CONFIDENTIAL

EH/JAN 2013/CHE463/480/533

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FINAL EXAMINATION

COURSE

HEAT TRANSFER

COURSE CODE

CHE463/480/533

EXAMINATION

JANUARY 2013

TIME

3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1.

This question paper consists of five (5) questions.

2.

Answer ALL the questions only in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page.
Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the
invigilator.
Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of:
i)
ii)
iii)

the Question Paper

A nine- page Appendix
an Answer Booklet - provided by the Faculty

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

This examination paper consists of 4 printed pages
Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

EH/JAN 2013/CHE463/480/533

QUESTION 1
(P01, P02, C02, C1.C4)
The flow of heat by conduction occurs via collisions between atoms and molecules in the
substance and the subsequent transfer of kinetic energy. The heat flux, 80 W/m2, transfers
through a wood slab 100 mm thick. The inner and outer surface temperatures of the slab are
40 and 20 C, respectively.
a) Draw the process diagram and state three (3) assumptions that should be considered in
this process.
(4 marks)
b) Determine the wood slab thermal conductivity.
(3 marks)
c) The inner and outer surface temperature of a glass window 5 mm thick are 20 and 15C
respectively. The thermal conductivity of the glass is 2.8 W/m.K.
i)

Draw a diagram for the process.

(1 marks)

ii) Distinguish the heat loss through a window that is 1 m x 3 m on a side.

(4 marks)
iii) Justify gas thermal conductivity changes due to increasing temperature.
(2 marks)

QUESTION 2
(P02, C 0 1 , C3, C6)
a) Heat transfer between a surface and a moving fluid at different temperatures is known as
convection. Consider a steady-state atmospheric air which flow parallel over a flat plate.
The air temperature and free stream velocity are 300 K and 50 m/s.
i)

Evaluate the boundary layer thickness at distances of x= 2, 20, and 200 mm from the
leading edge.
(7 marks)

ii) If a second plate were installed parallel to and at a distance of 3 mm from the first
plate, calculate the distance from the leading edge at which boundary layer merge
would occur.
(3 marks)
b) Water at 27C is flowing with a mean velocity of 0.2 m/s through a 600 m long cast iron
pipe of 0.15 m inside diameter. Estimate the friction factor (f).
(7 marks)
Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

EH/JAN 2013/CHE463/480/533

QUESTION 3
(P02, C02, C03, C1, C3, C4, C6)
a) A single-pass, cross-flow heat exchanger uses hot exhaust gases (mixed) to heat water
(unmixed) from 30 to 80 C at a rate of 3 kg/s. The exhaust gases, having thermophysical properties similar to air, enter and exit the exchanger at 225 and 100 C,
respectively. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 200 W/m2.K,
i)

Determine the LMTD for the counter-flow condition.

(16 marks)

ii) Calculate the required surface area.

(4 marks)
b) Water is flowing at the rate of 10,000 kg/hr through the tubes of a water-water heat
exchanger and is heated from 25C to 70C. Hot water at 90C is available, but the
minimum discharge temperature of this water has to be 76C. The overall heat transfer
coefficient based on the inside diameter of 25 mm tubes in a shell and tube heat
exchanger is 900 kcal/hr.m2.C. If the hot water makes one shell pass and the design
water velocity in the tubes is 0.45 m/s. By assuming correction factor for LMTD as 0.86,
i)

Calculate the number of tubes in the heat exchanger.

(13 marks)

ii) Calculate the length of the heat exchanger based on 2, 4 and 6 tubes pass, then
justify your selection based on a practical heat exchanger.
(11 marks)

QUESTION 4
(P01, P02, C 0 1 , C02, C4, C6)
The heat transfer coefficient prediction to boiling liquids is subjected to large errors due to
the inability to specify, manufacture, and maintain the nucleation characteristics of surfaces.
A long, 1 mm diameter wire passes an electrical current dissipating 4000 W/m and reaches
a surface temperature of 126C when submerged in water at 1 atm.
a) Calculate the boiling heat transfer coefficient.
(8 marks)
b) Estimate the correlation coefficient C sf value.
(7 marks)

Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

EH/JAN 2013/CHE463/480/533

QUESTION 5
(P01,C01,C1,C6)
Radiation heat transfer is concerned with the exchange of thermal radiation energy between
two or more bodies. Thermal radiation is defined as electromagnetic radiation in the
wavelength range of 0.1 to 100 microns. A circular ice rink 25 m in diameter is enclosed by a
hemispherical dome 36 m in diameter. The ice and dome surfaces are approximated as
blackbodies and are at temperature 0 and 20C, respectively. Given F2i= 5.67 * 10"8
W/m2K4.
a) Evaluate the net rate of radiative transfer from the dome to the rink.
(6 marks)
b) Define:
i)

Emissivity
(2 marks)

ii) Reciprocity rule

(2 marks)

END OF QUESTION PAPER

Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

CONFIDENTIAL

List of Formula

..dl
dbt

EH/JAN 2013/CHE463/480/533

APPENDIX 1

CONFIDENTIAL

T,-T 2
L

52-^1

Ebi-Ji

q = h ^ D 2 ) (TS-TU)

ziAi

I=|[2 + {0.4Ef+0.06^)

rt"0i/A/'*]

A p = f

^ .

