9. ong hoc cua qua trnh:

Qua trnh keo tu theo bat ky c che nao cung tuy thuoc vao tan suat va cham
(frequency of collisions) va hieu qua tiep xuc (efficiency of contacts). oi vi cac
hat l lng, co ba cach thc chnh cua chuyen ong ket dnh c a ra nh sau:
- Tao bong Perikinetic: chu yeu da vao chuyen ong nhiet (chuyen ong Brown)
- Tao bong Orthokinetic: khi cac hat u ln va hng dong u manh. Chuyen ong
gay ra bi gradient van toc (velocity gradient) chiem u the hn tac dung gay ra bi
chuyen ong Brown
- Lang trong lc cung gop phan giup cac hat keo va cham va ket dnh lai vi nhau.
Gradient van toc c xac nh nh sau:
P : nang lng cung cap cho nc (ft lb / s), (W or Nm/s)
G=
(P/V)0,5
(s-1)
V: the tch cua cong trnh (ft3), (m3)

: o nht cua nc (lb s / ft2), (Pa.s or Ns/m2)
106
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oi vi cong trnh khuay tron hoa chat:
- Thi gian lu
: 30 giay 120 giay
- Gradient van toc
: 500 s-1 - 1000 s-1
oi vi cong trnh phan ng tao bong:

- Thi gian lu
: 15 phut 45 phut
- Gradient van toc
: 100 s-1 - 30 s-1
Thng thiet ke cong trnh phan ng co 3 ngan vi gradient van toc giam dan t
100 s-1 - 80 s-1 ngan au tien, 70 s-1 - 50 s-1 ngan chnh gia, va 40 s-1 - 30 s-1
ngan cuoi cung.
Gradient van toc co the c tao ra bang thuy lc hoac bang c kh
107
Be keo tu tao bong bang c kh
108
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Be keo tu tao bong bang thuy lc
109
Ban ve be keo tu tao bong
110
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3.10. Cach tnh toan khuay tron:
Giam toc cac be keo tu va tao bong
111
The sizing and selection of vertical shaft flocculator impeller include the following
criteria:
No.
Parameter
Viscosity ()
Velocity gradient (G)
Impeller tip speed (Ts)
Superficial velocity (SV)
Ratio of impeller diameter to tank diameter (D/Te)
112
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Velocity gradient (G):
The different in velocity between adjacent layers of the fluid over a unit distant is
known as velocity gradient. Velocity gradient is most frequently to express the
energy input and ranges from 20 80 s-1 value for flocculation. It can be calculated
from the equation:
P = .V.G2
P
: the energy dissipated in water (W or Nm/s)
: absolute dynamic viscosity of liquid

(Pa.s or N.s/m2 or kg/m.s)
: volume of tank (m3)
: velocity gradient (s-1)

113

Impeller tip speed (Ts):
The maximum impeller tip speed is 2.4 m for a three or four blade hydrofoil
impeller of 2.1 m for 320 or 450 pitched blade turbine impeller. The tip speed of the
impeller can be calculated from the equation:
Ts = .N.D / 60
N
: impeller speed (revolution per minute)
: impeller diameter (m)
Ts
: impeller tip speed (m/s)
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Superficial velocity (SV):
This is the average velocity of the fluid over the entire cross sectional area of tank.
They are designed to provide a minimum velocity of 0.015 m/s at the lowest
operating speed that ensure the entire floc particle in the flocculation basinis kept in
genlte motion and dead zone is not created wherefloc can settle. The superficial
velocity can be calculated from the equation:
SV = Nq.N.D3 / 60.L.W
Nq
: impeller pumping number (dimentionless)
: length of tank (m)
: width of tank (m)
SV
: superficial velocity (m/s)

115

Impeller diameter and Tank diameter Ratio (D/Te):
Large diameter impeller provide bulk fluid motion and dissipate the imported
horsepower over a wide area. The impellers have D/Te ratioin range of 0.35 to 0.40.
the large impellers rotae at low operating speed resulting in low shear of fluid but
provide more motion to fluid. For a rectangular tank, the equivalent tank diameter
(Te) can be calculated from the equation:
Te = 1.13 (L.W)0.5
L
: length of tank (m)
: width of tank (m)
Te
: equivalent tank diameter (m)
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Chng 4: QUA TRNH KH SAT
4.1. Sat trong nc thien nhien:

Nc thien nhien thng co cha ong thi sat (140 mg/l) va mangan (15 mg/l),
nhng nhieu khi ch co sat. Ham lng sat trong nc cap dan dung thng
0,3mg/l, trong nc cap cong nghiep thng 0,1mg/l. Sat trong cac nguon nc ton
tai cac dang sau:
- Trong nc mat, sat thng ton tai dang ion hoa tr III di dang cac phc chat vo
c vi silicate, photsphat hoac cac phc chat hu c vi humic, fulvic the keo hoac
huyen phu cung vi cac chat ran l lng khac co san trong nc (sequestering iron,
organic iron).
- Trong nc ngam, sat thng ton tai dang ion hoa tr II vi Fe(HCO3)2, FeSO4,
FeCl2, FeS, Fe(OH)2 Neu a tang c bo cap bi nguon nc song hoac am lay
co nhieu chat hu c th sat co the ton tai dang cac phc hu c (red water iron,
clear water iron).
117
Chng 4: Qua trnh kh sat
Trong nc ton tai ong thi cac ion sat hoa tan dang Fe(OH) 2+, Fe(OH)2+,
Fe(OH)4-, Fe2(OH)24+ tuy thuoc o pH va the oxyhoa kh cua nc.
Pourbaix diagram for Fe in water based on precipitation of hydroxide
forms, at 2 x 10-7 M total Fe
118
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Organic iron
119
Various forms of iron and Solutions
120
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4.2. Kh sat trong nc mat:

1/ Phng phap keo tu tao bong
Ap dung khi sat trong nc chu yeu dang keo hoac huyen phu vo c hoac hu c.
Kh sat bang phng phap nay thng ket hp vi viec kh uc, kh mau, kh cac
chat l lng trong cong nghe x ly nc mat.
2/ Oxyhoa s bo ket hp keo tu
Ap dung khi sat trong nc phan ln dang phc hp hu c. Co the s dung cac
hp chat cua chlorine hoac ozon e phan huy cac hp chat hu c nay, tao ieu kien
thuan li cho qua trnh keo tu tiep theo.
121
4.3. Kh sat trong nc ngam:

1/ Phng phap oxyhoa ket tua
Ap dung khi ham lng sat trong nc tng oi cao, t vai mg/l en vai chuc mg/l.
ay la la chon au tien mang tnh nguyen tac trong x ly nc ngam. ay cung la
bc tien x ly cho cac phng phap kh sat khac.
2/ Phng phap trao oi ion
Ap dung khi ham lng sat trong nc tng oi thap, thng nho hn 1 mg/l. Sat
nhieu khi lam anh hng en kha nang trao oi cua nha va co the ch b gi lai mot
phan do a b oxyhoa trc o.
3/ Phng phap loc mang

Ap dung khi ham lng sat trong nc rat thap, thng nho hn 0,3 mg/l. Nc sau
khi x ly gan nh khong con sat. Tuy nhien, mang loc s dung e x ly rat de b
122
nghet va bam ban.
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4.4. Phng phap oxyhoa ket tua:
Oxyhoa sat
Phan ng kh sat
vi cac tac nhan oxyhoa khac nhau
Lng chat
Lng
oxyhoa can kiem can
mg/mg Fe2+ mg/mg Fe2+
Oxygen khong kh: O2

4Fe(HCO3)2 + O2 + 2H2O = 4Fe(OH)3 + 8CO2
0,14
1,80
Chlorine: Cl2, Ca(OCl)2

2Fe(HCO3)2 + Ca(HCO3)2 + Cl2 = 2Fe(OH)3 + CaCl2 +
6CO2
0,64
2,70
Chlorine dioxide: ClO2

Fe(HCO3)2 + 2NaHCO3 + ClO2 = Fe(OH)3 + NaClO2 +
3CO2
1,21
2,70
123

1/ Lam thoang kh sat
4Fe(HCO3)2 + O2 + 2H2O = 4Fe(OH)3 + 8CO2
- Lam thoang se xay ra 2 qua trnh ong thi. Th nhat, CO2 trong nc ngam se
thoat ra pH cua nc ngam tang. Th hai, O2 khong kh se hoa tan vao trong nc
ngam. Toc o phan ng oxyhoa tang len khi gia tr pH cua nc tang va nong o O2
hoa tan tang.
- Khi pH cang ln th the oxyhoa kh EFe3+/Fe2+ can thiet cang nho va qua trnh kh
sat xay ra cang nhanh. Lng O2 hoa tan trong nc cang nhieu th the oxyhoa kh
EO2/H2O cua nc cang ln. Theo ly thuyet, neu EO2/H2O > EFe3+/Fe2+ th Fe2+ se b
oxyhoa thanh Fe3+.
124
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Toc o phan ng oxyhoa:
dFe 2
[O ][ Fe 2 ]
k 2 2
dt
[H ]
k : hang so toc o phan ng phu thuoc vao nhiet o va xuc tac

The oxyhoa kh can thiet:
EFe 3 / Fe 2
RT Fe 3
E0
ln
nF Fe 2
E0 : the oxyhoa kh tieu chuan cua cap Fe3+ va Fe2+
125

Tch so tan cua Fe(OH)3:
[Fe3+][OH-]3
= 10-37,2
[H+][OH-]
= 10-14
[Fe3+]
= 104,8[H+]3
Tnh lai the oxyhoa kh:

E = 0,89 0,177pH 0,069lgfi[Fe2+]
vi nc ngam, gia tr fi gan bang 1 va ham lng Fe2+ la di 0,3 mg/l sau x ly
E = 1,34 0,177pH
126
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Nc ngam
Ham lng sat sau lam thoang loc (mg/l)
pH
Fe2+ (mg/l)
15 phut
30 phut
60 phut
5,00
10,0
9,0
9,0
7,5
5,50
10,0
5,5
4,6
4,0
5,95
10,0
5,0
4,0
3,5
6,15
10,0
4,4
3,5
2,5
6,50
10,0
2,8
1,8
0,3
6,65
10,0
0,7
0,2
0,1
6,80
10,0
0,2
0,1
< 0,1
7,00
10,0
0,1
< 0,1
< 0,1
7,45
10,0
0,1
< 0,1
< 0,1
8,05
10,0
< 0,1
< 0,1
< 0,1
127

Stt
1
Phng phap
Phun nc n gian ngay tren be mat be loc
- Ham lng CO2 sau lam thoang giam rat t
- Lng O2 hoa tan bang 40% gia tr bao hoa
Phun nc t nhien qua gian ma (san tung)

- Ham lng CO2 sau lam thoang giam 50%
Thoi kh cng bc vao nc trong thap kn

- Ham lng CO2 sau lam thoang giam 75%
128
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Lam thoang t nhien
129
Lam thoang cng bc
130
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Lam thoang cng bc
131

Cac bc tien hanh tnh toan:

Bc 1: Xac nh the oxyhoa kh theo EFe3+/Fe2+ = 1,34 0,177 pH. e co c gia
tr pH cua nc, can xac dnh nong o CO2 va o kiem cua nc sau khi lam thoang.
Alkthoang
= Alkau - 0,036 Fe2+ (mg l/l)
- Lam thoang n gian tren be mat be loc

[CO2]thoang
= 1,0 [CO2]au + 1,6 Fe2+ (mg/l)
- Lam thoang bang gian ma t nhien

[CO2]thoang
= 0,5 [CO2]au + 1,6 Fe2+ (mg/l)
- Lam thoang cng bc

[CO2]thoang
= 0,2 [CO2]au + 1,6 Fe2+ (mg/l)

132
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Cac bc tien hanh tnh toan:
Bc 2: Xac nh the oxyhoa kh theo EO2/H2O = 1,231 0,059 pH + 0,0145 lg[O2].
e co c gia tr lg[O2], can xac dnh nong o O2 hoa tan con lai trong nc. e
kh het 1 mg/l H2S th can 0,47 mg/l O2, e kh het 1 mg/l Fe2+ th can 0,143 mg/l
O2, va e kh het 1 mg/l cac chat hu c th cung can 1 mg/l O2 tng ng.
[O2]con lai = [O2]hoa tan - {0,47 [H2S] + 0,143 [Fe2+] + [O2]hu c} (mg/l)
( 25oC, lng O2 hoa tan bao hoa bang 8,1 mg/l)
Bc 3: So sanh cac gia tr EFe3+/Fe2+ theo yeu cau va EO2/H2O sau lam thoang. Theo
ly thuyet, the oxyhoa kh sau lam thoang ln hn the oxyhoa kh theo yeu cau th
Fe2+ se b oxyhoa thanh Fe3+. Neu EO2/H2O > 3 EFe3+/Fe2+ th chon e thiet ke. He so 3
133
c ap dung e ap ng toc o oxyhoa co the chap nhan c khi kh sat.

