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Module 3
2.3.1
KIRCHHOFFS LAWS
LAW 1 (K1)
Select and use the equation for the total resistance of two
or more resistors in series.
Recall and use the equation for the total resistance of two
or more resistors in parallel.
Iin = Iout
Greek letter sigma, which means the sum of all.
LAW 2 (K2)
Consider the circuit shown opposite.
E = I(R + r)
E = V + Ir
E = IR1 + IR2
FXA 2008
UNIT G482
Module 3
2.3.1
Net emf
E1 - E2
6 - 1.5
4.5
I
=
=
=
=
= 4.5 =
45
0.1 A
E1=6V
E2=1.5V
I
R1=15
R2=30
I1
I1
5
I3
I2
4V
20
I3 = 4/20 = 0.2 A
I2
I3 = I1 + I2 .. (1)
12V
A
4 = 20 I3
= 8/5 =
1.6 A
So
I
1.2V
5.5V
1.0
0.20
I
3.58 A
FXA 2008
UNIT G482
Module 3
1.5 A
0.5 A
3.2 A
20
A1
10V
A2
0.2 A
3.7 A
1.8 A
5V
0.7 A
20
A3
2.3.1
12V
COMBINATION OF RESISTORS
0.2 A
R
RESISTORS IN SERIES
48
4V
10
R1
R2
R3
V1
V2
V3
20
10
VT
VT = V1 + V2 + V3
IRT = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
FXA 2008
UNIT G482
Module 3
2.3.1
RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
I1
R1
I2
R2
I3
R3
I = I1 + I2 + I3 ..(1)
RT = R
N
I
(a)
I = V/R
(b)
2
V = V + V + V
RT
R1 R2
R3
From which :
1
RT
= 1 + 1 + 1
R1
R2
R3
1 = 1 + 1 + 1
RT
R1 R2 R3
10
10
15
20
30
You are provided with a 400 resistor and two 200 resistors.
Calculate the total resistances which may be obtained by connecting
some or all of these resistors in various combinations.
FXA 2008
UNIT G482
4
Module 3
2.3.1
5A
I1
I2
10
I3
20
5A
cell or battery
240V
I1 150
40
A
I2 50
Voltmeter reading = E
V
400
1600
V1
FXA 2008
UNIT G482
2.3.1
Module 3
If an external circuit is
connected to the cell or
battery (or the voltmeter
is not perfect and draws
some current), the reading
on the voltmeter drops to
a value less than E.
V
I
E = V + Ir
E = IR + Ir = I (R + r)
I =
E
(R + r)
PROCEDURE
r
I
PD (V)/V
Current (I)/A
FXA 2008
UNIT G482
Module 3
Low voltage sources from which large currents are drawn (e.g. car
batteries) should have LOW internal resistance, otherwise their
terminal PD (V = E - Ir) would be very low.
The headlamps on a car will dim if the vehicle is started while they are
switched on. This is because the starter motor draws a large current
and this causes the battery terminal PD (V = E - Ir) to drop sharply.
E = V + Ir
V = -Ir + E
GRAPH
2.3.1
PD (V)/V
Gradient of line = -r
Current (I)/A
ANALYSIS OF GRAPH
Rearranging :
Comparing with the equation
For a straight line :
y = mx + c
= E =
FXA 2008
UNIT G482
3
Module 3
2.3.1
HOMEWORK QUESTIONS
1.5 V
0.09 A
125
4.5 V
X
15
40
10 V
FXA 2008
UNIT G482
4
Module 3
2.3.1
5.0 V
X
31 mA
I2
22 mA
I1
20 mA
C
30
I3
10
1.43
1.33
1.18
1.10
0.98
I/A
0.10
0.30
0.60
0.75
1.00
(ii) A and C.
(b) In the circuit shown in the diagram above, the battery has
negligible internal resistance and an emf of 5.0 V. The vaiable
resistor is now set on its lowest resistance of 0 .
Calculate the reading on the ammeter.
(OCR AS Physics - Module 2822 - January 2006)
FXA 2008