2D

J*
AT
AlAa

_ AT| AT2
^F~A1(Al/M2)

A=q/UAT to
A=q / UFAT,m

JTLI

l f

l < J L o- J [ hfg i**J

C^fh^ftfy
q 1 2 =A 1 % < T(l| 1 -^)

Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

APPENDIX 2

EH/JAN 2013/CHE463/480/533

Friction factor, f = h i f e ^ L 2

s=

en
CO

o
b

h> <=> f>

O O O
CO l) -'

o
o

(Jl

ro

1-0

o
o
CJ

o
b

o
~~4

o
b

o
bP

CO

U3P--

o o o o
Si 1 1
_
=v 3 a

o'

5"

(0 rt-

&> -

CD

i_J

Q-

n>
**
ft
o

1\5

GO

as
o
.*

-P
(Jl
33
fD

a">

><
3

co

w
o
B5
C

ai

!/>
=>
==

ro

CO

o
c
IX
M
O
ZJ

CX
15
In

OJ

II

en
cn

a
'X

CO

CD

a.

^ t>

O
cn

th
II

to

o
o

cn

*.

o
o
t

00

O
-J

th
ii

Ol

o
b
o
o

CO

o
b ray
o
o
o
o

o
o
o
o
o

o
o
o
o

UI

Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

o
o
o
IS}

o ooo
o o o oo
o
o b bb
b bob
ro
O 0*-*
CXi 00
o o o oRelative roughness,
O
OOi~>
* CTiOO

cn

ro

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

APPENDIX 3

EH/JAN 2013/CHE463/480/533

Boiling regimes
Free convection

Nucleate

Isolated
bubbles

Transition

Film

Jets and
columns

10'

Leidenfrost point, q'^

1000
*Tr=Ts-TM?C)
FIGURE 1 0 . 4

Typical boiling curve for water al 1 atm: surface heat flux g"as a

function of excess temperature, AT,, = Ts THl,.

Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

APPENDIX 4

EH/JAN 2013/CHE463/480/533

3 ,

NTU
Effectiveness of a shell and tube heat exchanger with two shell passes and any multiple of
four tube passes (four, eight, etc. Tube passes) (Equation 11.3 with n=2).

Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

APPENDIX 5

EH/JAN 2013/CHE463/480/533

1.0
0.8

I i.L ^_ ^^ _ a a

ftih

c/y

i >i'

0.6

- . .

'. * 1!

CQ

0.4

1.33"
0.75

42!

*-*MX5

, <,,

0.2

T-ff

j - i -

:m.

=,

"t

4
MTU

Effectiveness of a single pass, cross-flow heat exchanger with one fluid mixed and the other
unmixed.

Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

APPENDIX 6

EH/JAN 2013/CHE463/480/533

TABLE 3 . 3
One-dimensional, steady-state solutions
to the heat equation with no generation
Plane Wall
Heat equation

d2T
dx2

Temperature
distribution
Heat flux (<?")
Heat rate (q)

1 d {

dT\_n

Tr 2 + AT
, AT

kA

Thermal
resistance (Rlxand)

Ar

kA

Spherical Wall"

Cylindrical Wall"

In (r,/r 2 )
A7
rln(r 2 /r,)

r2dr\

drj

"l
-(rxIr)
Ar 1 - (r,/r,)_

j.i

A-AT
r [(l/r,)-(l/r2)}
2

2TTU- AT

4TT&AT

In (r 2 /r,)

(l/r,)-(l/r2)

In (rJrt)
lirLk

(l/r t ) - (l/r>)
4TT*

"The critical radius of insulation is rcr = klh for the cylinder and r = 2&//j for the sphere.

Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

APPENDIX 7

EH/JAN 2013/CHE463/480/533

TABLE 1 0 . 1 V a l u e s of Csj for v a r i o u s

surfacefluid c o m b i n a t i o n s [57]
Surface-Fluid Combination
Water-copper
Scored
Polished
Water-stainless steel
Chemically etched
Mechanically polished
Ground and polished
Water-brass
Water-nickel
Water-platinum
/7-Pentane-copper
Polished
Lapped
Benzene-chromium
Ethyl alcohol-chromium

Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

CsJ

0,0068
0.0128

1.0
1-0

0.0133
0.0132
0.0080
0.0060
0.006
0.0130

1.0
1,0
1.0
1.0
1 -0
1.0

0.0154
0.0049
0.0101
0.0027

1.7
1.7
1.7
1,1

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

APPENDIX 8

EH/JAN 2013/CHE463/480/533

Thermo-physical Properties of Ice

Description/Composition

Temperature
(K)

Density
(kg/m3)

Ice
Ice

273
253

920
-

Specific Heat
(J/kg.K)

Thermal
Conductivity
(W/m.k)
1.88
2.03

2040
1945

Thermo-physical Properties of Air at Atmospheric Pressure

T
(K)
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550

P
(kg/m3)
3.5562
2.3364
1.7458
1.3947
1.1614
0.9950
0.8711
0.7740
0.6964
0.6329

cP
(kJ/kg.K)
1.032
1.012
1.007
1.006
1.007
1.009
1.014
1.021
1.030
1.040

Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

u. 10'
(N.s/m2)
71.1
103.4
132.5
159.6
184.6
208.2
230.1
250.7
270.1
288.4

v. 10b
(m2/s)
2.00
4.426
7.590
11.44
15.89
20.92
26.41
32.39
38.79
45.57

k.10a
(W/m.K)
9.34
13.8
18.1
22.3
26.3
30.0
33.8
37.3
40.7
43.9

a. 10B
(m2/s)
2.54
5.84
10.3
15.9
22.5
29.9
38.3
47.2
56.7
66.7

Pr
0.786
0.758
0.737
0.720
0.707
0.700
0.690
0.686
0.684
0.683

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

EH/JAN 2013/CHE463/480/533

APPENDIX 9

Thermo-physical Properties of Saturated Water

^

Ji t

u w - o >o
o c

UJ
K
Ui

UJ
00
O

T
ui
to
u

T~ "
N b
oo oo
o> -

UJ

NO

UJ

UJ U J U J
vj vj vj
Ui UJ
O

ON

UJ UJ
'VI Ul
Ul C

UJ
41
Ul

UJ UJ UJ
4i W
W
O
Ui o

UJ
M
Ui

UJ
W
O

UJ UJ

ui o

UJ
O
ui

UJ
O

N>
NO
Ui

K) IO tO
N O oo co
Ui O

N)
si
Ui

tO
si
W

u>
as
o
\o

41
U>
-J
o

UJ to

L> -t- sj
o 'Ji NO
to ui p.

o o o o o
\5
NO

0C
DC

N1

si

'Ji
-J OC

C
UJ
UJ

O
O
'41 Ui
to Ui

O
si
UJ

NO
oo

UJ

UJ

c o o o
p p p p p
to to i

^j bv
Ul H

ui ji
i- -

UJ

O O 0s -o
ft \o o w to

o o o

Ui
U

41 41 41
Ul Ji. -

H-

'Jl
si

a
si

>->
00
o\

W W
IO 0 \
I 41
t o Ul

41
O

- W
41 UJ

to s ] 41 so i

Ji

-J

*-

00

U
Ji
00 ON
41 OO
ON UJ

tO

tO

K)

IO

to to to to to

tO
Ui

w
O

Ui
M

Ui
^

a
Ui

-a

4i

-d
to
si
00

Ji
io
Ui

Ji
to

Jx

Js- J>- -d

to to to to to

ON

to to to to to

to

to

ON

to

si

O N . 4 1 . UJ (O
tO s ] Ul ON
IO > UJ

o
o
NO
si

UJ NO ON ON
00 N B \0
s)
si

^3

9 9.
\r>
C
n
Ul
-& Z

J>

41

00

OS UJ

'

si

NO

Ui

UJ

to

o o
o o o o
o o

r
< x>

d o

^c"

tO

UJ

00
i
UJ

o c

to to -J

00

to
i
to

UJ
NO

^ ] 'Jj O
0 > l l / i O l
s ) NO UJ

o o
UJ UJ UJ to to

i
OC
U)

UJ

UJ

o o o o

Ul
UJ

o
to

N]

c o o
C O

i
to
UJ

to to to to to
O
O

41
UJ

Ui

~
b ie
> o
w ^

to

OC

41
to

NO

I O UJ UJ UJ
NO o
to
A
O NO

Pi
to

4i

oU J

NO NO NO
NO U l

4i

4i

^i
si
41

-J X
0C
NO w

o\

li)
NO
00

to to to to tO
UJ
4i
to

UJ
W
ji

UJ
J-,

-d

Ji

oo oo
oo 0>

to w u

si tO
00 NO
W
U

NO
si
Ji

NO
'
r
J

m
HNO
^

ON

NO

NC
^1

NO

41

tO

Ji *

to
41 ON

*
UJ
OC

A
41
NO

a-

41

41

4i

4i

4i

41

41

4i

00
4i

OC
to

00

era S

io
0C

ON
'-J
U

to to to to PT
to to to to to to
^
41 41 41 41 Ui

UJ U)
O NO
ON. oo

_-

jl

UJ

J?.