2/ Kh sat bang clo
Cl2 la chat oxyhoa manh. Khi cho Cl2 vao trong nc co Fe+2, Cl2 co the thay the O2
hoa tan trong nc e oxyhoa Fe2+ thanh Fe3+. Toc o oxyhoa bang Cl2 tang nhanh
khi giam nong o ion H+, tc la khi tang gia tr pH cua nc. Tuy nhien, gia tr pH
5, toc o oxyhoa cua Cl2 van xay ra nhanh va ln hn toc o oxyhoa cua O2.
Khi trong nc nguon co cac hp chat amoni hoa tan, Cl2 se ket hp vi chung tao
thanh chloramine, do o qua trnh oxyhoa se cham lai. ong thi vi viec kh sat
bang Cl2, cac hp chat hu c khac trong nc cung se c loai i mot phan va oi
khi keo tu lang loc la can bc ke tiep. Lng Cl2 bo sung c tnh nh sau:
[Cl2] = 0,5 [O2]hu c
[Cl2]
: lng Cl2 can thiet (mg/l)
[O2]hu c: o oxyhoa bang KMnO4 (mg/l)

Tuy nhien e oxyhoa hieu qua, mot lng chlorine d can vao khoang 0,4 mg/l.
134
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3/ Kh sat bang voi
Neu a kh het 70 85% CO2 ma pH khong nang len c 7,0 th co the la do pH
va o kiem cua nc nguon qua thap. Luc o can kiem hoa bang voi. Khi cho voi
vao, o pH cua nc se tang len. ieu kien giau ion OH-, Fe2+ se thuy phan nhanh
chong thanh Fe(OH)2, va lang xuong mot phan. The oxyhoa kh tieu chuan cua he
Fe(OH)2 / Fe(OH)3 giam xuong, do o Fe2+ de dang chuyen hoa thanh Fe3+.
Fe(OH)3 dang bong can c tach ra khoi nc bang qua trnh lang loc ke tiep.
Lng voi can thiet:
[CaO] = 0,8 [CO2] + 1,8 [Fe]
[CaO]
: lng voi can thiet (mg/l)
[CO2]
: lng CO2 trong nc (mg/l)
[Fe]
: ham lng sat trong nc (mg/l)
135
4.5. Kh mangan trong nc:

1/ Mangan trong nc
Ham lng mangan trong nc thng nho hn 3 mg/l, rat t khi vt qua 5 mg/l.
Trong nc cap cong nghiep, ham lng mangan phai t 0,03 mg/l tr xuong. Trong
nc ngam, mangan thng ton tai dang Mn(HCO3)2. Trong nc mat, mangan
thng ton tai dang MnSO4. Ngoai ra, mangan con ton tai dang cac phc hp hu
c.
2/ Phng phap kh
- Oxyhoa ket tua
- Trao oi ion
- Loc mang
136
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Oxyhoa mangan
Phan ng kh mangan
vi cac tac nhan oxyhoa khac nhau
Lng chat
Lng
oxyhoa can kiem can
mg/mg Mn2+ mg/mg Mn2+
Oxygen khong kh: O2

2MnSO4 + 2Ca(HCO3)2 + O2 = 2MnO2 + 2CaSO4 +
2H2O + 4CO2
0,29
1,80
Chlorine: Cl2, Ca(OCl)2

Mn(HCO3)2 + Ca(HCO3)2 + Cl2 = MnO2 + CaCl2 +
2H2O + 4CO2
1,29
3,64
Chlorine dioxide: ClO2

Mn(HCO3)2 + 2NaHCO3 + 2ClO2 = MnO2 + 2NaClO2
+ 2H2O + 2CO2
2,46
3,60
137

3/ Oxyhoa ket tua
Phng phap kh Mn(HCO3)2 hoan toan tng t phng phap kh Fe(HCO3)2. Tuy
nhien, o pH e oxyhoa mangan so vi sat th can cao hn. Khi pH = 7,0, mangan
mi bat au b oxyhoa chut t va khi pH = 10,3, qua trnh oxyhoa mi xay ra hoan
toan. Do o, sau khi lam thoang thng phai kiem hoa nc. Ngoai ra e tang hieu
qua kh mangan, co the dung MnO2 tren be mat vat lieu loc lam chat xuc tac.
Trong thc te, khi nc ngam co ham lng mangan cao, co the kh bang cach lam
thoang sau va loc qua lp cat en ma khong can kiem hoa. Cat en la cat loc cac
bon hoac be loc nc a c boc oxyt sat va mangan sau vai ba nam hoat ong.
Sau khi cat loc thanh cat en, ham lng sat va mangan trong nc sau x ly se giam
xuong ro ret. Do o, nen tron cat vang vi cat en cac be loc mi.
Lu y: nen s dung be loc cat thng e loai het sat va mot phan mangan trc khi
138
cho nc qua be loc cat en e loai hoan toan mangan co trong nc.
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Nc ngam
Ham lng mangan sau lam thoang loc (mg/l)
pH
Mn2+ (mg/l)
15 phut
30 phut
60 phut
8,50
10,0
10,0
10,0
10,0
9,00
10,0
10,0
10,0
9,0
9,30
10,0
8,5
8,0
7,5
9,50
10,0
7,5
5,0
3,2
9,70
10,0
3,0
1,3
0,9
9,95
10,0
0,9
0,7
0,6
10,30
10,0
< 0,02
< 0,02
< 0,02
139

3/ Oxyhoa ket tua
Co the s dung cac chat oxyhoa manh nh O3, Cl2, ClO2, KMnO4 e kh mangan
trong nc. Cl2 oxyhoa Mn2+ pH = 7 trong thi gian 60 90 phut. ClO2 oxyhoa
Mn2+ pH t 6,5 7,0 trong thi gian 10 15 phut. KMnO4 co the oxyhoa Mn2+
moi dang ton tai, ke ca dang keo, thanh Mn(OH)4. O3 cung c dung e kh sat va
mangan vi 0,43 mg/mg Fe2+ pH t 6,5 7,0 va 0,88 mg/mg Mn2+ pH t 8,0
8,5. Tuy nhien ozon t khi c s dung e kh sat va mangan trong nc. Khi trong
nc co mat cac humic va fulvic th kha nang oxyhoa cua O3 se kem.
Khi chon phng phap kh mangan va sat trong nc nguon nen tien hanh thc
nghiem tai cho e co c phng an hieu qua nhat va toi u nhat.
140
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4.6. Vat lieu loc kh Fe & Mn:
Bon trung hoa pH
Bon loc kh sat
141
Bon loc kh mangan
Vat lieu loc Greensand
142
71
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Vat lieu loc Birm
143
Vat lieu loc LayneOxTM
144
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Chng 5: QUA TRNH LANG NC
5.1. nh ngha:
Lang la qua trnh c ban trong cong nghe x ly nc cap. Trong qua trnh lang, di
tac dung cua lc trong trng, cac hat l lng co khoi lng rieng ln hn khoi lng
rieng cua nc se sa xuong ay va b gi lai.
5.2. Phan loai:
- Lang cac hat ri rac: con goi la lang on nh. Trong suot qua trnh lang, cac hat cat
set se ri thang ng va khong thay oi ve kch thc cung nh trong lng. Toc o
lang c xem la khong thay oi theo thi gian lang.
- Lang cac hat bong can: con goi la lang khong on nh. Trong suot qua trnh lang,
cac hat bong can se ket dnh lai vi nhau va tang dan ve kch thc cung nh trong
lng. Toc o lang cung tang dan theo thi gian lang.
145
Chng 5: Qua trnh lang nc
Water to
filtration tank
Water from
flocculation basin
Sludge collected
in hopper
Sludge to solid treatment
146
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5.3. Lang cac hat ri rac:

Toc o lang ri rac la co the tnh toan c. Theo nh luat cua Newton:
4 g ( s )d
v
3CD
1/ 2
: toc o lang
(m/s)
: gia toc trong trng
(9,81 m/s2)
: khoi lng rieng cua hat
(kg/m3)
: khoi lng rieng cua nc
(kg/m3)
: ng knh hat
(m)
CD
: he so ma sat
147

He so ma sat la tuy thuoc vao so Reynold. Theo o he so ma sat CD la:
CD
24
3
0,34
Re
Re
So Reynold cung co lien he vi toc o lang va c tnh toan nh sau:
Re
vd
: o nht cua nc (kg/ms)
148
74
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Khi
Re < 1
CD = 24 / Re
(1)
Khi 1 < Re < 103
CD = 18,5 / Re0,6
(2)
Khi
CD = 0,34 0,40
(3)
Re > 103
The (1) vao cong thc tnh toc o lang theo nh luat Newton:
g
( s )d 2
18
ay cung la cong thc xac nh toc o lang theo nh luat Stoke
149

Trnh t tnh toan toc o lang ri rac:
Cach th nhat:
1/ Tnh th v bi cong thc Stoke
2/ Kiem tra lai he so Reynold Re

3/ Xac nh he so ma sat CD mi
4/ Tnh v theo cong thc Newton
5/ Lap lai bc 2 cho en bc 4
en khi sai so chap nhan c

150
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Trnh t tnh toan toc o lang ri rac:
Cach th hai:
1/ Xac nh tch so cua CD Re 2
4 gd 3 ( s )
3 2
2/ T tch so tren tnh CD theo Re2

3/ The CD theo Re2 vao
CD
24
3
0,34
Re
Re
4/ Giai phng trnh tren e tm Re

Tnh c v t cong thc Newton theo CD
151
5.4. Lang cac hat bong can:

Toc o lang bong can la khong the tnh toan c va can da vao thc nghiem.
Ngi ta s dung mot cot lang tnh co ng knh toi thieu la 300 mm va co chieu
cao tng ng vi chieu cao vung lang cua be lang thc te, thng la t 2 en 3 m.
Trong qua trnh th nghiem, mau nc c lay ra cac iem nh san doc theo cot
lang va c phan tch ch tieu ham lng chat ran l lng. ng cong lang c ve
nh la hieu qua x ly theo ca thi gian lang va ca chieu sau cot.
Noi suy ng cong lang co the xac nh c mot so hieu qua lang vi thi gian lu
tng ng. Ve o th hieu qua lang theo thi gian lu. Ke o co the la chon va tnh
toan c toc o lang can (chieu cao lang / thi gian lu), ma cung tng ng vi
toc o chay tran (lu lng nc / dien tch be). Tuy nhien, khi chuyen t so lieu
thc nghiem sang thong so thiet ke, nen tang thi gian lu nc bi nhan vi he so
1,25 - 1,75 hoac giam toc o chay tran bi chia cho he so 1,25 - 1,75.
Hn na, co the tham khao va s dung them cac thong so thiet ke trong tai lieu
hng dan hoac a c ap dung cac be lang tng t trong thc te.
152
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Th nghiem lang
153

So lieu tho cua th nghiem lang tnh: C0 = 430 mg/l
Thi gian
(phut)
Ci (mg/l)
60 cm
120 cm
180 cm
357
387
396
10
310
346
366
20
252
299
316
30
198
254
288
40
163
230
252
50
144
196
232
60
116
179
204
75
108
143
181
154
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Hieu qua lang: E (%) = (C0 Ct) / C0 x 100

Thi gian
(phut)
Hieu qua (%)

60 cm
120 cm
180 cm
17,0
10,0
7,9
10
28,0
19,5
14,9
20
41,5
30,5
26,0
30
54,0
40,9
33,0
40
62,0
46,5
41,4
50
66,5
54,4
46,0
60
73,0
58,6
52,5
75
75,0
66,7
57,9
155

Bang so lieu e ve ng cong lang
Hieu qua
(%)
Thi gian (phut)
60 cm
120 cm
180 cm
1,2
2,5
3,7
10
2,5
5,0
6,5
20
6,7
11,0
14,5
30
11,7
19,0
25,0
40
18,0
30,0
39,0
50
27,0
44,0
56,5
60
38,5
61,5
77,5
70
55,0
87,5
75
75,0
156
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Khoi lng chat ran l lng luc ban au:
M0 = C0V = C0.A.Z = C0.A.(z1 + z2 + z3 + + zi)
Khoi lng chat ran l lng thi iem t:
Mt = C1V1 + C2V2 + C3V3 + + CiVi
Mt = C1.A.z1 + C2.A.z2 + C3.A.z3 + + Ci.A.zi
Hieu qua lang toan bo thi iem t:
R = (M0 Mt) / M0 x 100
R = {C0.A.(z1 + + zi) (C1.A.z1 + + Ci.A.zi)}/ C0.A.Z x 100
R = z1/Z x Eaverage1 + z2/Z x Eaverage2 + z3/Z x Eaverage3 + + zi/Z x Eaveragei
157
5.5. Cac loai be lang:

1/ Be lang thng
- Be lang ch nhat: be lang ngang
- Be lang hnh tron:

Be lang tam: ly tam hoac hng tam
Be lang ng: khong hoac co gat can
2/ Be lang cao tai

- Be lang vach
- Be lang a
3/ Be lang lp bun
4/ Be lang tiep xuc
158
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Be lang ngang (Travelling Bridge Sludge Scraper)
159
Be lang ng
160
80
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Be lang tron (Central Drive Half Bridge)
161
Be lang tao bong (Clariflocculator Peripheral Drive)
162
81
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Be lang cao ti
163
Ban ve be lang
164
82
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Thong s kch thc
165
Ban ve be lang
166
83
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Ban ve be lang
167
Chng 6: QUA TRNH LOC NC
6.1. Khai niem chung:

Loc la mot qua trnh lam sach nc thong qua lp vat lieu loc nham tach cac hat can
l lng, cac the keo tu va ngay ca vi sinh vat ra khoi nc. Ket qua la sau qua trnh
loc, nc se co chat lng tot hn ca ve mat vat ly, hoa hoc va sinh hoc.
Vat lieu loc co the s dung dang hat nh soi, cat, than, x, thuy tinh Trong o cat
c s dung rong rai nhat do gia thanh re, lai co san va hieu suat loc kha cao. Co
the dung nhieu loai vat lieu loc tao thanh nhieu lp e nang cao hieu qua loc.
Loc chnh la s ket hp cua ngan gi c gii va hap phu be mat. Xet theo cau truc
lp vat lieu loc, co hai tac dung loc c hoc chu yeu: loc mang mong (loc tren be mat)
va loc tham thau (loc theo chieu sau). Ngoai ra con co tac dung dnh bam tiep xuc
gia cac hat keo va vat huyen phu trong nc vi cac hat cat trong lp loc.
168
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Chng 6: Qua trnh loc nc
C che loc
169
6.2. Vat lieu loc:

Yeu cau chung oi vi vat lieu loc la:
- Co tnh chat hoa hoc luon on nh

- o ben c tot & khong b nat vun
- C hat thch hp, re tien, de kiem
Vat lieu loc co nhieu c hat hp thanh. Thng dung ng knh hat (ES) e bieu th
tnh trang ln nho cua cac hat. Dung he so khong eu (US) e bieu th tnh trang
phan bo trong ong vat lieu loc. Hai thong so nay c xac nh khi tien hanh sang
ray va luon c s dung chung vi nhau e the hien c hat vat lieu loc nc.
170
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6.2. Filter Media:
Grain size:
- ES (effective size): the size for which 10% of the grains are smaller by weigh (d10)
- US (uniformity coefficient): the ratio of d60 and d10 (U = d60 / d10)
Grain shape:
- Sphericity is defined as the ratio of the surface area of the equivalent volume
sphere to the actual surface area of the particle.
- The surface area of a sphere is smaller than for any other particle geometry,
therefore the sphericity is always less than one.
Grain density
: garnet > sand > anthracite
Grain hardness
: silica sand > anthracite > GAC
Filter bed porosity
: the ratio of void volume to filter volume
171
6.2. Vat lieu loc:

Ma so ray
(Meshes per inch)
ng knh hat
tng ng
(mm)
Ma so ray
(Meshes per inch)
ng knh hat
tng ng
(mm)
200
0,074
30
0,59
140
0,105
25
0,71
100
0,149
20
0,84
80
0,178
18
1,00
70
0,210
16
1,19
60
0,249
14
1,41
50
0,297
12
1,68
45
0,350
2,36
40
0,419
3,36
35
0,500
4,76
C ray theo tieu chuan My
172
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6.2. Vat lieu loc:

ng knh hat tnh theo n v mesh
(C ray theo tieu chuan My)
ng knh hat tng ng

(mm)
8 x 16 dung cho GAC
1,19 2,36
8 x 20 dung cho GAC
0,84 2,36
8 x 30 dung cho GAC
0,59 2,36
10 x 30 dung cho GAC
0,59 2,00
0,42 1,70
0,42 1,40
0,42 0,84
0,30 0,84
Cat dung trong loc nc
0,38 0,65
Than anthracite loc nc
0,45 1,60
Kch thc mot so vat lieu
173
6.2. Vat lieu loc:
Thanh phan tnh chat cat loc
174
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6.3. Phan loai loc:

Da tren lc be mat:
- Loc trong lc
- Loc ap lc
Da tren toc o loc:
- Loc cat cham
- Loc cat nhanh
175
6.3. Phan loai loc:

Thong so ky thuat
Loc cat cham
Loc cat nhanh
Be mat be loc (m2)
1 10.000
Max: 100
Chieu sau cot nc tren be mat (m)
0,8 1,8
13
Chieu cao lp vat lieu loc (m)
0,6 1,0
0,5 2,5
ng knh hat (mm)
0,1 0,5
0,5 5,0
2-5
1,5
Tr lc loc (m cot nc)
1,0 2,0
3,0
Van toc loc (m/h)
0,05 0,5
3 - 20
Thi gian loc
1 en 6 thang
1 en 3 ngay
Cach ra loc
Bo lp tren
Dong ra ngc
0,2% 0,6%
1% - 6%
Cao hn
Thap hn
Thap hn
176
Cao hn
He so ong eu
Lng nc ra (theo nc thu c sau loc)

Chi ph loc
- Xay dng
- Van hanh
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6.3. Phan loai loc:
Be loc cat cham
177
6.3. Phan loai loc:
Be loc cat nhanh
178
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6.3. Phan loai loc:
Be loc cat nhanh
179
6.3. Phan loai loc:
Bon loc dang ng
180
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6.3. Phan loai loc:
Bon loc dang ng
181
6.3. Phan loai loc:
Cac dang chup loc
182
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6.3. Phan loai loc:
Cac dang chup loc
183
6.3. Phan loai loc:
Cac dang chup loc
184
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6.3. Phan loai loc:
Cac dang bon loc

185
6.3. Phan loai loc:
Bon loc dang ng
186
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6.4. Loc cat cham:

u iem:
- Khong can keo tu
- Ky thuat n gian
- Chat lng nc sau loc rat tot
- Loai bo vi sinh vat rat hieu qua
C che:
- Ngan gi c gii: da tren tac dung loc mang mong be mat lp vat lieu loc. ay
la c che chnh va cung la mot trong nhng iem yeu cua loc cat cham.
- Phan huy sinh hoc: do mang nhay vi sinh vat schmutzdecke phat trien be mat
lp vat lieu loc co tac dung nh mot lp li chan. Hn na, hoat tnh sinh hoc van
con tac dung o sau en 0,4 m cung gop phan lam tang hieu qua loc.
187
6.5. Loc cat nhanh:

u iem:
- Toc o loc ln va dien tch loc nho

- Tan dung c toan bo chieu cao lp loc
- Thng c ap dung cac nha may nc ln
C che:
- Ngan gi c gii: bao gom nhieu c che ket hp vi nhau
C che sang gi: khi ty so gia dhat l lng /d hat vat lieu ln hn 0,2
C che lang ong: khi ng knh hat l lng la tng oi ln
C che khuyech tan: khi ng knh hat l lng nho hn 1 m

- Hap phu be mat: rat quan trong va ch co tac dung khi cac chat ban a c a
188
vao sat be mat hat vat lieu nh nhng c che c neu tren.
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6.5. Loc cat nhanh:

dp
dc
dc
Diffusion
Sedimentation
dp < 1 m
dp > 1 m
dc
Interception
Viruses: 0.01 - 0.025 mm; Bacteria: 0.2 - 1 mm
Cryptosporidium: 3 - 5 mm; Giardia: 6 - 10 mm
189
6.6. Cac van e:

1/ Chu ky loc:
- Thi gian van hanh

- Thi gian ra ngc
2/ Thiet ke be:
- Thu nc ay
Ton that ln
Ton that nho
- Cach ra ngc
Ch ra bang nc
Kh- Nc ket hp
190
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6.6. Cac van e:

3/ Cach tnh toan:
- Ton that ap lc khi qua lp vat lieu loc
- Toc o dong nc khi ra ngc be loc
4/ Cach van hanh:
- Toc o loc khong oi
- Ap lc loc khong oi
5/ Cach kiem soat:
- Toc o loc
- Ton that loc
- Thi gian loc
191
6.6. Cac van e:

6/ Tang cng hieu qua loc:
- Be loc ch co mot lp vat lieu loc
Hieu qua loc thng khong cao sau khi ra ngc do cac hat vat lieu co kch thc
be hn c a len pha tren. Khi loc tr lai, cac hat keo huyen phu co kch thc
nho b gi lai be mat, lam cho ton that ap lc tang nhanh chong. Be loc mau b tac
nghet nen chu ky loc thng b rut ngan.
- Be loc vi hai/ba lp vat lieu loc
T tren xuong di: Than Cat a
T tren xuong di:
d1 > d2 > d3
T tren xuong di:
1 < 2 < 3
192
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6.6. Cac van e:

7/ Ap lc am va tao bot kh:
S phan bo ap lc tren toan bo chieu cao cua be loc phu thuoc vao chieu cao cua lp
nc bao ve pha tren be mat vat lieu loc. Co the phan biet 2 trng hp sau:
- Chieu cao lp nc bao ve ln (ti 1,5 m): be loc van hanh vi ap lc dng
- Chieu cao lp nc bao ve nho (di 0,5 m): be loc van hanh vi ap lc am
Ap lc nc tren be mat be loc giam dan khi nc i qua lp vat lieu loc. Khi loc vi
chieu cao lp nc bao ve nho rat de gay ra ap suat am. Trong lp vat lieu hnh
thanh cac bot kh va khong co nc i qua nen ton that ap suat tang ot ngot. Neu
cac bot kh ch hnh thanh mot phan nao o trong be loc th nc se i qua phan
con lai cua be loc. Neu cac bot kh hnh thanh trong toan bo lp vat lieu th nc se
i qua be loc theo cac dong dan ma khong co qua trnh loc nc nh mong muon.
193
6.7. Loc ap lc:

c thc hien trong bon loc bang kim loai c gia cong kn mt e duy tr ap lc
trong suot qua trnh. Co the s dung mot hoac hai/ba lp vat lieu loc. Chung c
lam sach bang cach ra ngc. Ton that ap lc co the t 2 en 20 m cot nc. Toc o
loc co the t 25 50 m/h oi vi bon loc co hai lp vat lieu loc.
u iem:
- Gon, lap at nhanh va de ap ng

- Khong xay ra hien tng ap lc am
- Toc o loc ln va tiet kiem dien tch
Nhc iem:
- Kho s dung cho nc mat a qua x ly keo tu va lang
- Sat thep s dung tng oi nhieu nen chi ph au t ln
194
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6.8. Loc sinh hoc:

- ang c nghien cu va trien khai trong x ly nc cap
- Nham tang cng s phat trien cua VSV trong cac be loc
Giam ham lng hu c trong nc cap giup ngan nga s tai phat trien cua VSV
gay benh trong mang li phan phoi va ong thi cung ngan nga s hnh thanh
DBPs gay ung th do tac dung cua cac hp chat hu c vi chlorine khi kh trung.
Loc sinh hoc co the c thc hien cac be loc thong thng, be loc s dung vat
lieu gian n hoac be loc s dung than hoat tnh GAC. Sat va mangan cung co the
c kh i cac be loc sinh hoc. oi vi cac hp chat hu c t nhien can c loai
bo, chung phai dang co the phan huy sinh hoc c. Do o, neu can thiet th bo
sung them bc oxyhoa s bo pha trc bang cac hp chat cua chlorine hoac
ozone e lam tang kha nang phan huy sinh hoc cac hp chat hu c t nhien nay.
195
Chng 7: QUA TRNH KH TRUNG

1/ nh ngha:
Trong nc thien nhien ngoai cac tap chat vo c, hu c con co nhieu loai vi sinh
vat nh vi khuan, vi trung, virus gay benh ta, l, sot ret, thng han Nc cap tot la
nc cap ma cac nguon gay benh tren can phai c loai tr.
Kh trung nc cap la mot qua trnh nham tieu diet hoac lam mat kha nang hoat
ong cua cac vi sinh vat gay benh va ay cung la mot qua trnh khong the thieu c
trong cac cong nghe x ly cho nc mat va nc ngam.
196
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Chng 7: Qua trnh kh trung

2/ Phan loai:
Da vao nguyen ly cua qua trnh, co hai nhom phng phap kh trung chnh:
- Phng phap ly hoc: kh trung bang nhiet, kh trung ba ng tia UV, kh trung bang
sieu am, kh trung bang loc qua s xop hoac mang ban tham
Hieu qua thap, qui mo nho, hau nh khong lam thay oi tnh chat ly hoa cua nc
- Phng phap hoa hoc: kh trung bang chlorine, kh trung bang chloramine, kh
trung bang chlorine dioxide, kh trung bang O3, H2O2, KMnO4
Hieu qua cao, qui mo ln, tao ra nhieu hp chat trung gian cua qua trnh kh trung
197
Chng 7: Kh trung nc cap

3/ Nguyen tac:
Viec kiem tra s co mat cua tat ca cac vi sinh vat gay benh trong nc cap la khong
the thc hien c nen nhieu quoc gia a s dung khai niem vi sinh vat ch th e
anh gia. Tren c s o, fecal coliforms va E. coli a c la chon chnh v s hien
dien cua chung trong nc cap chng to rang nguon nc a b o nhiem bi chat thai
cua con ngi va ong vat. Can phai am bao rang khi khong co s hien dien cua
cac vi sinh vat ch th th cac vi sinh vat gay benh cung khong ton tai.
Tuy nhien nhng nghien cu gan ay a ch ra rang kha nang kh trung cua chlorine
va ozon oi vi mot so vi sinh vat gay benh nh Giardia lamblia cysts va
Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts la cham va kem hieu qua hn khi so sanh vi cac
vi sinh vat ch th thong thng neu tren. ac biet, cryptosporidium parvum oocysts
lai kho b loai hn giardia lamblia cysts bi cac phng phap x ly nc cap nh keo
198
tu, lang loc va kh trung. Do o can kiem tra them cac vi sinh vat nay.
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4/ Vai tro:
Cac chat kh trung, ngoai tac dung tieu diet cac vi sinh vat gay benh, cung chnh la
cac chat oxyhoa manh. Trong x ly nc cap, chung con thng c dung e:
Ngan can s tai phat trien cua vi sinh vat va am bao s on nh sinh hoc
Ngan nga s phat trien cua tao trong be lang va be loc
Tang cng hieu qua keo tu va loc
Giam thieu s tao thanh DBPs
Kh mau, kh mui, kh v
Kh sat va mangan
199
7.2. C che kh trung:

Co ba c che kh trung chnh trong nc cap nh sau:
1/ Pha huy hoac lam suy giam to chc cau truc te bao
2/ Lam can tr qua trnh trao oi chat va nang lng
3/ Lam can tr qua trnh sinh tong hp va phat trien
Qua trnh kh trung chnh la s ket hp cua ca ba c che nay, tuy thuoc vao tac nhan
kh trung s dung va dang vi sinh vat trong nc. Trong x ly nc cap, kha nang
oxyhoa cac phan t sinh hoc va kha nang khuyech tan qua thanh te bao la can thiet
cho bat ky mot tac nhan kh trung hieu qua nao.
200
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7.3. Yeu to anh hng:

Hieu qua kh trung la mot ham cua cac yeu to sau:
Dang va lieu lng cua chat kh trung
Dang va nong o cua vi sinh vat
Thi gian tiep xuc trong be
ac trng cua nc
201
7.4. ong hoc kh trung:

Phng trnh Chick - Watson:
ln(
N
) AC nt
N0
N0
: so vi sinh vat hien dien thi iem 0
: so vi sinh vat hien dien thi iem t
: lieu lng kh trung
: thi gian kh trung
: hang so ac trng
: he so ac trng
tuy thuoc vao tac nhan kh trung va o pH cua nc

202
101
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CT Values for Inactivation of Viruses
203
CT Values for Inactivation of Giardia Cysts
204
102
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Log removal is based on factors called multiples of 10.
# 1 log removal means the amount of the original left is 1/10 that of the original. In
case of 1/10 of 100%, there is only 10% remaining. If there is 10% remaining, the
removal had to be 90%.
# 2 log removal means that 1/10 of 1/10 (1/10 x 1/10 = 1/100). In case of 1/100 of
100%, there is only 1% left of the original. If there is 1% left of the original, the
removal had to be 99%.
# So 4 log removal means that 1/10 of 1/10 of 1/10 of 1/10 or 1/10000. In case of
1/10000 of 100%, there is only 0.01% left of the original. If there is 0.01% left of the
original, the removal had to be 99.99%.
205
7.5. San pham trung gian:
List of Disinfection Byproducts and Disinfection Residuals
206
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Status of Health Information for Disinfectants and DBPs
207
Scheme for categorizing chemicals according to their carcinogenic potential
208
104
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Chien lc kiem soat DBPs:
- Kiem soat chat lng nc nguon
- Loai bo cac chat mam hnh thanh
- La chon cach kh trung phu hp
209
7.6. Kh trung bang Chlorine:

Khi cho vao trong nc, chlorine se nhanh chong thuy phan:
1
Ca(OCl)2 + 2H2O = HOCl + Ca2+ + 2OH-
NaOCl + H2O = HOCl + Na+ + OH-
Cl2 + H2O = HOCl + H+ + Cl-
HOCl chnh la mot acid yeu, v vay chung se phan ly thanh:

Gia tr pH
HOCl = H+ + OCl-
pH < 6,5
ch ton tai HOCl
6,5 < pH < 8,5
co ca HOCl va OCl-
pH > 8,5
ch ton tai OCl-
Kha nang kh trung cua HOCl cao hn nhieu khi so vi OCl-, at biet la khi thi
gian tiep xuc ngan. Do o, hieu qua kh trung cua chlorine se tot hn khi nc
210
gia tr pH thap hn.
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Typical Chlorine Dosages at Water Treatment Plants
211
Chlorine Uses and Doses

212
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Chlorine dose = Chlorine demand + Chlorine residual

Chlorine dose: the total amount of chlorine that must be added to reach the chlorine
residual desired in disinfection process.
Chlorine demand: the amount of chlorine that is required to complete the reaction
with all the reducing agents and organic compounds in the water.
Breakpoint chlorination: the process of adding chlorine to the water until the
demand has been satisfied. The breakpoint is the condition where the demand has
been met and any additional chlorine injected will show up as free chlorine residual.
213
Breakpoint chlorination curve (surface water)
214
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Breakpoint chlorination curve (well water)
215
Free Chlorine Giardia and Virus CT Requirements
216
108
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CT Values for Inactivation of Giardia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 10 oC

(at Cl2 dose of 3.0 mg/L)
217
CT Values for Inactivation of Giardia Cysts by Free Chlorine at pH 7.0

(at Cl2 dose of 3.0 mg/L)
218
109
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Conditions of Formation of DBPs
219
Percent Reduction in DBP Formation by Moving
Chlorination Point Later In Treatment Train
220
110
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7.7. Kh trung bang Chloramine:

Chloramine c tao thanh do phan ng gia ammonia va chlorine. au tien
chloramine a c s dung e kiem soat mui va v cua nc. Tuy nhien, chang bao
lau sau, ngi ta nhan ra rang chloramine la on nh hn free chlorine trong mang
li phan phoi va rat hieu qua trong viec kiem soat s tai phat trien cua vi khuan.
Ngoai ra, chloramine thng khong tao thanh DBPs trong qua trnh kh trung.
NH3
HOCl
= NH2Cl
H2O
(monochloramine)
NH2Cl +
HOCl
= NHCl2
H2O
(dichloramine)
NHCl2 +
HOCl
= NCl3
H2O
(nitrogen trichloride)
Cac phan ng tren xay ra canh tranh nhau va tuy thuoc vao gia tr pH cua nc.
Chung co the c kiem soat bi ty so Cl2/N. e tranh iem gay tren ng bieu
dien, nen duy tr ty so Cl2/N trong khoang t 3 en 5. Trong thc te, ty so Cl2/N bang
221
4 c xem thch hp cho qua trnh hnh thanh cac chloramine trong nc.
Chloramine speciation depends on the Cl 2:N ratio for pH ranging from 6.5 to 8.5
222
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CT Values for Virus Inactivation Using Chloramines
223
CT Values for Giardia Cyst Inactivation Using Chloramines
224
112
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7.7. Kh trung bang O3:

ay la phng phap kh trung tien tien va ngay cang c ap dung rong rai trong x
ly nc cap. So vi Cl2, O3 hoa tan trong nc t hn nhng tac dung kh trung manh
hn. Vi lng O3 d bang 0,45 mg/l va ch sau 2 phut, virus co the b tieu diet.
Trong khi o vi Cl2 th can en 1 mg/l va ch sau 3 gi.
u iem: thi gian tac dung nhanh, hieu qua kh trung cao, t tao ra cac hp chat
trung gian cua qua trnh kh trung (DBPs) giong nh chlorine.
Nhc iem: chi ph au t va nang lng cao, kha nang khuyech tan vao trong nc
kho, va khong tao c d lng on nh trong mang li.
O3 co the tao mot so san pham trung gian khi phan ng vi cac hp chat hu c
nh cac aldehyde, quinone, peroxide, aromatic carboxylic acid
225

O3 c san xuat bang cach cho oxygen i qua mot thiet b phong ra tia la ien:
O2
energy
O2
O3
- Nguon oxygen: co the c s dung dang nguyen chat hoac lay t khong kh
- Nguon nang lng: mot chieu hoac xoay chieu vi ien the t 8.00020.000 V
Khi O3 hoa tan vao trong nc, hai kieu tac dung chnh xay ra nh sau:
- Oxyhoa trc tiep: xay ra cham va co tnh la chon
- Oxyhoa gian tiep: xay ra nhanh va khong la chon
Khi pH thap, phan ng oxyhoa trc tiep chiem u the. Khi pH cao hoac nong o cac
hp chat hu c cao th phan ng oxyhoa gian tiep chiem u the. Noi chung, hieu
qua kh trung se tot hn khi gia tr pH cua nc thap hn.
226
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Comparison of Air and High Purity Oxygen Feed Systems
227
Oxidation Reactions of Compounds (Substrate)
During Ozonation of Water
228
114
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Thi gian tiep xuc: gom co 3 phase
- Phase 1: pha nhu cau t 1 4 phut
- Phase 2: pha d lng vi CT > 5
ong vai tro quyet nh kh trung
- Phase 3: pha phan huy t 1- 2 phut
Khong giong nh chlorine, d lng cua ozone khong ty le trc tiep vi lieu lng
ban au v ozone rat de b phan huy trong nc. Trong thc te, nong o ozone d
lng trong nc thng c gii han en xap x 1,0 mg/l. Neu nong o d lng la
0,5 1 mg/l th thi gian tiep xuc phase 2 la t 5 10 phut.
229
CT Values for Inactivation of Viruses by Ozone (pH 6 to 9)
230
115
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CT Values for Inactivation of Giardia Cysts by Ozone (pH 6 to 9)
231
Ozone Bubble Contactor
232
116
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Ozone Injection System

233
7.8. Kh trung bang UV:

Tia UV la tia bc xa ien t co bc song nam trong khoang 100 400 nm, gia tia
X va pho anh sang thay c. Chum tia UV c chia thanh Vacuum UV(100 - 200
nm), UV-C (200 - 280 nm), UV-B (280 - 315 nm) va UV-A (315 - 400 nm). Khi kh
trung, khoang tia UV thch hp la t 245 nm en 285 nm. Trong x ly nc, ngi ta
thng s dung hai loai en phat ra tia UV nh sau:
- en ap suat thap: tao mot nang lng au ra co bc song toi a 253,7 nm

- en ap suat trung bnh: tao nang lng au ra co bc song 180 1370 nm
Kh trung bang tia UV la mot phng phap vat ly nen hau nh khong tao thanh cac
hp chat trung gian cua qua trnh kh trung (DBPs). Sau khi kh trung bang tia UV,
co the ket hp vi chlorine hoac chloramine e tao nen cac d lng tren mang li.
Ket qua nghien cu cung cho thay tia UV kh trung giai oan trc khong anh
hng en s hnh thanh DBPs giai oan sau.
234
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Day pho bc xa ien t
235

u iem:
Tia UV co hieu qua kh trung oi vi vi khuan va virus lieu lng thap, khoang t
50 100 mW.s/cm2. Tuy nhien can mot mot lieu lng cao hn nhieu khi x ly
Giardia lamblia cysts va Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts.
Nhc iem:
- Chi ph van hanh kha cao
- Hieu qua de b giam thap
236
118
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UV Dose Required to Achieve Inactivation of MS-2 Coliphage
237
UV Doses Required to Achieve Inactivation of Giardia lamblia Cysts238
119
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Lieu lng UV c tnh toan nh sau:
D = I.t
D
: lieu lng UV, mW.s/cm2
: cng o UV, mW/cm2
: thi gian chieu, s
Hieu qua x ly kh trung bang tia UV:

N = f.Dn
N
: mat o coliform au ra, /100 ml
f,n
: he so thc nghiem
239

Mot so yeu to anh hng:
- S ong can hoa hoc va bam ban sinh hoc

- Hp chat hu c va vo c trong nc
- S tch luy cua cac vi sinh vat
- o uc o mau cua nc
- S ngan dong
Mot so van e van hanh:
- Thay the bong en
- Ve sinh be mat bong en

- Duy tr s on nh ve ien the
240
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7.9. So sanh kh trung:
ac trng
Kh trung
- Vi khuan
- Vi rut
Chlorine
- Rat tot
- Rat tot
Chloramine
- Tam c
- Hi kem
Chlorine
Dioxide
Ozone
- Rat tot
- Rat tot
- Tot
- Tot
Kiem
soat Hieu
qua Rat
khong Rat hieu qua
mui va v
tng oi
hieu qua
Rat hieu qua
Khong co tac
dung
D lng tren Co
mang li
Khong
Khong
Co
- Rat tot
- Rat tot
UV
Co
Anh
hng Hieu qua se Dang ton tai Hieu qua tang D lng ton Khong
cua gia tr pH giam khi pH tuy thuoc vao nhe khi pH tai lau hn hng
cua nc
tang
pH
tang
pH thap
anh
241
7.9. So sanh kh trung:
ac trng
Chlorine
Chloramine
Chlorine
Dioxide
Ozone
UV
Lieu lng
dung (mg/l)
2 - 20
0,5 3,0
1-5
San
pham
trung gian
- THM
- Co
- Khong
- Khac
- San pham - Cha biet
chlorinated
va oxidized,
chloramine,
chlorophenol
- Khong
- Hp chat
mach
vong
chlorinated,
chlorate,
chlorite
- Khong
- Khong
- Aldehyde, - Cha biet
aromatic
carboxylic
acid,
phthalate
Kinh nghiem S dung rong S dung rong S dung rong S dung rong S dung co
ap dung
rai khap ni
rai nc My rai chau Au rai khap ni
gii han cac
tram nho
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7.10. Mot so thiet b:
Kh trung bang Cl2
243
Kh trung bang NaOCl
244
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Kh trung bang ClO2
245
Kh trung bang O3
246
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Kh trung bang UV
247
Kh trung bang UV
248
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Chng 8: X LY NC BAC CAO

Mc o x ly nc cap da tren quy mo oi tng cap nc va yeu cau chat lng
nc cap. Nh vay chung da tren cac tieu chuan Viet Nam ve nc cap co xet en
nhng tieu chuan ac thu c qui nh rieng cho tng nga nh nghe va tng nha may.
Nc cap sau khi x ly at tieu chuan an uong sinh hoat co the tiep tuc c x ly
bac cao e at c cac yeu cau chat lng cao hn. Trong cac nha may, he thong
x ly nc co the bao gom:
- Khu vc tien x ly: thng nam ben ngoai phan xng san xuat bao gom cac qua
trnh keo tu tao bong, lam thoang kh sat, lang nc, loc nc, kh trung bang clo,
on nh hoa nc
- Khu vc tinh x ly: thng nam ben trong phan xng san xuat bao gom cac qua
trnh hap phu than hoat tnh, trao oi ion, oxyhoa bac cao, kh trung bang ozon / UV,
loc mang RO
249
Chng 8: X ly nc bac cao
8.2. Hap phu than hoat tnh:

a/ V tr: thng c bo tr pha sau be loc cat trong qui trnh cong nghe x ly
nc cap va/hoac pha au trong qui trnh cong nghe x ly nc tinh.
b/ Chc nang: loai ra khoi nc cac chat gay mui va v; cac chat hu c t nhien
hoac tong hp ma co the ket hp vi chlorine khi kh trung tao thanh cac san pham
trung gian co the gay ung th (DBP); cac chat tr sau; cac chat tay ra.
c/ C che: da tren qua trnh hap phu vat ly cua cac tap chat len tren be mat cua
than hoat tnh do cau truc lo xop (mao quan) rat nho (10 - 500 A0) va dien tch be
mat rieng rat ln (500 1500 m2/g) cua than. Can bang hap phu at c khi toc o
hap phu bang vi toc o giai hap phu. Lng chat b hap phu luon luon tang vi
nong o cua chung trong nc. ng ang nhiet hap phu the hien khoi lng chat
b hap phu tren mot n v khoi lng chat hap phu nong o can bang.
250
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d/ Yeu to anh hng:
Ban chat cua chat hap phu (dien tch be mat, kch thc hat, nhom chc be mat), ban
chat cua chat b hap phu, gia tr pH, nhiet o nc, cac ion khac, mc o tai sinh, va
hnh dang thiet b.
e/ Thong so kiem soat:
- Chat lng nc au ra
- Tong thi gian hoat ong
- Mc o/kha nang tai sinh
f/ Cong trnh bo tr:
Be (bon) loc than hoat tnh
251
Than hoat tnh dang hat

252
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Cau truc than hoat tnh
253
Thong so ky thuat than

254
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Bon loc than hoat tnh
255
Bon loc than hoat tnh
256
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8.3. Trao oi ion:

a/ V tr: thng c bo tr pha sau be loc cat trong qui trnh cong nghe x ly
nc cap va/hoac pha au trong qui trnh cong nghe x ly nc tinh.
b/ Chc nang: kh cng nc cap bi viec loai ra khoi nc cac ion hoa tr II nh
Ca2+, Mg2+ va kh khoang nc cap bi viec loai gan het cac ion co trong nc.
Ngoai ra chung con c s dung e loai cac ion nh Fe2+, Mn2+, nitrate, sulfate,
phosphate, fluoride, arsenic, selenium, silica trong nguon nc ngam.
c/ C che: da tren ai lc trao oi ion khi phan ng trao oi xay ra theo chieu thuan
va nh luat tac dung khoi lng khi phan ng xay ra theo chieu nghch.
Nha cation axit manh:
2R SO3H + CaCl2 = (R SO3-)2Ca2+ + 2HCl
Nha anion baz manh: R4N+OH- + NaNO3 = R4N+NO3-
Dung lng trao oi:
Vx. Nx = Vw. Nw
NaOH
257
8.3. Trao oi ion:

d/ Yeu to anh hng:
Ban chat cua ion b trao oi, ban chat cua chat trao oi ion, gia tr pH, nhiet o nc,
nong o cac ion khac co trong nc, mc o tai sinh, hnh dang thiet b
- Chat lng nc au ra
- Tong thi gian hoat ong
- Mc o/kha nang tai sinh
f/ Cong trnh bo tr:

- Cot kh cng (n le)
- He thong kh khoang
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8.3. Trao oi ion:
Nha trao oi ion

259
8.3. Trao oi ion:
Cau tao nha cation
260
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8.3. Trao oi ion:
Qua trnh lam mem

261
8.3. Trao oi ion:
Cot trao oi ion
262
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8.3. Trao oi ion:
Cot trao oi ion
263
8.4. Loc mang RO:

a/ V tr: thng c bo tr pha sau trong qui trnh cong nghe x ly nc tinh
dung cho nc uong ong chai, che bien thc pham, san xuat dc pham
b/ Chc nang: kh khoang nc cap bi viec loai hau het cac ion trong nc bao
gom ca cac ion hoa tr I. Ngoai ra chung con loai c ca cac hp chat hu c t
nhien va tong hp cung nh hau het cac vi sinh vat co trong nc ma cac qua trnh
x ly trc o khong x ly c. Nc cap sau khi x ly bang RO co chat lng rat
cao, ap ng c cac yeu cau khat khe nhat trong sinh hoat - cong nghiep.
c/ C che:
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8.4. Loc mang RO:

- Mang RO la mot mang mong lam t vat lieu cellulose acetate, polyamide hoc
mang TFC co kch thc khe lo ti 0,001 micron. Vi toc o va ap lc loc rat ln,
dong nc chay lien tuc tren be mat mang RO. Cac phan t nc se i qua cac lo loc
tren be mat mang, trong khi cac tap chat se c dong nc cuon troi - thai bo.
- Tham thau la mot hien tng t nhien. Nc bao gi cung chuyen dch qua mang
ban tham t ni co nong o muoi/chat ban thap hn en ni co nong o muoi/chat
ban cao hn. Qua trnh nay dien ra cho en khi nong o 2 ben mang la can bang.
- e lam ieu ngc lai, ngi ta dung mot ap lc u e ay ngc nc t ni co
nong o muoi/chat ban cao hn tham qua mot loai mang ac biet e en ni
khong co hoac co nong o muoi/chat ban thap hn loc tham thau ngc (RO).
265
8.4. Loc mang RO:
Nguyen ly hoat ong
266
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8.4. Loc mang RO:
Nguyen ly hoat ong
267
8.4. Loc mang RO:

1/ Water Flux: the quantity of water that can flow through the membrane in units of
volume of water flow per unit membrane area per unit time (gal / ft2 / d).
2/ Salt Flux: the quantity of salt that can flow through the membrane in units of
weight of salt passage per unit membrane area per unit time (lb / ft2 / sec).
Mass transport:
Fw
: water flux (gal / ft2 / d)
Fs
: salt flux (lb / ft2 / sec)
: water permeability constant
: salt permeability constant

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8.4. Loc mang RO:

3/ Water Recovery: the percent of feed water recovered as product water. This can
be defined as follow:
Recovery = Qp / Qf x 100%
Qp : product water flow (m3 / d)

Qf : feed water flow (m3 / d)
4/ Salt Rejection: a measure of the overall amount of salt rejected in the brine. Salt
rejection is often determined by measuring of TDS. This can be defined as follow:
Rejection = (1 product concentration / feed concentration) x 100%
Sometimes, conductivity measurements are also made in lieu of TDS. Salt rejection
of 90% or above are commonly achieved in normal wastewaters.
269
8.4. Loc mang RO:
Cac loai mang loc
270
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8.4. Loc mang RO:
Kha nang x ly
271
8.4. Loc mang RO:

d/ Yeu to anh hng:
Ban chat cua nc nguon, ban chat cua mang RO, gia tr pH, nhiet o nc, tien x
ly, hnh dang thiet b, kha nang ra mang, mc o ong can
- Ap suat mang loc RO

- Ty le thu hoi nc, %
- Chat lng nc sach
f/ Cong trnh bo tr:

He thong loc RO (cum)
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8.4. Loc mang RO:
Membrane
Operation
Driving
Force
Seperation Mechanism
Membrane
Structure
Phase
Microfiltration
Pressure
Sieve
Macropores
L/L
Ultrafiltration
Pressure
Sieve
Mesopores
L/L
Nanofiltration
Pressure
Sieve + (Solution /
Diffusion + Exclusion)
Micropores
L/L
Reverse
Omosis
Pressure
Solution / Diffusion +
Exclusion
Dense
L/L
C che loc mang
273
8.4. Loc mang RO:
Dang mang si rong
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8.4. Loc mang RO:
Dang mang cuon xoan
275
8.4. Loc mang RO:
Dang mang hnh ong
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8.4. Loc mang RO:
Dang mang tam phang
277
8.4. Loc mang RO:
Sap xep theo day

278
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8.4. Loc mang RO:
Cau truc he thong
279
8.4. Loc mang RO:
He thong kh khoang
280
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8.4. Loc mang RO:
He thong kh khoang
281
8.4. Loc mang RO:
He thong loc RO
282
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8.4. Loc mang RO:
He thong loc RO
283
Chng 9: ON NH HOA NC
9.1. Nhiem vu Nguyen tac:

Nhiem vu:
- ieu chnh o pH am bao nc cap co chat lng on nh

- Loai tr kha nang xam thc cua CO2 va kha nang lang can cua CaCO3
- Kh trung lan cuoi e tranh s tai phat trien cua vi sinh vat trong mang li
Nguyen tac:
Da tren trang thai can bang on nh cua cac ion trong nc, chu yeu la H+, OH-,
CO32-, HCO3-, CO2, Ca2+, Mg2+; nong o cac tap chat cung nh vi sinh vat con sot
lai trong nc; va qua trnh an mon hoa hoc va ien hoa tren be mat ng ong thiet
b bi s ieu chnh cac qua trnh x ly trc o va s bo sung them hoa chat can
thiet nh kiem, acid, poly photphat, natri silicat
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Chng 9: On nh hoa nc
9.2. Phng phap anh gia:

1/ Phng phap thc nghiem:
- Ban au xac nh o pH0 va o kiem Alk0 cua nc
- em bao hoa mau nc bang CaCO3
- Ke o xac nh lai o pH1 va o kiem Alk1 cua nc
- Ch tieu on nh C c xac nh bi:
C = Alk0 / Alk1 = pH0 / pH1
* Neu C = 1 : nc c xem la on nh
* Neu C > 1 : pH va o kiem giam, co s lang ong cua CaCO3 oversaturated
* Neu C < 1 : pH va o kiem tang, co s xam thc gay bi CO2 undersaturated
285
9.2. Phng phap anh gia:

2/ Phng phap tnh toan:
- Ch so bao hoa I cua nc co the c xac nh theo cong thc sau:
LI = pH0 - pHS
pH0 : o pH cua nc trong be cha can on nh hoa nc
pHS : o pH can bang xac nh theo phng phap Langelier

* Neu 0,25 < LI < + 0,25
: nc c xem la on nh
* Neu LI > + 0,25
: nc tao ra s lang ong cua CaCO3
* Neu LI < - 0,25
: nc tao ra s xam thc gay bi CO2
- Duy tr ch so bao hoa thch hp, tc thay oi ty le gia HCO3- va CO2

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9.3. X ly on nh nc bang acid e ngan nga s lang ong:
o th bieu dien qua trnh acid hoa on nh nc cap

287
9.4. X ly on nh nc bang kiem e ngan nga s xam thc:
o th bieu dien qua trnh kiem hoa on nh nc cap

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9.5. Caldwell Lawrence Water Conditioning Diagram:
289
9.6. Cac phng phap khac:

- S dung polyphotphat Na2[Na4(PO3)6] tao phc chat vi Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ nh
Ca[Ca2(PO3)6], Mg[Mg2(PO3)6], Fe[Fe2(PO3)6] bam len thanh ong tao thanh lp
bao ve khong cho nc tiep xuc trc tiep vi kim loai va ngan chan qua trnh xam
thc. Lng can dung la 1 2 mg/l tnh theo P2O5.
- S dung thuy tinh long Na2SiO3 e tao thanh CaSiO3 va MgSiO3 bam len thanh ong
va phu dan thanh lp mang bao ve. Ngoai phan ng thuy phan thuy tinh long se tao
ra phan ng kiem hoa ke tiep va lam cho ch so bao hoa chuyen sang dau dng.
Lng can dung la 3 - 4 mg/l tnh theo SiO2.
- S dung sunfat ong CuSO4 e ngan nga s phat trien cua rong reu tao, s nhiem
ban bi vi sinh vat. Cung co the s dung Ca(OCl)2 tuy theo tng trng hp cu the.
Co the lam nap che cho cac be cha va be x ly .
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Chng 10: MANG LI CAP NC
10.1. nh ngha mang li:
Mang li cap nc la mot trong ba thanh phan chnh cua he thong cap nc. Mang
li cap nc bao gom cac ng ong chnh, cac ong noi va ong phan phoi. Tuy theo
qui mo cua mang li, co the phan thanh 3 cap ng ong nh sau:
- ng ong cap I: lam nhiem vu truyen dan va ieu hoa ap lc tren mang li.
ng ong cap I co ng knh D 300 mm, iem au nha may nc va iem
cuoi khu dan c.
- ng ong cap II: lam nhiem vu phan phoi nc cho cac khu vc thong qua ng
ong cap III.
- ng ong cap III: ng ong dan nc vao cac khu nha va cac ho dung nc.
Tuyet oi khong cho phep au noi cac ong lay nc vao nha trc tiep t cac ng
ong cap I va cap II.
am bao viec phan phoi, quan ly tot mang li, giam thieu that thoat nc
291
Chng 10: Mang li cap nc
10.2. Yeu cau Phan loai:

a/ Yeu cau cap nc:
Stt
Yeu cau
am bao u lu lng va ap lc can thiet
Chi ph xay dng va quan ly nho nhat
am bao cung cap nc lien tuc
ng nhien la nc cap a phai at tieu chuan chat lng
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10.2. Yeu cau Phan loai:

b/ Phan loai mang li:
- Mang li cut: ch co the cap nc cho cac iem theo mot hng nhat nh. u
iem la tnh toan rat n gian va chi ph au t t nhng cap nc khong an toan.
Thch hp cho qui mo cap nc nho va khong can phai lien tuc, thng dung cho cac
oi tng cap nc tam thi nh cong trng xay dng, thi xa th tran.
- Mang li vong: co the cap nc cho bat ky mot iem nao theo hai hay nhieu
hng. u iem la cap nc an toan nhng tnh toan kha phc tap va chi ph au t
nhieu. Thch hp cho tat ca oi tng yeu cau cap nc lien tuc, thng dung cho
cac oi tng qui mo ln, thanh pho co qui hoach a on nh.
- Mang li ket hp gia 2 loai: thng dung cho cac th xa thanh pho ang phat
trien. Khu a qui hoach on nh th lap at mang li vong, khu ang phat trien th
lap mang li cut. Khi he thong ha tang a tng oi hoan chnh th noi them cac
oan ong e tao thanh mang li vong.
293
10.3. Tieu chuan dung nc:
Stt
Mc o trang thiet b ve sinh ben trong cong

trnh cua khu nha
Tieu chuan dung nc

lt/ngi.ngay em
Khu vc dung nc cong cong ngoai pho
40 - 60
Nha khong co thiet b ve sinh, khong co he

thong thoat nc ben trong cong trnh
60 - 100
Nha co thiet b ve sinh, co tam voi sen, co he

thong thoat nc ben trong cong trnh
100 - 150
Nha co thiet b ve sinh, co bon tam, co he thong

thoat nc ben trong cong trnh
150 - 250
Nha co u cac thiet b nh muc 4 va co them

thiet b cap nc nong cho cac phong
200 - 300
Tieu chuan dung nc an uong sinh hoat (Nguon: TCXD 33 - 85)