41

-o oc N O
ij Ul vl

to

41

41

41 4 1

si si si
NO OC CO

- J 00
NO

0C
4i

00 NO
NO oo

s"

7?*?

1Q

to
to
H-'

"w
O
ft
St

S
sc <
a ft

C-.-B s;
o o *~*
P 7 *

s.*-

-J

TO
to
UJ
ON

NC

to
tO
NO

to
tO
to

to to
' *
Ui
o
00 41

to to to to to
b e
00

to
NO

s]

to to to to to

i ' to
s) O0 O
UJ Ui

to
i
si

to
UJ
s)

4i
00

41

41

UJ
si

UJ
4i
IO

UJ

O
U<

to
ON

to
41

NO

ON

ON

ON

ON

00

00

00

OO

NO

'Ji u
si ON

NO
NO
NO

UJ
O

'O

NO
00
UJ

NO
ON

vO
UJ

'NC

NO

OC

00

OC

OO

00

o
UJ

oo oo oo oo oc

00

to

NO

0O
tO

si
si

ON

UI

Ul

00
00

ON

Ji

NO
41

NC

UI

0C

41

0C

UI
UI

41

UJ
tO
41

UJ UJ
41 ON
UJ vA

UJ
OI
O

ji
to

41
ui
UJ

41
oc

Ui
to
00

ui
s]
si

ON

ON
NO
UI

si

00

OC

to
to
Ui

41
to
tO

si

UI
UI

NO
UI
NO

ON

ON
NO

Ui
tO

UI

IO

00
NO

p a

NO

NO

00
4i

00
io

00
b

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

0C

to

ON
ON

Ul
NO
oo

Ul
GO
to

Ul
si
41

Ul

NO
UJ

00

oo

oc
iO

-J
J>

-O
NO

0C
NO

to
G
C

to
O
U

00

ON

N5

to
to

NO

NO

i
41
NO

ON

ON

ON

ON

ON

ON

ON

ON

ON

ON

ON

00

OC
U\

OO
W

00
-

00
C

s]
vO

si

si

si O N

ON

ui oo oc oo O N

ON

ON

-4 4i - oo oo

to to to IO to to ro to to
U J to to to to to
ui Ui Ji Ji 41
O
41

NO
0C

00
tO

si ON.
tO UJ

NO

to
4i

UJ

4I

ON

4i

si

O
si
Ui

O
Ul
41

UJ

UJ

UJ

41
NO
Jl

Ul Ul
.' UJ
Ul O N

ON

0C

41

NO

00

Ul

Ul
UJ

ON

s]

s)

00
O

ON

41
si
to

Ui
Ul

41

NO
O
vO

NO
OO
si

Ui

Ui
si

Ui
0O

Ui
00

Ui
NO

ON. O N

UI

ON
ON

NO
00
41

NO
si
oc

ON

ON

ON

ON

ON

ON

ON

ON

Ul

UK

41
Ul

41

UJ to
41 00

to
O

i
UJ

NO

ON

to
to
UJ

to
IO
O

to

to

to

to
O
>

V5

UJ

to
C
si

NO

si

ON

UI

to to UJ UJ UJ

41
Ul

ON
ON

OO
00

NO

vC

NO

N0

41
tO

UJ
UJ

O
NO
^.

NO
to
Ul

ON. U I

NO

Ui

41
to

si
si

NO

ON. 0C

NO

00

ON

ON

ON

ON. O N

ON

ON

Ui

Jl

to
UJ

UJ Ji.
IO

Jl
NO

Ul
00

Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

NC

ON
NO

ON
UI
ON

IO
NO

NO
ON

0C

NO

00
00
NO

4i

;- C O p

NO

NO

OO
NO

to io to to

ON

NO

tO

NO

to

>

UJ

NO
41

tO
NO

NO

NO

UJ

0C

41
NO

ON

UJ

UJ

UJ

ON

ON
NO

41

sj

to

NO

si
tO

H-

ON
ON
ON

IO

O
41

00
NO

ON. UJ

UI

41 41 Ul Ui ON

S ] oc

to IO

ON

ON

Ul

ON

IO

to

ON

tO
W

00
UJ

OC
-

to
ON

1.1
9

ON
NO

IO
O

7 ^

NO

5 2.-

.5

NO

NC

p p p p p p
bo be b o be be bo bo be bo be
00 si O N Ui Jl

Jl

UJ

UJ

ui

si

NO

Ji UJ
i UJ

to
Ul

si

Ui

ON

ON

ON

si
Ui

00
UJ

NO
IO

si

si

NO

si
*si

si
tO
si

si si
UJ Ji
"si UJ

si
41
OC

s)
Ul
UJ

si
Ui
Ul

J?

III

CONFIDENTIAL