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10.3. Tieu chuan dung nc:
Stt
Khi cha co so lieu cu the ve mat o dan c

phan loai theo mc o tien nghi
Tieu chuan dung nc

lt/ngi.ngay em
Nha co t 1 en 2 tang
80 - 120
Nha co t 3 en 5 tang
120 - 180
Khu du lch ngh mat, khach san co xep hang
180 - 400
iem dan c nong nghiep co mat o 350 ngi /

ha vi so dan di 3000 ngi
40 - 50
iem dan c nong nghiep co mat o 350 ngi /

ha vi so dan tren 3000 ngi
50 - 60
Tieu chuan dung nc an uong sinh hoat (Nguon: TCXD 33 - 85)

295
10.4. Nhu cau dung nc:

- Nc dung cho sinh hoat: an uong, tam ra, giat giu, nau an, ve sinh, ti ng,
ti cay Loai nc nay chiem a so trong cac khu dan c. Nc dung cho an uong
va sinh hoat phai at tieu chuan ve vat ly, hoa hoc va vi sinh. oi vi cac he thong
cap nc hoan chnh va hien ai, nc bat ky iem lay nc nao tren mang li
eu co the la nc uong trc tiep c.
- Nc dung cho san xuat: nhieu nganh cong nghiep dung nc vi yeu cau ve lu
lng va chat lng rat khac nhau. Mot so nganh yeu cau lu lng nc rat ln nh
khoai m, cao su, thuy san, bot giay Mot so nganh yeu cau chat lng nc rat cao
nh dc pham, xi ma, det nhuom
- Nc dung cho cha chay: du la khu dan c hay khu cong nghiep eu co kha nang
xay ra chay. Nc dung cho cha chay luon luon c d tr trong cac be cha,
thng la ket hp vi be cha nc sach.
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10.5. Trnh t tnh toan:

Thiet ke mang li cap nc bao gom cac bc sau:
1/ Vach tuyen mang li cap nc tc la la chon v tr cac tuyen ong, hnh dang
nhat nh cua mang li tren mat bang pham vi thiet ke sao cho hp ly nhat.
2/ Tnh toan thuy lc mang li cap nc lan lt qua cac bc chnh:

1
Lap s o phan bo s bo lu lng
Xac nh lu lng nc tnh toan
Tnh toan thuy lc toan bo mang li
Chon ng knh ong theo van toc kinh te
Xac nh ton that ap lc cua cac oan ong
Chieu cao ai nc & ap lc bm cap II

3/ Tnh toan thiet ke va bo tr cac cong trnh tren mang li cap nc.
4/ Bo tr ng ong cap nc tren mat cat ng pho mat cat doc.
297

Vach tuyen mang li: phu thuoc vao cac yeu to sau
1/ ac iem qui hoach cap nc cua khu vc, s phan bo cac oi tng dung nc
rieng le, s bo tr cac tuyen ng, khu dan c, khu cong nghiep, cac cong vien
2/ S co mat cua cac chng ngai vat t nhien hay nhan tao khi at ong nh song
ngoi, kenh rach, khe vc, ng sat
3/ a hnh khu vc (bang phang hay nhap nho, doc ln hay thoai thoai ) so vi v
tr va cao o cua nguon cung cap nc
4/ V tr nguon nc va v tr cac cong trnh ieu hoa d tr (be cha va ai nc)
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Vach tuyen mang li: can da tren cac nguyen tac sau
1/ Mang li phai bao trum ti tat ca cac iem dung nc trong pham vi thiet ke
2/ Cac tuyen ong chnh phai keo dai theo hng van chuyen chnh cua mang li
3/ Cac tuyen ong chnh phai lien ket vi nhau tao thanh vong khep kn & lien tuc
4/ Cac tuyen ong chnh phai bo tr t quanh co gap khuc & co chieu dai ngan nhat
5/ Cac tuyen ong chnh t phai vt qua cac chng ngai vat t nhien va nhan tao
6/ Co xem xet hien trang khu vc va nh hng phat trien, de nang cap m rong
299
10.6. Lu lng tnh toan:

Lu lng nc cap c xac nh theo:
Stt
Nhu cau dung nc
Nc dung cho san xuat va dch vu
Nc dung cho an uong va sinh hoat
Nc dung cho ti ng, ti cay
Nc dung ngay tai tram x ly nc
Nc dung cho cong tac cha chay
Nc b ro r va hao hut: 10% - 40%
Cac gia tr lu lng thng tnh toan:

- Qtbngay, Qmaxngay, Qminngay
- Qmaxh, Qminh, Kc = Kmaxngay. Kmaxh
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10.6. Lu lng tnh toan:

Ba trng hp tnh toan mang li:
- Trng hp mang li lam viec vi lu lng gi toi a. Nc do tram bm cap II
va ai nc cung cap.
- Trng hp mang li lam viec vi lu lng gi toi thieu, thng tnh khi ai nc
cuoi mang li. Mang li cap nc co them mot chc nang na la chuyen van
nc len ai nc.
- Trng hp cha chay, mang li lam viec vi lu lng gi toi a va them lu
lng cha chay. Trng hp nay thng dung e kiem tra mang li a tnh cho hai
trng hp ke tren.
301
10.7. ng knh ong dan:

Tnh toan mang li cap nc nham xac nh ng knh ong kinh te nhat cung vi
van toc va ap suat cho tat ca cac oan ong cua mang li ton that ap lc toi u.
Sau day la cac phng trnh c ban:
Phng trnh can bang lu lng tai cac nut cua mang li:
qi-k + Qi
=0
Phng trnh can bang ap lc cho cac vong cua mang li:
Si-k . Qi-k
=0
Phng trnh lien he ap lc gia mang li vi cac tram cap nc va cac iem dung
nc khong co nh:
F(QI) - (QK)
= ( ki-k qi-k )I-K = 0

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V ton that cuc bo ch chiem mot ty le rat nho so vi ton that doc ng nen co the
bo qua. ng knh ong, o nham ong, o nht cua nc va van toc nc chay trong
ong quyet nh rat ln en ton that ap lc trong mang li cap nc va anh hng
en viec quan ly van hanh mang li. Ton that cot nc trong cac ng ong cua he
thong co the xac nh nh sau:
hi = ki . Qix
ki : hang so phu thuoc vao ng knh, chieu dai, chung loai va ieu kien cua ong
x : so mu, phu thuoc vao ham so c s dung, thong thng chon x = 1,85 2,00
nh luat bao toan nang lng cho thay tong ton that cot nc trong bat ky vong nao
cung eu phai bang 0. ieu nay co tng ng ve mat toan hoc la ch co ap suat tai
mot iem.
ki Qix = 0 (vi i t 1 en n)
303

Tnh toan thuy lc mang li:
- Trc tien lu lng phai c tong hp t cac khu vc rieng le cua he thong. Tiep
en mot he thong ng ong nh cac vong khep kn c lien ket vi nhau. Sau o
lu lng tong hp c gan vao cac nut cua he thong. Khi thiet ke phai xac nh
kch thc ng ong truyen dan, ng ong phan phoi, ng ong ket noi sao cho
ap suat va van toc trong he thong c duy tr trong ieu kien lu lng thiet ke thay
oi.
- Co nhieu ket qua tnh toan ap ng c yeu cau thiet ke a ra. Nhiem vu tiep
theo la xac nh ket qua tot nhat. Tm c ket qua toi u cho mang vong la rat phc
tap v s phan bo lu lng trong cac ng ong la nhng ham so phc tap. Tham ch
viec toi u vi tng ieu kien thiet ke thay oi cung khong giong nhau, lam cho ban
thiet ke cuoi cung co the cung cha phai la toi u cho bat c ieu kien nao ca.
ieu chnh ng knh ong khi can thiet

304
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Tnh toan kinh te ky thuat:
- Tnh toan thuy lc mang li th c tien hanh sau khi a biet ng knh ong (lay
s bo theo lu lng phan phoi ban au) va muc ch la i tm lu lng ung cho
cac oan ong.
- Tnh toan kinh te ky thuat he thong dan va phan phoi nc th ca lu lng va
ng knh ong eu cha biet, cac ch tieu kinh te c anh gia theo mc o chi ph
W cho he thong.
W = GXD + GQL = f (qi-k, di-k)
Wmin ng knh kinh te nhat
305
STT
ng knh ong
(D, mm)
Van toc kinh te trung bnh

(m/s)
100
0,15 0,86
150
0,28 1,15
200
0,38 1,15
250
0,38 1,48
300
0,41 1,52
306
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STT
ng knh ong
(D, mm)

(m/s)
350
0,47 1,58
400
0,50 1,78
450
0,60 1,94
500
0,70 2,10
10
600
0,95 2,60

307

ng knh kinh te nhat chnh la ng knh ong c tnh theo van toc kinh te nhat
khi gia thanh xay dng va chi ph quan ly, chi ph ien nang e van chuyen nc quy
ve gia tr hien tai cho tng nam la nho nhat. ay phng phap gia tr hien tai rong
trong phan tch tai chnh c s dung e tnh toan chon ng ong kinh te. Theo
nh phng phap nay, ong tien ngay hom nay gia tr hn ong tien trong tng lai
boi v do c hoi au t va mc o lam phat.
e co the so sanh, nen quy cac dong tien cua cac nam thanh cac gia tr tng ng
tai mot nam duy nhat. Cach thc hien de nhat la quy tat ca cac dong tien thanh gia
tr hien tai luc nay, tc thi iem bat au thc hien d an vi I la ty le chiet khau
hay lai suat ong tien va Mn la dong tien nam th n:
NPV = ( M1 / (1 + I)1 + M2 / (1 + I)2 + + Mn / (1 + I)n ) M0
So sanh NPV cua cac phng an khac nhau e a ra phng an tot nhat.
308
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10.8. Ton that ap lc:

Ton that ap lc trong mang li cap nc bao gom ton that doc ng do ma sat
thanh ong gay ra va ton that cuc bo nhng ni dong nc thay oi phng hng
nh co, te, thap hay khi nc i qua cac thiet b tren mang li nh van hai chieu,
van mot chieu, van xa kh, ong ho lu lng.
V ton that cuc bo ch chiem mot ty le rat nho so vi ton that doc ng nen co the
bo qua. ng knh ong, o nham ong, o nht cua nc va van toc nc chay trong
ong quyet nh rat ln en ton that ap lc trong mang li cap nc va anh hng
en viec quan ly van hanh mang li.
309
10.8. Ton that ap lc:

Ton that ap lc theo chieu dai ong co the c tnh bang cong thc acxi:
l v2
v2
v2
H

il
d 2g
2g
2g
H
: Ton that ap lc do ma sat (m cot nc)
: He so acxi
: Chieu dai ong (m)
: Toc o nc chay (m/s)
: ng knh trong cua ong (m)
: He so ton that cuc bo
: o doc thuy lc
vi
v2
i
2dg
310
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10.9. Cac loai ong nc:

Yeu cau chung oi vi ng ong cap nc va phu tung noi ong:
- ng ong cap nc phai ben, chu c ap lc ben trong cung nh tai trong ben
ngoai, tnh cho tai trong tnh va tai trong ong.
- ng ong cap nc khong tham nc, moi noi phai kht kn, tranh ro r that thoat
va khong lam giam chat lng nc ben trong.
- Mat trong cua ong phai trn nhan e giup giam ton that tren ng ong do ma sat
gay ra va gia thanh quan ly trong khi van hanh.
311

Yeu cau chung oi vi ng ong cap nc va phu tung noi ong:
- Thi han s dung lau dai va ong bo trong mang li, chong c s xam thc cua
moi trng xung quanh va nc chay trong ong.
- am bao thi cong de dang va thuan tien, co kha nang c gii hoa cao trong qua
trnh che tao, van chuyen va lap at ng ong.
- Gia thanh ng ong va phu tung noi ong phai re tien hoac hp ly giup lam giam
gia thanh xay dng toan bo mang li cap nc.
312
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- Ong gang: c s dung pho bien trong mang li tuyen ong cap I vi u iem la
o ben cao, kha nang chong xam thc tot, co the c san xuat hang loat. Tuy nhien
chung co nhc iem la ton nhieu kim loai, chu tai trong ong khong cao, khi v
ong thng tao ra manh ln gay that thoat nhieu nc. Thi han s dung la 40 50
nam.
- Ong thep: c s dung nhieu vi u iem la nhe, de thi cong va ieu chnh, cac
phu tung co the gia cong ngay tai cong trng, boc lp chong r ben trong va ngoai
co the thc hien tai nha may hay cong trng. Nhc iem cua chung la khong
chong c lc va am, de b r set do tac ong cua moi trng. Thi han s dung la
20 30 nam.
313

- Ong be tong cot thep: co chieu dai chuan t 4 en 6 m vi u iem la cng, chu
lc tot, chu c ap lc khi co chan khong trong ong do hien tng nc va gay ra.
Tuy nhien chung co nhc iem la nang, van chuyen lap at kho khan, phai bao ve
chong xoi mon be mat va chong xam thc trong va ngoai ong. Thi han s dung la
60 70 nam.
- Ong PVC: c s dung nhieu vi u iem la co o dai mem de uon, de thi cong
va ieu chnh, chu an mon va ac tnh thuy lc cao. Tuy nhien chung co nhc iem
la de chu tac ong cua ma nang dan en b don mun khi e ngoai tri va mot so
hoa chat c dung khi san xuat ong e tang o cng. Thi han s dung la 10 20
nam.
314
157
11/25/2014
315
- You can monitor your water use by reading your meter daily. The odometer (a)
records usage in cubic meters; accurate to 1/10. The reading on the figure to the left
is 41.0 cubic meters (one cubic meter equals one thousand litres).
- The small triangle in the centre of the face is a low-flow indicator (b). It will turn
when even a very small amount of water is passing through the meter. To detect a
leak, turn off everything in your house that uses water; the low-flow indicator should
316
not be moving.
158
11/25/2014
10.10. Be cha ai nc:

Be cha:
- Tram bm cap I lam viec theo che o 1 bac ieu hoa suot ngay, thng la
4,17%Qtbngay. Trong khi o tram bm cap II lam viec theo 2 3 bac, v du t 5g
21g: 5,15%Qtbngay va t 21g 5g: 2,20%Qtbngay.
- Nen can phai xay dng be cha e d tr mot lng nc khi tram bm cap I bm
en nhieu ma tram bm cap II khong bm i het va bo sung lng nc thieu khi
tram bm cap II bm nhieu hn tram bm cap I.
- Nh vay be cha nc sach co nhiem vu ieu hoa lu lng nc gia tram bm
cap I va tram bm cap II, d tr mot lng nc cho cha chay trong 3 gi lien va
mot lng nc can thiet cho ban than tram x ly.
317

ai nc
- Che o tieu thu nc tren mang li rat phc tap va thay oi theo tng gi. Trong
khi o tram bm cap II lam nhiem vu cap nc cho mang li ch co the lam viec
theo 2 3 bac nhat nh. Khi bm nc nh vay se co gi tha nc va gi thieu
nc so vi che o tieu thu cua mang li.
- V vay muon cap nc ay u va lien tuc th tren mang li cap nc can xay dng
ai nc. Khi tram bm cap II bm vt qua lng nc can tieu thu, lng nc
tha se i len ai va c cha o. Ngc lai khi tram bm cap II bm t hn lng
nc can tieu thu, nc t tren ai se chay xuong bo sung them vao lng nc thieu
cung cap ay u cho mang li.
- Nh vay ai nc lam nhiem vu ieu hoa lu lng nc gia tram bm cap II va
mang li cap nc, d tr mot lng nc cho cha chay trong 10 phut au can
thiet e khi ong may bm cha chay. Ngoai ra ai nc con co nhiem vu tao ap
318
lc cho mang li v no c at tren cao.
159
11/25/2014

- Khi xac nh dung tch cac be cha va ai nc phai da tren phng phap lap
bang thong ke hoac bieu o tch luy, ong thi cung phai xet en lng nc d tr
cho cha chay, d tr khi sa cha va dung cho ban than tram x ly. Ngoai ra khi x
ly nc cho nhu cau an uong sinh hoat phai d kien the tch can thiet cho thi gian
tiep xuc vi chat kh trung.
Vbe cha = Vieu hoa + Vcha chay (3 gi) + Vtram x ly
Vai nc = Vieu hoa + Vcha chay (10 phut)
- Be cha nc an uong sinh hoat phai am bao nc lu thong trong thi gian khong
ln hn 48 gi va khong nho hn 1 gi. Neu thi gian lu thong tang len 3 4 ngay,
can xem xet bo tr bm tuan hoan. Be cha va ai nc can bo tr ong a nc vao,
ong dan nc ra, ong chay tran, ong xa kiet, lo thong hi, nap tham be, cau thang len
xuong bao dng.
319

Gi trong Che o bm
ngay
cua tram
bm cap I
Che o bm Lng nc Lng nc Lng nc

cua tram
vao be
ra be cha
con lai
bm cap II
cha
trong be
0-1
23 - 24
Gi trong Che o bm
Lu lng Lng nc Lng nc Lng nc
ngay
cua tram nc tieu thu
vao ai
ra ai nc
con lai
bm cap II
nc
trong ai
0-1
23 - 24
Phng phap lap bang thong ke
320
160
11/25/2014
Mot so cong nghe va thiet b
X ly nc ong chai
321
X ly nc lo hi
322
161
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X ly nc noi hi
323
X ly nc ho bi
324
162
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X ly nc ho bi
325
X ly nc bien (man)
326
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He thong x ly nc 4 cap (200 lt /ngay)
327
Nguyen ly he thong x ly nc 4 cap
328
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11/25/2014

4 Stage Filter Process
Stage 1 | Sediment filter

The first stage collects larger suspended materials in the water. This includes, dirt, sand,
rust, and calcium carbonate. The 5 micron polypropylene sediment filter is replaced
between 6 and 12 months.
Stage 2 | Carbon Filter (GAC Filter)

The second stage carbon filter is known as Granular Activated Carbon (GAC filter),
which is the process of activating carbon with a positive charge. It is designed to attract
negatively charged contaminants for the removal of chemicals like chlorine,
trihalomethanes, and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from water. It is
recommended you replace this when replacing the stage 1 sediment filter. All of our
activated carbon filters use coconut shell carbon.
329

Stage 3 | Filmtec Reverse Osmosis Membrane
Reverse osmosis is the process of forcing water through a membrane to remove

impurities within the water. This is the most important stage in purifying your water, the
quality of the membrane determines the quality of water. Filmtec membrane is the
industrys most reliable and advanced technology avaliable. The membrane is will
remove particles down to 0.0001 microns, this includes virisus. This stage 3 membrane
is listed on NSF/ANSI as standard 58. Recomended replacement between 2 and 3
years. Storage Tank: as the reverse osmosis membrane is a slow producion, a tank is
used to store purified water so it is avaliable on demand. The tank works on a
diaphragm, as water enters the top of the tank it pressurises the air below. Larger
storage tanks are available if required.
Stage 4 | Taste Reduction (post GAC filter)
When water leaves the storage tank it is passed through the final GAC filter. This
removes any possible residual tastes and odors.
330
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He thong x ly nc 5 cap t ong
331
Nguyen ly he thong x ly nc 5 cap
332
166
11/25/2014

Stage 1 | Sediment filter
Stage 2 | Carbon Filter (GAC Filter)
Stage 3 | Carbon Block (CTO Filter)

CTO carriage further removes finer solid impurities and chemicals. It is constructed of a
solid carbon block, unlike GAC filter created by compressing active carbon granulites.
The CTO filter assists in the same function as the GAC filter although it does not allow
bacteria to grow as there is no space for it. Recommended you replace the CTO when
replacing the GAC filter.
Stage 4 | Filmtec Reverse Osmosis Membrane
Stage 5 | Taste Reduction (post GAC filter)

333
334
167

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11/25/2014

Trng ai hoc Bach khoa TP Ho Ch Minh

Can bo giang day: TS. ang Viet Hung

Noi dung mon hoc

Gii thieu tong quan

Cong trnh thu nc

Qua trnh keo tu

Qua trnh kh sat

Qua trnh lang nc

Qua trnh loc nc

Qua trnh kh trung

Tai lieu tham khao

Chng 1: GII THIEU TONG QUAN

1.1. Nguon nc thien nhien:

Chng 1: Gii thieu tong quan

1.1. Nguon nc thien nhien:

Chu trnh nc thien nhien

Chng 1: Gii thieu tong quan

1.1. Nguon nc thien nhien:

Chng 1: Gii thieu tong quan

1.1. Nguon nc thien nhien:

Chng 1: Gii thieu tong quan

1.1. Nguon nc thien nhien:

Thay oi theo mua

Chat ran l lng

Cao va thay oi theo mua

Thap va hau nh khong co

Chat khoang hoa tan

Thay oi theo lu vc song

Thng cao hn nc mat

Ham lng sat,

Thng rat thap

Kh CO2 hoa tan

Thng thap hoac bang 0

Thng co nong o cao

Thng gan bao hoa

Thng khong ton tai

Co khi nc b nhiem ban

Co san trong nguon nc

Thng co nong o thap

Thng co nong o cao

Co nhieu loai gay benh

Chu yeu la vi khuan sat

Chng 1: Gii thieu tong quan

1.2. He thong cap nc:

Cong trnh thu nc

Cong trnh phan phoi nc

Phan loai: theo muc ch s dung co the c chia thanh:

He thong cap nc sinh hoat

He thong cap nc san xuat

He thong cap nc cha chay

He thong cap nc ket hp

Chng 1: Gii thieu tong quan

1.2. He thong cap nc:

Water Source &

Chng 1: Gii thieu tong quan

1.3. Chat lng nc cap:

Chng 1: Gii thieu tong quan

1.3. Chat lng nc cap:

o acid va cac dang kiem khac nhau theo gia tr pH

Chng 1: Gii thieu tong quan

1.4. Tieu chuan nc cap:

Chng 1: Gii thieu tong quan